第一篇：高考總復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)課時(shí)作業(yè)40[精選]

(選修八·Unit 5)

Ⅰ.單項(xiàng)填空

1．—Why don't you do some shopping in the second-hand store?

—Well，the goods there are ________，but ________.A．more expensive;worse

B．more expensive;not as bad

C．cheaper;good enough

D．cheaper;not as good

答案與解析：D 考查形容詞的用法。由語(yǔ)境結(jié)合常識(shí)可知，和新貨比起來(lái)，二手店里的貨物價(jià)格便宜，但是質(zhì)量不如新貨好。很顯現(xiàn)這是把兩種店里的貨從價(jià)格和質(zhì)量方面進(jìn)行了比較，后面省略比較狀語(yǔ)。

2．He has a terrible toothache.So his mother has to________all his food for him.A．cut outB．cut off

C．cut upD．cut away

答案與解析：C cut up 切碎。句意：因?yàn)樗劳吹囊?，所以他母親不得不為他將所有的食物切碎。cut out 切掉，停止；cut off 切斷；cut away 切掉，砍掉，均不符合句意。

3．There is not much time left，but________we must get there in time.A．somehowB．somewhat

C．howeverD．a(chǎn)nyway

答案與解析：D anyway“不管怎樣”。句意：剩下的時(shí)間不多了，但是不管怎樣，我們必須按時(shí)到達(dá)那里。somehow“不知怎么地”；somewhat“有點(diǎn)”；however“然而”。

4．As time goes by，the________between the various classes of society are not so sharply marked as they used to be.A．divisionsB．gaps

C．separationsD．intervals

答案與解析：A division“區(qū)分”。句意：隨著時(shí)間的推移，現(xiàn)在社會(huì)上各階層的區(qū)分不像過(guò)去那樣明顯了。gap“隔閡”；separation“分開(kāi)；分離”；interval“間隔”。

5．It's reported that thousands of people are going back to school online for career________or just for fun.A．developmentB．a(chǎn)dvancement

C．promotionD．relief

答案與解析：B advancement“進(jìn)步，提高”，此處表示為了改進(jìn)工作，很多人上網(wǎng)校。development當(dāng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)等的發(fā)展”講；promotion“晉升；推廣”；relief“(痛苦，負(fù)擔(dān)等的)緩和”。

6．To our________，computers，far from getting rid of jobs，can create employment.A．a(chǎn)nxietyB．relief

C．viewD．judgment

答案與解析：B to one's relief使某人欣慰的是。根據(jù)句意，空白處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)名詞構(gòu)成表示“使我們感到放心”之意的介詞短語(yǔ)。anxiety意為“焦慮”；view意為“觀點(diǎn)”；judgment意為“判斷”。句意：使我們欣慰的是，電腦完全不是消除工作，而能創(chuàng)造工作。

7．Not having enough to eat，many died from________in the search for the new land.A．hungryB．thirst

C．strategyD．starvation

答案與解析：D 根據(jù)not having enough to eat可知許多人死于饑餓，可排除B、C項(xiàng)；A項(xiàng)hungry為形容詞，所以選D項(xiàng)。

8．________his wife's strong objection，the husband insisted on putting all the money they had into the stock market，which almost drove her crazy.A．Regardless ofB．In relation to

C．On behalf ofD．In memory of

答案與解析：A regardless of“不管，不顧”。

9．She tried to explain what had happened but he________her several times.A．botheredB．spoiled

C．cutD．interrupted

答案與解析：D interrupt“打斷；插話”。bother“麻煩”；spoil“寵壞”；cut“切”。

10．Let's________that there is a selection this month.What is the result likely to be，given the latest opinion polls?

A．a(chǎn)ssumeB．a(chǎn)nnounce

C．a(chǎn)ssistD．a(chǎn)pprove

答案與解析：A assume“假定；設(shè)想”，符合題意。

11．He was________when customs officers found drugs in his bag.A．a(chǎn)rguedB．fought

C．persuadedD．a(chǎn)rrested

答案與解析：D arrest“逮捕”符合題意。argue“爭(zhēng)論”；fight“打架”；persuade“說(shuō)服”。

12．—I wonder if you are satisfied with my proposal.—But I prefer to see an________one before making a decision.A．a(chǎn)lternativeB．a(chǎn)nother

C．otherD．others

答案與解析：A 根據(jù)句子意思可知回答者希望能有選擇的余地再做決定，可與one搭配的只有alternative。another前不需要冠詞。

13．The origin of Chinese culture________more than 5,000 years ago.A．is dated back toB．dates back to

C．is dated fromD．dates back

答案與解析：B more than 5,000 years ago是時(shí)間點(diǎn)而不是時(shí)間段，故排除D項(xiàng)。date back to還可以用date from來(lái)表示，它們都無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故選B項(xiàng)。

14．Everyone should________and save a little money each year for when he retires.A．look forwardB．look up

C．look aheadD．look into

答案與解析：C look ahead“為將來(lái)打算”，符合題意。look forward“期望”；look up“向上看”；look into“調(diào)查”。

15．—I just hear the tickets for tonight's film had been sold out.—Oh，no！________.A．It's not at all interesting

B．It doesn't matter

C．I was looking forward to that

D．I know

答案與解析：C 題意：“今天晚上的電影票已經(jīng)賣完了。”“哦，不！我一直盼著呢！”只有C項(xiàng)能表達(dá)說(shuō)話者的迫切的心情。

Ⅱ.閱讀理解

Starbucks coffee shops can be found all over America and in more than thirty countries around the would.Many people think they are great places to enjoy a cup of hot coffee or tea.But others dislike the company.If you are in any major city in America，the chances are great that you are not far from a Starbucks.In fact，you might be very close to several of these coffee shops.The company started in the West Coast city of Seattle，Washington，in 1971.Starbucks was named after a character in the famous American novel Moby-Dick by Herman Melville.Today，there are more than 12 000 Starbucks around the world.Sales in 2008 were almost eight billion dollars.Starbucks sells more than just plain coffee.It started a whole coffee culture with its own special language and coffee workers called“baristas”．It sells many kinds of hot and cold coffee drinks；like White Chocolate Mocha and Frappuccino.It also sells music recorders，coffee makers，food，and even books.But most of all，it sells the idea of being a warm and friendly place for

people to sit，read or talk.Starbucks is a great successful story.Buiers are willing to pay as much as five dollars for coffee drink.Many people say they go to Starbucks because they can depend on it to have exactly what they want and it is nearby.Some say Starbucks has helped to educate people about coffee from many countries.However，some people do not like the company's expansion.Owners of independent coffee stores cannot compete with Starbucks.Some small coffee sellers even took the company to court，saying Starbucks controls the market and forces out competition.1.Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?

A．Starbucks，the Coffee Giant(巨人)

B．The World's Starbucks

C．Starbucks，Selling Ideas

D．Starbucks，In or Out

答案與解析：A確立文章標(biāo)題。文章主要介紹擁有眾多連鎖店的咖啡店巨無(wú)霸Starbucks，B、C、D三項(xiàng)都只是介紹Starbucks coffee shops的某一個(gè)側(cè)面，較片面。

2.People will go to Starbucks for coffee drink because of________.A．the sense of satisfaction there

B．the highly educated baristas

C．the plain taste of the drink

D．the low price there

答案與解析：A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段第三句“Many people say they go to Starbucks because they can depend on it to have exactly what they want”由此推斷人們?nèi)tarbucks是由于一種滿足感。

3.What do you think takes the most important role in Starbucks' success?

A．Selling their ideas.B．The coffee culture they have created.C．Their great economic power.D．All kinds of their coffee drinks.答案與解析：B 判斷推理題。由第三段中“Starbucks sells more than just plain coffee.It started a whole coffee culture with its own special language...But most of all it sells the idea of being a warm and friendly place for people to sit，read or talk”可推斷Starbucks成功之處在于他們創(chuàng)立的咖啡文化。

4.The writer's attitude towards Starbucks is________in writing the passage.A．supportiveB．critical(批評(píng)的)

C．objectiveD．doubtful

答案與解析：C 判斷作者態(tài)度題。本文介紹Starbucks咖啡連鎖店特有的文化經(jīng)營(yíng)理念，所以作者的態(tài)度是客觀的。

Ⅲ.篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

“__1__It all depends on your personality，”said British naturalist Richard Mabey.“Personality shapes your view of the season，”he said.“You may see it as a fading away，a packing up(結(jié)束)，or as a time of packing in another sense –the gathering of resources before a long journey.” __2__ About November，he wrote：

No warmth，no cheerfulness，no healthful ease

No shade，no shine，no butterflies，no bees

November!

On the other hand，another English poet John Keats，already sensing he was seriously ill，was inspired by a late September day to pen one of the most famous poems in the English language，According to Richard Mabey，Keats has the biological evidence on his For example，just at the moment that Keats's“gathering swallows”(in To Autumn)are departing for Africa，millions of creatures are fleeing from the frozen north like Iceland，Greenland and Russia

to winter along the east and south coasts of Britain.People might argue that it is the coloring of the leaves and their eventual fall that make people feel sad about autumn.But no one is sure why trees drop their leaves in the first place.It may be likely to rid the poisonous material trees collect over A century after Keats，the American poet Loren Eiseley wrote in his journal：“Suppose we saw ourselves burning like maples in a golden autumn.And suppose we could disintegrate(瓦解)like autumn leaves...Would not our attitude towards death be different？”

A.Autumn is not a time of slowing down，but a time of new beginnings and great movements of creatures.B．He wrote to a friend afterwards that there was something comforting and healing about autumn.C．Keats thought we should take a negative attitude towards death.D．Autumn means different to different people.E．If this is true，perhaps it tells us a little about，for instance，Thomas Hood，the 19th Century English poet.F．More likely，it is a way of reducing the loss of water，which tree roots find hard to take in from cold soil.G．The fall of tree leaves is more likely to make people sad.答案： 1.D 2.E 3.B 4.A 5.F

Ⅳ.短文改錯(cuò)

On a snowy winter night，a bus with 45 passenger had an accident because the slippery road.And all of them were trapping in the bus and what was worse，the bus ran out of gas and it is very cold in it.They could do nothing but to wait for help.A man who lived nearby saw what had happened.He and some villagers tried to open the door and helped all of whom out of the bus.He took them to his home but offered them food and water and even some warm clothes for children.They spent two days in his home and finally help came.All of them were thankfully for his kind help.答案：

On a snowy winter night，a bus with 45had an accident because ∧ the slippery of

road.And all of them were trapping in the bus and what was worse，the bus ran out of gas and itvery cold in it.They could do nothing but towait for help.A man who lived nearby saw

what had happened.He and some villagersto open the door and helped all ofout of the bus.He took them to his home but offered them food and water and even some warm clothes for ∧ children.They spent two days in his home and finally help came.All of them were the

for his kind help.

第二篇：高考英語(yǔ)從句總復(fù)習(xí)

從句

一． 定義

1.句子分為簡(jiǎn)單句和復(fù)合句。簡(jiǎn)單句是只有一個(gè)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。復(fù)合句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的句子。

2.復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子。主句是全句的主體，從句是主句的一個(gè)成分，它不能單獨(dú)做句子，它在句子中作什么成分，就叫什么成分的從句，如作主語(yǔ)的就叫主語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)的就叫賓語(yǔ)從句，作表語(yǔ)的就叫表語(yǔ)從句，作定語(yǔ)的叫定語(yǔ)從句，作狀語(yǔ)的就叫狀語(yǔ)從句。3.復(fù)合句主要有三大從句，即名詞性從句（包括主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句）、形容詞性從句（即定語(yǔ)從句）、副詞性從句（即狀語(yǔ)從句,包括時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、目的、原因、讓步、地點(diǎn)、方式等）。

二． 名詞性從句

（一）主語(yǔ)從句

1.主語(yǔ)從句是指從句充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的句子。2.引導(dǎo)詞;關(guān)系代詞：（1)從句成分什么都不缺：thatwhetherif(whether一般跟or not 搭配使用，if不能)That the earth is round is true Whether she comes or not makes no difference(2)從句成分缺人：whowhomwhosewhoeverwhomever(3)從句成分缺物：whatwhatererwhichwhichever Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.Whose watch was lost is unknown.What caused the accident remains unknown.Whatever you did is right.關(guān)系副詞：where:（什么地方），從句中缺地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) when:(什么時(shí)候)，從句中缺時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) why:(什么原因)，從句中缺原因狀語(yǔ) how:(如何，怎樣)，從句中缺方式狀語(yǔ)

Where he is from is the question nobody can answer She don’t know how she can get to the hospital Why he is late is he was ill yesterday 3.主語(yǔ)從句的特殊形式:it做形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)(1)It is ＋名詞＋從句

It is a fact an honor that（2)it is ＋形容詞＋從句

It is natural obviouspossible that…(3)it is ＋不及物動(dòng)詞＋從句

It seems happened that…(4)it ＋過(guò)去分詞＋從句

It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道… It is said that…據(jù)說(shuō)…

It has been proved that… 已證實(shí)…

4.主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況

(1)if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。

(2)It is said ,(reported)…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)(3)It happens…, It occurs… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)

(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.(wrong)

(5)含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：

Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong)5.注意：

（1）主語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)：不受主句的時(shí)態(tài)影響和限制。

Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（2）主語(yǔ)從句中的引導(dǎo)詞放在句首不能省略

（二）．賓語(yǔ)從句

1.從句在主句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的句子是賓語(yǔ)從句 2.引導(dǎo)詞

3.賓語(yǔ)從句的幾種形式（1）做及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ) I heard that he joined the army.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.She told me that she would accept my invitation.(2)作介詞的賓語(yǔ)

Our success depends upon how hard we work(3).作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.I am glad that you have made such progress(4)動(dòng)詞+it+that結(jié)構(gòu)

It做形式賓語(yǔ)，代替that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

He has made it clear that he won’t give up the opportunity We consider it necessary that we should open out(5)賓語(yǔ)從句否定的轉(zhuǎn)移

若主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上，從句謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.4.注意：（1）賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序是陳述句語(yǔ)序

（2）如果主句謂語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)不受限制，如果主句時(shí)態(tài)是過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句一般要隨著改為相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)（即一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等）。He thought he was working for the people．

I heard she had been to the Great W all．

John hoped that he would find a job soon．

但賓語(yǔ)從句如果表示定理法則、永恒真理等，則不變化：

The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun

（三）表語(yǔ)從句

從句在主句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)成分的句子是表語(yǔ)從句。一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)從句” The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.This is why we can’t get the support of the people

But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.（四）同位語(yǔ)從句

1.同位語(yǔ)從句是修飾前面名詞的從句。

The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general 2.同位語(yǔ)在句子中的位置

同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開(kāi)。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

(1)定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)），而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。

(2)定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如：

The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）

The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。）（同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分）

三．形容性從句（定語(yǔ)從句）

（一）含義：從句充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)成分的句子叫做定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個(gè)詞，短語(yǔ)，或整個(gè)主句。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。

（二）限制性定語(yǔ)從句

1.限制性定語(yǔ)是指定語(yǔ)從句緊跟它所修飾的中心名詞或代詞之后，沒(méi)有逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。2.引導(dǎo)詞：分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。（1）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：

that:指代人、事物，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略 who:指代人，做主語(yǔ)

whom:指代人，做賓語(yǔ)，可以省略。它在口語(yǔ)和非正式用語(yǔ)中常用who代替，可以省略 The man whowhom you met just now is my brother.which:指代事物，做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。做賓語(yǔ)可以省略 whose:指代人、物，做定語(yǔ)，其后直接加名詞 He has a friend whose father is a doctor.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.指物時(shí)常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)代替：

The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.——The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired（2）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：

where：指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) Shai hai is the city where I was born

The house where I live ten years ago has been pulled down when: 指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

I still remember the day when I first came to the school why: 指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 注意: 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句都可以用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)代替 Shai hai is the city wherein which I was born I still remember the day whenon which I first came to the school Please tell me the reason why for which you missed the plane 練習(xí)：

A letter------is written in pencil is difficult to read.(主語(yǔ))Do you know the gentleman-----spoke just now? You can take anything----you like.（賓語(yǔ)）What is the question-----they are talking about? Here is the man-----you want to see.3.注意

(1)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that的幾種情況：

A 當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing(something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時(shí)，要用that Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li has said? There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.All that can be done has been done.B 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾,如：firstlastnext等

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.C 當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)

This is the best film that I have seen.D 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時(shí)

This is the very dictionary that I want to buy，After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who

Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/ E 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)

Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? F 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)

Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? G 如有兩個(gè)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用that。He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.（2）限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用who的情況：

A 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)指人的先行詞進(jìn)行隔位修飾時(shí)，只能用who(whom)。如：

Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你認(rèn)識(shí)黑板前面正在給學(xué)生們講話的那位女孩子嗎？

B 當(dāng)先行詞為people和those時(shí)，只能用who(whom)。如：

Those who want to go there come here please.那些想去那兒的人請(qǐng)來(lái)這邊。

C 當(dāng)先行詞為one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人)時(shí)，只能用who(whom)。如： Anyone who is against us is our enemy.任何反對(duì)我們的人就是我們的敵人。D 在there be句型中名詞的定語(yǔ)從句多用who(whom)。如：

There are students in our class who / whom you have met.我們班有些學(xué)生你見(jiàn)過(guò)。

E 當(dāng)句子中有兩個(gè)指人的現(xiàn)行詞分別帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，若一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞為that, 那么，另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞必定為who。如：

The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university.剛才你會(huì)到的那個(gè)男孩是李明的剛從大學(xué)畢業(yè)的弟弟。

(3)以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。

The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising

（三）．非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

1.含義：先行詞和從句用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，對(duì)所修飾你名詞或代詞等起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。如果去掉從句，并不影響它所修飾的先行詞的意義。

2.引導(dǎo)詞（1）關(guān)系代詞：

指人：who :做主語(yǔ)，不可省略 ；whom:做賓語(yǔ)，不可省略 指物：which:做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，不可省略（2）關(guān)系副詞：

when where why as等

Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A.it

B.that

C.which

D.he 答案C.此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he句意不通。

The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法上行不通。

3.as和which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

（1）as和which都可在句子中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，它們指代的是整個(gè)句子 He married her,aswhich is natural He is honest,aswhich we can see(2)as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之尾，還可分割整個(gè)主句，which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后;as有“正如，正想”之意 As is known to us，china is a developing country He is from south,which we can see from his accent

John ,as you know,is famous writer(3)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，which既可以作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)，也可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)；而這時(shí)as 只可以做系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)。例如：

A)He married her, which was natural.（可用as代替which）他和她結(jié)婚，這是很自然的事。

B)He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry, which made him illustrious.(不可用as 代替which)他獲得了諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，這使他名揚(yáng)天下。

It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..A.that B.which C.as D.it(4).在which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若是am, is, are則這些系動(dòng)詞不能省略；而as后面若是這種情況，則可以省略。例如：

A)He is a teacher, as(is)clear from his manner.(is可以省略)B)He said he had never seen her before, which was not true.(was不可省略)(5)當(dāng)先行詞有such,the same修飾時(shí)，常用as I have never heard such a story as he tells This is the same book as I lost last week 注意：當(dāng)先行次由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思不同

She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過(guò)的一條裙子。

She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。

（四）引導(dǎo)詞+介詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

關(guān)系代詞在從句中做介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常用介詞+關(guān)系代詞引: The school whichthat he once studied is vert famous ——the school in which he once studied is very famous Tomorrow I will bring a book whichthat you ask for Tomorrow I will bring a book for which you ask 注意：

A:含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用。如：look at, look for, look after, take care of等 This is watch whichthat I looking for B:當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞指人是只能用whom,，關(guān)系代詞指代物時(shí)，只能用which，關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)，用whose The man with whom you talked is my friend C:介詞+定語(yǔ)從句，前面可有some any both each none neither 等代詞或數(shù)詞修飾 He love his parents deeply，both of whom are very kind to him There are forty students in our class,，most of whom are from cities 四．狀語(yǔ)從句

一：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

（一）when, while和as。

1.when引導(dǎo)從句的動(dòng)作可以與主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可以先于主句的動(dòng)作。引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞（一段時(shí)間），又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞（一點(diǎn)時(shí)間）。when還含有“at that moment”的意思，引起的句子不能放在句首

When he heard the news，they were much surprised(從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作)When she came in, I stopped eating.她進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我在吃飯。(瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞)

When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當(dāng)?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時(shí)，我常常為他擔(dān)水。（延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞）

We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went out.我們正在看電視，這時(shí)燈突然滅了。They had just arrived home when it began to rain.他們剛到家，這時(shí)天就開(kāi)始下雨了。

2.while 從句的動(dòng)作和主句同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的。并且while有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比 While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV I like playing football while you like playing basketball 3.as 從句的動(dòng)作和主句同時(shí)發(fā)生。從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可是瞬時(shí)性的，也可是延續(xù)性的。從句和主句要表示一個(gè)人的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作交替進(jìn)行或同時(shí)完成時(shí)，則多用as，可譯為“一邊......，一邊......” She came up as I was cooking.(延續(xù)性)The runners started as the gun went off.(瞬時(shí)性)He looked behind from to time as he went.他一邊走，一邊不時(shí)地往后看。

As time goes on, it’s getting warmer and warmer..隨著時(shí)間的推移，天氣變得越來(lái)越暖了。練習(xí)：

1.He was about halfway through his meal ____ a familiar voice came to his ears.(2006遼寧)

A.why B.where C.when D.while 2.— I’m going to the post office.— ____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?(1999)

A.As B.While C.Because D.If 3.____ the days went on, the weather got worse.(1990)

A.With B.Since C.While D.As 4.Tom ____ into the house when no one ____.(1992)

A.slipped;was looking B.had slipped;looked

C.slipped;had looked D.was slipping;looked 如果主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行過(guò)程中，從句常用進(jìn)行時(shí)。如： The landlady suspected that someone must have broken into the house when/while/as she was watching TV show.女房東懷疑在她看電視時(shí)曾有人闖入屋

5.I ____ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ____.(2006安徽)

A.went;was occurring B.went;occurred C.was going;occurred D.was going;had occurred 6.It was some time ____ we realized the truth.(2005山東)

A.when B.until C.since D.before 7.— Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?

— He rushed out of the room ____ I could say a word.(2006四川)

A.before B.until C.when D.after

（二）before 和after

before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表示從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后，如主句是將來(lái)時(shí)，從句中現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句是過(guò)去時(shí),主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表示從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。

It will be some time before we know the results After we had finished dinner,we went home.重點(diǎn)：before 的用法

1.用于It + be + 時(shí)間段 + before...句型中，意思是“在……之后才……”，如果主句中用否定式，則表示“不多久……就”。

It will be five years before I come back.我五年后才能回來(lái)。

It was not long before the enemy was driven out of their country.不久之后，敵人就被趕走了。

It won’t be long before they understand each other.他們不久就會(huì)互相了解的。

2.還有“趁……（還沒(méi)有）”之意。例如：

They are thinking of buying the house before the prices go up.他們正在考慮趁房?jī)r(jià)未漲時(shí)把房子買下來(lái)。

Do it before you forget it.趁早動(dòng)手，以免忘了 3.短語(yǔ)before long與long before的區(qū)別

before long是“很快，不久”的意思, 可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。如：

Before long, he went to America.不久，他就去了美國(guó)。

I hope to see you before long.我希望不久后再見(jiàn)到你。

而 long before是“很久以前”的意思，一般用在過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)的句子里。如： She said she had read the novel long before.她說(shuō)她很久以前就讀過(guò)這部小說(shuō)。

（三）till和until

①until和till都可表示“直到．．．為止”，與主句中持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的肯定式連用。He waited until / till we finished our meal.他一直等到我們吃完飯。

②當(dāng)until和till表示“直到．．．才．．．．”時(shí)，通常與主句中短暫動(dòng)詞的否定式連用，這時(shí)，until和till也可用before代替。

I didn’t leave until / till / before she came back.直到她回來(lái)，我才離開(kāi)的。③be動(dòng)詞的肯定式和否定式都可以和until或till連用。

④until引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till從句一般不放在句首。Until he told me, I knew nothing about it.他告訴我了我才知道。當(dāng)not until位于句首時(shí)，主句中的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)要使用倒裝語(yǔ)序： Not until she came back did I leave.= I didn’t leave until she came back.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般用until，不用till。如：

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a

1.It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ____ we’ve actually had that lesson.(2007天津)A.until B.after C.since D.when 2.They ____ the train until it disappeared in the distance.(1998)A.saw B.watched C.noticed D.observed 題干中的主句為肯定句，until需要跟主句里肯定形式的表延續(xù)性動(dòng)作的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用，因此本題應(yīng)選表示延續(xù)性動(dòng)作的watched(其他選項(xiàng)中的saw，noticed，observed所表示的動(dòng)作都不能延續(xù)，意味著結(jié)果)。3.“You can’t have this football back ____ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly.(2006 A because B.since C.when D.until

（四）since的用法 1.連詞

（1）表示“自從……以來(lái)”：

A:主句+since+非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞

一般主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去時(shí),翻譯：“某某自從…以來(lái)已經(jīng)…了 He has studied very hard since he came to our school Since he graduated from the college, he has worked in this city B:主句+since+延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞

主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去時(shí)，翻譯：“某某自從沒(méi)有…以來(lái)已經(jīng)…了”

He has had several jobs since he was a student at Yale.他自從從耶魯大學(xué)畢業(yè)以來(lái)已經(jīng)做了好幾份工作。We all have been missing her since she lived here 自從她從這里搬走，我們就再也沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)她 He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自從我病愈以來(lái)，他屢次給我寫信。He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來(lái)，他就屢次給我寫信。C:主句+since +延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞

主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，翻譯：“某某自從…以來(lái)…了’

Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自從我們自己有了汽車，我們每年都去野營(yíng)。

He has never been to see me since I have been ill.自從我生病以來(lái)，他從未來(lái)看過(guò)我。

He has never been to see me since I was ill.自從我病愈以來(lái)，他從未來(lái)看過(guò)我。

D：It be(一般式或完成式)＋表示一段時(shí)間的詞匯＋since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我成為研究生已經(jīng)有2年了。It was three years since we had been there.我們?cè)谀莾阂汛袅巳辍?/p>

應(yīng)注意的是，在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，since引導(dǎo)的從句絕對(duì)不能用否定式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示否定意義，下面兩句都錯(cuò)了：

It is a long time since he didn’t study English.It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me.正確的說(shuō)法為：

It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒(méi)學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。

You haven’t come to see me for two months.你有兩個(gè)月沒(méi)來(lái)看我了。（2）既然；因?yàn)?/p>

He must have taken the book since it isn't here.他一定是把書(shū)拿走了,因?yàn)闀?shū)已不在這里了。

Since it is so hot, let's go swimming.既然天氣這么熱,我們?nèi)ビ斡景伞?/p>

2.介詞：表示“自從……以來(lái)”，其具體用法有兩種情況：

(1)since＋表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞匯(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn))。

They have been friends since childhood.他們從幼時(shí)起一直是好朋友。I have been there many times since the war.自那次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以來(lái)，我曾去該地多次。(2)since＋表示一段時(shí)間的詞匯＋ago。

I have been here since five months ago.五個(gè)月以來(lái)我一直在這里。

They ____ friends since they met in Shanghai.(1989)A.have made B.have become C.have been D.have turned

（五）表示“一…就…”：as soon as, immediately, instantly, directly, hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…；表示“當(dāng)…時(shí)候”： the time, the moment；by the time（到…時(shí)候?yàn)橹梗? next time(下次), the first time(第一次…的時(shí)候), the last time(上次…的時(shí)候)，once（一旦…）

She rushed into the room immediately / the moment she heard the noise.她一聽(tīng)到聲音就沖進(jìn)房間 He had no sooner arrived there than he fell ill.他剛到達(dá)那里就生起病來(lái)。

He had hardly finished when someone rose to refute his points.他還沒(méi)說(shuō)完就有人起來(lái)反駁他的論點(diǎn) He left me a good impression the first time I met him.我第一次見(jiàn)他時(shí)，他給我留下了好印象。注意：hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…

前面常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后面用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。同時(shí)它們還可以倒裝: No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.他剛到達(dá)那里就生起病來(lái)。Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points.（六）表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性：every time（每次）, each time（每次）, whenever（每當(dāng)）等。Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.每當(dāng)我們遇上困難的時(shí)候他們就來(lái)幫我們 Each time he came to town he would visit our school.他每次進(jìn)城，總要來(lái)看看我們的學(xué)校。Every time I went to his house, he was out.我每次去他家，他都出去了。

二．地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般由由where（在……的地方）, wherever（無(wú)論哪里），everywhere（每一個(gè)地方）引導(dǎo)的 He is ready to help wherever he is Put you son where you can see him Everywhere they want, they were warmly received 三．原因狀語(yǔ)從句

（一）because since as for 1.because 表示的原因語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)；通常放在主句之后，有時(shí)也放在主句之前；直接回答why 提出的問(wèn)題；在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中只能用because；被not所否定時(shí)只能用because It because he was too careless that he failed 2.since和as表示的原因是人們事先已經(jīng)知道的，是對(duì)已知事實(shí)提供理由，而不表示直接原因；since比as語(yǔ)氣稍強(qiáng)，且比as略為正式，兩者通常都放在主句之前 3.for是并列連詞(其作三者為從屬連詞)，它有時(shí)可表示因果關(guān)系(只能放在主句之后，且可與because換用)，有時(shí)不表示因果關(guān)系，而是對(duì)前面分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或推斷(也只能放在主句之后，但不能與because換用)。

The ground is wet, for(或because)it rained last night.地面是濕的，因?yàn)樽蛲硐逻^(guò)雨。

It rained last night, for(不能用because)the ground is wet this morning.昨晚下過(guò)雨，今天早上地面都是濕的(二)由now that，seeing that，considering that（由于…，既然…）

Seeing that it’s raining，we’d better stay indoors.既然外邊在下雨，我們最好待在室內(nèi)。Now that you are here, you’d better stay.你既然來(lái)了，最好還是留下吧

Considering that she has no experience, she has done well enough.考慮到她沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，她已經(jīng)做得不錯(cuò)了

四．條件狀語(yǔ)從句

（一）if，unless

1.if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，主句是將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬；if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的省略

If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.2.unless = if……not

You will never make rapid progress if you don’t work hard

You will never make rapid progress unless you work hard

（二）1.as（so）long as “只要……”As [So] long as you need me, I’ll stay 只要你需要我，我就留下。as（so）long as 還可表示一段時(shí)間

Stay as long as you like。你愿留多久都可以。

So long as he lived, I didn’t feel that I have the right to see you between you.在他死之前，我覺(jué)得我沒(méi)有權(quán)利介入你們之間

2.only if 與 if only。only if 意為“只要”，只用于真實(shí)條件句中，是if 的強(qiáng)調(diào)式；if only 有兩個(gè)意思，一是表示“只要”，此時(shí)通常與陳述語(yǔ)氣連用，與 only if 用法相似；二是表示“但愿”“要是……就好了”，此時(shí)多用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣和感嘆句中。

I will come only if you don’t promise to invite Mary.只要你答應(yīng)不請(qǐng)瑪麗，我就來(lái)。

If only it clears up, we’ll go.只要天晴，我們就去。

If only I hadn’t told him about it.要是我沒(méi)有告訴他這事就好了 If only he will listen to you！他要是聽(tīng)你的話多好！3.as long as 與 only if 的區(qū)別

（1）從語(yǔ)氣上看，only if 的語(yǔ)氣要比as long as 強(qiáng)

（2）當(dāng)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均為短暫性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常只用 only if，而不用 as long as。如：He will come only if you ask him.（3）兩者均可引導(dǎo)從句置于主句之后，也可置于主句之前。但是，當(dāng)only if 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句置于主句之前時(shí)，其后的主句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序，而且 as long as 引導(dǎo)的從句置于主句之前不用倒裝。如：

As long as it doesn’t rain we can play.只要不下雨，我們就能玩。

Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter this room.只有得到教師的允許，學(xué)生才可以進(jìn)這間屋。

（三）provided（providing）(that)，on condition that，given that，in case，suppose(supposing)等都有“如果”“假如”之意。

He will do the work providing you pay him 如果你給他錢，他就干活

I send you this book on condition that you pay in cash 假如你付現(xiàn)金，這架相機(jī)就賣給你

Given that he wins the support of the people, he will win the election.如果贏得人民的支持，他將取得競(jìng)選的勝利

Suppose you fail a second time, do not get disappointed, but try again 假如第二次失敗，別灰心，再試試。

五． 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

（一）although, though“雖然，盡管” 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，句中不能用but表示轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)氣，但可跟yet，still表示轉(zhuǎn)折

Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.雖然在下雨，但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫睢?/p>

（二）ever if, even though.“雖然，盡管，即使”We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.（三）“no matter +疑問(wèn)詞” 或“疑問(wèn)詞+后綴ever” ：意為“無(wú)論…”。No matter what happened, he would not mind.（1）“no matter +疑問(wèn)詞”不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 Whatever you say is of no use now.Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯?jìng)冎荒芙o什么吃什么（2）注意however以下兩類句型結(jié)構(gòu) ① however+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)：

However you travel, it’ll take you at least three days.不管你怎么走，至少要三天。② however+形容詞或副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)：

However much he eats, he never gets fat.無(wú)論他吃多少, 他都不發(fā)胖。③ 有時(shí)該結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)可以有所省略：

He was of some help, however small.他總能幫些忙，不管多小的忙。I refuse, however favorable the condition.不管條件多好，我都不接受。

（四）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句與倒裝

引導(dǎo)倒裝的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常用as和though，但不是能用although；as 可以在以上這樣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中引出讓步狀語(yǔ)，但若不倒裝，則不能用as，而與之相反，although在不倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)中可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)，但在倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)中卻不可以用。

（五）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

六．目的狀語(yǔ)從句

（一）so that，in order that, so, that表示“以便；為了”，so that：如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句常與may，can，will連用；如果主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句常與could，should，would，might連用。

We learn English so that we can read English newspapers She came in quietly in order that she couldn’t wake up the baby

（二）least，in case，for fear that 表示“以防，以免”，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣

七．結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

（一）so that，so...that，such...that 1.so…that與such…that的區(qū)別在于：

（1）A such＋a(an)＋adj.＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that…

He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him.他非常聰明，大家都非常喜歡他。

B such＋adj.＋復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that…

They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.這些小說(shuō)非常有趣，我想再讀一遍。

C such＋adj.＋不可數(shù)名詞＋that…

He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.注意：如果such后邊的名詞前由many、much、few、little等詞所修飾的話，則不用such而用so。如：

He had so little education that he was unfit for this job.他所受教育很少，不適合做這個(gè)工作。（2）so…that也作“如此…以致”

so＋adj.／adv.＋that…clause（so的后面跟形容詞或副詞）

He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him.他跑得非?？?，沒(méi)人能追上他。

2.so that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，意思是“因此;所以”；在從句前常有逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)；結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中沒(méi)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞；目的狀語(yǔ)從句可移到句首，而結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句不能。

Iohn went early, so that he got a good seat.約翰去的很早，得到了一個(gè)好位置。

Iohn went early so that he could get a good seat.約翰去的很早，為的是得到一個(gè)好位置。

The little boy saved every coin_________ __________he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day 八．方式狀語(yǔ)從句

方式狀態(tài)語(yǔ)從句常由as, as if/as though等。例如：

She acted as if/though nothing had happened.It looks as if it'll rain.as if/as though引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣

第三篇：2018高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)構(gòu)想U(xiǎn)nit2Cloning課時(shí)作業(yè)

Unit 2 Cloning Ⅰ.閱讀理解

A(2017·濰坊4月模擬)Every evening Sylvie left her grandmother's house at 530 to bring their cow home.The old animal spent her days out in the open country eating sweet grass.When the cow heard Sylvie's voice calling her, she would hide among the bushes, unwilling to go home.This evening it had taken Sylvie longer than usual to find her cow.The child hurried the cow through the dark forest, following a narrow path that led to her grandmother's home.“Hello, little girl，” a young man called out cheerfully.“I've been hunting for birds, but I've lost my way.” The young man explained he was a scientist, who searched for birds.“Do you put them in a cage？” Sylvie asked.“No，” he answered, “I shoot them and deal with them with special chemicals to preserve them.”

“I saw a white heron(蒼鷺)not far from here two days ago.It's a very rare bird.Have you seen it, too？” he asked Sylvie.Sylvie's heart began to beat fast.She knew that strange white bird!The young man was staring at Sylvie.“I would give $10 to the person who showed me where the white heron is.”

Sylvie had a plan that she would get the $ 10 for her grandmother and make the young man happy.Her plan was to climb to the top of a tall pine tree to see where the white heron had hidden its nest.The pine tree seemed to grow taller, the higher that Sylvie climbed.Suddenly a bird with broad white wings flew past Sylvie and landed on a pine branch below her.The white heron sat on its nest in a nearby tree.Sylvie gave a long sigh.She knew the wild bird's secret now.Slowly she began her dangerous trip down the ancient pine tree.About an hour later Sylvie returned.Both her grandmother and the young man stood up as she came into the kitchen.The splendid moment to speak about her secret had come.But Sylvie was silent.She could not tell the heron's secret and give its life away.【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】 本文是一篇記敘文，講述了小女孩Sylvie最終因?yàn)樗纳屏级鴽](méi)有把白蒼鷺的棲息地告訴年輕的科學(xué)家的故事。

1．Where would Sylvie usually meet the cow every evening? A.In the open country.B.Among the forest.C.On a narrow path.D.In the bushes.答案與解析：D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，Sylvie是在灌木叢中遇到這頭奶牛。故D項(xiàng)符合題意。

【關(guān)鍵句】When the cow heard Sylvie's voice calling her, she would hide among the bushes, unwilling to go home.(第一段最后一句)譯文：當(dāng)這頭奶牛聽(tīng)見(jiàn)Sylvie叫她的聲音時(shí)，她就會(huì)藏在灌木叢中，不愿意回家。2．What was the young scientist's job according to his introduction? A.Collecting birds.B.Raising birds.C.Observing birds.D.Protecting birds.答案與解析：A 推理判斷題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可推知，這個(gè)年輕的科學(xué)家的工作可能是收集各種鳥(niǎo)類標(biāo)本。故A項(xiàng)符合題意。

【關(guān)鍵句】．..I shoot them and deal with them with special chemicals to preserve them.(第三段最后一句)譯文：??我射殺它們，并用特殊的化學(xué)藥劑來(lái)處理它們，目的是保存它們。3．What had Sylvie planned to do about the white bird? A.Make good friends with it.B.Prevent it from being caught.C.Find its nest but keep it secret.D.Find it for money and the man.答案與解析：D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，因?yàn)殄X和這個(gè)年輕人，Sylvie想找到白蒼鷺。故D項(xiàng)符合題意。

【關(guān)鍵句】Sylvie had a plan that she would get the $10 for her grandmother and make the young man happy.(第五段第一句)譯文：Sylvie有了一個(gè)計(jì)劃，她可以為她的祖母掙10美元并且還能使這個(gè)年輕人高興。4．What saved the white bird's life at last? A.Grandmother's sympathy.B.The white bird's beauty.C.Sylvie's kindness.D.The young man's generosity.答案與解析：C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，當(dāng)Sylvie找到白蒼鷺的巢的位置，回到家之后，她決定不把這個(gè)秘密告訴這個(gè)年輕人，因?yàn)樗幌氚咨n鷺丟掉性命。由此可推知，Sylvie是一個(gè)善良的小女孩。故C項(xiàng)符合題意。

【長(zhǎng)難句分析】“I would give $10 to the person who showed me where the white heron is.”(第四段最后一句)分析：本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the person，在從句中作主語(yǔ)；where引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，作動(dòng)詞showed的賓語(yǔ)。

譯文：“誰(shuí)帶我去找白蒼鷺，我就給誰(shuí)10美元?！?/p>

B(2017·福建省質(zhì)量檢查)When students read articles about scientific discovery, they learn what worked.Scientists present the methods that got the best result.They often show only the results that are significant and important.What they won't show are the mistakes or failures that came first.Yet sometimes those mistakes pointed the way to success.It can take a long time and many experiments to achieve scientific success.Robbin, 16, and Annabelle, 15, learned that while working this summer in a biochemistry lab at Stony Brook University in New York.What's more, they learned that failure is not necessarily something to fear.“I like the idea of scientific research，” says Robbin.It's the basis for “every lesson you learn in school and understanding everything you see in life”.This summer, Robbin has been working with Lauren, a chemistry student, who is making new drugs to fight harmful bacteria.At first, the tests made Robbin anxious.She worried that she might be making costly mistakes.But Lauren reassured her that finding out what doesn't work is“just part of the learning process”.With time, the teen got comfortable with the idea that every experiment wouldn't succeed.Annabelle also learned a lot about failure and success.She worked with graduate student Agnieszka Gil.“Sometimes I try something and it takes a while for the experiment to run.” This means that finding out whether Annabelle did something wrong can be a stressful waiting game, because “if you did something wrong you need to do it again”.But she's now learning to be patient and not to expect instant success.In science, figuring out why something failed is what may just put them on the road to success.【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】 在閱讀科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的文章時(shí)，人們往往對(duì)科學(xué)成就過(guò)度關(guān)心，其實(shí)科學(xué)成就往往是建立在無(wú)數(shù)次失敗的基礎(chǔ)之上的。Robbin和Annabelle在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里體會(huì)到了坦然接受實(shí)驗(yàn)失敗的價(jià)值。

5．What impresses students most in articles about scientific discovery? A.Scientists' achievements.B.The reasons for success.C.The cause of mistakes.D.Stressful process of research.答案與解析：A 考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段的第一句“When students read articles about scientific discovery, they learn what worked”以及第二段的第一句“It can take a long time and many experiments to achieve scientific success”可知，學(xué)生在閱讀科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的文章時(shí)，對(duì)科學(xué)成就的印象最為深刻，故A項(xiàng)正確。

6．What can we learn from the passage? A.Robbin is a graduate student.B.Lauren managed to make new drugs.C.Annabelle learns the value of patience.D.Agnieszka expected instant success.答案與解析：C 考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句“But she's now learning to be patient and not to expect instant success”可知，Annabelle學(xué)會(huì)了耐心，不期望立即成功；據(jù)此可以判斷，Annabelle知道了耐心的價(jià)值，故C項(xiàng)正確。

7．What did Robbin and Annabelle have in common in their experiments? A．They did their experiments independently.B．They realized not all experiments would succeed.C．They assisted graduate students to make new drugs.D．They made severe mistakes in the experiments.答案與解析：B 考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“With time, the teen got comfortable with the idea that every experiment wouldn't succeed”可知，Robbin坦然接受了并不是每次實(shí)驗(yàn)都會(huì)成功的事實(shí)；根據(jù)第四段的最后一句“But she's now learning to be patient and not to expect instant success”可知，Annabelle學(xué)會(huì)了耐心，不期望立即成功；據(jù)此可知，Robbin和Annabelle的共同點(diǎn)是她們都意識(shí)到了不是每次實(shí)驗(yàn)都會(huì)成功，故B項(xiàng)正確。

8．What does the writer intend to tell us? A.The cause of making errors in science.B.The significance of scientific discovery.C.The importance of doing experiments.D.The correct attitudes towards failures.答案與解析：D 考查目的意圖。通讀全文可知，本文的主題句是文章最后一句“In science, figuring out why something failed is what may just put them on the road to success”；由此可知，探索科學(xué)世界，失敗是成功之母；據(jù)此可以判斷，本文旨在告訴人們對(duì)待失敗的正確態(tài)度，故D項(xiàng)正確。

Ⅱ.七選五

(2017·河北石家莊考試)

How to Avoid an Internet Addiction

While it may seem like everyone surfs the web these days, there is a fine line between casually checking your social media pages and having a full-blown Internet addiction.If you fear that you may lose interest in other aspects of your life because you prefer to be on the Internet, you may be on your way to an Internet addiction.__1__ Admit you are at risk of an addiction.More and more people in the world are becoming addicted to the Internet.You are not the only one with this problem, and it is becoming more and more common and more and more well-known.__2__ Set aside limited time for computer use.Make sure not to turn it on too many times a week.If you have a laptop, make sure to put it somewhere that you can remember but not somewhere that you see every day.Try keeping the lid closed when you are not using it.__3__ If you have a desktop PC, try not to go near it or put something over it like a sheet.Call people instead of sending instant messages or texts.If you are free on weekends, call friends and ask them to go outside.This will distract you from the computer.__4__ Use an alarm clock or timer.Before using your computer, decide on a time limit such as 30 minutes.Set the clock or timer and make sure that you get off the computer when the time is up.Alternatively create a shutdown timer on your desktop.__5__ A.Make a small list of what you want to do within that time.B.When the computer is not looking at you, you are less likely to use it.C.This can be programmed to shut down your computer after the set time.D.Luckily, there are ways to avoid living your life in front of the computer.E.This will stop you from using the Internet so often or going on to another page.F.If you have a problem on weekdays, phone your friends or ask for help in person.G.Do not be embarrassed;find others with the same problem and help each other beat it.答案與解析 【文章大意】 網(wǎng)癮會(huì)給人們的生活帶來(lái)很大的影響，本文就如何避免網(wǎng)癮提出了建議。1．D 上文談到網(wǎng)癮會(huì)導(dǎo)致你對(duì)生活的其他方面失去興趣，下文的幾條建議則是有關(guān)如何避免網(wǎng)癮的，D項(xiàng)對(duì)全文起著承上啟下的作用。

2．G 本段的主旨是“Admit you are at risk of an addiction”，再結(jié)合本段講述的“越來(lái)越多的人有網(wǎng)癮，這是一個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)象”可知，選G項(xiàng)“不要覺(jué)得不好意思，找到和你一樣有網(wǎng)癮的人，互相幫助去戰(zhàn)勝網(wǎng)癮”。

3．B 根據(jù)空前的“Try keeping the lid closed when you are not using it”可知，作者建議你不用電腦時(shí)，把它合上，故選B項(xiàng)“看不到電腦時(shí)，你用它的可能性就小”。

4．F 本段的主題是“給朋友打電話而不是在網(wǎng)上發(fā)信息”，上文的“call friends and ask them to go outside”與F項(xiàng)中的“phone your friends or ask for help in person”，還有上文的“on weekends”與F項(xiàng)中的“on weekdays”前后呼應(yīng)。

5．C 本段的主題是“Use an alarm clock or timer”，作者建議使用鬧鐘或定時(shí)器來(lái)限制上網(wǎng)的時(shí)間，空前的“shutdown timer”與C項(xiàng)中的“shut down your computer after the set time”相對(duì)應(yīng)。

Ⅲ.語(yǔ)法填空

(2017·石家莊模擬考試)Dogs are __1__ very popular pet.Most of them just live with their families.But some dogs have very special jobs __2__(do).A group of dogs __3__(know)as “Therapy Dogs”.These dogs are family pets with special training, __4__ allows them to go into public buildings and comfort people __5__ need.The dogs are trained to be calm and quiet.Loud noises and unfamiliar places don't frighten them.They enjoy spending time with people.Some therapy dogs go into places, such as hospitals and nursing homes.When the dogs visit the patients, the patients are cheered up.They have fun __6__(pet)the dogs and look forward to their visits.The dogs help to brighten their day.Therapy dogs can improve people's health as well.Studies show that when people pet animals, their blood __7__(press)and heart rates go down.They are calmer and __8__(they)mood improves.Other therapy dogs work in schools and libraries.They serve as warm and caring __9__(friend)to children, but they also do __10__(much).In one town in California, therapy dogs have become children's reading buddies.The dogs make a great audience.The children look forward to reading to the dogs, and the dogs love the attention.答案與解析

【文章大意】 本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了有著特殊用途的狗——治療犬。它們能給病人帶來(lái)心理上的安慰，能成為孩子的朋友。

1．a(chǎn) 考查冠詞。依據(jù)本句中的“very popular pet”可知，此處應(yīng)用不定冠詞，表示泛指。

2．to do 考查固定用法。本句中應(yīng)用不定式作后置定語(yǔ)，have sth.to do表示“要做某事”。

3．a(chǎn)re known 考查時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句話缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，“a group of＋名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，dogs與know是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，此處描述的是一般情況，因此用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

4．which 考查定語(yǔ)從句。這是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為“special training”。

5．in 考查介詞。由句意可知，這些治療犬可以到公共場(chǎng)所安撫那些需要幫助的人。in need表示“在困難時(shí)，在危難之中”，為固定搭配。

6．petting 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。have fun(in)doing sth.表示“做某事有樂(lè)趣”。7．pressure 考查名詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)用名詞，blood pressure表示“血壓”。

8．their 考查代詞。修飾名詞mood要用形容詞性物主代詞，故用their。9．friends 考查名詞的數(shù)。根據(jù)句子的主語(yǔ)They可知，此處用名詞復(fù)數(shù)。

10．more 考查比較級(jí)。句中的but暗示這些狗對(duì)孩子來(lái)講不僅僅是朋友，它們會(huì)做得更多。

第四篇：高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)測(cè)試題-18

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高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)測(cè)試題-18 選擇填空

1.China is a country __________ the third world.a.belonged to b.which belongs to c.which is belonged to d.which is belonging to

2.Yesterday Retty didn‘t come here because of _____.And now she is _________ to play basketball.a.ill ,enough good b.illness, good enough c.sick, enough well d.illness, well enough

3.What do you think ________ in the pan over the fire? a.is there b.has there c.there is d.there has

4.It’s nice ________ her to help me _______ my physics.a.of, with b.for, study c.from, to study d.with ,studying

5.He was bron in the year ______ the Anti-Japaese War ________.a.which, broke out b.when ,broke out C.in which, was broken out d.on which ,was broken out

6.Doctors ______ him again and again to give up ___________.a.suggested/drink b.advised/drinking c.talked/to drink d.discussed/drinking

7.---Why are you late?---I ________ the meeting_________ at 10:00 ,so I caught the 9:00 train.a.think,would start b.thought,will start c.thought would start

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8.By the age of 26,he________ to speak 7 languages and write 4 of them.a.was learning b.has learned c.learned d.had learned

9.Tom talked to his classmates_____________.a.in a friendly way b.friendly c.like friend d.as friend

10.Have you considered ________ Betty a chance to go to college? a.giving b.to give c.give d.to have given

11.Did slave owners grow very rich ___________ the work of slavers? a.in b.by c.on d.with

12.Peope used _________ that China was poor_______ oil,while in fact,she is rich _______ oil.a.to think ,in ,in b.thinking,at ,at c.for thinking, in ,in d.to think, of ,of

13.Do you consider he __________ your best friend? a.as b.to be c.is d.being

14.I‘ll do __________ help you out of the trouble.Which of the following is wrong? a.what I can to b.that I can to c.my best to d.all I can to

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15.Many students have come into tne classroom.Look!___________ students are coming here.a.more two b.other two c.another two d.two ather

16.He can drink ________ eight bottles of beer each time.But I think he had better not drink_______ beer.a.as much as,as many b.as many as ,so much c.so,much as ,as many d.so many as ,as much

17.Next summer holidays,I will spend the ______________ days at my___________.a.first few,uncle’s b.first a few ,uncle‘s c.first a few,uncle’s d.first few,uncle

18.---Welcome to my house.Would you like a glass of milk and some hamburger?---Yes,________________.a.very well ,thanks b.that would be nice c.you are wonderful d.it certainly is

19.---Why not play football this afternoon?---____________.Who shall we ask? a.Good idea b.That‘s right c.We’d better not d.That‘s all right

20.---Oh,it’s six o‘clock already.I must be off now.---Can ’t you stay a little longer?---____________________.a.I hope not b.Thank you ever so much c.I‘m afraid not d.No,that ’s all

答案

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億庫(kù)教育網(wǎng)http://004km.cn 1--10:b d c a b b c d a a 11-20:c a c b c b a b a c

第五篇：2014高考?xì)v史總復(fù)習(xí)課時(shí)作業(yè)38 宗教改革和啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng) 新人教版

作業(yè)38宗教改革和啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)

一、單項(xiàng)選擇題

1.(2013·全國(guó)100所名校模擬題)1303年教皇博尼法斯八世就已死去，而他所發(fā)布的“十字軍十一稅”在40多年后還在收，圣戰(zhàn)以告結(jié)束，當(dāng)收稅官被問(wèn)及為何還要征收“十字軍十一稅”時(shí)，回答是：是為了圣戰(zhàn)。后任教皇還要代為催索。由此可見(jiàn)，教皇的稅收

()

A.是為十字軍進(jìn)行圣戰(zhàn)而征收的B.征收對(duì)象是所有的天主教徒

C.反映了教皇及教會(huì)貪婪的本性

D.促進(jìn)了天主教會(huì)的蓬勃發(fā)展

答案C

解析從題干材料看，天主教會(huì)征收的“十字軍十一稅”對(duì)廣大教徒是一項(xiàng)沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)，尤其到后來(lái)，其剝削性就越發(fā)明顯了，暴露了教會(huì)貪婪的本性。故選C項(xiàng)。

2.(2013·金考卷系列)馬丁·路德在《致德意志民族基督教貴族公開(kāi)書(shū)》中說(shuō)“應(yīng)該規(guī)定，凡屬世俗的事都不應(yīng)該送到羅馬判決，只應(yīng)該由世俗當(dāng)局處理?！边@說(shuō)明馬丁·路德主張

()

A.信仰即可得救B.司法應(yīng)實(shí)行政教分離

C.簡(jiǎn)化宗教儀式D.宗教事務(wù)由教皇處理

答案B

解析材料信息反映了馬丁·路德主張世俗的司法權(quán)應(yīng)該由世俗當(dāng)局掌握，司法應(yīng)當(dāng)政教分離，故選B項(xiàng)。

3.(2013·山東兗州模擬題)馬克思在評(píng)價(jià)馬丁·路德的宗教改革時(shí)說(shuō)：“他打破了對(duì)權(quán)威的信仰，是因?yàn)樗麡?shù)立了信仰的權(quán)威。他把僧侶(神職人員)變成了俗人，是因?yàn)樗阉兹俗兂闪松畟H?！毕铝袑?duì)宗教改革的相關(guān)評(píng)述，不正確的是()

A.打破了羅馬天主教會(huì)神圣不可侵犯的地位

B.樹(shù)立信仰本身為權(quán)威，只要虔誠(chéng)信仰，靈魂即可得救

C.改變了過(guò)去通過(guò)神職人員與上帝溝通的慣例，人人可以同上帝直接對(duì)話

D.試圖清除宗教對(duì)個(gè)人生活的影響，開(kāi)啟了人類理性的光芒

答案D

解析本題考查馬丁·路德宗教改革的影響。結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)可知，A、B、C項(xiàng)均符合所學(xué)知識(shí)；D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)轳R丁·路德不反對(duì)人們信仰宗教，只是反對(duì)天主教會(huì)的儀式和教義，且“開(kāi)啟了人類理性的光芒”是對(duì)啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的描述。

4．(2013·河南省模擬題)馬克思說(shuō)：“的確，路德戰(zhàn)勝了虔信造成的奴役制，是因?yàn)樗眯拍钤斐傻呐壑拼媪怂?。他破除了?duì)權(quán)威的信仰，是因?yàn)樗謴?fù)了信仰的權(quán)威??他把人從外在的宗教篤誠(chéng)解放出來(lái)，是因?yàn)樗炎诮毯V誠(chéng)變成了人的內(nèi)在世界?！睂?duì)材料理解最恰當(dāng)?shù)氖?)

A．說(shuō)明了路德使人擺脫了教會(huì)束縛

B．肯定了虔誠(chéng)信仰靈魂便獲救的主張

C．批判了路德背離人文主義精神

D．指出了路德思想的雙重作用

答案D

解析馬克思揭示了路德改革破除了對(duì)天主教的信仰，但又用對(duì)圣經(jīng)的信仰代替了它，也就是路德改革有雙重作用。故選D項(xiàng)。

5.(2013·金考卷系列)馬丁·路德曾提出：“上帝的道不是借什么行為所能接受，所能愛(ài)慕的，乃是單借著信。因此靈魂為著他的生命與義所需要的既然只是信，這樣，靈魂顯然單是因信稱義，而不是因行為稱義?！边@一觀點(diǎn)提出的直接意義是

()

A.否定教皇權(quán)威B.描繪理性王國(guó)

C.否定君主專制D.發(fā)展資本主義

答案A

解析題干反映的是馬丁·路德的“因信稱義”主張，這使原來(lái)救贖中不可缺少的教會(huì)、教皇等都成了多余的東西，從而否定了教皇權(quán)威，B、C項(xiàng)是啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的內(nèi)容，D項(xiàng)不是“直接意義”。

6.(2013·銀川一中模擬題)馬丁·路德說(shuō)：“這里誓言被看做無(wú)效，僧侶可獲準(zhǔn)離開(kāi)他的修道院，教士能夠用錢換來(lái)他的婚姻生活，這里的私生子能成為合法??”馬丁·路德這樣說(shuō)的目的在于()

A.否定天主教會(huì)存在的合理性

B.批判天主教會(huì)并宣傳宗教改革

C.鼓勵(lì)天主教徒退出天主教會(huì)

D.號(hào)召人們放棄天主教信仰

答案B

解析通過(guò)這些敘述，馬丁·路德使人們尤其是天主教徒充分認(rèn)識(shí)到教會(huì)本身的諸多腐敗現(xiàn)象，從而對(duì)天主教會(huì)進(jìn)行改革。故選B項(xiàng)。

7.(2013·金考卷系列)狄德羅在《百科全書(shū)》的“理性”一條中指出，理性是“人類認(rèn)識(shí)真理的能力”“人類的精神不靠信仰的光亮的幫助而能夠自然達(dá)到一系列真理”更是代表了這個(gè)時(shí)期的思想家精神。此時(shí)期人類的精神能夠自然達(dá)到一系列真理的根本原因在于

()

A.資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展B.文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)的推動(dòng)

C.啟蒙思想家的理論貢獻(xiàn)D.民主政治的逐步確立

答案A

解析狄德羅強(qiáng)調(diào)的“理性”是啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期的指導(dǎo)思想，這一思想產(chǎn)生的根本原因在于資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，故選A項(xiàng)。

8.(2013·金考卷模擬題)當(dāng)盧梭將否定私有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的《論人類不平等的起源和基礎(chǔ)》寄給伏爾泰的時(shí)候，伏爾泰無(wú)比憤怒。這表明()

A.伏爾泰不同意盧梭對(duì)私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的否定

B.伏爾泰誤解了盧梭的觀點(diǎn)

C.盧梭挑戰(zhàn)了伏爾泰的思想權(quán)威

D.盧梭的思想觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的答案A

解析伏爾泰認(rèn)為，國(guó)家的法律應(yīng)該充分保護(hù)公民的財(cái)產(chǎn)私有權(quán)，這會(huì)促進(jìn)工業(yè)和商業(yè)的發(fā)展，有利于國(guó)家的富裕和繁榮。而盧梭認(rèn)為，私有制是人類發(fā)展到一定階段的歷史產(chǎn)物，并不是永恒的。由此可見(jiàn)，兩者對(duì)私有制的觀點(diǎn)不一致，故選A項(xiàng)。

9.(2013·金考卷模擬題)2012年7月2日，《新京報(bào)》刊登了北京大學(xué)李強(qiáng)教授的一篇文章，文中引用了某哲人的名言：“每個(gè)人全部轉(zhuǎn)讓了自己的天然自由，形成所謂公意。公意是全體成員的共同意志，這樣，當(dāng)個(gè)人服從公意時(shí)，他‘不過(guò)是在服從自己本人，并且仍然像以往一樣自由’?！痹撁钥赡艹鲎?)

A.《哲學(xué)通信》B.《論法的精神》

C.《社會(huì)契約論》D.《九十五條論綱》

答案C

解析根據(jù)“公意是全體成員的共同意志”“不過(guò)是在服從自己本人，并且仍然像以往一樣自由”可知，該名人重視人們的公共意志，強(qiáng)調(diào)建立既權(quán)威又不喪失自由的制度，這正是社會(huì)契約論所倡導(dǎo)的。A項(xiàng)是伏爾泰的著作，B項(xiàng)是孟德斯鳩的著作，D項(xiàng)是馬丁·路德的著作，故選C項(xiàng)。

10.(2013·廣州市海珠區(qū)模擬題)雕塑家羅丹(1840～1917年)在參觀博物館面對(duì)一些人物塑像時(shí)，有感而發(fā)說(shuō)：“瞧！伏爾泰對(duì)面的盧梭，目光中含有無(wú)限精微氣息，那是十八世紀(jì)諸人物的共同性格。”羅丹所謂的“十八世紀(jì)諸人物的共同性格”主要指的是

()

A.提倡歸納或?qū)嶒?yàn)的方法

B.傾向自由、平等，反對(duì)君主政體

C.尊崇人文主義，否定天主教的教規(guī)

D.以理性的方法，思考人類社會(huì)的現(xiàn)象

答案D

解析本題考查對(duì)啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的核心思潮的理解能力?！笆耸兰o(jì)諸人物的共同性格”是受到啟蒙思想的影響：崇尚理性。故選D項(xiàng)。

11．(2013·河南省模擬題)“政府制訂法令，制服惡人，保護(hù)良善，這就是政府的職責(zé)。政府為著履行這種職責(zé)，需要很多的經(jīng)費(fèi)，而政府本身沒(méi)有米谷金錢，故須向農(nóng)民、商人征收賦稅，以資壤持，但這是在雙方同意下獲得的協(xié)議，這就是政府和人民之間的約束。??假如政府把保護(hù)人民叫做恩惠的話，那么農(nóng)民、商人向政府繳納賦稅，也可以叫做恩惠了”。上述言論意在說(shuō)明()

A．官民之間的矛盾是可以調(diào)和的B．政府和人民是平等的契約關(guān)系

C．自由、平等是上天賦予的人權(quán)

D．人與人之間在基本權(quán)利上是平等的答案B

解析歐洲啟蒙思想家提出“社會(huì)契約論”，認(rèn)為人民和政府之間形成平等的契約關(guān)系，材料表明，政府和人民之間“在雙方同意下獲得的協(xié)議，這就是政府和人民之間的約束”，說(shuō)明B正確。

12.(2013·皖南八校模擬題)康德認(rèn)為，人在道德上是自主的，人的行為雖然受客觀因果的限制，但是人之所以成為人，就在于人有道德上的自由能力，能超越因果，有能力為自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)。據(jù)此可以得出()

A.康德強(qiáng)調(diào)人的自由是有限的B.啟蒙思想是以道德為核心的C.理性主義是康德的核心思想

D.德意志啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)道德

答案A

解析材料中康德提到人的行為受客觀因果的限制，但人有能力為自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)，也就是說(shuō)人要為自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)，人的自由是有限的。故選A項(xiàng)。

二、材料分析題

13.(2013·兗州市模擬題)研究性學(xué)習(xí)是高中歷史學(xué)習(xí)的重要方法之一，高三某班歷史興趣小組的同學(xué)以“東西方文明的對(duì)話”為主題，分成了群星閃爍、分道揚(yáng)鑣、西學(xué)東漸三個(gè)步驟，展開(kāi)探究。

群星閃爍

材料一孔子說(shuō):“智、仁、勇三者，天下之達(dá)德也?！卑阎侨视逻@三種品質(zhì)稱為“君子道者三”，認(rèn)為它們是品行高尚的君子必須具備的三種美德。而蘇格拉底提出一個(gè)重要的命題即“美德是知識(shí)”他認(rèn)為知識(shí)是美德的基礎(chǔ)，“貫穿于一切美德之中，美德由教育而來(lái)”。

(1)根據(jù)上述材料，結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)，說(shuō)明孔子與蘇格拉底思想主張的共同點(diǎn)?

分道揚(yáng)鑣

材料二天理流行，觸處皆是:暑往寒來(lái)，川流山峙，父子有親，君臣有義之類，無(wú)非這理。

——《朱子語(yǔ)類》

(2)根據(jù)材料并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)說(shuō)明宋明理學(xué)是如何發(fā)展儒家思想的?它對(duì)后世產(chǎn)生了什么消極影響?

材料三啟蒙思想是個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的國(guó)際性的發(fā)展過(guò)程，18世紀(jì)末在歐洲產(chǎn)生了重大影響??使人民以新的觀念看待國(guó)家、政權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)、宗教生活。

——《大國(guó)崛起》

(3)啟蒙思想使人民產(chǎn)生了哪些“新的觀念”來(lái)看待國(guó)家、政權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)的。

西學(xué)東漸

材料四中國(guó)近代人文思想是在西方現(xiàn)代文化傳入的基礎(chǔ)上，經(jīng)過(guò)與中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的碰拉與互動(dòng)，在同化與順應(yīng)兩種機(jī)制的作用下產(chǎn)生的。但這種人文思想更多地反映了中國(guó)新生資產(chǎn)階級(jí)力圖改造社會(huì)的良好愿望。

——文池《思想的靈光》

(4)根據(jù)材料四，概括中國(guó)近代人文思想形成的歷史條件，結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí)，指出中國(guó)新生資產(chǎn)階級(jí)改造社會(huì)的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。

答案(1)都看到美德與智慧之間的聯(lián)系;都重視教育的作用。

(2)認(rèn)為理是萬(wàn)物的本原，將理和倫理道德聯(lián)系在一起。影響:束縛了人們的思想，維護(hù)了封建統(tǒng)治。

(3)新觀念：天賦人權(quán)、主權(quán)在民、社會(huì)契約、三權(quán)分立，開(kāi)明君主制、民主共和制。

(4)條件:思想上：西方文化傳入中國(guó);經(jīng)濟(jì)上：中華民族資本主義產(chǎn)生并發(fā)展。社會(huì)實(shí)踐:維新變法運(yùn)動(dòng)、辛亥革命、新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)。

14.(2013·陜西咸陽(yáng)市模擬題)公元前500年前后，在古希臘、印度和中國(guó)幾乎同時(shí)出現(xiàn)了偉大的思想家蘇格拉底、柏拉圖、老子、孔子、釋迦牟尼等，他們獨(dú)立發(fā)展了不同的文化傳統(tǒng)。經(jīng)過(guò)2 000多年的發(fā)展，已經(jīng)成為人類文化的主要精神財(cái)富。

中國(guó)的宋明理學(xué)、歐洲的文藝復(fù)興等，世界各種文化的發(fā)展正是對(duì)2 000年前的軸心時(shí)代的一次新的飛躍，即一個(gè)新的“軸心時(shí)代”出現(xiàn)，造成中西文化的巔峰。

21世紀(jì)的今天，世界文化發(fā)展很可能形成若干個(gè)重要的文化區(qū)：歐美文化區(qū)、東亞文化區(qū)、南亞文化區(qū)和中東與北非文化區(qū)(伊斯蘭文化區(qū))，以及以色列及猶太文化等，這幾種有著長(zhǎng)久歷史的大小文化潮流將會(huì)成為影響世界文化發(fā)展的主要?jiǎng)恿Α?/p>

請(qǐng)回答：

評(píng)價(jià)材料中關(guān)于人類“軸心時(shí)代的觀點(diǎn)”。

(要求：圍繞材料中的一種或兩種觀點(diǎn)展開(kāi)評(píng)論，觀點(diǎn)明確、史論結(jié)合)

答案第一層次：分析人類歷史曾出現(xiàn)三次軸心時(shí)代(寫出具體時(shí)間或代表性事件)

第二層次：三次軸心時(shí)代出現(xiàn)的原因及世界影響(如第一次軸心中國(guó)百家爭(zhēng)鳴及希臘人文主義)

第三層次：三次軸心時(shí)代的因果關(guān)系及相互影響(如宋明理學(xué)對(duì)孔子的儒家思想發(fā)展及繼承)