大學(xué)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)漢譯英第二學(xué)期筆譯課件范文大全

第一篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)漢譯英第二學(xué)期筆譯課件

一． Process of Translation Process: Preparation → Working → Checking Preparation:

Read the original text several times → master the general meaning in the original text → pay attention to its detailed description or statement.Working:

Including understanding and expression(first understanding → then expression)Checking:

Translators should concentrate themselves on the versions including every used words, complement the lost contents and correct the wrong or unproper versions and check whether the version is smooth and correct or not …

二． Syntactic handling in Chinese – English translation The dominent content in Chinese sentences is the main idea, not subject,----emphasis on “parataxis”.1.Determine the subject There are five following principles:

1)Necessarily Accord with English Language Usage and Cultural Custom Nations of Using English 熱烈歡迎世界各地客商來(lái)此進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)合作，建立發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系。

----Customers from various regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.2)Necessarily Accord with the Westerners’ Thinking Mode 她從來(lái)沒(méi)有想到他是個(gè)不誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。

----It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.3)Subject Should Be a Prominent Part in a Sentence 到去年年底，我們已同有關(guān)國(guó)家簽訂了100多項(xiàng)目建設(shè)合同和協(xié)議。

----By the end of last year, contracts and agreements

were signed with countries conceming for the construction of more than 100 projects.4)Subject Must Accord with the Logical Retion in a Sentence 我們浙江還在吸引外資企業(yè)進(jìn)行老企業(yè)改造、房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)等方面制定了一系列優(yōu)惠政策。

----Our zhejiang Province has also formulated a series of preferential policies to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development.我們的事業(yè)從勝利走向勝利。

----We have won one victory after another for our cacuse.5)Subject Must Accord with the Need of the Context 中國(guó)的婦女今天社會(huì)地位和平等權(quán)利來(lái)之不易。

----Women did not gain their social status and their rights easily.2．Choice of Predicate

1)State of Predicate Doesn’t Change without Person

快點(diǎn)過(guò)來(lái)吧！

Come here quickly!

安靜下來(lái)！

Quiet down!

2)Chinese Predicate Verbs Don’t Show the Time Sequence, They Can Show the Time Sequence Only the Added Words Showing Different Time Conception

本公司全體同仁竭誠(chéng)為世界服務(wù)。

----This corporation will whole-heartedly serve various circles.該機(jī)（錄放機(jī)）是市場(chǎng)緊俏商品，既是音響又是精美的高檔家具。

----This product has sold well since it entered the market, not only as an exquisite sounder, but also as a piece of high-grade furniture.3)In Chinese, Nouns, Adjectives, Numerals and Preposition-phrases May Be Directly Used as Predicates 他今年23歲。

----He is twenty-three this year.魯迅，浙江紹興市。

----Lu Xun was from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.北京的秋天最美。

----Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing.總經(jīng)理今天不在公司。

----The chief manager is not in company today.4)In Chinese, an Expression May Be a Predicate

他們正在談?wù)摰哪俏慌處熎犯裾薄?/p>

----The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright.南京這個(gè)地方，我認(rèn)為比西安好。

----I think Nanjing is better than Xian.5)Chinese and English Have Five Patterns(1)Subject ＋

Predicate ＋

Precticative(2)Subject ＋ Predicate

(3)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Object(4)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Object ＋

Object Complement(5)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Indirect Object ＋

Direct Object

6)Chinese Predicate Verbs Are Most Used as Active Way

那項(xiàng)工作已經(jīng)完成了。

----The task has already been finished.在記者招待會(huì)上，人們問(wèn)了他許多問(wèn)題。

----He was asked a lot of questions at the press conference.7)The Chosen Predicate Must Be in Keeping with its Subject in Persons and numerals

鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)的繁榮是我國(guó)農(nóng)村改革的必然產(chǎn)物。

----The prosperity of township enterpribes is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.當(dāng)前，我國(guó)的職業(yè)教育和成人教育正在加快發(fā)

展。

----Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.Chapter 1 E-C Lexical Comparison and Translation Translation includes “understanding and conveyance”.It is very difficult to well master “the hard nut to crack”----polysemant, which brings about a very difficulty to translation and conveyance.Section 1

一、Choice of the Meaning of a Word in the Light of the Explanation in the Dictionary.E.G.1.經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題在主席講話中占了很大的部分。The economy featured very largely in the President speech.2.海南島的主要特色就是它的氣候和風(fēng)景。The main features of Hainan Island is its climate and scenery.featre(n.v.)

特色，特性，特征，面部器官，相貌，專題報(bào)道，占突出地位；

3.今天我非常高興地宣布，我們的準(zhǔn)備工作已經(jīng)完成，協(xié)議開(kāi)始生效。

Today I am delighted to announce that our joint preparations are complete and the agreement comes into effect.announce 把??公諸于世，宣布，宣告，通報(bào)??的到達(dá)（出席），預(yù)示，預(yù)兆，當(dāng)??播音員，當(dāng)報(bào)幕員，二、三、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to the Context

“加強(qiáng)”的譯法： E.G.1．加強(qiáng)了政治互信，擴(kuò)大了共同利益，為亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展增加了新的動(dòng)力。

All countries have enhanced political mutual trust and expanded common interests, adding a new boost to Asia’s economic development.2．我們加強(qiáng)在交通、能源、電信、貿(mào)易、投資、旅游、環(huán)境、人力資源、農(nóng)業(yè)等領(lǐng)域合作。

We should set up infrastructure building.4．我們應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系建設(shè)，提高人民群眾健康水平是各成員面臨的共同任務(wù)。

We should face the task of improving the medical system and people’s health.5．我們應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)禽流感、艾滋病等重大傳染病的防控合作。

We need to intensify cooperation on the prevention and control of avian flu HIV / AIDS and other major communicable diseases.6．中國(guó)的發(fā)展主要依靠自己的努力，同時(shí)，也需要加強(qiáng)對(duì)外合作，特別是同鄰居的合作。

China will mainly count on itself, but it also needs better cooperation with the outside, particularly with its neighbors.7．我們應(yīng)該致力于加強(qiáng)與周邊國(guó)家的伙伴關(guān)系。

We should further commit ourselves to cementing partnership with our neighbors.“建設(shè)”的譯法 E.G.1．國(guó)家建設(shè)

national reconstruction

2．國(guó)防建設(shè)

the building of national defense 3．城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)

urban and rural development 4．社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)

socialist modernization drive 5．加強(qiáng)文化建設(shè)

strengthen cultural development efforts 6．加強(qiáng)廉政建設(shè)

strengthen efforts to ensure clean government 7．加強(qiáng)制度建設(shè)

improve the regulatory system 8，加強(qiáng)軍隊(duì)思想政治建設(shè)

strengthen ideological and political work among servicemen 9．加強(qiáng)青少年思想道德建設(shè)

cultivate ideals and ethics among young people 10．加強(qiáng)國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)建設(shè)

strengthen(modernize)national defense and build up

the armed services(forces)11．基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)成就顯著

the infrastructure improved remarkably 12．交通建設(shè)空前發(fā)展

transport developed on an unprecedented scale 13．民主政治建設(shè)不斷加強(qiáng)

Democracy has been improved steadily.14．國(guó)家創(chuàng)新體系建設(shè)積極推進(jìn)

Significant progress was made in establishing China’s innovation system.“意見(jiàn)”的譯法

1.兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)就雙邊關(guān)系及共同關(guān)心的問(wèn)題交換了意見(jiàn)。

The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations

and issues of common concern.2．他們對(duì)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃提出了修改意見(jiàn)。

They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.3．黨員應(yīng)該虛心聽(tīng)取群眾的意見(jiàn)。

Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.4.大家對(duì)這一做法很有意見(jiàn)。

Everyone complaint against such a practice.5．他們?cè)跁?huì)上鬧起了意見(jiàn)。

They had a dispute at the meeting.6．你應(yīng)該聽(tīng)從醫(yī)生的意見(jiàn)。

You should follow the doctor’s advice.7.他們就此問(wèn)題取得了一致的意見(jiàn)。

They reached a consensus on the issue.四、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to Collocations Some words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation.That is, they have different collocative meanings.One problem with collocation in translation is that, very

often, what is good collocation in English may not be so when translated into Chinese, or vice versa, for example, it is perfectly all right in English to say “a handsome car”, but “英俊的車子”would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese readers.Thus in C – E translation a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in Chinese.“水平”的譯法

1．生活水平

living standard 2．文化水平

cultural level 3．領(lǐng)導(dǎo)水平

one’s art of leadership 4．水平貿(mào)易

horizontal trade 5．水平儀

spirit level

“正式”的譯法

1．正式列入記錄

be officially placed on record 2.正式成員

a regular(full)member 3.正式開(kāi)幕

formality opened 4．正式黨員

full member of the Party 5．正式訪問(wèn)

official(or formal)visit 6.正式會(huì)談

formal talks 7.正式聲明

official statement

四、Choice of the Meaning of a Word Conforming to the Logic Without Considering of Literal Meaning.1．堅(jiān)持以人為本

always be people-oriented / Human factors come first 2.綠色通道

landscaped roadways 3.偷稅漏稅

tax evasion 4．優(yōu)先安置

hiring preference 5.人才市場(chǎng)

human resources pool 6.招商

trade and investment promotion 7.獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)工資制度

a bonus wages system 8．標(biāo)準(zhǔn)匯率

Definitive Conversion Rate 9.開(kāi)始談?wù)}

get down to business 10．馬馬虎虎

after a fashion 11．擅自使用

make free with 12．嶄露頭角

come to the front 13．充分發(fā)揮自己的才能

to fulfill oneself 14．博得全場(chǎng)喝彩

bring down the gallery 15．近水樓臺(tái)

a favourable position 16．舉足輕重

hold the balance

Section 2 Diction in Translation We should try to help Chinese students recognize the difference between Chinese and English by means of the comparative study and know the knows but the whys.一、Chioce of the Meaning of a Word According to Semantic Scope E.G.1.根據(jù)你的建議，我們應(yīng)該辦大廠了。

We should go in for(run)industry in a big way in accordance with your suggestion.2.他們?cè)诮淌掖驋咝l(wèi)生。

They are ghiving the classroom a good(general / spring / through)clean(ing).3.如果你那樣做，就大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。

If you do it like that, you’ll be completely(gravely / seriously)mistaken(be absolutely wrong / make a big mistake / make a major blunder / commit a very gross error / all wet.)

Section 3

Diversity in Translation Some sentences, expressions, idioms and words which appear repeatedly without changing their meanings are vividly translated by using language with rich and varied and appropriate form.That is diversity in translation.一、Diversity in translating Chinese words “積極”的譯法 E.G.1.積極利用國(guó)外資源

make effective use of overseas resources 2．積極推進(jìn)大型煤礦建設(shè)

vigorously carry forward the renovation of large coal mines 3.積極推進(jìn)社會(huì)公益類科研院所改革

push forward the reform of non-profit research institutes 4．積極推進(jìn)改革，擴(kuò)大對(duì)外開(kāi)放

press ahead with reforms and open wider to the outside world 5．積極探索管理國(guó)有資產(chǎn)的有效形式

energetically explore effective ways to manage state assets

6．積極地財(cái)政政策

proactive fiscal policy 7．積極支持他的事業(yè)

unfailing support of his cause “化”的譯法 E.G.1．廣泛使用農(nóng)業(yè)信息化

to apply IT extensively to agricultural development 2.促進(jìn)政府管理信息化

to promote IT for gevernment administration 3.推動(dòng)社會(huì)信息化

to promote IT for social development 4．科研成果市場(chǎng)化,產(chǎn)業(yè)化

gear scientific and

technological achievement in production 5．中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)逐步市場(chǎng)化

continue the gradual marketization of the Chinese economy

二、Diversity in Translating Chinese Idioms “全神貫注”的譯法 E.G.to the

market and apply them

1．他全神貫注地閱讀英文小說(shuō)。

He has concentrated his attention on reading English novel.2.約翰正在全神貫注地研究市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。

John has been absorbed in the market economy.3.我們小組正在全神貫注地討論這道數(shù)學(xué)難題。

Our group members have been engrossed in discussing this mathematical question.4.我們正在全神貫注地聽(tīng)校長(zhǎng)報(bào)告。

We are preoccupied with listening to the president’s report.5．她在全神貫注地思考問(wèn)題。

She is thinking of a problem with rapt attention.6．他全神貫注地聽(tīng)著。

He was all ears.7．下棋需要全神貫注。

Chess requires great concentration.“無(wú)動(dòng)于衷”的譯法 E.G.1.瑪麗對(duì)任何事情都是無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。

Mary has been aloof and indifferent in any matters.2．他聽(tīng)了這消息無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。

He heard the news quite unmoved.3．他表面上顯得無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。

In appearance, he looks untouched.4．杰克在需要幫助的人面前總是顯得無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。

Jack is always unconcerned about the people who need to help.5．他對(duì)我的忠告無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。

He turned a deaf ear to my advice.“大驚小怪”的譯法 E.G.1.誰(shuí)告訴你們了？你們這樣大驚小怪的。

Who told you to make such a fuss over nothing? 2.還是隨便一點(diǎn)吧，不必大驚小怪的。

Anything will do, don’t fuss.3．奶奶病著呢，別大驚小怪的。

Our grandma is ill,don’t kick up such a shindy.4．大家聽(tīng)了說(shuō)：“我當(dāng)是誰(shuí)呢，這樣大驚小怪的，沒(méi)必要吧?！?/p>

When others heard this they commented, “We thought it was some one who mattered, but this isn’t worth making such a fuss about.”

Chapter 2 General Skills of Lexical Translation Section 1

Reciprocity Translation We will tend to find the same words and expressions from the source-language as words, expressions or idioms in the meaning from the original language, to express the equivalent meaning in translation.1.“false friend”

That is to say, “false friend” look alike, acutually it is different each other.Translators should be good at dinguishing them to avoid making mistakes in translation.Read the tables 2.1 – 4，P.35 –36.2.Reciprocity’s Expression

Translators should avoid “false friend” showing in translation.However, there exist a lot of reciprocity expressions, of which word’s reciprocity proportion is much high, while the reciprocity proportion of idioms, proverbs and expressions is relatively rare, even if there is great difference between English and Chinese.Reciprocity Words: E.G.桌子（n.）desk / table

房間

(n.)room

展覽（v.）exhibit

開(kāi)放（v.）open

改革（n.）reform

發(fā)展（v.）develop

創(chuàng)新（v.）renovate

不斷地（adv.）successively

所以（conj.）so Idioms and Proverbs: E.G.逢山開(kāi)路，遇水搭橋

cut paths through mountains and build bridges across rivers

有福同享，有難同當(dāng)

share joys and sorrows(share weal and woe)

渾水摸魚

fish in troubled water

破釜沉舟

burn one’s boat

視而不見(jiàn)

turn a blind eye to

稱心如意

be after one’s own heart

談虎色變

turn pale at the mention of the tiger

天翻地覆

heaven and earth turning

upside down

甜言蜜語(yǔ)

sweet words and honeyed phrases

聽(tīng)天由命

submit to the will of heaven

外強(qiáng)中干

outwardly strong but inwardly weak

外柔內(nèi)剛

soft outside but hard inside

萬(wàn)事大吉

everything is just fine

萬(wàn)般無(wú)奈

have no alternative

適者生存

survival of the fittest

騎虎難下

He who rides a tiger is a fraid to dismount

水能載舟也能覆舟

The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.光陰似箭

Time flies.時(shí)者金也

Time is money.樹(shù)大招風(fēng)

Tall trees eatch much wind.克己恕人

Forgive others but not yourself.仁者無(wú)敵于天下

No one in the world can challenge the benignant man.欲速則不達(dá)

More hast, less speed.小巫見(jiàn)大巫

The moon is not seen when the sun shines.三思而后行

Look before you loap.真金不怕火煉

Pure gold does not fear furnace.自信是成功的第一秘訣

Self-trust is the first secret of success.勤勞是快樂(lè)之父

Labor is often the father of pleasure.最忙的人有最多的時(shí)間

Busiest men find the most time.Section 2

Addition Translation Addition means supplying necessary words which are lack in the original text in translation due to different laws between English and Chinese in using diction and making sentences.Addition includes two aspects: grammatical need and semantic and rhetoric need, making the version grammatically correct, semantically clear, rhetorically sound, logically acceptabe.1.Grammatical Need

There is a obvious different in morphology, syntax and

grammar between English and Chinese.E.G.: There are inflections in English, while there are no inflections in Chinese.There are a lot of used connectives, prepositions and relative pronouns, etc., while in Chinese a sentence elements run through together by internal relations, not surely using connectives or prepositions and relative pronouns, or using them rarely.1)Addition of Articles

(1)我省第二季度的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易n總額有了較大幅度的增長(zhǎng)。

There has been a big increase in the total volume of imports and exports in our province.(2)他在越秀外語(yǔ)學(xué)院任教英語(yǔ)。

He works as an English teacher at Zhejiang Yuexiu Foreign Language College.(3)今天作“國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)”報(bào)告的人是位電腦軟件工程師。

Today the report on “Internet System” is made by a computer software engineer.(4)全民族的思想道德素質(zhì)，科學(xué)文化素質(zhì)和健康素質(zhì)明顯提高，形成比較完整的現(xiàn)代國(guó)民教育體

系，科學(xué)和文化創(chuàng)新體系，全民健身和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系。

The idedogical and ethical standards, the scientific and cultural qualities, and the health of the whole people will be enhanced notably, which has formed a sound modern national educational system, scientific, technological and cultural innovation systems as well as nationwide fitness and medical and health systems.2)Addition of Prepositions

(1)我們?yōu)槟銈內(nèi)〉玫拿恳粋€(gè)勝利感到歡欣鼓舞。

We rejoice at every victory you win.(2)歲月不待人。

Time and tide wait for no man.(3)正當(dāng)聚精會(huì)神看書的時(shí)候，一不速之客來(lái)訪。

While absorbed in reading, she was called on by an unexpected visitor.(4)自80年代以來(lái)，國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)迅速普及和廣泛應(yīng)用絕不是偶然的，它是“信息爆炸”時(shí)代的必然產(chǎn)物。

That the “Internet” has been rapidly popularized and widely used has been by no means accidental

since eighties.It is the inevitable product in the era of “information explosion”.3)Addition of Pronouns

(1)安居樂(lè)業(yè)是老百姓的共同愿望。

It is the common desire of the people to live and work in peace and contentment.(2)活到老，學(xué)到老。

One is never too old to learn.(3)一個(gè)星期沒(méi)有洗澡，一身臭汗。

I am smelling of seven-day----old sweat.(4)等完成任務(wù)再相見(jiàn)。

Let’s meet after we complete the task.(5)推動(dòng)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)、加工和銷售的有機(jī)結(jié)合。

We should push to integrate the production, processing and marketing of agricultural products.(6)他用手蒙住臉，好像是為了不想見(jiàn)她。

He covered his face with his hands as if not to want to see her.(7)他把全部身心都傾注到為所在的社區(qū)服務(wù)中去了。

He has devoted himself entirely to the service of his community.(8)即使沒(méi)有花，花瓶本身就很美。

The vase itself is beautiful even without flowers.4)Addition of Pronouns as an Object

(1)交出試卷之前，必須讀幾遍，看看有沒(méi)有要修改的地方。

Before handing in your examination paper, you should read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.(2)他越是掩蓋他的錯(cuò)誤，就越會(huì)暴露。

The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revenled them.5)Addition of Verbs

(1)他們意氣風(fēng)發(fā)。

They are in high spirits.(2)他們喜形于色。

They became with joy.(3)我對(duì)他敬而遠(yuǎn)之。

I stood aloof from him.(4)這篇文章淺顯易懂。

This article is easy to read and understand.6)Addition of Connectives

(1)發(fā)展體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，增強(qiáng)人民體質(zhì)。

Promote physical culture and build up the people’s health.(2)我們的工作一不為名，二不為利。

We worked neither for fame nor for personal gain.(3)我要在這里待到我工作結(jié)束時(shí)為止。

I shall stay here until I’ve completed my work.2.Addition for Semantic and Rhetorical Need 1)Addition of Semantic Meaning Implying in the Original

(1)要在不到10年中實(shí)現(xiàn)小康目標(biāo)，任務(wù)是很艱難的，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)人口多，底子薄，各地發(fā)展不平衡??

Given China’s huge population, low economic starting level and uneven development in different parts of the country, a relatively comfortable standard of living will not be easy to reach before the next decade…

(2)??思悠悠，恨悠悠，恨到歸時(shí)方始休，月明人倚樓。??

My thought stretches endlessly，My grief wretches endlessly，So thus my husband comes to me，Alone on moon----lit balcony.…

(3)哼！你別看我耳朵聾，----可我的心并不聾啊！

Hem!Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehesion.2)Addition of Generalization Words

(1)不管刮風(fēng)下雨還是酷熱嚴(yán)寒，都不能阻止這個(gè)工程的進(jìn)展。

Wind or rain, extremely hot or bitter cold----these

can’t stop the project making good progress.(2)別忘了是你娘一把屎一把尿地把你拉扯大的。

Don’t forget it is your mother who has taken great pains to bring you up.3)Addition of Explanatory Words

(1)他們倆組建了一個(gè)“丁克”家庭。

They form a Dink family----double income, no kids.(2)我們努力實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化。

We strive to realize the four modernizations----of industry, agriculture, defense, science and technology.Section 3

Omission

Omission means deleting not indispensabe and self-evident elements in sentences from the original so that the version becomes presice and clear.1.Omission of Words Conveying a Category.Some Chinese words “task” “situation” “work” etc, which usually have concrete meanings,are translated naturally, but some category words without concrete meanings may be omitted.E.G.1)改革開(kāi)放扭轉(zhuǎn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯不前的局面。

Reform and opening-up reserved the stagnation of national economy.2）他擔(dān)任了魯迅作品的翻譯任務(wù)。

He has taken up / undertaken the translation of Luxun’s works.3）出口物質(zhì)不得超過(guò)限定范圍。

The export is not permitted to exceed its limit.4）中國(guó)在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)開(kāi)展污染防治工作和環(huán)境保護(hù)活動(dòng)。

China is carrying out nationwide pollution control and environmental protection.5）會(huì)議中，雙方集中討論了保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的問(wèn)題。

During the meeting, their discussion centered around the protection of intellectural properties rights.6）今年上半年進(jìn)出口計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行情況，也是很好的。

Our import-export in the first half of this year has gone very well.2.Omission of the Repeated Words E.G.1）出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題也容易糾正和改正。

When problems emerge, the can be easily put right.2）中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨必須始終代表中國(guó)先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展要求，代表中國(guó)先進(jìn)文化的前進(jìn)方向，代表中國(guó)最廣大人民的根本利益。

Our Party must always represent the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces;the orientation of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.3.Omission of the Modifiers Flashy and without substance E.G.1）我們需要從其他國(guó)家進(jìn)口先進(jìn)工藝設(shè)備。

We need to import advanced industrial equipment.2）我們要大力發(fā)揚(yáng)求真務(wù)實(shí)，勇于創(chuàng)新的精神。

We must carry forward and promote the spirit of practicality, truth-seeking and courage in innovation.3）鼓勵(lì)國(guó)內(nèi)外投資者到中西部投資。

Encourage both Chinese and overseas investments in the central and western regions.4.Adjust Syntactic Structure and Omit Some Words E.G.1）??我們進(jìn)行改革開(kāi)放的方向是正確的，信念是堅(jiān)定的，步驟是穩(wěn)定的，方式是漸進(jìn)的，取得的成就是巨大的。

… That we are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and that we have achieved tremendous success.2）新世紀(jì)賦予我們美好的期待和希望，新世紀(jì)激勵(lì)我們付出更多才智去建設(shè)人類更美好的家園。

The new century has raised high hopes in our hearts, inspiring us to devote more talent and wisdom to the building of a better home.Section 4

Combination

In Chinese-English translation, now that synonyms are used togetherto convey the same meaning, translators can combined together to be translated----combination.Repetition of different words with the same meanins----synonym’s repetition, which is very

universal in Chinese.Chinese is particular about balance and seeks symmetry especially in translation of “four-character expressions” E.G.花言巧語(yǔ)

fine words

精疲力竭

exhausted

吞吞吐吐

stumbling

破釜沉舟

burn one’s toat

生動(dòng)活潑

lively

光輝燦爛

brilliant

豐功偉績(jī)

great achievements

心灰意懶

to feel disheartened

干凈整潔

clean and tidy

互敬互愛(ài)

to respect each other and love each other

斷章取義

to quote out of context 植樹(shù)造林

afforestation

風(fēng)調(diào)雨順

good weather for the crops

Section 5

Conversion Conversion means that some words from the original sentence are converted into other words

according to the version’s normal way in translation, which is a basic translation.In conversion, Chinese nouns, verbs, adjectives can be used as subject, predicate, object and predicative.Generally speaking, conversion can not violate the original meaning and be conducive for the smooth version.1.Conversion of Chinese Verbs

Using verbs in Chinese is very frequent, sometimes several verbs are used together in a sentence;while in English, a verb is used in a sentence in which it is served as predicate.Therefore in translation it is very difficult to avoid the conversion of the Chinese verbs.E.G.1）學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言很艱苦，成為一名有名的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。

The study of language is very hard, and it takes long time to become a famous linguist.33

2）我一直得到你的幫助，心里著實(shí)感激不盡。

I am very grateful to you for all the help you’ve given me.3）這首老歌使我想起了自己的孩提時(shí)代。

The old song is suggestive of my childhood.2.Conversion of Chinese Nouns E.G.1）他的目標(biāo)是要成為一個(gè)成功的小說(shuō)家。

He aims to be a successful novelist.2）我們培養(yǎng)的學(xué)生都應(yīng)該是德、智、體全面發(fā)展。

All the students who we train should develop morally, intellectually and physically.3）如果旅館都滿客了，我們可以給你提供住處。

We can house you if the hotels are full.3.Conversion of Chinese Adjectives or Adverbs E.G.1）我們感到解決這個(gè)復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題是困難的。

We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.2）那消息很快傳遍全世界。

The news quickly spread throughout the world.3）我們政府對(duì)留學(xué)國(guó)外的學(xué)生很關(guān)心。

Our government shows great concern for the Chinese students abroad.4）他們熱烈歡迎這位著名的科學(xué)家。

They give this famous scientist a warm welcome.5）獨(dú)立思考對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)是絕對(duì)必要的。

Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.6）她急切地希望看到她的老師。

She has a strong desire to see her teacher.Section 6

Translation by Changing Embodying Way There is a great difference in cultures between Chinese and English, which surely embodies

these languages, we sometimes have to convert embodying way in translation due to their cultural and customary differences in order to accord with the custom of the target language.Substitution----substitution is a means of representing the given information in a new context, and also means changing a word in the word-meaning, and changing a sentence pattern syntactically, and avoids repetition and is a means of connecting the context.1.Substitution of Nouns

E.G.1）最令人討厭的習(xí)慣或許就是隨地吐痰。

Probably the single most upsetting habit is that of spitting.2）甲：請(qǐng)問(wèn)，我能要一杯清咖啡加糖嗎？

乙：也給我一杯清咖啡加糖。

A: Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please.B: Give the same, please.3）這是我廠的關(guān)鍵車間，設(shè)備比較齊全的。這些機(jī)械設(shè)備的上方，我們還裝配了冷卻通風(fēng)設(shè)備，供暖設(shè)備以及通訊設(shè)備。

This is the key workshop in our factory.Here we have comparativety complete equipment, cooling-fan installations, heating devices and communications facilities are also equipped over those machineries.2.Substitution of Verbs E.G.1）我同你一樣不知道。

I dont know any more than you do.2）我希望周五做完作業(yè)，不過(guò)如果你忙的話，星期六完成也行。

I’d like finishing your homework by Friday, but Saturday will do if you are busy.3）彼得加入我們的小組，我不知道戴維是不是會(huì)加入我們組。

Peter is joining our group, I am not sure whether David will do so or not.4）我答應(yīng)了給他買票，我一定要買到票。

I promised to get a ticket for him and I will do so.Section 7

Translation of Appraisal Some words contain the meaning of appraisal,and the words can be categoried into “commendatary sense, derogagatory sense, and neutral sense” according to the words feeling color.Appraisal is surely translated into the version with some feeling color, and pay attention to different feeling colors in words in differently cultural background.E.G.1）他熱衷于個(gè)人名利。

He is always hankering after personal fame and gains.2）他熱衷于足球。

He is fond of playing football.3）我們應(yīng)該把無(wú)業(yè)人員培訓(xùn)成生產(chǎn)者。

We should train the unemployeesrain into producers.4）我們應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)合作。

We should enhance our mutual cooperation.5）中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)是一個(gè)大問(wèn)題。

China’s economy is a great question.38

第二篇：第二學(xué)期筆譯課件

一．Process of Translation Process: Preparation → Working → Checking Preparation:

Read the original text several times → master the general meaning in the original text →

pay attention to its detailed description or statement.Working:

Including understanding and expression(first understanding → then expression)Checking:

The dominent content in Chinese sentences is the main idea, not subject,----emphasis on “parataxis”.1.Determine the subject There are five following principles: 1)Necessarily Accord with English Language Usage and Cultural Custom Nations of Using English 熱烈歡迎世界各地客商來(lái)此進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)合作，建立發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系。

----By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with countries conceming for the construction of more than 100 projects.4)Subject Must Accord with the Logical Retion in a Sentence 我們浙江還在吸引外資企業(yè)進(jìn)行老企業(yè)改造、房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)等方面制定了一系列優(yōu)惠政策。

----We have won one victory after another for our cacuse.5)Subject Must Accord with the Need of the Context 中國(guó)的婦女今天社會(huì)地位和平等權(quán)利來(lái)之不易。

----Women did not gain their social status and their rights easily.2．Choice of Predicate

1)State of Predicate Doesn’t Change without Person

快點(diǎn)過(guò)來(lái)吧！

Come here quickly!

安靜下來(lái)！

Quiet down!

2)Chinese Predicate Verbs Don’t Show the Time Sequence, They Can Show the Time

Sequence Only the Added Words Showing Different Time Conception 本公司全體同仁竭誠(chéng)為世界服務(wù)。

----This corporation will whole-heartedly serve various circles.該機(jī)（錄放機(jī)）是市場(chǎng)緊俏商品，既是音響又是精美的高檔家具。

----He is twenty-three this year.魯迅，浙江紹興市。

----Lu Xun was from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.北京的秋天最美。

----Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing.總經(jīng)理今天不在公司。

----The chief manager is not in company today.4)In Chinese, an Expression May Be a Predicate

他們正在談?wù)摰哪俏慌處熎犯裾薄?/p>

----The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright.南京這個(gè)地方，我認(rèn)為比西安好。

----I think Nanjing is better than Xian.5)Chinese and English Have Five Patterns(1)Subject ＋

Predicate ＋

Precticative(2)Subject ＋ Predicate

(3)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Object(4)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Object ＋

Object Complement(5)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Indirect Object ＋

Direct Object

6)Chinese Predicate Verbs Are Most Used as Active Way

那項(xiàng)工作已經(jīng)完成了。

----The task has already been finished.在記者招待會(huì)上，人們問(wèn)了他許多問(wèn)題。

----He was asked a lot of questions at the press conference.7)The Chosen Predicate Must Be in Keeping with its Subject in Persons and numerals

鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)的繁榮是我國(guó)農(nóng)村改革的必然產(chǎn)物。

----The prosperity of township enterpribes is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.當(dāng)前，我國(guó)的職業(yè)教育和成人教育正在加快發(fā)展。

----Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.Chapter 1

C-E Lexical Comparison and Translation Translation includes “understanding and conveyance”.It is very difficult to well master “the hard nut to crack”----polysemant, which brings about a certain difficulty to translation and conveyance.Section 1

一、Choice of the Meaning of a Word in the Light of the Explanation in the Dictionary.Generally speaking, a dictionary would spread out many explanations of a word.A translator should quickly choose an exaxt, appropriate explanation from all explanations if being able to apply a dictionary flexibly.When looking up a word from a dictionary, a translator should judge by the main idea of a sentence and by narration around a sentence and then determine whether the explanation stand to reason or not.E.G.1.經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題在主席講話中占了很大的部分。

The economy featured very largely in the President speech.2.海南島的主要特色就是它的氣候和風(fēng)景。

The main features of Hainan Island is its climate and scenery.featre(n.v.)

特色，特性，特征，事物的特點(diǎn)，自然景色，面部器官，相貌，專題報(bào)道，占突出地位；

3.今天我非常高興地宣布，我們的準(zhǔn)備工作已經(jīng)完成，協(xié)議開(kāi)始生效。

Today I am delighted to announce that our joint preparations are complete and the agreement comes into effect.announce 把??公諸于世，宣布，宣告，通報(bào)??的到達(dá)（出席），預(yù)示，預(yù)兆，當(dāng)??播音員，當(dāng)報(bào)幕員，二、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to the Context

The meaning to a word is closely related with the context.The same word, when used in different contexts or fields of discourse(business, law, medicine, education, politics, industry, agriculture, etc.)has different meanings.So a British Linguist, Firth said “Each word is a new word in a new context.” “加強(qiáng)”的譯法： E.G.1．加強(qiáng)了政治互信，擴(kuò)大了共同利益，為亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展增加了新的動(dòng)力。

All countries have enhanced political mutual trust and expanded common interests, adding a new boost to Asia’s economic development.enhance v.增強(qiáng)，增大，使更好，加強(qiáng)，提供（質(zhì)量）

2．我們加強(qiáng)在交通、能源、電信、貿(mào)易、投資、旅游、環(huán)境、人力資源、農(nóng)業(yè)等領(lǐng)域合作。

We have conducted cooperation in such areas as transportation, energy, telecommunications, trade, investment, tourism, environment, haman resources and agriculture, etc.conduct v.管理（方式），處理（方式），經(jīng)營(yíng)（方式），實(shí)施（方式）3．我們應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。

We should set up infrastructure building.set up

設(shè)立，豎立，架起，升起，裝配，開(kāi)業(yè)，加強(qiáng)

4．我們應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系建設(shè)，提高人民群眾健康水平是各成員面臨的共同任務(wù)。

We should face the task of improving the medical system and people’s health.improve

v.加強(qiáng) 改善，改進(jìn)，提高，（耕種，蓋房，修路等）提高（地產(chǎn)價(jià)）5．我們應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)禽流感、艾滋病等重大傳染病的防控合作。

We need to intensify cooperation on the prevention and control of avian flu HIV / AIDS and other major communicable diseases.intensify v.加強(qiáng)，增強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)化，加強(qiáng)對(duì)??防護(hù)力量

6．中國(guó)的發(fā)展主要依靠自己的努力，同時(shí)，也需要加強(qiáng)對(duì)外合作，特別是同鄰居的合作。

China will mainly count on itself, but it also needs better cooperation with the outside, particularly with its neighbors.better adj.更好的，更令人滿意的，更有效的，更有益的 7．我們應(yīng)該致力于加強(qiáng)與周邊國(guó)家的伙伴關(guān)系。

We should further commit ourselves to cementing partnership with our neighbors.cement v.鞏固，加強(qiáng)，團(tuán)結(jié)，粘合，膠合

“建設(shè)”的譯法 E.G.1.國(guó)家建設(shè)

national reconstruction 2．國(guó)防建設(shè)

the building of national defense build:創(chuàng)立，創(chuàng)建，創(chuàng)業(yè)，建設(shè)發(fā)展，營(yíng)造 3．城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)

urban and rural development 4社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)

socialist modernization drive Drive:沖擊，運(yùn)動(dòng)

5加強(qiáng)文化建設(shè)

strengthen cultural development efforts 6加強(qiáng)廉政建設(shè)

strengthen efforts to ensure clean government 7加強(qiáng)制度建設(shè)

improve the regulatory system 8 加強(qiáng)軍隊(duì)思想政治建設(shè)

strengthen ideological and political work among servicemen 9．加強(qiáng)青少年思想道德建設(shè)

cultivate ideals and ethics among young people 10．加強(qiáng)國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)建設(shè)

strengthen(modernize)national defense and build up the armed services(forces)build up:逐步建設(shè)，逐步建立，增強(qiáng) 11．基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)成就顯著

the infrastructure improved remarkably improve:改進(jìn)，改善，12．交通建設(shè)空前發(fā)展

transport developed on an unprecedented scale 13．民主政治建設(shè)不斷加強(qiáng)

Democracy has been improved steadily.Improve:改善，改進(jìn)

14．國(guó)家創(chuàng)新體系建設(shè)積極推進(jìn)

Significant progress was made in establishing China’s innovation system.establish:建立，建造，創(chuàng)立，確立

“意見(jiàn)”的譯法

1.兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)就雙邊關(guān)系及共同關(guān)心的問(wèn)題交換了意見(jiàn)。

The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.2．他們對(duì)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃提出了修改意見(jiàn)。

They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.3．黨員應(yīng)該虛心聽(tīng)取群眾的意見(jiàn)。

Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.Opinions:見(jiàn)解，觀點(diǎn)，輿論，評(píng)價(jià)

4.大家對(duì)這一做法很有意見(jiàn)。

Everyone complaint against such a practice.5．他們?cè)跁?huì)上鬧起了意見(jiàn)。

They had a dispute at the meeting.6．你應(yīng)該聽(tīng)從醫(yī)生的意見(jiàn)。

You should follow the doctor’s advice.7.他們就此問(wèn)題取得了一致的意見(jiàn)。

They reached a consensus on the issue.t

三、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to Collocations Some words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation.That is, they have different collocative meanings.One problem with collocation in translation is: what is a good collocation in English may not be so when the collocation is translated into Chinese, or vice versa, for example, it is perfectly all right in English to say “a handsome car”, but “英俊的車子”would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese readers.Thus in C – E translation a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in Chinese.“水平”的譯法

1．生活水平

living standard 2．文化水平

cultural level 3．領(lǐng)導(dǎo)水平

one’s art of leadership 4．水平貿(mào)易

horizontal trade 5．水平儀

spirit level

“正式”的譯法

1．正式列入記錄

be officially placed on record 2.正式成員

a regular(full)member 3.正式開(kāi)幕

formality opened 4．正式黨員

full member of the Party 5．正式訪問(wèn)

official(or formal)visit 6.正式會(huì)談

formal talks 7.正式聲明

official statement

四、Choice of the Meaning of a Word Conforming to the Logic Without Considering of Literal Meaning.1．堅(jiān)持以人為本

always be people-oriented / Human factors come first 2.綠色通道

landscaped roadways(landscaped:美化好的環(huán)境，景觀)3.偷稅漏稅

tax evasion 4．優(yōu)先安置

hiring preference(hiring:借，租用，preference:偏愛(ài)，優(yōu)先選擇)5.人才市場(chǎng)

human resources pool 6.招商

trade and investment promotion

7.獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)工資制度

a bonus wages system 8．標(biāo)準(zhǔn)匯率

DefinitiveConversionRate

（Standard Rate）

9.開(kāi)始談?wù)}

get down to business 10．馬馬虎虎

after a fashion 11．擅自使用

make free with 12．嶄露頭角

come to the front 13．充分發(fā)揮自己的才能

to fulfill oneself(fulfill:使?jié)M意，使完整，使完備，完成)14．博得全場(chǎng)喝彩

bring down the gallery 15．近水樓臺(tái)

a favourable position 16．舉足輕重

hold the balance

Section 2

Diction in Translation We should try to help Chinese students recognize the difference between Chinese and English by means of the comparative study and know the knows but the whys.一、Chioce of the Meaning of a Word According to Semantic Scope E.G.1.根據(jù)你的建議，我們應(yīng)該辦大廠了。

We should go in for(run)industry in a big way in accordance with your suggestion.2.他們?cè)诮淌掖驋咝l(wèi)生。

They are giving the classroom a good(general / spring / through)clean(ing).3.如果你那樣做，就大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。

If you do it like that, you’ll be completely(gravely / seriously)mistaken(be absolutely wrong / make a big mistake / make a major blunder / commit a very gross error / all wet.)

Section 3

make effective use of overseas resources 2．積極推進(jìn)大型煤礦建設(shè)

vigorously carry forward the renovation of large coal mines 3.積極推進(jìn)社會(huì)公益類科研院所改革

push forward the reform of non-profit research institutes 4．積極推進(jìn)改革，擴(kuò)大對(duì)外開(kāi)放

press ahead with reforms and open wider to the outside world 5．積極探索管理國(guó)有資產(chǎn)的有效形式

energetically explore effective ways to manage state assets 6．積極的財(cái)政政策

proactive fiscal policy 7．積極支持他的事業(yè)

unfailing support of his cause “化”的譯法 E.G.1．廣泛使用農(nóng)業(yè)信息化

to apply IT extensively to agricultural development 2.促進(jìn)政府管理信息化

to promote IT for gevernment administration 3.推動(dòng)社會(huì)信息化

to promote IT for social development 4．科研成果市場(chǎng)化,產(chǎn)業(yè)化

gear scientific and technological achievement to the market and apply them in production(gear:使適應(yīng)，調(diào)適，使處在良好的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狀態(tài))5．中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)逐步市場(chǎng)化

continue the gradual marketization of the Chinese economy

二、Diversity in Translating Chinese Idioms “全神貫注”的譯法 E.G.1．他全神貫注地閱讀英文小說(shuō)。

He has concentrated his attention on reading English novel.2.約翰正在全神貫注地研究市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。

John has been absorbed in the market economy.3.我們小組正在全神貫注地討論這道數(shù)學(xué)難題。

Our group members have been engrossed in discussing this mathematical question.4.我們正在全神貫注地聽(tīng)校長(zhǎng)報(bào)告。

We are preoccupied with listening to the president’s report.5．她在全神貫注地思考問(wèn)題。

She is thinking of a problem with rapt attention.6．他全神貫注地聽(tīng)著。

He was all ears.7．下棋需要全神貫注。

Chess requires great concentration.“無(wú)動(dòng)于衷”的譯法 E.G.1.瑪麗對(duì)任何事情都是無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。

Mary has been aloof and indifferent in any matters.2．他聽(tīng)了這消息無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。

He heard the news quite unmoved.3．他表面上顯得無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。

In appearance, he looks untouched.4．杰克在需要幫助的人面前總是顯得無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。

Jack is always unconcerned about the people who need to help.5．他對(duì)我的忠告無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。

He turned a deaf ear to my advice.“大驚小怪”的譯法 E.G.1.誰(shuí)告訴你們了？你們這樣大驚小怪的。

Who told you to make such a fuss over nothing? 2.還是隨便一點(diǎn)吧，不必大驚小怪的。

Anything will do, don’t fuss.3．奶奶病著呢，別大驚小怪的。

Our grandma is ill,don’t kick up such a shindy.4．大家聽(tīng)了說(shuō)：“我當(dāng)是誰(shuí)呢，這樣大驚小怪的，沒(méi)必要吧。”

When others heard this they commented, “We thought it was someone who mattered, but this isn’t worth making such a fuss about.”

Chapter 2 General Skills of Lexical Translation Section 1

Reciprocity Translation We will tend to find the same words and expressions or idioms in the versions as words, expressions or idioms in the meaning in the original language in translation to express the equivalent meaning ,which is called equality translation.1.“false friend”

That is to say, “false friend” look alike, acutually it is mutually different.Translators should be good at dsguishing them to avoid making mistakes in translation.Read the tables 2.1 – 4，P.35 –36.2.Reciprocity’s Expression

房間

(n.)room

展覽（v.）exhibit

開(kāi)放（v.）open

改革（n.）reform

發(fā)展（v.）develop

創(chuàng)新（v.）renovate

不斷地（adv.）successively

所以（conj.）so Idioms and Proverbs: E.G.逢山開(kāi)路，遇水搭橋

cut paths through mountains and build bridges across rivers 有福同享，有難同當(dāng)

share joys and sorrows(share weal and woe)渾水摸魚

fish in troubled water 破釜沉舟

burn one’s boat 視而不見(jiàn)

turn a blind eye to 稱心如意

be after one’s own heart 談虎色變

turn pale at the mention of

the tiger 天翻地覆

heaven and earth turning

upside down 甜言蜜語(yǔ)

sweet words and honeyed

phrases 聽(tīng)天由命

submit to the will of heaven 外強(qiáng)中干

outwardly strong but inwardly

weak 外柔內(nèi)剛

soft outside but hard inside 萬(wàn)事大吉

everything is just fine 萬(wàn)般無(wú)奈

have no alternative 適者生存

survival of the fittest 騎虎難下

He who rides a tiger is a fraid to

dismount 水能載舟也能覆舟 The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.光陰似箭

Time flies.時(shí)者金也

Time is money.樹(shù)大招風(fēng)

Tall trees catch much wind.克己恕人

Forgive others but not yourself.任重道遠(yuǎn)

a weighty mission;to have a

bumpy and rocky road ahead

欲速則不達(dá)

More hast, less speed.小巫見(jiàn)大巫

The moon is not seen when

the sun shines.以權(quán)謀私

to abuse one’s power for

personal gains

真金不怕火Pure gold does not fear

furnace.自信是成功的第一秘訣

Self-trust is the first secret of success.勤勞是快樂(lè)之父

Labor is often the father of pleasure.最忙的人有最多的時(shí)間

Busiest men find the most time.Section 2

There is an obvious different in morphology, syntax and grammar between English and Chinese.E.G.: There are inflections in English, while there are no inflections in

Chinese.There are a lot of used connectives, prepositions and relative pronouns, etc., in English, while in Chinese a sentence element runs through together by internal relations, not surely using connectives or prepositions and relative pronouns, or using them rarely.1)Addition of Articles

(1)我省第二季度的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易總額有了較大幅度的增長(zhǎng)。

There has been a big increase in the total volume of imports and exports in our province.(2)他在越秀外語(yǔ)學(xué)院任教英語(yǔ)。

He works as an English teacher at Zhejiang Yuexiu Foreign Language College.(3)今天作“國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)”報(bào)告的人是位電腦軟件工程師。

Today the report on “Internet System” is made by a computer software engineer.(4)全民族的思想道德素質(zhì)，科學(xué)文化素質(zhì)和健康素質(zhì)明顯提高，形成比較完

整的現(xiàn)代國(guó)民教育體系，科學(xué)和文化創(chuàng)新體系，全民健身和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系。

The ideological and ethical standards，the scientific and cultural qualities, and the health of the whole people will be enhanced notably, which has formed a sound modern national educational system, scientific, technological and cultural innovation systems as well as nationwide fitness and medical and health systems.2)Addition of Prepositions

(1)我們?yōu)槟銈內(nèi)〉玫拿恳粋€(gè)勝利感到歡欣鼓舞。

We rejoice at every victory you win.(2)歲月不待人。

Time and tide wait for no man.(3)正當(dāng)聚精會(huì)神看書的時(shí)候，一不速之客來(lái)訪。

While absorbed in reading, she was called on by an unexpected visitor.(4)自80年代以來(lái)，國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)迅速普及

和廣泛應(yīng)用絕不是偶然的，它是“信息爆炸”時(shí)代的必然產(chǎn)物。

That the “Internet” has been rapidly popularized and widely used has been by no means accidental since eighties.It is the inevitable product in the era of “information explosion”.3)Addition of Pronouns

(1)安居樂(lè)業(yè)是老百姓的共同愿望。

It is the common desire of the people to live and work in peace and contentment.(2)活到老，學(xué)到老。

One is never too old to learn.(3)一個(gè)星期沒(méi)有洗澡，一身臭汗。

I am smelling of seven-day----old sweat.(4)等完成任務(wù)再相見(jiàn)。

Let’s meet after we complete the task.(5)推動(dòng)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)、加工和銷售的有機(jī)結(jié)合。

We should push to integrate the production, processing and marketing of

agricultural products.(6)他用手蒙住臉，好像是為了不想見(jiàn)她。

He covered his face with his hands as if not to want to see her.(7)他把全部身心都傾注到為所在的社區(qū)服務(wù)中去了。

He has devoted himself entirely to the service of his community.(8)即使沒(méi)有花，花瓶本身就很美。

The vase itself is beautiful even without flowers.4)Addition of Pronouns as an Object

(1)交出試卷之前，必須讀幾遍，看看有沒(méi)有要修改的地方。

Before handing in your examination paper, you should read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.(2)他越是掩蓋他的錯(cuò)誤，就越會(huì)暴露。

The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.5)Addition of Verbs

(1)他們意氣風(fēng)發(fā)。

They are in high spirits.(2)他們喜形于色。

They became with joy.(3)我對(duì)他敬而遠(yuǎn)之。

I stood aloof from him.(4)這篇文章淺顯易懂。

This article is easy to read and understand.6)Addition of Connectives

(1)發(fā)展體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，增強(qiáng)人民體質(zhì)。

Promote physical culture and build up the people’s health.(2)我們的工作一不為名，二不為利。

We worked neither for fame nor for personal gain.(3)我要在這里待到我工作結(jié)束時(shí)為止。

I shall stay here until I’ve completed my work.2.Addition for Semantic and Rhetorical Need 1)Addition of Semantic Meaning Implying in the Original

(1)要在不到10年中實(shí)現(xiàn)小康目標(biāo)，任務(wù)是很艱難的，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)人口多，底子薄，各地發(fā)展不平衡??

(2)公園里有專門的英語(yǔ)角，老老少少會(huì)定期聚在一起操練。

In public parks there are special English corners where English learners, old and young gather at regular time to practise their spoken English.(3)哼！你別看我耳朵聾，----可我的心并不聾??！

Hem!Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehension.2)Addition of Generalization Words

(1)不管刮風(fēng)下雨還是酷熱嚴(yán)寒，都不能阻止這個(gè)工程的進(jìn)展。

Wind or rain, extremely hot or bitter cold----these can’t stop the project making good progress.(2)別忘了是你娘一把屎一把尿地把你拉扯大的。

Don’t forget it is your mother who has taken great pains to bring you up.3)Addition of Explanatory Words

(1)他們倆組建了一個(gè)“丁克”家庭。

They form a Dink family----double income, no kids.(2)我們努力實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化。

We strive to realize the four modernizations----of industry, agriculture, defense, science and technology.Section 3

Omission Omission means deleting unnecessary and self-evident elements in sentences from the original so that the version becomes presice and clear.1.Omission of Words Conveying a

Category.Some Chinese words;“task” “situation” “work” etc, which usually have concrete meanings translated naturally, but some categories of words without concrete meanings may be omitted.E.G.1)改革開(kāi)放扭轉(zhuǎn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯不前的局面。

Reform and opening-up reserved the stagnation of national economy.2）他擔(dān)任了魯迅作品的翻譯任務(wù)。

He has taken up / undertaken the translation of Luxun’s works.3）出口物質(zhì)不得超過(guò)限定范圍。

The export is not permitted to exceed its limit.4）中國(guó)在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)開(kāi)展污染防治工作和環(huán)境保護(hù)活動(dòng)。

China is carrying out nationwide pollution control and environmental protection.5）會(huì)議中，雙方集中討論了保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的問(wèn)題。

During the talk, their discussion centered around the protection of intellectural properties rights.6）今年上半年進(jìn)出口計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行情況，也是很好的。

Our import-export in the first half of this year has gone very well.2.Omission of the Repeated Words E.G.1）出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題也容易糾正和改正。

When problems emerge, they can be easily put right.2）中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨必須始終代表中國(guó)先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展要求，代表中國(guó)先進(jìn)文化的前進(jìn)方向，代表中國(guó)最廣大人民的根本利益。

Our Party must always represent the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces;the orientation of China’s advanced culture, and the

fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.3.Omission of the Flashy Modifiers without substance E.G.1）我們需要從其他國(guó)家進(jìn)口先進(jìn)工藝設(shè)備。

We need to import advanced industrial equipment.2）我們要大力發(fā)揚(yáng)求真務(wù)實(shí)，勇于創(chuàng)新的精神。

We must carry forward and promote the spirit of practicality, truth-seeking and courage in innovation.3）鼓勵(lì)國(guó)內(nèi)外投資者到中西部投資。

…… that we are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and that we have achieved tremendous success.2）新世紀(jì)賦予我們美好的期待和希望，新世紀(jì)激勵(lì)我們付出更多才智去建設(shè)人類更美好的家園。

The new century has raised high hopes in our hearts, inspiring us to devote more talent and wisdom to the building of a better home.Section 4

Combination In Chinese-English translation, now that synonyms being used together convey the same meaning, translators can combine them together to be translated

----combination.Repetition of different words with the same meanings----synonym’s repetition, which is very universal in Chinese, Chinese is particular about balance and seeks symmetry especially in translation of “four-character expressions”.E.G.花言巧語(yǔ)

fine words

精疲力竭

exhausted

吞吞吐吐

stumbling

破釜沉舟

burn one’s boat

生動(dòng)活潑

lively

光輝燦爛

brilliant

豐功偉績(jī)

great achievements

心灰意冷

to feel disheartened

干凈整潔

clean and tidy

互敬互愛(ài)

to respect each other and

love each other

斷章取義

to quote out of context

植樹(shù)造林

afforestation

風(fēng)調(diào)雨順

good weather for the crops

Section 5

Conversion Conversion means that some words from the original sentences are converted into other words according to the version’s normal way in translation, which is a basic translation.In conversion, Chinese nouns, verbs, adjectives can be used as subject, predicate, object and predicative.Generally speaking, conversion can not violate the original meaning and be conducive for the smooth version.1.Conversion of Chinese Verbs

Using verbs in Chinese is very frequent, sometimes several verbs are used together in a sentence;while in English, a verb is used in a sentence in which it is served as predicate.Therefore in translation it is very difficult to avoid the conversion of Chinese verbs.E.G.1）學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言很艱苦，成為一名有名的語(yǔ)

言學(xué)家需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。

The study of language is very hard, and it takes long time to become a famous linguist.2）我一直得到你的幫助，心里著實(shí)感激不盡。