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      射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在物流管理中的應(yīng)用開題報(bào)告及文獻(xiàn)翻譯2

      時(shí)間:2019-05-14 03:18:20下載本文作者:會(huì)員上傳
      簡(jiǎn)介:寫寫幫文庫(kù)小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在物流管理中的應(yīng)用開題報(bào)告及文獻(xiàn)翻譯2》,但愿對(duì)你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫(kù)還可以找到更多《射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在物流管理中的應(yīng)用開題報(bào)告及文獻(xiàn)翻譯2》。

      第一篇:射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在物流管理中的應(yīng)用開題報(bào)告及文獻(xiàn)翻譯2

      開題報(bào)告

      摘 要

      隨著企業(yè)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大,產(chǎn)成品結(jié)構(gòu)越來越復(fù)雜,且整個(gè)市場(chǎng)對(duì)產(chǎn)品的個(gè)性化要求也日益提高,隨之而來的是如何管理好庫(kù)存。而一個(gè)結(jié)合了無線射頻技術(shù)(RFID)的倉(cāng)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)可以從根本上解決倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理的問題。RFID技術(shù)不但免除了跟蹤過程中的人工干預(yù),且在節(jié)省大量人力的同時(shí)極大的提高了工作效率。這種系統(tǒng)可以大大的簡(jiǎn)化物品的庫(kù)存管理,滿足信息流量不斷增大和信息處理速度不斷提高的需求。倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)由業(yè)務(wù)管理軟件、RFID標(biāo)簽發(fā)行系統(tǒng)和RFID標(biāo)簽識(shí)別采集系統(tǒng)組成,這幾個(gè)系統(tǒng)互相聯(lián)系,共同完成倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理的各個(gè)流程。此倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)是基于SQL大型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),采用組件式開發(fā)的三層結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng),在此系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上,在充分理解庫(kù)存管理業(yè)務(wù)的需求后,結(jié)合RFID技術(shù),對(duì)原有業(yè)務(wù)流程進(jìn)行改造和重新設(shè)計(jì)。優(yōu)化的業(yè)務(wù)流程模塊包括收料管理、入庫(kù)管理、移庫(kù)管理、出庫(kù)管理與盤點(diǎn)管理,并繪制了改造后的業(yè)務(wù)流程圖。將整個(gè)倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)與射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)相結(jié)合,能夠高效地完成各種業(yè)務(wù)操作,改進(jìn)倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理,提升效率及價(jià)值。

      關(guān)鍵詞:倉(cāng)庫(kù)管,RFID,業(yè)務(wù)流程改造

      一、研究背景

      由于面臨來自全球和地區(qū)日趨激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),提高生產(chǎn)效率、降低運(yùn)營(yíng)成本,對(duì)于企業(yè)來說將至關(guān)重要,其中庫(kù)存管理將是制造型企業(yè)中控制生產(chǎn)成本的關(guān)鍵問題之一。庫(kù)存就是金錢,是財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表上的重要事項(xiàng),管好庫(kù)存就是管好企業(yè)的錢財(cái) [1]。隨著企業(yè)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大,產(chǎn)成品結(jié)構(gòu)越來越復(fù)雜,且整個(gè)市場(chǎng)對(duì)產(chǎn)品的個(gè)性化要求也日益提高,隨之而來的問題是面對(duì)每天都要重復(fù)進(jìn)行的收貨、出入庫(kù)、移庫(kù)和盤點(diǎn)的工作,如何才能快速的完成大批量貨物的快速核對(duì)、收取?在企業(yè)具有一定規(guī)模的倉(cāng)庫(kù)中,怎樣才能快速地找到指定的貨物?盤點(diǎn)一定要停業(yè)才能進(jìn)行嗎?對(duì)于倉(cāng)庫(kù)進(jìn)行停業(yè)盤點(diǎn)所造成的損失是顯而易見的,也是企業(yè)絕對(duì)不愿意承受的,但是不進(jìn)行盤點(diǎn)又無法真實(shí)地掌握庫(kù)房的情況,這同樣是企業(yè)的管理者所不愿意面對(duì)的。有沒有可以在不影響企業(yè)正常工作的情況下進(jìn)行庫(kù)房盤點(diǎn)的辦法呢?本文基于RFID技術(shù),設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)基于此無線射頻技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上的倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng),以達(dá)到對(duì)原有業(yè)務(wù)流程進(jìn)行改造和重新設(shè)計(jì)來解決以上問題。1

      二、文獻(xiàn)綜述:

      在倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理中存在以下幾個(gè)問題:由于生產(chǎn)組織模式采用被動(dòng)的“推”式生產(chǎn)模式,造成庫(kù)存原材料、成品品種眾多,數(shù)量巨大,庫(kù)存管理難度大,物料數(shù)量大占用較多存儲(chǔ)空間,不但增加管理成本,而且物料短缺情況還是時(shí)有發(fā)生;庫(kù)存管理工作粗放,管理方式仍采用較多手工方式,工作量大,且對(duì)人員數(shù)量需求較多,容易造成庫(kù)存統(tǒng)計(jì)錯(cuò)誤;庫(kù)存帳物不符現(xiàn)象時(shí)有出現(xiàn),但不能及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象;物流管理中暴露的問題不能及時(shí)反映及時(shí)解決,例如:物料不準(zhǔn)確、BOM錯(cuò)誤等,缺乏有效手段,進(jìn)行問題匯報(bào)和溝通;協(xié)調(diào)性較差,沒有信息系統(tǒng)的支持。隨著基于RFID(射頻識(shí)別技術(shù))技術(shù)的倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用,可以從根本上解決庫(kù)存管理問題。RFID技術(shù)不但免除了跟蹤過程中的人工干預(yù),且在節(jié)省大量人力的同時(shí)極大的提高了工作效率[2]。這種系統(tǒng)可以大大的簡(jiǎn)化物品的庫(kù)存管理,滿足信息流量不斷增大和信息處理速度不斷提高的需求。2.1 倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)的用戶需求

      針對(duì)本企業(yè)倉(cāng)庫(kù)物料的收料、入庫(kù)、移庫(kù)、出庫(kù)和盤點(diǎn)查詢等方面工作而開發(fā)的管理軟件,根據(jù)企業(yè)的要求,實(shí)現(xiàn)倉(cāng)庫(kù)的收料管理、入庫(kù)管理、移庫(kù)管理和盤點(diǎn)管理及用戶管理等功能。用戶通過相應(yīng)的模塊,對(duì)倉(cāng)庫(kù)里物料的基本情況進(jìn)行更新、刪除和查詢,對(duì)物料的收料、入庫(kù)、移庫(kù)、出庫(kù)和盤點(diǎn)進(jìn)行管理,對(duì)各功能模塊明細(xì)進(jìn)行查詢,對(duì)使用該系統(tǒng)的用戶進(jìn)行更新、刪除和查詢,對(duì)庫(kù)存數(shù)量進(jìn)行查詢,用戶通過簡(jiǎn)單的作即可輕松的管理倉(cāng)庫(kù)。2.2倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)的功能性需求描述(1)用戶管理

      對(duì)有權(quán)使用該系統(tǒng)的用戶的基本情況數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行更新、查詢等作,實(shí)現(xiàn)用戶管理功能。

      用戶分級(jí)管理,分別具有不同的權(quán)限;具有分組管理用戶的功能。可以針對(duì)用戶分配軟件模塊使用權(quán)限。(2)物料管理

      對(duì)倉(cāng)庫(kù)里所有物料的種類(包括名稱、廠家等信息)進(jìn)行更新、刪除和查詢等操作,實(shí)現(xiàn)物料管理功能。物料可以動(dòng)態(tài)添加種類,支持批次管理,支持多計(jì)量單位變換。(3)倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理

      對(duì)倉(cāng)庫(kù)里物料貨物實(shí)現(xiàn)收料、入庫(kù)、移庫(kù)、出庫(kù)和盤點(diǎn)管理,要求能導(dǎo)出每種功能模塊的單據(jù),方便用戶進(jìn)行物料管理,并能提供收料、入庫(kù)、移庫(kù)、出庫(kù)和盤點(diǎn)的明細(xì),方便用戶查詢。(4)庫(kù)齡分析

      提供物料使用情況和呆滯情況的分析,為業(yè)務(wù)人員制定采購(gòu)計(jì)劃提供依據(jù),提供其他分析報(bào)表,提高倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理水平。2.3倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)的非功能性需求描述

      系統(tǒng)支持射頻輸入和手工輸入兩種方式,以防射頻系統(tǒng)不穩(wěn)定時(shí)影響生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)。系統(tǒng)要求與PDM和財(cái)務(wù)系統(tǒng)集成,能夠通過系統(tǒng)接口方式獲得物料基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。系統(tǒng)硬件部分要求模塊化設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn),維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)便穩(wěn)定可靠。

      手持部分需要結(jié)實(shí)耐用,能夠在惡劣的環(huán)境中使用(下雨、下雪等)。手持部分在無外接電源情況下,需要至少連續(xù)工作10小時(shí)以上。

      三、技術(shù)路線:

      3.1 倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)

      圖1 倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理結(jié)構(gòu)圖

      倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)由業(yè)務(wù)管理軟件、RFID標(biāo)簽發(fā)行系統(tǒng)和RFID標(biāo)簽識(shí)別采集系統(tǒng)組成,這幾個(gè)系統(tǒng)互相聯(lián)系,共同完成倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理的各個(gè)流程。后臺(tái)倉(cāng)庫(kù)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的核心,RFID識(shí)別采集是實(shí)現(xiàn)管理功能的基礎(chǔ)和手段。后臺(tái)管理系統(tǒng)由中心數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)器和管理終端組成,是系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)中心,負(fù)責(zé)與手持機(jī)通訊,將手持機(jī)上傳的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換并插入到后臺(tái)業(yè)務(wù)倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)管理系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中,對(duì)標(biāo)簽管理信息、發(fā)行標(biāo)簽和采集的標(biāo)簽信息集中進(jìn)行儲(chǔ)存和處理[3]。3.2 倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)的架構(gòu)

      此倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)是基于SQL大型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),采用組件式開發(fā)的三層結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)。三層結(jié)構(gòu)分別為:

      數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):管理賬套數(shù)據(jù)的讀寫。中間層:用于賬套管理的工作。

      表示層:用戶日常直接操作界面和手持設(shè)備。

      3.3 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)

      結(jié)合RFID技術(shù),對(duì)原有業(yè)務(wù)流程進(jìn)行改造和重新設(shè)計(jì)。業(yè)務(wù)處理模式盡量與原有模式相同,只是操作方式上在手持設(shè)備上進(jìn)行。系統(tǒng)操作融入作業(yè)的每個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),使作業(yè)人員能夠?qū)崟r(shí)與系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行交互,獲得系統(tǒng)信息支持,系統(tǒng)也能實(shí)時(shí)采集到關(guān)鍵作業(yè)數(shù)據(jù),以供關(guān)聯(lián)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行快速有效處理。

      無線處理系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)原則操作簡(jiǎn)單、信息充足、處理效率高。無線設(shè)備與原有系統(tǒng)最大的區(qū)別還在于手持設(shè)備可以支持一定程度上的離線處理。當(dāng)系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)或主機(jī)發(fā)生故障時(shí),操作人員可以使用離線處理模式,繼續(xù)進(jìn)行日常作業(yè),不過功能會(huì)受到一定限制,作業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)被保留在手持設(shè)備本地,當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)或主機(jī)故障恢復(fù)后,系統(tǒng)可以自動(dòng)進(jìn)行同步保存離線處理時(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)。從而使系統(tǒng)故障對(duì)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)作業(yè)的影響降低。

      RFID倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)管理系統(tǒng)由業(yè)務(wù)管理軟件、RFID標(biāo)簽發(fā)行系統(tǒng)和RFID標(biāo)簽識(shí)別采集系統(tǒng)組成,這幾個(gè)系統(tǒng)互相聯(lián)系,共同完成庫(kù)存管理的各個(gè)流程。根據(jù)企業(yè)的具體需求,在各原料倉(cāng)庫(kù)中使用倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)、基于條碼技術(shù)的自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù)和無線移動(dòng)處理技術(shù),提高倉(cāng)庫(kù)作業(yè)的效率和信息處理實(shí)時(shí)性,使管理者可以及時(shí)便捷地獲取各類物料流動(dòng)信息[4]。

      四、進(jìn)度安排:

      2010.06——2010.08 文獻(xiàn)查新、資料收集。2010.09——2010.10 資料分析、課題設(shè)計(jì)。

      2010.11——2010.12 歸納整理、撰寫論文。

      五、參考文獻(xiàn):

      【1】孟曉明,張建華.電子商務(wù)環(huán)境下的供應(yīng)鏈管理中存在的問題與對(duì)策 研究叨.特區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì),2006,(8).

      【2】云慶夏,黃光球,王占權(quán).遺傳算法和遺傳規(guī)劃一~種搜索尋優(yōu)技術(shù).北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社.1997 【3】 于歆杰,王贊基.應(yīng)用自適應(yīng)指數(shù)比例變換的適用值共享遺傳算法.系統(tǒng)工程理論與實(shí)踐.2002,【4】Holland J H.Adaptation in Natural and Artificial System[M].AnnArbor:The University of Michigan Press,1975 【5】喬軍.遺傳算法在圖像處理中的應(yīng)用[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào) 1998,【6】劉毅,董寧.基于遺傳算法的模糊控制在智能系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用[J].微計(jì)算機(jī)信息,2003,文獻(xiàn)翻譯

      中國(guó)物流現(xiàn)狀

      中國(guó)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及存在問題隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,物流產(chǎn)業(yè)作為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中一個(gè)新興的服務(wù)部門,正在全球范圍內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展。在國(guó)際上,物流產(chǎn)業(yè)被認(rèn)為是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)脈和基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè),其發(fā)展程度成為衡量一國(guó)現(xiàn)代化程度和綜合國(guó)力的重要標(biāo)志之一,被喻為促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的“加速器”。關(guān)于物流產(chǎn)業(yè)的基本認(rèn)識(shí)

      1.1物流產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展及其基本內(nèi)涵

      物流產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展到一定階段、社會(huì)分工不斷深化的產(chǎn)物。傳統(tǒng)上的物流活動(dòng)分散在不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)部門、不同的企業(yè)以及企業(yè)組織內(nèi)部不同的職能部門之中。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展、科學(xué)技術(shù)水平的提高以及工業(yè)化進(jìn)程的加快,大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)、大量消費(fèi)使得經(jīng)濟(jì)中的物流規(guī)模日趨龐大和復(fù)雜,傳統(tǒng)的、分散進(jìn)行的物流活動(dòng)已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的要求,物流活動(dòng)的低效率和高額成本,已經(jīng)成為影響經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行效率和社會(huì)再生產(chǎn)順利進(jìn)行的制約因素,并被視為“經(jīng)濟(jì)的黑暗大陸”。

      1.2物流產(chǎn)業(yè)的基本特征本文來自六*維*論^文*網(wǎng)

      雖然物流活動(dòng)久已存在,但在現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)中,物流產(chǎn)業(yè)及其所提供的物流服務(wù),與傳統(tǒng)的物流活動(dòng)或者生產(chǎn)、流通部門從事的物流活動(dòng)已經(jīng)有了本質(zhì)上的區(qū)別。

      第一,物流產(chǎn)業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的動(dòng)脈系統(tǒng),它連接社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)部分并使之成為一個(gè)有機(jī)整體。在現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)中,由于社會(huì)分工的日益深化和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的日趨復(fù)雜,各個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)、部門、企業(yè)之間的交換關(guān)系和相互依賴程度也愈來愈錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜,物流產(chǎn)業(yè)是維系這些復(fù)雜交換關(guān)系的紐帶和血管。

      第二,物流產(chǎn)業(yè)通過對(duì)各種物流要素的優(yōu)化組合和合理配置,實(shí)現(xiàn)物流活動(dòng)效率的提高和社會(huì)物流總成本的降低。

      第三,物流產(chǎn)業(yè)可以為全社會(huì)提供更為全面、多樣化的物流服務(wù),并在物流全過程及其各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)實(shí)現(xiàn)價(jià)值增值。2 中國(guó)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀及主要特征 2.1專業(yè)化物流服務(wù)需求已初露端倪

      近年來,隨著買方市場(chǎng)的形成,企業(yè)對(duì)物流領(lǐng)域中存在的“第三利潤(rùn)源泉”開始有了比較深刻的認(rèn)識(shí),優(yōu)化企業(yè)內(nèi)部物流管理,降低物流成本成為目前多數(shù)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)最為強(qiáng)烈的愿望和要求。中國(guó)物流活動(dòng)的發(fā)展水平還比較低,加強(qiáng)企業(yè)內(nèi)部物流管理仍然是全社會(huì)物流活動(dòng)的重點(diǎn)。

      與此同時(shí),專業(yè)化的物流服務(wù)需求已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)且發(fā)展勢(shì)頭極為迅速。其一是跨國(guó)公司在中國(guó)從事生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)、銷售分撥活動(dòng)以及采購(gòu)活動(dòng)過程中,對(duì)高效率、專業(yè)化物流服務(wù)的巨大需求,這是帶動(dòng)中國(guó)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的一個(gè)十分重要的市場(chǎng)基礎(chǔ)。其二是國(guó)內(nèi)優(yōu)勢(shì)企業(yè)對(duì)專業(yè)化物流服務(wù)的需求。其三是在一些新興的經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域中,如私營(yíng)企業(yè)、快遞服務(wù)行業(yè)以及電子商務(wù)領(lǐng)域等,也產(chǎn)生和存在著一定規(guī)模的物流服務(wù)需求。

      2.2專業(yè)化物流企業(yè)開始涌現(xiàn)

      近年來,中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中出現(xiàn)的許多物流企業(yè),主要由三部分構(gòu)成,一是國(guó)際物流企業(yè)。這些國(guó)際物流公司一方面為其原有的客戶——跨國(guó)公司進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)提 供延伸物流服務(wù);另一方面,針對(duì)中國(guó)市場(chǎng)正在生成和發(fā)展的專業(yè)化物流服務(wù)需求提供服務(wù)。

      二是由傳統(tǒng)運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)運(yùn)及批發(fā)貿(mào)易企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)變形成的物流企業(yè)。它們依托原有的物流業(yè)務(wù)基礎(chǔ)和在客戶、設(shè)施、經(jīng)營(yíng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等方面的優(yōu)勢(shì),通過不斷拓展和延伸其物流服務(wù),逐步向現(xiàn)代物流企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)化。

      三是新興的專業(yè)化物流企業(yè),如廣州的寶供物流公司、北京華運(yùn)通物流公司等。這些企業(yè)依靠先進(jìn)的經(jīng)營(yíng)理念、多樣化的服務(wù)手段、科學(xué)的管理模式在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中贏得了市場(chǎng)地位,成為中國(guó)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展中一個(gè)不容忽視的力量。3 中國(guó)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展面臨的主要問題和制約因素 3.1物流產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展仍然面臨著較大的市場(chǎng)需求約束

      受傳統(tǒng)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的影響,中國(guó)相當(dāng)多企業(yè)仍然保留著“大而全”、“小而全”的經(jīng)營(yíng)組織方式,從原材料采購(gòu)到產(chǎn)品銷售過程中的一系列物流活動(dòng)主要依靠企業(yè)內(nèi)部組織的自我服務(wù)完成。這種以自我服務(wù)為主的物流活動(dòng)模式在很大程度上限制和延遲了工商企業(yè)對(duì)高效率的專業(yè)化、社會(huì)化物流服務(wù)需求的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展,這也是當(dāng)前制約中國(guó)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要瓶頸。3.2物流企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理水平有待提高

      第一,服務(wù)方式和手段比較原始和單一。目前多數(shù)從事物流服務(wù)的企業(yè)只能簡(jiǎn)單地提供運(yùn)輸(送貨)和倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)服務(wù),而在流通加工、物流信息服務(wù)、庫(kù)存管理、物流成本控制等物流增值服務(wù)方面,尤其在物流方案設(shè)計(jì)以及全程物流服務(wù)等更高層次的物流服務(wù)方面還沒有全面展開。第二,物流企業(yè)組織規(guī)模較小,缺乏必要的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)實(shí)力。目前從事物流服務(wù)的企業(yè),包括傳統(tǒng)的運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)運(yùn)等流通企業(yè)和新型的專業(yè)化物流企業(yè),規(guī)模和實(shí)力都還比較小,網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的經(jīng)營(yíng)組織尚未形成。

      第三,物流企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理水平較低,物流服務(wù)質(zhì)量有待進(jìn)一步提高。多數(shù)從事物流服務(wù)的企業(yè)缺乏必要的服務(wù)規(guī)范和內(nèi)部管理規(guī)程,經(jīng)營(yíng)管理粗放,很難提供規(guī)范化的物流服務(wù),服務(wù)質(zhì)量較低。

      3.3低水平的物流基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和裝備條件嚴(yán)重影響著物流效率的提高

      雖然中國(guó)的物流基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和裝備條件已有較大的發(fā)展和改善,但與中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)以及物流產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展要求相比,與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比仍然有較大的差距,在相當(dāng)程度上影響著中國(guó)物流效率的提高,不利于物流產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速健康發(fā)展。主要表現(xiàn)是: 第一,中國(guó)交通運(yùn)輸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施總體規(guī)模仍然很小。

      第二,現(xiàn)代化物流集散和儲(chǔ)運(yùn)設(shè)施較少,發(fā)展水平較低。

      第三,各種物流設(shè)施及裝備的技術(shù)水平較低,物流作業(yè)效率不高。第四,設(shè)施結(jié)構(gòu)不盡合理,不能充分發(fā)揮現(xiàn)有物流設(shè)施的效率。第五,物流設(shè)施和裝備的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度較低。第六,信息技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平較低。

      3.4物流產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展面臨著較大的制度約束

      物流產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展不僅僅要有充分的市場(chǎng)需求基礎(chǔ)、活躍的市場(chǎng)主體以及完善的物流設(shè)施,更為重要的是要有適應(yīng)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的制度環(huán)境,以保證市場(chǎng)機(jī)制能夠充分發(fā)揮作用并使各種物流活動(dòng)規(guī)范有序地進(jìn)行,促進(jìn)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)健康有序發(fā)展。

      首先,影響各種物流服務(wù)方式的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。例如,由于各種運(yùn)輸方式的多頭管理和相互分割,各種運(yùn)輸方式長(zhǎng)期以來呈現(xiàn)分立發(fā)展的局面,不同運(yùn)輸方式在運(yùn)輸組織方式、服務(wù)規(guī)范、技術(shù)及裝備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等方面存在較大差距,使得物流企業(yè) 很難根據(jù)市場(chǎng)需要選擇合理的運(yùn)輸服務(wù)方式,許多企業(yè)只能利用單一的運(yùn)輸方式來開展物流服務(wù),而以多式聯(lián)運(yùn)為基礎(chǔ)的許多現(xiàn)代化物流服務(wù)方式還難以開展。

      其次,造成物流資源的浪費(fèi)。在條塊分割、多頭管理的模式下,各種基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的規(guī)劃和建設(shè)缺乏必要的協(xié)調(diào),一是導(dǎo)致大量的重復(fù)建設(shè)和過度競(jìng)爭(zhēng),例如公路主干網(wǎng)絡(luò)與鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的平行發(fā)展,各地爭(zhēng)相建設(shè)港口、機(jī)場(chǎng)等現(xiàn)象;二是涉及到各種運(yùn)輸方式之間、國(guó)家運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)與地方運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)之間、不同地區(qū)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)之間相互銜接的樞紐設(shè)施和有關(guān)服務(wù)設(shè)施建設(shè)方面缺乏投入,對(duì)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展有重要影響的各種綜合性貨運(yùn)樞紐、物流基地、物流中心建設(shè)發(fā)展十分緩慢。這種“重線路、輕結(jié)點(diǎn)”式的發(fā)展,即造成了資源的極大浪費(fèi),也影響著整個(gè)物流系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。本文來自六*維*論^文*網(wǎng) 4 中國(guó)物流服務(wù)社會(huì)化健康發(fā)展的對(duì)策

      4.1中國(guó)現(xiàn)代物流社會(huì)化服務(wù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

      國(guó)際上現(xiàn)代物流社會(huì)化服務(wù)的模式和發(fā)展階段 1.顧客自我服務(wù)的模式(第一方物流服務(wù))。這是由買方使用自己的物流設(shè)施為自己提供物流服務(wù)的模式,是一種“自給自足”的物流服務(wù)模式,社會(huì)化和專業(yè)化程度都很低,經(jīng)濟(jì)效率也比較低。

      2.供應(yīng)商提供物流服務(wù)的模式(第二方物流服務(wù))。這是由供應(yīng)商使用它們的物流設(shè)施為其顧客提供物流服務(wù)的模式,由于供應(yīng)商可以為多個(gè)顧客企業(yè)提供物流服務(wù),所以這種物流服務(wù)模式的社會(huì)化程度高于第一方物流服務(wù)。 3.第三方物流服務(wù)的模式。這是由買賣雙方以外的第三方物流服務(wù)企業(yè)使用自己的物流服務(wù)設(shè)施和設(shè)備為買賣雙方企業(yè)提供現(xiàn)代物流社會(huì)化服務(wù)的模式。4.第四方物流服務(wù)的模式。這是由第四方(既非買賣雙方也不是第三方)物流服務(wù)企業(yè)為買賣雙方或第三方物流服務(wù)企業(yè)所提供的一種廣義的現(xiàn)代物流集成管理的服務(wù)。

      4.2中國(guó)現(xiàn)代物流社會(huì)化服務(wù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

      1.中國(guó)正處于從傳統(tǒng)的物流服務(wù)向現(xiàn)代物流社會(huì)化轉(zhuǎn)換過程的起步階段。根據(jù)問卷調(diào)查和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查分析,大量的傳統(tǒng)物流服務(wù)和“類物流”服務(wù)企業(yè)依然存在,但數(shù)目正在減少,第三方物流企業(yè)正在增多。一些傳統(tǒng)的大型倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)與運(yùn)輸企業(yè)紛紛放棄過去的單一服務(wù)模式,向第三方物流服務(wù)商轉(zhuǎn)軌,有些已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為能夠提供綜合性服務(wù)的第三方物流服務(wù)商。同時(shí),有許多新注冊(cè)和外商投資的第三方物流服務(wù)企業(yè)相繼建立。中國(guó)現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)和流通企業(yè)所使用的物流服務(wù)模式基本上仍然以第一方物流服務(wù)模式為主,以第二方物流服務(wù)模式為輔,第三方物流服務(wù)模式的比重較小,而第四方物流服務(wù)模式尚處于理論研究和宣傳階段。 2.自給式物流服務(wù)在企業(yè)中依然普遍存在。許多生產(chǎn)和流通企業(yè)擁有并保留著自己的運(yùn)輸、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)、裝卸服務(wù)物流設(shè)施,自我物流服務(wù)依然是工商企業(yè)獲得物流服務(wù)的重要來源。

      3.能夠提供綜合性全程物流服務(wù)的物流企業(yè)是少數(shù)。根據(jù)對(duì)中國(guó)物資儲(chǔ)運(yùn)協(xié)會(huì)內(nèi)200多家物流服務(wù)企業(yè)調(diào)查的結(jié)果,中國(guó)的第三方物流服務(wù)企業(yè)能提供的綜合性全程物流服務(wù)還不足總體需求的5%,絕大多數(shù)物流企業(yè)還不能提供綜合性的全程物流服務(wù)。這是制約中國(guó)物流社會(huì)化服務(wù)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要因素,目前多數(shù)企業(yè)在選擇第三方物流服務(wù)商的時(shí)候首先考慮的因素就是能否提供綜合性的全程物流服務(wù),其次才是物流服務(wù)的質(zhì)量以及收費(fèi)高低等因素。4.3現(xiàn)代物流社會(huì)化服務(wù)的結(jié)構(gòu)特征

      從中國(guó)運(yùn)輸協(xié)會(huì)的調(diào)查報(bào)告和中國(guó)倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)協(xié)會(huì)的抽樣調(diào)查報(bào)告數(shù)據(jù)來看,我國(guó)現(xiàn)有 企業(yè)所使用的物流服務(wù)具有以下特征。

      1.第三方物流服務(wù)在我國(guó)剛剛起步,使用的比例遠(yuǎn)低于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 2.企業(yè)物流服務(wù)的執(zhí)行主體大都來自供貨方

      3.市場(chǎng)對(duì)第三方物流服務(wù)的需求集中于綜合性物流服務(wù) 4.作業(yè)質(zhì)量和服務(wù)能力是獲得物流服務(wù)市場(chǎng)的重要因素 中國(guó)現(xiàn)代物流服務(wù)社會(huì)化發(fā)展面臨的矛盾和問題

      (一)我國(guó)第三方物流服務(wù)企業(yè)管理滯后,服務(wù)水平低下(二)物流企業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后

      (三)物流企業(yè)技術(shù)開發(fā)能力相對(duì)薄弱 4.4中國(guó)第三方物流服務(wù)業(yè)未來發(fā)展的對(duì)策 根據(jù)上述問題和分析,我們認(rèn)為中國(guó)第三方物流服務(wù)企業(yè)在今后的發(fā)展中需要采取如下幾個(gè)方面的對(duì)策:

      采取措施提高我國(guó)第三方物流服務(wù)企業(yè)的規(guī)模畢業(yè)論文

      在中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)和現(xiàn)代物流市場(chǎng)需求不斷發(fā)展和擴(kuò)大的前提條件下,通過建立現(xiàn)代物流行業(yè)規(guī)范和市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入限制等措施,限制小于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的第三方物流企業(yè)的發(fā)展與注冊(cè);通過鼓勵(lì)合資、合作、兼并、整合等措施擴(kuò)大現(xiàn)有第三方物流企業(yè)的規(guī)模。設(shè)法營(yíng)造跨部門、跨行業(yè)、跨地區(qū)的現(xiàn)代物流社會(huì)化服務(wù)經(jīng)營(yíng)環(huán)境

      在推動(dòng)中國(guó)第三方物流服務(wù)企業(yè)規(guī)?;l(fā)展的同時(shí),必須通過修訂和完善各種法規(guī)和政府行政行為去打破現(xiàn)有各種有形和無形的地區(qū)、行業(yè)與部門限制,全面促進(jìn)和加速中國(guó)第三方物流企業(yè)的跨地區(qū)、跨行業(yè)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化發(fā)展的步伐。3 以提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量,降低物流成本為核心,以培育市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力為手段,因地制宜地拓展第三方物流企業(yè)的發(fā)展空間。努力降低生產(chǎn)流通企業(yè)使用現(xiàn)代物流社會(huì)化服務(wù)的“退出成本”

      中國(guó)的生產(chǎn)與流通企業(yè)現(xiàn)在多數(shù)都有自己的物流服務(wù)設(shè)施,如果要他們使用社會(huì)化的現(xiàn)代物流服務(wù),還必須設(shè)法幫他們解決如何出售這些已有的物流服務(wù)設(shè)施和消化企業(yè)現(xiàn)有的物流服務(wù)工作人員的問題。發(fā)揮企業(yè)和政府兩個(gè)積極性,盡快提高基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施水平

      針對(duì)目前中國(guó)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)交通系統(tǒng)、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)、信息系統(tǒng)等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施水平低下,無法滿足客戶需要的問題,必須從政府和企業(yè)兩個(gè)方面共同努力,盡快提高各種基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的水平。建立行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì),規(guī)范第三方物流企業(yè)在服務(wù)管理方面的行為

      在努力規(guī)范自身行為,提高服務(wù)水平的同時(shí),必須盡快成立地區(qū)性以至全國(guó)性的第三方物流服務(wù)業(yè)的行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì),由該協(xié)會(huì)作為行業(yè)自律機(jī)構(gòu),一方面由協(xié)會(huì)開展工作去防止和制裁第三方物流服務(wù)企業(yè)的出軌行為,一方面又行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)這組織制定本行業(yè)企業(yè)共同遵守的行為規(guī)范和紀(jì)律,這樣會(huì)起到很好的作用。5 結(jié)論 針對(duì)中國(guó)第三方物流服務(wù)業(yè)從業(yè)人員的現(xiàn)狀,政府和企業(yè)都要應(yīng)該努力加大投入去提高我國(guó)第三方物流業(yè)的從業(yè)人員的業(yè)務(wù)和管理水平。政府應(yīng)該在有關(guān)這一行業(yè)的相應(yīng)國(guó)民教育體系,包括中專、大專、學(xué)士、碩士、博士等層次的教育方面加大投入和指導(dǎo),同時(shí)積極籌備和開展這方面的職業(yè)資格認(rèn)證制度建設(shè)和實(shí)施工作。第三方物流企業(yè)自身需要在資金投入上確?,F(xiàn)有從業(yè)人員的進(jìn)修和培訓(xùn)方面的需要,同時(shí)積極尋求與高校和管理咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)的協(xié)助,通過開展服務(wù)管理咨詢和企業(yè)內(nèi)部培訓(xùn)與企業(yè)人力資源開發(fā)等方式提高自己企業(yè)員工的現(xiàn)代物流業(yè)務(wù)知識(shí)和業(yè)務(wù)水平以及現(xiàn)代物流管理的水平。

      China miscarriage industry development present situation and existence question

      The China miscarriage industry development present situation and the existence question along with the world economics fast development and the modern science and technology progress, the thing miscarriage industry take in the national economy an emerging service sector, in global scope rapid development.In on international, the thing miscarriage industry was considered is the national economy development artery and the foundation industry, its degree of development becomes weighs a country mod ionization degree and one of comprehensive national strength important symbols, is explained for the promotion economy development “the accelerator”.1 About thing miscarriage industry basic understanding 1.1 Miscarriages industry development and its basic connotation The thing miscarriage industry production and the development are the economy develops the certain stage, the social division of labor unceasing deepening product.In the traditional thing flows the activity to disperse in the different branches of the economy, the different enterprise as well as the enterprise organizes in the different function department.Along with the economical fast development, the science and technology level enhancement as well snidest realizations advancement speeding up, the large scale production, the massive expenses causes in the economical the thing to flow the scale day by day huge and is complex, the tradition, the disperser carry on the thing flows the activity not to be able to adapt the modern economy development red quest by far, the thing flows active the low efficiency and the high quota cost, already becalm e the restriction factor which the influence economy operating efficiency and the so piety reproduced smoothly carries on, and is regarded as “the economical dark mainland”.1.2 Miscarriages industry basic characteristics

      Although the thing flows the active existence, but in the modern economy, the thing which the thing miscarriage industry and its provides flows the service, flowed the thing with the traditional thing which the activity or the production, the circulation departmental engaged in to flow the activity already to have the essentially difference.First, the thing miscarriage industry is in the national economy artery system, it con acts the social economy each part and causes into become an organic whole.modern economy, because the social division of labor daily deepening and the economic structure day by day complex, between each industrial, department, enterprise change relations and intercept indent degree also increasingly intriguing the thing miscarriage industry is maintains these complex to exchange relational the link and the blood vessel.Second, the thing miscarriage industry through flows the ease entail factor to each kind of thing the optimum composition and there atonable disposition, the realization flows the active efficiency the enhancement and the society flows the total cost reducing.Third, the thing miscarriage industry may comprehensively provide, the diverse thing for the entire society flows the service, and flows 2 China miscarriage industry development present situation and main characteristic 2.1 Specializations flow the service demand initially to reveal the clue In recent years, along with the buyer market formation, the enterprise flowed in the domain to the thing to have “the third profit fountainhead” to start to have the quite profound understanding, the optimized enterprise interior has flowed the management, reduces the thing to flow the cost to become the present most domestic enterprises most intense desire and the request.Our country flowed active the level of development also quite to be low, strengthens the enterprise interior to flow the management still was the entire society flows active the key point.At the same time, the specialized thing flower the also the development tendency is extreme eelier.First is the multinational corporation is engaged in production management, the sale in China divides dials active as well as in the purchase process, to the high efficiency, the specie alizarin flows the service the huge demand, this is leads our country mica industry development an extremely important market foundation.Second is the domestic superiority enterprise flows the service to the specialization the demand.Third is in some emerging economical domains, like 10 private enterprise, express service industry as well as electronic commerce domain and so on, also has and has the cert inscape the thing to flow the service demand.2.2 Specializations flow the enterprise to start to emerge

      In recent years, in our country economy appeared many thing flowed tenet emprise, mainly by three parts of constitutions, one was international flows the enterprise.These international flows the company on the one hand to enter the Chinese market for its original customer-multinational corporation to provide extends the thing to flow the service;On the other hand, is producing and the development specialization in view of the Chinese market flows the service demand to provide the service.Two, by the traditional transportation, the storage and transport and the wholesale trade enterprise transforms the thing which forms to flow the enterprise.They depend on the original thing to flow aspect the and so on service foundation and in customer, facility, management network superiority, through unceasingly develops and extends its thing to flow the service, gradually flows the enterprise to the modern age to transform.Three is the emerging specialization flows the enterprise, like Guangzhou's valuable offering flows the company, north the national capital transports passes the thing to flow the company and so on.These enterprises depended upon the advanced management idea, the diverse service method, the science management pattern have won the market niche in the competition, became in our country mist carriage industry development a not allow to neglect strength..3 China miscarriage industry developments face main question and restriction factor 3.1 Miscarriages industry development still were facing the bigger market demand restraint The tradition planned economy system influence, our country quite many enterprises are being still retained “l(fā)arge and complete”, “is small and entire” the operation scheme way, purchases from the raw material to the product sale process in a series of flows the active main dependence enterprise underlying tissues the self-service to complete.This kind flowed the active pattern by the self-service primarily thing to limit and to retard the industry and commerce enterprise in the very great degree to the high efficiency specialization, the socialization has flowed the service demand the production and the development, this also was current restricts the China miscarriage industry fast development an important bottleneck.3.2 Thing flow the enterprise the management level to wait for the enhancement

      First, the service way and the method quite primitive and are unitary.At present most flows the service from the thing the enterprise only to be able simply to provide the transportation(to deliver goods)and stores in a storehouse the service, but in the circulation processing, the thing flows the information service, the stock management, teething flows thing and so on cost control flows the increment service aspect, especially flows the plan design in the thing as well as the entire journey flows the service and so on a higher level the thing to flow the service aspect not to have comprehensively to launch.Second, the thing flows the enterprise to organize the scale to be smaller, lacks the essential competition strength.At present flows the service from the thing the enterprise, including circulation enterprise and so on the traditional transportation and storage and transport and the new specialization flows the enterprise, the scale and the strength also peration scheme not yet forms.Third, the thing flows the enterprise to manage the management level to be lower, the thing flows the grade of service to wait for further enhances.Most flows the service from the thing the enterprise to lack the essential service standard and the internal management regulations, the management extensive, is very difficult to provide standardized the thing to flow the service, the grade of service is lower.3.3 Low levels thing flow the infrastructure and the equipment condition seriously affect the thing to flow the efficiency the enhancement Although our country thing flows the infrastructure and the Equipment condition had a bigger development and the improvement, but compares with our country economy as well as the thing miscarriage industry development request, compared with the developed country still has a bigger disparity, affected our country in the suitable degree to flow the efficiency the enhancement, and was disadvantageous to the 11 thing miscarriage industry fast health development.The main performance is: First, our country transportation infrastructure overall scale very was still small.Second, the modernization flows the collection and the storage and transport facility less;the level of development is lower.Third, each kind of thing flows the facility and the equipment technical level is lower, the thing flows the work efficiency not tube high.Fourth, the facility structure is unreasonable, cannot fully display existing flows the facility the efficiency.Fifth, the thing flows the facility and the equipment standardized degree is lower.Sixth, the information technology application level is lower.the entire process and its each link realization value increment in teething.研究物流業(yè)及中國(guó)物流技術(shù) 摘 要

      為了進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)同中國(guó)發(fā)展物流業(yè),作者基于中國(guó)物流業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀,肯定其在中國(guó)工業(yè)發(fā)展過程中所取得的成就。通過學(xué)習(xí)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)的各方面,包括了解物流產(chǎn)業(yè),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)語,物流技術(shù)和管理知識(shí),剖析主要的問題存在于中國(guó)當(dāng)前的物流業(yè),并提出合理化建議。

      關(guān)鍵詞:物流,發(fā)展,問題,方法1 前 言

      現(xiàn)代物流工業(yè)是現(xiàn)代最受歡迎的行業(yè)。自從20世紀(jì)80年代早期物流概念從海外引入,物流業(yè)得到了迅猛的發(fā)展。目前,我國(guó)已有相當(dāng)多的物流園區(qū)及中心,發(fā)展了一系列現(xiàn)代物流技術(shù)和取得了一大批自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的創(chuàng)新成果。研制開發(fā)了具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的集成化物流管理系統(tǒng)(LOG++/SMCS),成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了與著名ERP系統(tǒng)(SAP R/3)的實(shí)時(shí)連接。改變了我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)物流系統(tǒng)性能單

      一、集成度低的現(xiàn)狀,標(biāo)志著我國(guó)物流軟件系統(tǒng)與國(guó)際現(xiàn)代物流管理系統(tǒng)的接軌。研究開發(fā)了新型結(jié)構(gòu)快速堆垛機(jī)。其運(yùn)行速度0~150m/min,起升速度0~40m/min,貨叉速度0~20/40m/min;水平方向采用激光測(cè)距技術(shù),測(cè)距誤差±1mm(500m以內(nèi)),定位精度達(dá)到±3mm;垂直方向采用旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器加齒形帶技術(shù),定位精度達(dá)到±3mm。進(jìn)行了結(jié)構(gòu)研究和動(dòng)態(tài)性能分析,增加了設(shè)備的穩(wěn)定性和可靠性;成功地將激光認(rèn)址和旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器、齒形帶測(cè)距等新型檢測(cè)技術(shù)整合到一起,運(yùn)用于認(rèn)址,從根本上改變了傳統(tǒng)的認(rèn)址方式,并采用冗余控制技術(shù)和故障自診斷技術(shù)等大大提高系統(tǒng)的效率與可靠性;新型貨叉結(jié)構(gòu)、帶尺寸檢測(cè)與條形碼檢測(cè)的新型載貨臺(tái)等10多項(xiàng)新技術(shù),促進(jìn)了物流關(guān)鍵設(shè)備的技術(shù)進(jìn)步,大大縮短我國(guó)物流關(guān)鍵設(shè)備與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平的差距。在2003年,國(guó)內(nèi)外首創(chuàng)開發(fā)了具有國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平的推挽式激光導(dǎo)引AGV小車(專利產(chǎn)品);攻克了路徑規(guī)劃、反射板布置、精確定位等難題,使小車能在卷接包機(jī)組內(nèi)安全、靈活地行走和定位,實(shí)現(xiàn)完全自動(dòng)化運(yùn)送。2003年設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用具有國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平的視覺識(shí)別移動(dòng)式機(jī)器人自動(dòng)輔料搭配系統(tǒng)。紅河卷煙廠自動(dòng)化物流系統(tǒng)和聯(lián)想電腦公司集成化物流系統(tǒng)的成功開發(fā)與應(yīng)用,填補(bǔ)了多項(xiàng)國(guó)內(nèi)空白,創(chuàng)新出一批具有國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平的系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備,大大縮小我國(guó)物流系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵設(shè)備及主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)與先進(jìn)國(guó)家的差距,在行業(yè)中產(chǎn)生了廣泛影響。經(jīng)過多年研究和探索,太原鋼運(yùn)儲(chǔ)存公司通過與科研機(jī)構(gòu)的合作,成功地發(fā)展出由電腦計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)的自動(dòng)化的倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)打包系統(tǒng),同樣也是處于世界領(lǐng)先水平。由于受到政府的大力指出與重視,中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代物流業(yè)正以前所未有的速度發(fā)展。

      但是,還是值得指出的是,中國(guó)的物流業(yè)整體還是處在初級(jí)階段。中國(guó)在2000年的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是8.94×1000億元,其中流通領(lǐng)域總占比重僅僅百分之8.1 這比發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家如英美日要低許多。2000年,沃爾瑪,世界零售巨頭的銷售總額達(dá) 193.3億美元,占中國(guó)年零售業(yè)總額的46%。從上面可以看出,沃爾瑪?shù)匿N售額以每年20—30億美元的速度增長(zhǎng)。在國(guó)內(nèi)的零售業(yè)領(lǐng)先的上海聯(lián)合利華僅僅XX人民幣,占沃爾瑪?shù)?%。從上面的資料我們可以看出我們與國(guó)外發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家物流業(yè)的差距鴻溝。相對(duì)的,這些數(shù)據(jù)也告訴我們,我國(guó)的物流業(yè)有巨大的潛力和發(fā)展空間,甚至許多是中國(guó)現(xiàn)代物流業(yè)的瓶頸,在發(fā)展的過程中凸現(xiàn)出來。應(yīng)該引起我國(guó)物流界工作人員的重視和研究。2 主要問題

      2.1東西部沿海城市與內(nèi)陸城市發(fā)展不平衡

      中國(guó)物流業(yè)處于初始階段。在大多數(shù)情況下,我們所說的物流是指代狹義上的物流概念:基本的運(yùn)輸及存儲(chǔ)功能。真正的現(xiàn)代物流集中在一些相對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)的東部和南方地區(qū),在廣大的中部,西部和偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)物流還根本沒有開始。即使是在發(fā)展的東部中國(guó),中國(guó)南方和沿海城市,社會(huì)水平和通行的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)則很不成熟。根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)資料,有形物資的運(yùn)輸占市場(chǎng)總規(guī)模的約60%--70%。2.2無序與粗糙的計(jì)劃

      物流園區(qū)是一個(gè)內(nèi)有一家以上的物流公司或運(yùn)送中心的特定的集中地。操作物流園區(qū),可以形成規(guī)模效應(yīng)從而減低成本。物流園區(qū)的構(gòu)建應(yīng)該對(duì)城市運(yùn)送交通,城市生態(tài)環(huán)境,合城市規(guī)劃起良性作用。但是,大多數(shù)城市物流園區(qū)的規(guī)劃是掌握在當(dāng)?shù)卣种械?。近來,一些本地政府并不太清晰地說明了物流行業(yè)的深層意義。相反地,他們錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)為物流業(yè)無論如何會(huì)使經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。結(jié)果,許多地區(qū)紛紛規(guī)劃籌建大批物流圈,物流園區(qū)或物流中心。現(xiàn)在很多物流園區(qū)都在規(guī)劃,基層建設(shè)階段,既不規(guī)劃未來更高水平,也不連接到周邊地區(qū),也沒有充分進(jìn)行研究和調(diào)查當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)情況, 當(dāng)?shù)匚⒂^經(jīng)濟(jì)取向與當(dāng)?shù)刎涍\(yùn)流量.這些物流園區(qū)沒有占到任何便宜,強(qiáng)大的官僚掌控,市場(chǎng)反應(yīng)不足,流動(dòng)人口和物流不足,這些都阻礙他們進(jìn)入良性循環(huán),以及導(dǎo)致他們成為政府的重?fù)?dān)。顯然,這些物流園區(qū)并未遵循科學(xué)的原則,且已經(jīng)違反我們的發(fā)展物流業(yè)的原意。事實(shí)上,物流業(yè)屬于第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的,其功能應(yīng)該是為第一產(chǎn)業(yè)第二產(chǎn)業(yè)的特定行業(yè)提供服務(wù),物流業(yè)的利潤(rùn),主要源自服務(wù)目標(biāo)。第二,物流業(yè)是一個(gè)狹隘的利潤(rùn)率 可觀的利潤(rùn)只能通過規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)獲得。因此,物流行為只能作為工業(yè)支柱。僅僅作為有利的第一產(chǎn)業(yè)和第二產(chǎn)業(yè)的基礎(chǔ), 或有意向鞏固第一產(chǎn)業(yè)和第二產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,只有這樣物流業(yè)才能得到發(fā)展。在任何地方任何規(guī)劃和建設(shè)區(qū)域性物流圈,園區(qū)或中心,一定需要討論和嚴(yán)格研究使其與科學(xué)準(zhǔn)則一致。物流場(chǎng)所的建構(gòu)比例分布應(yīng)該按照經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)域,而不是按照行政版圖.否則大量重復(fù)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目,將極有可能因此而造成資源浪費(fèi)。除此之外,不少國(guó)內(nèi)地區(qū)實(shí)施十分抽象與粗糙的物流草案。例如:在計(jì)劃物流園區(qū)時(shí),有些地區(qū)很少把構(gòu)建區(qū)域性物流信息平臺(tái)納入考慮范圍。一些其他地區(qū)以建造平臺(tái)考慮,但他們只考慮自己的規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì),很少思考其建設(shè)的可能和實(shí)用性。換句話說,建設(shè)物流信息平臺(tái)是缺乏可操作性。2.3落后的物流技術(shù)

      雖然中國(guó)在短期內(nèi)取得了很大成就,吸引了世界的關(guān)注,但是在物流業(yè)和技術(shù)方面,人們不得不承認(rèn),中國(guó)物流業(yè)整體水平仍然被世界主要國(guó)家遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)拋在后面,我國(guó)的我們物流科技是落后的。總之,缺點(diǎn)則主要體現(xiàn)為以下幾個(gè)方面: 2.3.1配送設(shè)施的發(fā)展是物流業(yè)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo),物流業(yè)是第三方物流服務(wù),其中貨物配送是必不可少組成部分.近期國(guó)外先進(jìn)設(shè)備的物流配送已經(jīng)達(dá)到這樣的全自動(dòng)化水平。日本物流中心是一個(gè)很好的例子,被稱為“白鳥”主月制國(guó)公司.該中心共占用土地4208平方米,總面積達(dá)2774平方米,運(yùn)送20000箱的貨 物給200個(gè)倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)中心。中心采用自動(dòng)階梯倉(cāng)庫(kù)來存儲(chǔ)。中心的倉(cāng)庫(kù)冷風(fēng)釋放時(shí)利用的原則是,“熱空氣上升,冷空氣下降”,從第一至第四的貨架是恒溫恒濕的,用以儲(chǔ)存巧克力糖果,而層由第五至第八的室溫區(qū)用以儲(chǔ)存一般的食物.使用空調(diào)降低建造建筑隔間的運(yùn)行成本.物流系統(tǒng)都采用全自動(dòng)操作。貨物從第二層開始放入倉(cāng)庫(kù),首先,分類裝置先將貨物分類;然后堆垛機(jī)器人自動(dòng)將貨物疊成一摞,這些被摞好的貨物由自動(dòng)高速往返傳送帶傳送到階梯式倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)室。高速往返傳送帶負(fù)責(zé)將貨物運(yùn)送至分類站點(diǎn).當(dāng)裝運(yùn)準(zhǔn)備完成時(shí),將貨物存放在發(fā)送準(zhǔn)備區(qū)。由于采用自動(dòng)控制裝置, 物流中心的貨物運(yùn)送差錯(cuò)率已大大減少。此外,一旦出現(xiàn)差錯(cuò),差錯(cuò)出現(xiàn)的原因會(huì)第一時(shí)間被查出,同時(shí)也不會(huì)影響服務(wù)質(zhì)量。

      另一個(gè)很好的例子是日本Sagawa快遞公司的沙意庫(kù)物流中心,這個(gè)中心擁有44308平方米。這個(gè)五層高的裝甲建筑擁有亞洲最大的建筑規(guī)模。中心的第一二層是操作平臺(tái),第三到第五層是物流加工區(qū)(為第三方提供服務(wù)),頂層是公園和直升機(jī)停機(jī)坪。這個(gè)物流中心為與日本中部。全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)覆蓋320條配送網(wǎng)絡(luò)站點(diǎn)。分類工作是在貨物運(yùn)送到物流中心當(dāng)天晚上通宵完成的。第二天早上備份好分類的貨物就會(huì)被送往各個(gè)分配送站點(diǎn)。同時(shí)當(dāng)中心的接收部收到貨物,他們會(huì)用無線數(shù)據(jù)終端將貨物分類的數(shù)據(jù)立刻傳送到物流中心。之前不需要任何操作,貨物就能被直接放上傳送帶分類,他們的操作能力是每小時(shí)79000件。由于產(chǎn)品經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)化分工,配送中心無疑將適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展過程中的需求變化.國(guó)內(nèi)多數(shù)企業(yè)都處在較低的物流業(yè)水平,薄弱的物流意識(shí),薄弱的分送能力.除此以外,面對(duì)小企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力,和疲軟的第三方企業(yè)物流需求,企業(yè)大多固守傳統(tǒng)的物流觀念:大而全或小而全。

      2.3.2 盡管對(duì)現(xiàn)代物流業(yè)的信息技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)重視不夠,某些地區(qū)和地方當(dāng)局還是大力發(fā)展規(guī)劃 物流園區(qū)。但他們忽略了現(xiàn)代物流業(yè)必須依靠現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù).一個(gè)人很容易得出這樣的結(jié)論,物流業(yè)的發(fā)展史上,將不會(huì)沒有現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的范例.一個(gè)優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)不可能形成,除非物流,資金流,信息流再運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代信息系統(tǒng)的條件下被帶入一個(gè)有機(jī)的協(xié)作整體.構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)和設(shè)施是在考慮在規(guī)劃建設(shè)物流中心和公園時(shí)的首要因素。

      2.3.3濫用“物流中心”,就像現(xiàn)今的許多小規(guī)模的貨運(yùn)站,甚至某些私人小店面自稱為“物流中心”或其他類似的名字已經(jīng)大肆流行起來。不過,這種現(xiàn)象將嚴(yán)重?fù)p害物流業(yè)的發(fā)展,可能造成人們的誤解物流的本質(zhì),因此,這種情況的本質(zhì)是在扭曲物流中心的概念。而事實(shí)上,根據(jù)我國(guó)物流規(guī)范的技術(shù)名詞的定義,物流中心是:一個(gè)地點(diǎn)或組織從事物流活動(dòng),一個(gè)物流中心應(yīng)符合下列要求: 1)主要為社會(huì)提供服務(wù)2)有完整合理的物流功能3)有一套完整的信息4)擁有龐大的輻射和影響范圍;5)有限的品種,但大批量的貨物;6)強(qiáng)大的存儲(chǔ)和處理能力;7)對(duì)一個(gè)公司具有統(tǒng)一的管理和行政權(quán)。這個(gè)定義昭示我們物流中心的基本條件和資格是比較高的。而現(xiàn)在幾乎沒有所謂的物流中心,符合存在的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與上述要求。

      2.4物流企業(yè)提供的低水準(zhǔn)的服務(wù)

      目前,大多數(shù)國(guó)內(nèi)物流企業(yè),因?yàn)樗麄儽∪醯姆?wù)能力,只能承擔(dān)基本業(yè)務(wù)如運(yùn)輸,裝卸,或貯存盡管他們有意為客戶處理增值服務(wù)當(dāng)客戶要求時(shí),如報(bào)關(guān),存貨管理,分配, 配送和加工流通,但畢竟能力有限。此外,基于員工的素質(zhì),資本和設(shè)備,服務(wù)質(zhì)量不理想。根據(jù)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù), 超過30%的客戶對(duì)聘請(qǐng)的第三方物流企業(yè)的服務(wù)質(zhì)量不滿意。85%的物流服務(wù)的第三方物流公司都是基本服務(wù),如運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存。而只有1 5%的增值服務(wù),如信息,加工和融資.此外,受影響的重要因素還 涉及地區(qū)的缺點(diǎn),有限的經(jīng)營(yíng)范圍,過時(shí)的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式和效率低的存儲(chǔ)(或交付)服務(wù),物流人才,尤其掌握專門知識(shí)的綜合管理人才,在市場(chǎng)中是難以找到自己位置。在今天的中國(guó),就算有高薪。國(guó)內(nèi)物流企業(yè)低品質(zhì)的服務(wù)的主要原因是在于這三個(gè)要素:管理,技術(shù)而人才是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于均衡發(fā)展線的?,F(xiàn)在,我國(guó)公路,鐵路,民航和港口經(jīng)營(yíng)都是相互獨(dú)立的,在某些方面來說,就如組織服務(wù)規(guī)則,技術(shù)器械規(guī)范。大多數(shù)情況下,企業(yè)提供物流服務(wù) 僅僅利用單一的運(yùn)輸方式,跨區(qū)域的面包車常用的旅行當(dāng)他們返回沒有攜帶任何物品。此外,壁壘一個(gè)一個(gè)地出現(xiàn),物流系統(tǒng)無法順利運(yùn)作。一個(gè)重要因素 這直接影響到服務(wù)品質(zhì)的是缺乏專業(yè)人才,在中國(guó)物流人才,尤其是綜合性的管理人才,掌握專業(yè)知識(shí),是渴望不可求,盡管以高薪聘請(qǐng)他們。

      2.5 物流企業(yè)沒有引起足夠重視

      根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的情況,國(guó)內(nèi)大型的物流(比如,流通領(lǐng)域)比物流企業(yè)規(guī)模(比如,制造業(yè)領(lǐng)域)壯大與否是根據(jù)行業(yè)人士的專業(yè),企業(yè)參與度或者社會(huì)需求度正因?yàn)槿绱耍幸环N說法是中國(guó)的物流仍然徘徊在大門之外??梢钥隙ǖ氖沁@種說法有點(diǎn)夸張的意思,我們的一些企業(yè)象海爾集團(tuán)在物流方面做得很好,然后不可否認(rèn)的是中國(guó)的物流行業(yè)已經(jīng)落后了。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),1999年里,對(duì)450個(gè)大中型企業(yè)的調(diào)查中,有26%的企業(yè)完全獨(dú)立的應(yīng)付物流。2.5.1技術(shù)條款的項(xiàng)目

      雖然中國(guó)2001年已經(jīng)制定“物流技術(shù)條款準(zhǔn)則”。近期許多新出現(xiàn)的經(jīng)常被評(píng)論或材料提到的技術(shù)條款并沒有被納入國(guó)際準(zhǔn)則中,這影響了中國(guó)物流業(yè)將來的普及和應(yīng)用。例如,許多省和城市已經(jīng)計(jì)劃或正在計(jì)劃各種各樣的物流圈,并稱其為商業(yè)物流圈或生態(tài)物流圈。另一個(gè)問題是,到底物流園區(qū)和物流基地的區(qū)別是什么?每個(gè)人有自己的理解,但不能被信服 2.5.2物流設(shè)施和器械

      近來國(guó)內(nèi)物流業(yè)存在不是普遍范圍內(nèi)接受的物流的設(shè)施和器械。從國(guó)外進(jìn)口,一些器械引進(jìn)國(guó)外的先進(jìn)技術(shù)。沒有現(xiàn)存的普遍被認(rèn)可的準(zhǔn)則帶來企業(yè)和客戶一系列問題,就像采購(gòu)合適的維修和不同的操作程序的困難。一個(gè)很好的例子是tray經(jīng)常在物流系統(tǒng)里被用到。大量發(fā)設(shè)想在國(guó)外可能被用作一般的目標(biāo)因?yàn)椴捎胹alne準(zhǔn)則。但在中國(guó),因?yàn)椴挥眠@個(gè)準(zhǔn)則,tray有時(shí)必須在被我國(guó)買下后被卸下還給制造商。

      2.6物流人才的嚴(yán)重缺乏

      2.6.1 小部分的物流專家為了提高中國(guó)物流產(chǎn)業(yè),和其他從事物流的而并不是政府部門的專家組成了骨干隊(duì)伍專注于物流,理論的物流到現(xiàn)在還沒有被建立。雖然越來越多的學(xué)者和專家已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了物流研究這個(gè)行業(yè)并且已經(jīng)普及,但是真正合格物流專家還是有限的。物流專家是加強(qiáng)和普及物流業(yè)的城堡。2.6.2嚴(yán)重不足的培養(yǎng)物流人才的資源

      中國(guó)已經(jīng)將物流業(yè)列為四大新出現(xiàn)的工業(yè)之一了。而物流人才是10大急需人才之一,缺乏物流專業(yè)人才成為中國(guó)發(fā)展現(xiàn)代物流業(yè)的瓶頸。根據(jù)基本的數(shù)字資料顯示,有超過400000的國(guó)有股份擁有公司和股份有限合作公司。假如大學(xué)和??茖W(xué)校每年招收60個(gè)學(xué)生,而每個(gè)企業(yè)每五年雇用一個(gè)主修物流的學(xué)生,那么供應(yīng)的物流人才還是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于需求。我們可以預(yù)期在一段足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間里物流人才的還是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的供小于求。現(xiàn)在,中國(guó)提供各層次的教育,也就是說,研究生課程,本科課程,??茖W(xué)校和中專學(xué)校。但是,科學(xué)物流目標(biāo)教育系統(tǒng)還是尚未成 形。學(xué)校和學(xué)院和大學(xué)現(xiàn)在設(shè)計(jì)課程和實(shí)際主要依據(jù)各自對(duì)物流概念的理解,缺少總的引導(dǎo)。有些學(xué)校,提供物流專業(yè),招收大批量的學(xué)生自從物流專業(yè)人才走俏以來。絕對(duì)沒有任何教職員工會(huì)被物流業(yè)相中的。給相關(guān)的部門和組織的專業(yè)工作遵守一定的教導(dǎo)材料。但因?yàn)榉N種原因,這些資料遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足物流專業(yè)教育的需求。這些教育材料既不是系統(tǒng)化的,內(nèi)容也是不完善的。2.7不完善的企業(yè)管理系統(tǒng)

      近日,問題牽扯到企業(yè)的管理系統(tǒng)。不完善的和不系統(tǒng)的商業(yè)材料廣泛地在中國(guó)物流企業(yè)內(nèi)存在。許多物流企業(yè)像郵局,原先對(duì)所有工作程序有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則,但是有些意外可能被避免,因?yàn)檫@些規(guī)章的實(shí)施總或多或少的被沖淡。例如,規(guī)則說為了跟蹤掛號(hào)包裹,包裹在被送往目的地時(shí)必須被記錄。一些物流企業(yè)有嚴(yán)重的問題當(dāng)它們制定相關(guān)的操作指南和網(wǎng)頁(yè)。但是過了一段特定時(shí)期,他們不能像開始一樣保持資料,因此這些共同問題存在于一部分物流企業(yè)中:新規(guī)則和指南尚未形成,指南和網(wǎng)頁(yè)沒有及時(shí)更新,一些新的規(guī)章和規(guī)則沒有傳達(dá)給操作人員??蛻艉褪褂谜邲]有受到最新的商業(yè)信息。2.8 對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)做得不夠

      物流產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,引起了交通和運(yùn)輸給城市環(huán)境帶來的污染問題,消費(fèi)品生產(chǎn)加工后的殘留物,物流過程中的包裝,環(huán)境保護(hù)重要性增加,人類需要保護(hù)環(huán)境和資源,保證持續(xù)不便的經(jīng)濟(jì)和生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展還有考慮我們的后代是我們這個(gè)地球上共同的目標(biāo),現(xiàn)在,國(guó)內(nèi)大型企業(yè)還沒有完全了解環(huán)境保護(hù)的重要性因?yàn)樗麄冞€沒有采用有效的措施,比如,有的物流公司建在市中心使城市的環(huán)境被煤礦,油,嚴(yán)重得污染,特別是浪費(fèi)還有就是設(shè)備噪音。除了這些,其他有些易燃易暴的嚴(yán)格上來說,企業(yè)應(yīng)該重視起來大量的危害城市安全的事項(xiàng)。2.9調(diào)制解調(diào)器的技術(shù)的缺乏關(guān)系到知識(shí)分子的權(quán)利

      面對(duì)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的劇增,企業(yè)尋求嚴(yán)厲的現(xiàn)代物流系統(tǒng)的需求,海外先進(jìn)的物流公司發(fā)先中國(guó)物流市場(chǎng)有巨大的前景,并傳布于中國(guó)。然而,進(jìn)口現(xiàn)代物流系統(tǒng)不但降低成本而且很依靠,在長(zhǎng)期操作中,其他的缺點(diǎn)是缺乏效率,時(shí)間上的服務(wù)和技術(shù)上的支持。因此,在國(guó)內(nèi)提高現(xiàn)代物流系統(tǒng)和自己知識(shí)所有權(quán)有很重大的意義,改革水果關(guān)系到自己決定的自己決定所有權(quán)已經(jīng)達(dá)到但是我們和外國(guó)主要的相同部門還是有差距3 主要對(duì)策

      3.1加強(qiáng)政府之間的協(xié)調(diào)并行成規(guī)范的政策,以發(fā)展物流業(yè)

      中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織后,其對(duì)外的物流業(yè)市場(chǎng)開放程度便會(huì)進(jìn)一步加大,這將會(huì)給大多數(shù)物流企業(yè)帶來很大的壓力。在國(guó)外勢(shì)力的影響下,這種極大的改變將會(huì)挑戰(zhàn)現(xiàn)有的國(guó)有企業(yè)或各部門對(duì)其的適應(yīng)能力。這將嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)資源和增加的物流業(yè)成本.物流業(yè)是一個(gè)要求各個(gè)方面都要密切合作的復(fù)雜行業(yè)。如果處于不同層次的各部門,只有基于自身利益考慮,甚至設(shè)置地方或部門經(jīng)濟(jì)壁壘,物流業(yè)將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)朝健康的方向發(fā)展。因此, 中國(guó)的相關(guān)政府部門應(yīng)擔(dān)當(dāng)起對(duì)物流市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行宏觀調(diào)控的角色,從中國(guó)的實(shí)際情況出發(fā),結(jié)合國(guó)外的理論和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來研究我們的發(fā)展模式,為物流業(yè)的發(fā)展制定總體規(guī)劃,并提出一些具體措施,以適應(yīng)我國(guó)目前的狀況。迎接國(guó)外企業(yè)的挑戰(zhàn)和進(jìn)一步規(guī)范中國(guó)的物流市場(chǎng),政府部門必須制訂切實(shí)可行的物流法規(guī)和政策以完善物流市場(chǎng),推動(dòng)物流企業(yè)的強(qiáng)制認(rèn)證,培訓(xùn)工作人員和管理層人員并嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行“憑證上崗”的制度。為了使物流業(yè)得到各級(jí)政府部門的理解和支持,如果條件允許,物流專家也可以被邀請(qǐng)發(fā)表演講來達(dá)到這個(gè)目的。由于物流活動(dòng)包括交通運(yùn)輸,包裝,倉(cāng)儲(chǔ),配送,貨運(yùn)等環(huán)節(jié),涉及到國(guó)家信息部、鐵道部、民航總局、商務(wù)部、客戶、工業(yè)和商業(yè)和稅務(wù)部門在內(nèi)的眾多 部門, 而且為了避免他們?cè)谡呱袭a(chǎn)生分歧,以確保各政府部門達(dá)成一致,中國(guó)應(yīng)該建立協(xié)調(diào)制度,用來協(xié)調(diào)這些部門之間的矛盾。一條建議是了解全國(guó)范圍的郵政和電信,工商, 稅務(wù)部門之間是如何進(jìn)行垂直管理的,也就是說,國(guó)家建立全國(guó)的物流管理體系來掌控物流行業(yè)和為全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的物流制訂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。該做法是由政府綜合治理委員來負(fù)責(zé)協(xié)調(diào)各部門制定的政策。第三個(gè)選擇是組成一個(gè)跨部門的協(xié)會(huì)或政策委員會(huì),涉及其成員的相關(guān)的政府部門,需促進(jìn)物流行業(yè)的發(fā)展。協(xié)會(huì)或委員會(huì)將負(fù)責(zé)研究,制訂相關(guān)協(xié)調(diào)政策,對(duì)于發(fā)展中成員的具體操作機(jī)構(gòu) 可以采取由政府綜合管理部門來管理。形成包括行政規(guī)章和政策性調(diào)整的規(guī)范政策。為了創(chuàng)造一個(gè)良好寬松的政策環(huán)境,中國(guó)有關(guān)部門應(yīng)把影響現(xiàn)代物流業(yè)發(fā)展秩序的法規(guī)、制度和體系進(jìn)一步規(guī)范化,特別是要明確公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)或限制的市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入的政策。其次,政府應(yīng)研究和制訂物流管理體系和相關(guān)政策,以適應(yīng)我國(guó)的社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制和確保中國(guó)的物流業(yè)能夠在一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的管理體系中健康的發(fā)展。

      3.2 通過多途徑發(fā)展物流教育

      它不大可能利用全日制國(guó)民教育的方式來解決缺乏物流專業(yè)人才的問題,因?yàn)樗粌H需要高學(xué)歷教職員工提供物流專業(yè),而且也需要相應(yīng)的教學(xué)設(shè)施和設(shè)備,這并不是每所學(xué)校在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)都能達(dá)到要求的。必須走中外結(jié)合的方法,我們可以借鑒國(guó)外的可行性經(jīng)驗(yàn),以推廣體系執(zhí)業(yè)資格證書。通過這樣的方式,大量的人去學(xué)習(xí)和研究物流知識(shí),從而達(dá)到直接的效果。除此之外,物流訓(xùn)練課程將定期或不定期在有條件的地方開展以培養(yǎng)人才。為保證人才質(zhì)量, 在國(guó)家教育部的有關(guān)行政管理部門應(yīng)組織專家為物流專業(yè)制訂統(tǒng)一的評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn),規(guī)范核心課程以達(dá)到監(jiān)督和促進(jìn)各級(jí)各類學(xué)校改進(jìn)教學(xué)質(zhì)量。國(guó)家學(xué)術(shù)或?qū)I(yè)組織、團(tuán)體和協(xié)會(huì)能夠經(jīng)常組織一些研討會(huì),就實(shí)踐教學(xué),以幫助學(xué)校更加有效地開辦物流專業(yè)。3.3普及全方位的綠色物流管理

      前提推廣綠色物流管理是推廣ISO14000系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這是一套關(guān)于環(huán)境管理和制度體系認(rèn)證的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。只有通過環(huán)境體系認(rèn)證,物流企業(yè)才能夠真正實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色物流管理。以下是涉及綠色物流管理的主要內(nèi)容:采取預(yù)防措施以避免在物流活動(dòng)中環(huán)境問題的產(chǎn)生,在生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)品的過程中采用綠色原材料,用綠色包裝運(yùn)輸,對(duì)廢料要建立一套完整的處置程序和措施。

      另一項(xiàng)重要措施是在通過嚴(yán)肅論證的基礎(chǔ)上謹(jǐn)慎和科學(xué)地選擇物流中心地址。政府行政部門應(yīng)對(duì)其申請(qǐng)資料進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格檢查。3.4采取有效措施鼓勵(lì)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新

      現(xiàn)代物流系統(tǒng)整合了機(jī)械,電工,水工,光,電腦和資訊。其內(nèi)容主要涉及到自動(dòng)儲(chǔ)存系統(tǒng)、自動(dòng)輸送系統(tǒng)、自動(dòng)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、自動(dòng)工作系統(tǒng)、邏輯控制系統(tǒng)、計(jì)算機(jī)集成管理系統(tǒng)等?,F(xiàn)代物流系統(tǒng)技術(shù)是一門綜合性的學(xué)科,包括人工智能的圖像識(shí)別技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)仿真、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、無線通信、紅外通信、激光制導(dǎo)定位和機(jī)器人技術(shù)。為了在現(xiàn)代物流系統(tǒng)技術(shù)方面實(shí)現(xiàn)重點(diǎn)突破,不同領(lǐng)域的專家應(yīng)該共同對(duì)付關(guān)鍵問題。對(duì)國(guó)家政府來說, 也可在自然科學(xué)方面設(shè)定國(guó)家資助的項(xiàng)目的關(guān)鍵問題和事先研究方向?,F(xiàn)代物流項(xiàng)目可作為單獨(dú)項(xiàng)目來攻關(guān),國(guó)內(nèi)專家在他們的合法權(quán)益能得到有效保障的基礎(chǔ)上組織施加一切,特別是為現(xiàn)代物流設(shè)置獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)和重賞那些受人們熱烈歡迎的人才的合法權(quán)益。3.5 為實(shí)現(xiàn)雙贏組建大型集團(tuán)

      有些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的物流公司,已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)通過各種形式,重組、資本擴(kuò)張、吞并和重建跨國(guó)綜合物流企業(yè)以提供堅(jiān)實(shí)的資金、先進(jìn)技術(shù)和高等級(jí)的管理。但是大部分 的中國(guó)物流企業(yè),其缺點(diǎn)是規(guī)模小,實(shí)力弱,能力低,在與國(guó)際大型物流公司的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中處于不利地位。因此,國(guó)內(nèi)中小型物流企業(yè)可建立戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴關(guān)系, 利用其國(guó)內(nèi)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)施,成本低廉的人力資本,或相互收購(gòu)或合并,組建大型集團(tuán)邁向綜合物流業(yè),與國(guó)外大型物流企業(yè)展開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

      [1] 崔介何.物流學(xué)概論[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2004年:1-2.[2] 葉懷珍.現(xiàn)代物流學(xué)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003:49-56.[3] 許建平.對(duì)培育廣州物流市場(chǎng)的再思考[EB/OL].[4] 深圳新聞網(wǎng).“入倉(cāng)即予退稅”新政策助推物流發(fā)展[EB/OL].[5] 吳德群.“入倉(cāng)退稅”適應(yīng)國(guó)際采購(gòu)商全球配送[N].深圳特區(qū)報(bào),2006-01-23.[6] 廣東禾田物流有限公司網(wǎng).廣東禾田物流有限公司簡(jiǎn)介[EB/OL].[7] 快遞公司網(wǎng).廣州物流市場(chǎng)

      [8] 來源.十一月回顧:物流篇

      (三)[EB/OL].[9] 徐曉陽,饒欠林.深圳鹽田港出口監(jiān)管倉(cāng)的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)[DB/OL].,2002.[10] 中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院公報(bào),中華人民共和國(guó)海關(guān)總署令——中華人民共和國(guó)海關(guān)對(duì)出口監(jiān)管倉(cāng)庫(kù)及所存貨物的管理辦法[DB/OL].[11] 公共商務(wù)信息導(dǎo)報(bào),海關(guān)對(duì)出口監(jiān)管倉(cāng)庫(kù)及所存貨物的管理辦法[DB/OL].2005-12-06.[12] Wei Liu,Wenshun Li,Wendy Huang.Analysis of the dynamic relation between logistics development and GDP growth in China[DB/OL].[13] Deng Mingran,Wang Hua.A government guarantee system of logistics development in China[DB/OL].,2006.[14] Goh,M,Ling,C.Logistics development in China[DB/OL].,2003.[15] Chen Siyun, The developing trend and countermeasures of Yantian port logistics[DB/OL].Studies on Logistics and Logistics Technology of China Luo Yixin(Department of Industry and Commerce Management, Human College of Finance and Economics, Human Chansha 410205)Received 15 July 2004 Abstract For further pushing ahead with the development of China’s logistics industry,the author,based on the status quo of China's logistics industry,alfirms the achievements made in the development course of the industry of China.By studying various respects of the industry including the understanding of logistics,standards of technical terms,logistics technologies and management,the author analyzes the major problems existence in China’s current logistics industry and puts forward the rationalization proposal. Key words:logistics;development;problem;measure 1 Preface Modem logistics industry is currently one of the most popular trades. Since China introduced the concept of logistics from abroad in early 1980s,logistics industry has been developed rapidly.At present,our country already has quite a lot of logistics parks and centers,develops a series of modem logistics technologies and obtains a large number of innovation accomplishments bearing self-determination intelectual property rights. Among those are typical ones such as the development of integration logistics management system with self-determination intelectual property rights(LOG + +/SMCS)in 2003.The real—time connection with famous ERP system(SAPR/3)has been realized,the system radically changes the unicity and low integrity level of China’s traditional logistics and thus symbolizes that domestic logistics software has been in line with international noFIns for modern logistics management system.Another example is the new structural—type quick stacker that has the operation speed of0—150 m/rain.1ifting speed of 0—40 m/min and forking speed of 0 — 20/40 m/rain, bearing self-determination intellectual property rights developed in the same year.Laser ranging technology is applied to the system in horizontal direction.resulting that the distance—measuring error is ± 1 mm within 500 meters and positioning accuracy is ±3 mm.For the vertical direction.due to the application of rotary encoder plus tooth—be technique,positioning accuracy reaches ± 3 mm. In this way. the system successfully integrates a variety of new—type detecting technologies involving laser location,rotary encoder and toth—belt eranging. integration has been utilized for positioning and then radically altered traditional positioning method .Besides,the adoption of redundancy and trouble shooting technique dramatically increases the system's efficiency and reliability.The adoption of over ten new techs consisting of new—type forking structure and loading platform with dimension detector and bar code sensor has promoted the technical advancement of key equipments used in logistics industry as well as greatly narrowed the gap between China and international advanced countries in terms okey equipments. In 2003。a patent product at world—leading place,the push—pull laser guiding AGV cart,ca/Be into market.Ever has never been a similar product both at home and abroad. is AGV cart.having conquered numbers of difficulties as path planning,reflecting board layout and pinpointing position,can travel an d locate its position safely and flexibly in rolling machine units. In other words,it realizes complete automation delivery . In 2003,domestic enterprises designed and applied automatic supplementary—materials allocation system equipped with vision—identification movable robot.system was ran king at international leading stage.In year 2003,thanks to the successful developments of Hong He Cigarette Factory ’s automatic logistics system and Legend’s integration logistics system,numbers of blanks in domestic logistics industry are叫ed。quantities of leading logistics systems and equipments ale produced and the gap between China and other countries advanced in key equipments and primary indexes are reduced.Through years of research and exploration.Tai Yuan Gang Yu Storage Company,by cope ration with scientific research institutes,success finally developed automatization tired warehouse facility assisted by computer planning and designing technology,which is at the leading place in the world.With the support an d regard from all levels of governmental departments,China’s modern logistics industry is now taking unprecedented momentum and developing rapidly.

      However,it’s worth being pointed out that,as far as the whole is concerned.China’s logistics industry is still in an initial stage.China’s GDP in 2000 was 8.94×1000 billion RMB.of which the added value of circulation area accounts for merely 8.1% .11}lis number is much lower than that of developed countries like the United States.Japan and UK.In 2000,the sale of WalMart,one of the world retailing giants,was US193.3 billion,corresponding to 46% of China ’s total a nual sales in retailing.On top of that.the annual sale of WAIMART is on the increase by US$20—30 billion dollars a year.Domestically,the annual sale of our leading retailer,Shanghai Unilever,is simply 11 billion RMB.a(chǎn)ccounting 19 for about 7% of Mart.From the above statistics,it’s by no means difficult for one to find out that distant gap of logistics industries exists between China and developed countries.Of course,on the contrary,the statistics also tell us that there are great development potential and space regarding logistics industry in China.Many problems,some of which even ale the bottlenecks of China’s modern logistics,are available in the course of development.Great importance to these problems should be attached,which are worthy of the concern and study of logistics staff.2 Available primary problems 2.1 Unbalanced development between western and developed regions including the east,the south and costal areas China’s logistics industry is at the initial stage.In most occasions,what we mean by the so-called logistics actually refers to the narrow sense of logistics:elementary functions such as transportation or storage.Real modern logistics has been focused and developed only in a few comparatively developed regions in the east and the south while logistics development is still far from commencing in vast regions of mid-,western and remote regions.Even in the developed regions of eastern China,southern China and costal and costal areas,the level of socialization an d the adoption of market principles are fairly low. According to the data,the physical distributions owned by domestic enterprises account for 60% to 70% of the total market scale.Shortage in logistics demand hampers the development of logistics industry in China and thus limits its development.2.2 Disordered and rough planning for logistics

      Logistics park is a special center of one or more than one logistics enterprises(or distribution centers).By operating logistics park,scale can be formed and operation cost reduced.The construction of logistics park is expected to play a positive role in urban freight traffic,urban ecology environment and urban land planning.However,the planning of China’s logistics parks are mostly conducted by local authorities.Recently,numbers of local authorities haven’t been clear about the interior meaning of logistics industry.Instead,they mistakenly take it for granted that logistics could anyhow revive economy.As a result, nuinerous regions rush into the planning an d construction of various logistics circles,parks or centers.Nowadays many logistics parks are at the stages of planning and primary construction,neither link to the planning of next higher level,nor connect to the surrounding areas,nor conduct sufficient research and survey of the local economic situation, microeconomic orientation and freight traffic flow.These logistics parks take on disadvantages,strong bureaucracy,unimpressive market response and inadequate flow of population and logistics,which prevents the from going into virtuous cycles as well as leads them to be the heavy burdens of governments.Obviously,the operation of logistics parks hasn’t followed principles of science and has breached our original intention of developing logistics industry.In fact,logistics industry falls under the category of tertiary industry,the functions of which should be providing service for certain trades in primary an d secondary industries.The profits of logistics industry mainly derive from service targets.Secondly,logistics industry is the one with nalTOW margin of profit that considerable profits could be gamed tlugh nothing else but scale operation.Therefore,logistics acts merely as the pillars for industries.Only on the basis of favorable primary and secondary industries, or with the intentions to reinforce the development of primary and secondary industries,logistics industry can be developed.Any planning and construction of regional logistics circles,parks or centers in any places must be argued and studied rigidly in accordance with scientific principles.The construction proportions of logistics places should be distributed according to economic regions whereas by no means according to administrative ones.Otherwise great deal of redundant project construction will be very likely and therefore result in wasti 20 ng of resources.

      Apart from that,quite a few of domestic regions carried through pretty abstract and rough logistics planning.For instance,some regions seldom take the construction of regional logistic information platform into account when they plan logistics parks.Some other regions take the construction of platform into account,but they merely consider its planning and designing,rarely thinking over its construction and application.In other words,the construction on logistics information platform is in short of operability. 2.3 Outdated logistics technology Although China,in a short term,has made great achievements that attract the attention of the world in terms of logistics industry and techniques,one has to admit that China is still left far behind world leading countries and as a whole,our logistics technology is outdated. To sum up,the disadvantage is mainly embodied as the following respects:

      2.3.1 Distribution and delivery facilities A significant orientation of logistics development is third-party logistics,of which freight distribution and delivery are essential components.Presently advanced foreign facilities of logistics distribution and delivery have reached the level of full automatization.A good example is a Japanese logistics center known as “White Bird” of Sanli Zhiguo Company.The center has an occupation of land of 4208 m ,a total area of 2774 square meters an d delivers 20000 boxes of goods to 200 wholesalers.111e center adopts automatic tiered warehouse facility for storage.For cold air release from the center of the warehouse and by taking advantage of the principle as “hot air ascends while cold air descends”,layers from the first to the fourth of the shelf are designed to be constant-temperature for storing chocolate candies while layers from the fifth to the eighth are room-temperature area for normal foods.The use of air conditioning reduced operation cost on building architectural compartments.Full automatization logistics system is adopted for operation.Goods are put into storage from the second floor.Sorting devices is in operation first; then stacking robots automatically pile the goods on stocks,which are delivered to automatic tiered warehouse by high.speed rail shuttles.The first floor is where the gods is shipped. High—speed rail shuttles are responsible for delivering the goods to sorting work station.When shipment preparations done,the goods are stored in preparation areas ready for delivery. Due to the adoption of automatic controlling devices,the error rate of shipment at the logistics center has been dramatically reduced.Moreover,the causes could be found rapidly once an y mistake appears an d service quality will not be affected.

      Another example is Shayiku logistics center of Sagawa Express Company in Japan.The center contains 44308 m2 with the total area of 798m.This five-?floor building of armored-?structure has the largest architecture scale in Asia.The first an d second floors of the center are platform working areas,third to fifth are logistics processing areas(offering logistics service for the third party)and on the roof are park and helipad.This logistics center locates at the middle region of Japan,covering 320 distribution and delivery network points of the whole nation.Sorting work is done overnight of the same day when gods brought here at the evening.At the morning of next day,the sorted goods will be delivered to nation-wide network points.At the same time when recipients of the center receiving goods,they use wireless data terminals to transmit the data of sorting,distribution and delivery to distribution center instandy.Goods could be directly put onto conveying belt for sorting without any other operation.The handling capacity per hour is 79000 pieces.

      As the product of social economy development and socialization division of labor,distribution and delivery center will undoubtedly vary according to the change of demands in social economy development. The majority of domestic enterprises have low logistics level,weak logistics awareness and weak distributio 21 n capability.Besides,faced with little business competition pressures an d relaxing demands for third-party logistics,the enterprises still remain on the basis of the traditional understanding of logistics: large and complete or small an d complete.2.3.2 Insufficient focus on modern inform action technology Currendy certain regions and local authorities attach great importance to the development planning of logistics.But they ignore that modern logistics must depend upon modern information technology .One ma y easily draw the conclusion from the development history of logistics industry that there won’t be model logistics without modem information technology .An optimized system will never take its shape unless logistics,capital flow,information flow and clients are brought into an organic corporation by making use of modern inform action technology . The construction of modern information technology base and facilities are the primary factors that should be considered in the construction and planning of logistics centers and parks.

      2.3.3Abuse of “l(fā)ogistic center” and its like Nowadays many small-size freight stations and even certain private minishopstiled themselves as “l(fā)ogistics centers”or other similar names that have been fashionable and popular .However,this sort of phenomenon will harm the development of logistics severely for the possibility of causing people's misunderstanding of logistics.Therefore the essence of such a case is distorting logistic centers.As a matter of fact,according to China Logistics Norms on Technical Terms,the definition of logistics center is:the site or organization that engages in logistics activities.A logistic center should fit into the following requirements:1)primarily offering service for the society;2)having complete and sound logistics functions;3)having complete information network;4)with large radiation and influential areas;5)with limited varieties but large quantities;6)with strong storage or handling capacity; and 7)having unified management and administration over l stics business.The definition shows us that the basic requirements and qualifications for logistic center are fairly high.Whereas almost none of the so-called logistic centers that are now existent meet the standard and requirements listed above. 2.4 Low-quality service provided by logistics enterprise At present,most of domestic logistics enterprises,for their weakness in service capability,only bear basic business such as transportation,loading,un loading or storage while they have limited ability in handling value-added service as custom declaration,stock management,allotting,distribution and processing in circulation despite their intentions of doing those business.Moreover,for the reasons of staff qualification,capital an d equipment,service quality is unsatisfactory.According to the relative data,over 30% clients of those employ third-party logistics enterprises are not satisfied with the service.85% of logistics service provided by third-party logistics companies is basic service as transportation an d storage while only 1 5% goes to valued services like information,processing and financing.On top of that,affecting by important factors involving regional shortcomings,limited operation scope,out-of-date operation approaches and low-efficiency storage(or delivery)service,logistics talents,particularly the comprehensive management talents mastering specialized knowledge are difficult to find their positions in the market in today’s China in spite of high salaries.The main reasons of low.quality service provided by domestic logistics enterprises lie in that the three elements of logistics,management,technique and talent are far from balanced development.Presently China’s highway,railway,civil aviation and port are run separately and diversified from each other in many respects as the way of organizing service specification,norms for technique and equipments.In most case,enterprises offer logistics service by merely making use of unitary transport mode that trans regional vans commonly travel without any goods when they return.Furthermore,barriers come into being one after another that logistics system could not run smoothly although the system should be.An important element that directly affects service quality is the shortage of professional talents in logistics area.In China,logistics talents,in particular comprehensive management talents mastering expertise,are hard to hunt although they are demanded with high salaries.2.5 Insufficient attention paid to enterprise logistics

      According to present situations,domestically large-size logistics(i.e.the logistics facing circulation field)is obviously stronger than enterprise logistics(i.e.the logistics facing production field)whether it is regarding how qualified the professional practitioner team is,or how many enterprises participate,or how much the society attached importance to.Because of that,there is a saying goes as “China’s logistics is still wan dering at the gate of enterprises”.It is for certain that the saying is overstated .A few of our enterprises as Haier Group have excellent performance in enterprise logistics.While what is undeniable that the enterprise logistics in China are lagging behind.Statistics show that 26% of the 450 large or medium size enterprises surveyed in 1999 take care of their own logistics independently, leave the business handled by third party,68.8% adopt the cooperation measure.a(chǎn)mong which 42.3% business of 30% enterprises went to the third party.36.5% of 30% to 60% enterprises go to third party.26%of 26% enterprises went to third party.2.5.1Norms for technical terms

      Although China had enacted “Norms for logistics Technical Terms” in 2001.currently great numbers of newly emerged technical terms that are frequently read in related articles or materials haven’t been brought into national norins,which has brought inconvenience to the further popularization and application of logistics. For instance.1ots of provinces and cities have planned or are planning various logistics circles,which are called commercial logistics circles or ecology logistics circles.Another question is that what’s the difference between logistics park and logistics base? Everyone thinks in his way and will not be convinced . 2.5.2 logistics facilities and equipments

      Presently there exists no com only accepted Horn3 for the facilities and equipments of domestic logistics.Imported from abroad,some equipments introduce nOIITIS of foreign countries,some equipments are self-ma de that what they adopt norms in enterprises,and some other equipments even haven't any Horn3. Nonexistence of com only recognized norms brings about enterprises and clients a series of problems such as the difficulty of purchasing fittings for maintenance as well as different operation procedures.A good example is the tray that used most com only in logistics.Large quantities of trays in foreign countries could be used for general purposes because they adopt salne norms. While in China,for different norms,trays sometimes have to be demounted and returned to the manufacturers after goods delivered,which may waste influence manpower and material resources.2.6 Severely insufficient logistics talents 2.6.1 Small number of logistics specialists In order to develop China’s logistics industry,a skeleton team that dedicated in logistics and reasonable numbers of proficient specialists are in need except the support from governmental departments.The theoretical system of logistics hasn’t been established until now.Though more and more scholars and specialists are joining the ranks of logistics study and popularization,those who qualified for“l(fā)ogistics specialists”are limited.1ogistics specialists are the tower of strength for popularizing and applying logistics.2.6.2Severely insufficient resources for cultivating logistics professional talents

      China already listed modem logistics industry as one of the four newly.emerging industries and logistics professional talents as one of top ten high demand talents.Lacking of logistics professional talents has become the bottleneck of developing modem logistics industry in China.According to elementary statistics,there are more than 40OOOO state owned stock.holding companies and“three

      capital enterprises”(which are foreign funded,joint venture and cooperative). Suppose that universities and colleges recruit 60 students every year,and every enterprise employs a student major in logistics every 5 years,and the supply of logistics talents is still far from meeting the demand.It can be anticipated that in a fairly long period demand for logistics talents will rema in exceeding the supply.Presently,China offers education at different levels,namely,graduates courses,undergraduates' courses,specialty courses and secondary technical 23 schools.However,scientific educational objective system for logistics hasn't taken shape in China.Schools,colleges and universities now design courses and inter ships according to respective understanding of logistics,lacking general guiding.Some schools,which offer logistics specialty and recruit large number of students since logistics professional talents are popular,by no means have any teaching staff or infrastructures that needed for logistics.Specialists work for concerned departments an d organizations complied certain teaching materials.but for various reasons these materials are far from satisfying the requirements in logistics professional education.These teaching materials are either unsystematic or the contents are incomplete. 2.7 Incomplete enterprise managerial system At present,problems involving incomplete enterprise managerial system,imperfect and unsystematic business materials commonly exist in China’s logistics enterprises.Many logistics enterprises such as post office originally have strict regulations over all—round working procedures,but some accidents that could have been avoided are caused because the implementation of those regulations are watered down more or less. For instance,the regulation says that for tracking down where it is in case of accident registered post parcels must be kept record at every large post station on its way to destination.At present,problems involving incomplete enterprise managerial system,imperfect and unsystematic business materials commonly exist in China’s logistics enterprises.Many logistics enterprises such as post office originally have strict regulations over all—round working procedures,but some accidents that could have been avoided are caused because the implementation of those regulations are watered down more or less. For instance,the regulation says that for tracking down where it is in case of accident registered post parcels must be kept record at every large post station on its way to destination.Some logistics enterprises are serious and prudent when they constitute relevant operating manuals and web pages.But after a certain period of time,they can not maintain the materials as at the beginning and thus cause the com on problems presently exist in part of logistics enterprises:new regulations and contents not listed,manuals and web pages not up dated in time,some new regulations and rules not conveyed to operators,clients and users not receive the latest business information.2.8 Inadequate measure for environment protection With the development of logistics industry,led by traffic and transport problems as urban atmospheric pollution,leftover materials from the processing an d production of consumer products,wrapping wastes from logistics process,environment protection seems increasingly important.Elaborately protecting the global environment and resources shared by human being,ensuring sustained economy and production development as well as considering our offspring have become the com on goal of the universe. Presently some of domestic logistics enterprises haven’t been fully aware of the significance of environment protection that they haven’t adopted an y effective measures.For instance.some logistics enterprises locating themselves at downtown city caused that urban environment have been polluted seriously by coal,oil,special or,wastes and equipment noise.Besides,some other logistics flammables and explosives,severely.enterprises keep great deal of which threat urban security severely.2.9 Shortage of modem system technology bearing intellectual property rights Be faced with increasingly intense market competition.enterprises ask for stringent demands of modem logistics system.Products of overseas top—ranking logistics companies discovered that China has a vast market prospect of logistics,are pouring into China.However,importing modem logistics system is not only cosdy but also dependent.In long—run operation,another disadvantage is the shortage of effective,timely service and technical support.Therefore ,developing modem logistics system and technology with self-determined intellectual property rights domestically has significant meaning.The innovation fruits bearing self-determined property rights have been achieved but large gap between ours and foreign leading counterparts still exist. 3 Major countermeasures 24 3.1 Strengthening inter-governmental coordination and constituting normative policies for the development of logistics industry After China’s access to WTO,its logistics market will be open wider to the outside world,which will bring great pressure on most logistics enterprises.Under the impact of foreign forces,immense changes will take place in available state—own ed enterprises or departments in terms of compatibility. which will kad towasting of resources and increase in the cost of logistics activities.Logistics is such a complicated industry that it requires the cooperation of every respect.If departments at different levels only take its own benefit into account or even set up local or departmental economy barriers,logistics industry will never develop towards healthiness. Therefore,related departments of China’s government should play a role as the guider to macro—administrate logistics market,combine overseas theories and experiences with China’s practical situation,study our development mode,constitute general planning for logistics development and propose concrete measures adapting to the condition of the country.To met the challenges from overseas enterprises and to further standardize China’s logistics market,governmental departments must constitute authentic logistics regulations and policies,perfect logistics nornls,promote certification hales for logistics enterprises,train managers and administration staff and strictly implement the system of “carrying out one’s job with certificate or qualification”.the purpose to make logistics know and support by head of governmental departments at different levels,logistics specialists ma y also be invited to give a lecture if condition permits.Because logistics activities as transport,packing,storage,distribution,delivery,freight,etc.,involve in dozen of departments including the Ministry of Communications,the Ministry of Railway,the General Bureau of Civil Aviation,the Ministry of Commerce,custom,industrial,commercial an d taxation department,an d in order to avoid meeting various different policies as well as to ensure the coordination and cooperation among governmental departments,China should establish coordinating systems to deal with these departments.A proposal is to conduct nation wide vertical management as how departments of post and telecommunication,industry and commerce,taxation operate,which is to say that the state build up a national logistics administration to handle logistics business and constitute for logistics across the nation. The alternative is that governmental comprehensive administration will be in charge of coordinating policies enacted by every department.The third choice is to compose an interdepartmental association or policy committee,involving related governmental departments as its members,to promote the development of logistics.The association or committee will be responsible for study,constitute an d coordinate relevant policies that ale essential to the development of members while its concrete operation institutions could be acted by governmental comprehensive administrations.Constituting standardized policies including the administration regulations and policy adjustment.In order to create a pretty relaxing policy environment,China’s relevant departments should put available regulations ,rules and systems that influence the development of logistics industry in order,especially to make clear the policies that may ham per fair competition or limit market access.Secondly,governments should study and constitute logistics administration system and relevan t policies that fit into the socialist market economy system and logistics development to ensure the healthy development of China’s logistics industry in an environment of standardized administration system. 3.2 Developing logistics education through multi channels It’s unlikely to make use of full time national education to solve the problem of lacking logistics professional talents in short term. Since it requires not only high qualification teaching staff to offer logistics specialty,but also corresponding teaching facilities and equipments,not every school is able to reach the requirements in short period of time.The combination ways have to be adopted,among which feasibility is to learn from overseas experiences to popularizing the system of practitioner qualification and certificates .Through this way .massive talents would learn or study logistics knowledge,which will get instant effect.Apart from that,logistics training courses might be offered regularly or irregularly in condition.a(chǎn)llowed place to cultivate talents.For ensuring 25 talents quality,relevant administration departments of State Ministry of Education should organize specialists to constitute unitary evaluation for logistics specialty,standardize core courses with the purpose of supervise an d urge schools at different levels to improve teaching quality.National academic or professional groups,organizations and associations could often organize certain symposiums regarding practical teaching to help schools run logistics specialty more effectively.3.3 Popularizing all-around green logistics administration The precondition of popularizing green logistics administration is the popularization of ISO14000 serial standards,which is a set of international non'ns regarding environment administration an d its system certification.Only by getting through environmental system certification,logistics enterprises are able to genuinely realize green logistics administration.Many contents ale involved in green logistics administration,the following ale major ones:adopting preventative measures for environmental problems emerged from logistics activities,making the most of green materials when process consumer products,using green packaging in transportation,setting up a complete set of disposal procedures and measures aiming at wastes.

      Another essential measure is carefully an d scientifically selecting the location of logistics center based on serious argumentation.Governmental administrations should strictly check on the application materials.3.4 Adopting Effective Measures to Encourage Technical Innovation Modem logistics system integrates machinery,electrics,hydraulic,light,computer and information.The content mainly involves automatic storage system,automatic transportation system,automatic guiding system,automacted job system,logical control system,computer integrated management system,etc. Modem logistics systematic technology is a comprehensive subject including artificial intelligence,image recognition,computer simulation,network,wireless communication,infrared communication,laser guidance & positioning and robot technology.To achieve breakthroughs in the respect of modem logistic systematic technology,specialists from various fields should work jointly to tackle key problems.State administrations concerned ma y also set key problems as the prior research orientation of nation funded projects on natural science. A hematively,modem logistics projects could be regarded separately as the project to tackling key problems,domestic specialists organized to exert all their effort in developing innovation fruits bearing intellectual property rights,prizes set up especially for modem logistics and handsome reward awarded to in ovation achievements with intelectual property rights. 3.5 Practicing win-win cooperation to form large scale group Some logistics companies in developed countries,through various forms.recombination,capital expansion,annex and reconstruction transnational comprehensive logistics enterprises with solid capitals,advanced technologies and top-ranking administration already came into being.While most of China’s logistics enterprises,with the shortcomings of small scale,weak strength,low capability,ale at disadvantage in market competition with international large—sized logistics companies. Therefl0re.domestic medium or small sized logistics enterprises may establish strategic cooperation partnership with overseas large—scale enterprises by taking the advantage of domestic network,facility,low—cost human capital,or reciprocally purchase or merger to form large—scale groups developing towards comprehensive logistics industry.4 conclusions Although China’s logistics industry has developed only in a short period of time and there exist many difficulties or problems,the general tendency of logistics development is promising.With the powerful support from government.Only if logistics practitioners work hand in hand,China’s logistics industry would have a bright tomorrow.a(chǎn)nd our logistics level will undoubtedly keep up with and exceed world—leading counterparts in the near future. References [1] Lui Yihong.Wen Xuewei.China logistics development 2002 in retrospect.China logistics net,2003.(in Chinese)[2] Hang Shaohua.Thoughts on planning the layout of logistics areas [J].1ogistics,20O2,2(8):78—79.(in Chinese)[3] Liu Yukun,Zhang Xiaoping,Huang Tianyou,Zhao Bin.Enterprise logistics iS the key to the development of China Slogistics[J].e Circulate of China’S Matter,20O2,4(2):17-18.(in Chinese)[4] Chen Gong.Whal arethe conditions and strategiesfor developing China’S modem logistics?l J J.Prices and Markets,2003,6(1):26.(in Chinese)[5]Aderson K D,Crnm M R E.Relationshop of work improvement program experienceand logistics quality management factorsl [J] Transportation Journal,1996,F(xiàn)au:83—85.

      [6] Meyer M D.Transport planning for urban areas:a retrospective look and future prospects [J].Journal of Advanced Transportation,2OOO,34(1):143—146 [7] Luo Shougui. Gao Ruxi. The developm ent conditions and strategies of modem logistics service in China[J].the Circulate 0f China’s Economy,2O02,5(3):12—14.(in Chinese)

      第二篇:探索射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在物流行業(yè)中的應(yīng)用

      探索射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在物流行業(yè)中的應(yīng)用

      【摘要】:射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)(RFID)以其數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)量大、讀寫速度快、數(shù)據(jù)安全性高、使用方便、讀寫距離遠(yuǎn)等顯著的特點(diǎn),正得到快速的認(rèn)可,并廣泛應(yīng)用于物流行業(yè)。本論文介紹了射頻識(shí)別技術(shù),分析了RFID技術(shù)在物流行業(yè)中的應(yīng)用,以及它在物流行業(yè)中成功的案例分析.【關(guān)鍵字】:射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)、物流行業(yè)、應(yīng)用、案例

      Explore RFID technology in logistic industry [abstract] : RFID technology with its data thereserves big, writing and reading speed, data security high, easy to use, reading and writing of distance and other significant characteristic, is to get fast recognition, and widely used in logistics industry.This paper introduces the RFID technology, analyzes the RFID technology in logistics industry, and its application in logistics industry successful case analysis.[key words] : RFID technology, logistics industry, application and case 0引言

      現(xiàn)代的物流,是以物流企業(yè)為主體、以第三方物流配送服務(wù)為主要形式、由物流和信息流相結(jié)合的、涉及供應(yīng)鏈全過程的現(xiàn)代物流系統(tǒng)。在信息化時(shí)代里面,隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、電子商務(wù)、交通運(yùn)輸和管理的現(xiàn)代化,現(xiàn)代物流配送也將在運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)合理化和銷售網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)化的基礎(chǔ)上,實(shí)現(xiàn)整個(gè)物流系統(tǒng)管理的電子化及信息化,配送各環(huán)節(jié)作業(yè)的自動(dòng)化和智能化,從而進(jìn)入以網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)和電子商務(wù)為代表的物流配送的新時(shí)期.此外,現(xiàn)代物流表現(xiàn)為企業(yè)生產(chǎn)與運(yùn)輸一體化的供應(yīng)鏈管理與服務(wù),將射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代的物流管理相結(jié)合,將會(huì)極大地提升物流管理各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的智能化水平和服務(wù)水平,其勢(shì)必成為21世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代物流發(fā)展的不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢(shì)。

      1正文

      1、射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)的介紹 1、1射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)定義 射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)是一項(xiàng)利用射頻信號(hào)通過空間耦合(交變磁場(chǎng)或電磁場(chǎng))實(shí)現(xiàn)無接觸信息傳遞并通過所傳遞的信息達(dá)到識(shí)別目的的技術(shù)。射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)是以無線通訊技術(shù)和存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)為核心,伴隨著半導(dǎo)體、大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)的發(fā)展而逐步形成的。目前,應(yīng)用最廣泛的自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù)大致可以分為光學(xué)技術(shù)和無線電技術(shù)兩個(gè)方面。1、2射頻系統(tǒng)的組成及基本工作流程

      RFID系統(tǒng)因應(yīng)用不同其組成會(huì)有所不同,但基本都由電子標(biāo)簽、閱讀器、和數(shù)據(jù)交換與管理系統(tǒng)三大部分組成。標(biāo)簽(Tag,即射頻卡):由耦合元件及芯片組成,標(biāo)簽含有內(nèi)置天線,用于和射頻天線間進(jìn)行通信。閱讀器(Reader):讀取(在讀寫卡中還可以寫入)標(biāo)簽信息的設(shè)備。天線(Antenna):在標(biāo)簽和讀取器間傳遞射頻信號(hào)。

      系統(tǒng)的基本工作流程是:閱讀器通過發(fā)射天線發(fā)送一定頻率的射頻信號(hào),當(dāng)射頻卡進(jìn)入發(fā)射天線工作區(qū)域時(shí)產(chǎn)生感應(yīng)電流,射頻卡獲得能量被激活;射頻卡將自身編碼等信息通過卡內(nèi)置發(fā)送天線發(fā)送出去;系統(tǒng)接收天線接收到從射頻卡發(fā)送來的載波信號(hào),經(jīng)天線調(diào)節(jié)器傳送到閱讀器,閱讀器對(duì)接收的信號(hào)進(jìn)行解調(diào)和解碼然后送到后臺(tái)主系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行相關(guān)處理;主系統(tǒng)根據(jù)邏輯運(yùn)算判斷該卡的合法性,針對(duì)不同的設(shè)定做出相應(yīng)的處理和控制,發(fā)出指令信號(hào)控制執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)動(dòng)作。1、3射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)

      和傳統(tǒng)的磁卡、IC卡相比,射頻卡最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于非接觸,因此完成自動(dòng)識(shí)別過程無需人工干預(yù),適合實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)的自動(dòng)化。除此之外,射頻卡不易損壞,可識(shí)別高速運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體,能同時(shí)識(shí)別多個(gè)射頻卡,操作快捷方便,數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)容量大, 對(duì)于需要頻繁改變數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容的場(chǎng)合尤為適用。

      但是RFID標(biāo)簽的價(jià)格制約了它的廣泛應(yīng)用。要獲得行業(yè)內(nèi)廣泛應(yīng)用,標(biāo)簽的價(jià)格必須降到一定的范圍之內(nèi)。除此之外,標(biāo)簽的應(yīng)用要與閱讀器相配也離不開系統(tǒng)集成軟件的支持,系統(tǒng)集成工作具有相當(dāng)大的挑戰(zhàn)性,耗費(fèi)的成本也相當(dāng)高。

      技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也是制約RFID發(fā)展的一大障礙。現(xiàn)有協(xié)議過多過濫,術(shù)語不統(tǒng)一,更重要的是,缺乏全球共同遵守的權(quán)威統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),RFID難以在實(shí)踐中不斷完善。RFID采用頻段之爭(zhēng)又是一大障礙。要用RFID技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)全球物流領(lǐng)域的信息 1 交換,必須有全球統(tǒng)一的物流RFID頻段。1、4 RFID在國(guó)內(nèi)外的應(yīng)用前景 1.4.1 RFID在國(guó)外的應(yīng)用前景

      RFID在國(guó)外除了備受零售商推崇外,已經(jīng)廣泛的應(yīng)用到期他的領(lǐng)域中,這些領(lǐng)域可謂五花八門。可以說,未來的世界是RFID技術(shù)的世界。1.4.2 RFID在中國(guó)的應(yīng)用前景

      就中國(guó)企業(yè)的現(xiàn)實(shí)管理水平和信息化程度來講,與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比,都會(huì)比較低。中國(guó)出現(xiàn)真正嚴(yán)格意義上的企業(yè),到現(xiàn)在時(shí)間也不是太長(zhǎng)。所以在這樣一個(gè)短時(shí)間內(nèi),一下子管理水平和信息化程度要趕上西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家是不太現(xiàn)實(shí)的。因?yàn)镽FID是一個(gè)自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù),這必須要有一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)的信息系統(tǒng)作為支撐。中國(guó)因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)的信息化起步比較晚,所以可以走跨越式發(fā)展的道路。如果RFID應(yīng)用到商業(yè)流通領(lǐng)域,其市場(chǎng)之大將難以估量。但目前,RFID技術(shù)在國(guó)際上還沒有形成統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)??上驳氖?,中國(guó)在RFID技術(shù)與應(yīng)用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究工作上已經(jīng)奠定了一定的基礎(chǔ),中國(guó)RFID標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系框架的研究工作已基本完成,做好了在頻率上的規(guī)劃。下一步,無疑是希望產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展能夠建立在自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系之上。

      2、物流行業(yè)對(duì)射頻技術(shù)的應(yīng)用

      RFID技術(shù)發(fā)展異常迅速,并且已經(jīng)深入應(yīng)用到很多領(lǐng)域。例如,鐵路車輛的自動(dòng)識(shí)別,生產(chǎn)線的自動(dòng)化及過程控制,貨物的跟蹤及管理等。在物流領(lǐng)域主要用于對(duì)物品跟蹤,運(yùn)載工具和貨架等的識(shí)別方面。以下是一些典型運(yùn)用。

      (1)集裝箱自動(dòng)識(shí)別系統(tǒng)

      集裝箱上安裝標(biāo)簽。當(dāng)運(yùn)送集裝箱的汽車、火車、貨船到達(dá)或離開貨場(chǎng)時(shí),通過射頻識(shí)別設(shè)備,對(duì)集裝箱進(jìn)行自動(dòng)識(shí)別,并將識(shí)別信息通過包括EDI在內(nèi)的各種網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信設(shè)施傳遞給各種信息系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)集裝箱的動(dòng)態(tài)跟蹤管理,提高集裝箱的運(yùn)輸效率。

      (2)智能托盤系統(tǒng)

      在每個(gè)托盤上都安裝射頻標(biāo)簽,把射頻識(shí)別器安裝在托盤進(jìn)出倉(cāng)庫(kù)的必經(jīng)通道口的上方。當(dāng)叉車裝載著托盤貨物通過時(shí),識(shí)別器便獲取標(biāo)簽內(nèi)的信息,并傳遞給計(jì)算機(jī),記錄托盤的通過情況;當(dāng)托盤裝滿貨物時(shí),自動(dòng)稱重系統(tǒng)便會(huì)自動(dòng)比較裝載貨物的總重量與存儲(chǔ)在計(jì)算機(jī)中的單個(gè)托盤的重量,從而獲取差異,了 解貨物的實(shí)時(shí)信息。通過使用射頻技術(shù),可以實(shí)時(shí)地獲得倉(cāng)庫(kù)中的貨物、托盤狀況,進(jìn)而提高倉(cāng)庫(kù)的管理水平。

      (3)通道控制系統(tǒng)

      為倉(cāng)庫(kù)中可重復(fù)使用的各個(gè)包裝箱都安裝上作為唯一標(biāo)識(shí)的射頻標(biāo)簽,在包裝箱進(jìn)出倉(cāng)庫(kù)的通道進(jìn)出口處安裝射頻識(shí)讀器,識(shí)別器天線固定在上方。當(dāng)包裝箱通過天線所在處時(shí),計(jì)算機(jī)把從標(biāo)簽里獲得的信息與主數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里的信息進(jìn)行比較,正確時(shí)綠色信號(hào)亮,包裝箱可以通過,如果不正確,則激活紅色信號(hào),同時(shí)將時(shí)間和日期記錄在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中。該系統(tǒng)消除了以往采用紙張單證管理系統(tǒng)時(shí)常出現(xiàn)的人為錯(cuò)誤,排除了以往不堪重負(fù)的運(yùn)輸超負(fù)載荷現(xiàn)象,從而建立了高速、有效的信息輸入途徑。這樣就可以在高速移動(dòng)的過程中獲取信息,大大節(jié)省時(shí)間。同時(shí)代系統(tǒng)采用的射頻標(biāo)簽還可使公司快速獲得信息回饋,包括損壞信息、可能取消的訂貨信息,從而減低消費(fèi)者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

      (4)配送過程中貴重物品的保護(hù)

      在保稅倉(cāng)庫(kù)中可能會(huì)存儲(chǔ)著價(jià)值貴重的物品,為了防止物品被盜,及防止裝著這些物品的托盤放錯(cuò)位置而導(dǎo)致延遲交貨,可以采用射頻識(shí)別技術(shù),以保證叉車按正確設(shè)置的線路移動(dòng)托盤,減低在非監(jiān)控控制道路上貨物被盜的可能。在倉(cāng)庫(kù)內(nèi)配備懸浮在上方的識(shí)讀器,給叉車裝備射頻標(biāo)簽。沿途經(jīng)過的詳細(xì)資料通過射頻連接從中央數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下載到叉車,這些信息包括正確的裝貨位置,沿途安裝的識(shí)讀器將提供經(jīng)由路徑。如果標(biāo)簽發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,叉車會(huì)被停止,由管理者重新設(shè)置交通路徑,同時(shí)自動(dòng)稱重并實(shí)時(shí)提供監(jiān)控信息。

      (5)貨物防盜系統(tǒng)

      在需要重點(diǎn)防盜的商品上都裝有射頻標(biāo)簽。當(dāng)裝有商品的車輛通過裝有射頻識(shí)別器的出口時(shí),識(shí)別器可實(shí)時(shí)識(shí)別每件商品上的標(biāo)簽信息,如有不被授予權(quán)出去的商品,就可被限制運(yùn)出。通過運(yùn)用射頻識(shí)別系統(tǒng)可識(shí)別高速移動(dòng)的物體及可同時(shí)識(shí)別有多個(gè)標(biāo)簽的特點(diǎn),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)多件商品在運(yùn)輸過程中的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控。

      3、案例分析——沃爾瑪借助RFID快速補(bǔ)貨,強(qiáng)化核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力

      美國(guó)零售商巨頭沃爾瑪在全球零售行業(yè)中享有的巨大優(yōu)勢(shì)無非就是其配送系統(tǒng)效率最高;射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)標(biāo)簽是其不斷更新持續(xù)快速地補(bǔ)充貨架的物流戰(zhàn)略的殺手锏避免了貨物無故脫銷和短缺。毫無疑問,按照沃爾瑪?shù)囊髮?shí)施快速補(bǔ) 充貨架的物流戰(zhàn)略必然造成貨運(yùn)成本的增加,但是這些成本可以通過RFID等零售市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)鏈技術(shù)功能效益和投資回報(bào)率的提高,降低存貨成本,再加上供應(yīng)商和制造商等合伙人的緊密合作,在RFID標(biāo)簽技術(shù)普遍運(yùn)用下,擴(kuò)大信息技術(shù)在供應(yīng)鏈管理中的作用,從供貨源頭開始就致力于物流成本的降低,最終能達(dá)到零售行業(yè)整體利潤(rùn)的提高。

      RFID技術(shù)標(biāo)簽的操作方式其實(shí)相當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單,而且只需少數(shù)人管理,其貨物的跟蹤和存貨搜索效率高得驚人,大幅提高了存貨管理水平,減少庫(kù)存和降低物流成本;沃爾瑪商場(chǎng)的工作人員手持射頻識(shí)標(biāo)簽技術(shù)識(shí)讀器定時(shí)走進(jìn)商場(chǎng)銷售大廳或者貨物倉(cāng)庫(kù),用其發(fā)射天線對(duì)所有的貨物一掃,貨架上的、倉(cāng)庫(kù)中的,甚至還沒來得及裝卸而仍然留在卡車上的各種貨物的數(shù)量、存量等動(dòng)態(tài)信息,全部自動(dòng)出現(xiàn)在識(shí)讀器的熒光屏幕上,已經(jīng)缺貨和即將發(fā)生短缺的貨物欄目會(huì)發(fā)出提示警告聲光信號(hào),沒有任何缺漏,必要的時(shí)候可以隨即打印出來。

      RFID技術(shù)的使用物流管理過程都將變成一個(gè)完全透明的體系是沃爾瑪核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的推進(jìn)器。沃爾瑪從中得到的利益:(1)減少統(tǒng)計(jì)差錯(cuò)、即時(shí)獲得準(zhǔn)確的信息流,進(jìn)一步降低在供應(yīng)鏈各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)上的安全存貨量和運(yùn)營(yíng)資本;(2)提高物流的自動(dòng)化程度與處理效率,減少雇傭員工、降低勞動(dòng)成本;(3)加大商品的監(jiān)控與管理力度,有效防止盜竊現(xiàn)象和因遺忘等原因造成的商品損耗;強(qiáng)化設(shè)備管理,優(yōu)化配置設(shè)備與提高設(shè)備的使用率;(4)更加透明和快速地了解各種商品在門店的銷售情況,并進(jìn)一步減少因?yàn)樨浖苌先必洺龈訝I(yíng)業(yè)額損失,從而對(duì)顧客的需求變化做出更加敏捷的反應(yīng);(5)加速購(gòu)物的統(tǒng)計(jì)與結(jié)算過程,減少排隊(duì)付款的時(shí)間,改善顧客的購(gòu)物體驗(yàn),進(jìn)而獲得更高的顧客滿意度和忠誠(chéng)度。

      3結(jié)論

      射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在中國(guó)處于一個(gè)剛剛起步的階段,但是它的發(fā)展?jié)摿κ蔷薮蟮?,它的前景非常誘人。在信息社會(huì),對(duì)于各種信息的獲取及處理要求快速、準(zhǔn)確、在不久的將來RFID技術(shù)就將同其它識(shí)別技術(shù)一樣深入我們的生活、改善我們的生活。對(duì)于這樣一個(gè)新技術(shù),我們應(yīng)當(dāng)加強(qiáng)宣傳力度,希望能夠盡早普及它,利用它,提高我們的工作效率和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

      參考文獻(xiàn) 【1】李蘇劍,游戰(zhàn)清.無線射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)理論與應(yīng)用,電子工業(yè)出版社. 【2】吳曉峰,陳大才,譯.射頻識(shí)別技術(shù),第3版.電子工業(yè)出版社,芬肯才勒(德).

      【3】周曉光,王曉華.射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)原理與應(yīng)用實(shí)例RFID,人民郵電出版社.. 【4】李文菲,張娟,朱文利 現(xiàn)代物流裝備與技術(shù)實(shí)務(wù),人民郵電出版社 【5】Quarterman Lee.Facility Planning’s Hidden Link.IIE Solutions 【6】Render,Heizer.Operations Management.New York:Prentice Hall,2001

      第三篇:射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在酒類防偽中的應(yīng)用

      淺析射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在酒類防偽中的應(yīng)用

      近年來由于改革開放以及中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織的影響,我國(guó)的釀酒行業(yè)在技術(shù)以及新品的研發(fā)上有了長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展。酒類產(chǎn)品的制作工藝以及產(chǎn)銷量也在不斷提高。具不完全統(tǒng)計(jì),截止2010年底酒類行業(yè)的工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值已經(jīng)突破2千億元,其中白酒占總產(chǎn)值的65%紅酒占到了總產(chǎn)值的30%以上,但是由于酒類市場(chǎng)的不斷發(fā)展壯大,使越來越多的不法分子看到其中所存在的巨大利益,假冒偽劣的酒類制品屢禁不止極大地破壞了市場(chǎng)環(huán)境,對(duì)企業(yè)造成了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失也嚴(yán)重影響了人們的身體健康與生命安全。在這種情況之下我們迫切需要一種新的防偽管理技術(shù)來有效制止假冒劣質(zhì)酒在市場(chǎng)的流通,建立起監(jiān)管追溯一條龍的運(yùn)營(yíng)模式。而射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)(RFID)可以有效的解決這一難題,該技術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于為每一瓶酒加裝一個(gè)獨(dú)一無二的電子身份證。從原產(chǎn)品的種植,倉(cāng)儲(chǔ),物流運(yùn)輸,到經(jīng)銷商的信息進(jìn)行全面的記錄并提供查詢服務(wù),建立起生命鏈防偽溯源管理從根本上杜絕假酒的產(chǎn)生。

      一、酒類防偽現(xiàn)狀以及存在的問題 我國(guó)大小酒制品企業(yè)30000多家,但是真正獲取生產(chǎn)許可的只有不到1萬家,而在2005年的酒類生產(chǎn)資格調(diào)查中顯示通過率僅為百分之15%,這說明中小企業(yè)假冒偽劣侵權(quán)行為嚴(yán)重,并潛在食品安全性問題。此現(xiàn)象發(fā)生的原因是因?yàn)樾袠I(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)比較集中,傳統(tǒng)名優(yōu)酒類品牌知名度高,但行業(yè)防偽手段落后,使得不法分子選擇對(duì)高端酒類造假成為其快速謀取暴利的手段。據(jù)《北京晨報(bào)》2010年12月23日?qǐng)?bào)道,河北昌黎縣周邊少數(shù)葡萄酒廠家生產(chǎn)假冒偽劣葡萄酒,傍名牌一條龍?jiān)旒傩袨橛葹椴保o當(dāng)?shù)氐闹咸丫破髽I(yè)造成了嚴(yán)重的影響,一瓶成本幾塊錢的酒經(jīng)過灌裝,貼牌,包裝后就成了知名品牌的酒,價(jià)格也翻了十幾倍。盡管各知名酒商不斷進(jìn)行防偽措施的更新?lián)Q代,但歸根結(jié)底造成此類原因的問題在于以下三方面:一是大酒廠防偽手段落后;二是標(biāo)簽貼裝工藝簡(jiǎn)單容易造假(通過標(biāo)簽生產(chǎn)商,回收等);三是標(biāo)簽可識(shí)別性差,消費(fèi)者不能判斷標(biāo)簽真?zhèn)巍,F(xiàn)有酒類商品防偽手段主要分為:數(shù)碼防偽(短信防偽),光學(xué)防偽,化學(xué)油墨防偽,條形碼防偽,包裝防偽等。這些防偽手段在制作商具備一定的科技含量,但都存在相似的缺點(diǎn)即;防偽信息肉眼可見。包裝和防偽標(biāo)簽可被回收再利用或被仿制。而且仿制的產(chǎn)品其外觀特征與原包裝幾乎相同,消費(fèi)者能難辨別真?zhèn)?。所以需要研發(fā)一種新型防偽技術(shù)改善這些存在的問題,提高企業(yè)的防偽管理水平。

      二、國(guó)內(nèi)外酒類RFID技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及應(yīng)用情況(一)RFID射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)及工作原理:

      RFID(RadioFrequencyIdentification)是一種無線射頻識(shí)別技術(shù),它是自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù)的一種。從概念上來講,RFID類似于條碼掃描,對(duì)于條碼技術(shù)而言,它是將已編碼的條形碼附著于目標(biāo)物并使用專用的掃描讀寫器利用光信號(hào)將信息由條形磁傳送到掃描讀寫器;而RFID則使用專用的RFID讀寫器及專門的可附著于目標(biāo)物的RFID標(biāo)簽,利用頻率信號(hào)將信息由RFID標(biāo)簽傳送至RFID讀寫器。RFID系統(tǒng)組成如下圖所示。標(biāo)簽進(jìn)入磁場(chǎng)后,接收解讀器發(fā)出的射頻信號(hào),憑借感應(yīng)電流所獲得的能量發(fā)送出存儲(chǔ)在芯片中的產(chǎn)品信息(PassiveTag,無源標(biāo)簽或被動(dòng)標(biāo)簽),或者主動(dòng)發(fā)送某一頻率的信號(hào)(ActiveTag,有源標(biāo)簽或主動(dòng)標(biāo)簽);解讀器讀取信息并解碼后,送至中央信息系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)處理。

      (二)國(guó)外RFID發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

      美國(guó)早在1970年酒開始了RFID的民用化推廣,1980年末美國(guó)與歐洲的很多家公司開始生產(chǎn)RFID電子標(biāo)簽,如今RFID技術(shù)已被光放應(yīng)用到各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,如門禁管理,城市一卡通,物流管理追溯等。2006年初美國(guó)的EJGallo葡萄酒公司率先應(yīng)用了RFID標(biāo)簽,他的主要目的是進(jìn)行大范圍的倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)盤點(diǎn)以及貨物運(yùn)輸,但隨著市場(chǎng)的不斷發(fā)展擴(kuò)大,這種技術(shù)逐漸被運(yùn)用于酒類的溯源防偽領(lǐng)域。近年來德國(guó)的伏特加假酒案,印度假酒案致143人甲醇中毒死亡案等不斷涌現(xiàn),在這種情況之下大部分國(guó)外知名酒商紛紛采用了RFID射頻監(jiān)測(cè)手段來進(jìn)行有效的監(jiān)管。直至2010年初RFID酒類溯源技術(shù)已經(jīng)推廣到了歐洲9個(gè)國(guó)家以及美國(guó),印度等國(guó)。知名酒商如Jebson&Co,WolfBlassYellowLabelCabernetSauvignon等都率先采用這種技術(shù)。

      (三)國(guó)內(nèi)RFID發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

      RFID技術(shù)在國(guó)內(nèi)的應(yīng)用還不是很廣泛,只有部分領(lǐng)域使用了這種技術(shù),如公交一卡通,郵政包裹,二代身份證等,并且功能及作用范圍十分有限。2006年科技部等15部委發(fā)布《中國(guó)射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)政策白皮書》指出RFID產(chǎn)業(yè)將成為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的新增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn),并在重大項(xiàng)目尅申請(qǐng)指南中強(qiáng)調(diào):在“十一五”期間大力發(fā)展射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)。我國(guó)酒類制品造假由來已久,早在1994年山西溯州假酒案造成十幾人中毒死亡,使與本案無關(guān)的中國(guó)四大名酒之首山西汾酒從行業(yè)第一(“汾老大”)跌落20名以外,十余年不能恢復(fù)元?dú)?。?dāng)今假煙假酒盛行已是公開的事實(shí)。市場(chǎng)盛傳茅臺(tái)真假比例為1:9,五糧液真假比例為1:3,洋河真假比例為1:1,等等。這些是無法統(tǒng)計(jì)無法驗(yàn)證的。2009年末為響應(yīng)國(guó)家對(duì)于食品安全朔源的管理要求和提升行業(yè)品牌形象,五糧液、茅臺(tái)、雙鉤、瀘州老窖紛紛開始嘗試應(yīng)用RFID技術(shù)進(jìn)行防偽管理,但由于方案設(shè)計(jì)不夠成熟成本以及成本過高等原因,其實(shí)無法大力推廣使用。

      三、RFID酒類防偽追溯管理解決方案

      (一)防偽需求分析

      1.產(chǎn)品假冒:今年來各個(gè)知名白,紅酒廠家均被假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品所困擾,年損失幾千萬,使用的防偽技術(shù)老舊無法從源頭解決根本問題。2.消費(fèi)者對(duì)商品信息的需求:消費(fèi)者需要了解酒的質(zhì)量,是否假冒,以及產(chǎn)地,生產(chǎn)廠家,生產(chǎn)日期,品種,等級(jí)是否與實(shí)務(wù)相符以及酒的原料成分,生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境,制作工藝,文化內(nèi)涵等。3.生產(chǎn)企業(yè)對(duì)防偽信息的需求:需要做到高度可靠,難以偽造,保證物流過程產(chǎn)品安全等。4.流通企業(yè)對(duì)產(chǎn)品信息的需求:做到使用方便,操作簡(jiǎn)單,防偽及產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全信息能夠快速查詢,投入的設(shè)施和費(fèi)用企業(yè)能夠承擔(dān)。5.政府監(jiān)管部門對(duì)信息的需求:酒類流通監(jiān)管,結(jié)合管理制度建立產(chǎn)品履歷管理體系,產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)及鑒定信息等。

      (二)項(xiàng)目可行性分析

      選擇有市場(chǎng)基礎(chǔ)和雄厚實(shí)力并且迫切需要此類技術(shù)進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品完善工作的昌黎葡萄酒公司為試點(diǎn),建立基于RFID技術(shù)的酒類防偽綜合示范的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化基地,從酒的整個(gè)生產(chǎn)流程推行基于RFID技術(shù)的酒類防偽示范工程,開展酒類防偽綜合應(yīng)用試點(diǎn),項(xiàng)目運(yùn)營(yíng)成熟后在逐漸推廣到其他酒類企業(yè)。目前,酒類防偽系統(tǒng)在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)還處于導(dǎo)入期,需要廣泛的宣傳以及政府的支持。通過研究RFID在酒類防偽溯源中的應(yīng)用,提出低成本合理化的RFID技術(shù)解決方案,實(shí)現(xiàn)RFID技術(shù)在酒類行業(yè)的推廣,形成行業(yè)應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn),帶動(dòng)我國(guó)RFID技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的發(fā)展,同時(shí)也宣傳了酒類防偽溯源的離你那,推動(dòng)了傳統(tǒng)名優(yōu)白酒產(chǎn)業(yè)在“十一五”的健康發(fā)展,有利于出盡白酒產(chǎn)業(yè)向名優(yōu)白酒方向的發(fā)展。在技術(shù)方面,傳統(tǒng)的酒類防偽溯源技術(shù)存在著很多缺陷,如記載信息量太小,不能完整的記錄涉及的所有信息,信息只讀不支持寫入,識(shí)讀范圍小,容易損壞,不能適應(yīng)潮濕的環(huán)境等。而RFID則基于無線射頻技術(shù),可以完成對(duì)于標(biāo)簽內(nèi)容的識(shí)讀與數(shù)據(jù)集成,可以記載大量的商品物流信息等,并且可讀可寫式的記錄方式可以有效的做到產(chǎn)品的追溯工作能夠及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)存在的問題。此外,RFID標(biāo)簽具有使用壽命長(zhǎng),安全性高,對(duì)環(huán)境要求低等優(yōu)點(diǎn),擁有條形碼不具備的防水,防磁,耐高溫等性能。近年來RFID技術(shù)發(fā)展迅速,我國(guó)的鐵路,公交,郵政,物流,煙草,醫(yī)藥,公安等諸多行業(yè)都已經(jīng)使用了RFID技術(shù)。由于其技術(shù)給人帶來極大地方便,并且隨著價(jià)格的下降技術(shù)的完善,RFID技術(shù)正向日常生活工作的各個(gè)方面快速滲透。RFID的普及為基于RFID技術(shù)的酒類防偽系統(tǒng)研究提供了基礎(chǔ),通過研究RFID在酒類防偽系統(tǒng)中的技術(shù)應(yīng)用,有助于探索酒類防偽標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范,加快創(chuàng)新,推動(dòng)RFID產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。企業(yè)方面,基于RFID技術(shù)的酒類防偽追溯系統(tǒng)可以幫助企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的防偽規(guī)范和防偽操作流程,能夠利用RFID技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)采集提高工作效率,幫助企業(yè)提高監(jiān)管生產(chǎn)能力,擴(kuò)展品牌質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)勢(shì)。我國(guó)是酒制品生產(chǎn)大國(guó),酒類企業(yè)眾多,基于RFID的防偽溯源技術(shù)擁有廣闊的市場(chǎng)前景。

      消費(fèi)者方面,消費(fèi)者對(duì)于酒類的質(zhì)量,衛(wèi)生情況有著越來越高的要求。RFID酒類溯源防偽能夠提供給消費(fèi)者一系列的酒類信息并且保證酒品的安全,并能消費(fèi)者對(duì)于酒的知情權(quán)和選擇權(quán),使消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買的更放心。(三)總體方案 1.方案概述 在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益加劇的今天,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量已經(jīng)關(guān)乎到企業(yè)的生死,是每個(gè)企業(yè)都不能忽視的問題,企業(yè)必須加快技術(shù)革新,采用先進(jìn)的工藝技術(shù),加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)管,增強(qiáng)國(guó)內(nèi)外市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,減少投入,不斷提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。質(zhì)量管理對(duì)于企業(yè)是非?,F(xiàn)實(shí)的需求,在實(shí)現(xiàn)質(zhì)量的過程中,質(zhì)量追蹤起著重要的作用。系統(tǒng)覆蓋了從生產(chǎn)至出入庫(kù)至市場(chǎng)查詢等流通環(huán)節(jié),具有很高的完整性和靈活性。其與物流系統(tǒng)結(jié)合后,將具有強(qiáng)大的防偽防竄和全方位的追蹤溯源功能。該系統(tǒng)采用自動(dòng)化技術(shù),自動(dòng)識(shí)別技術(shù)以及信息加密技術(shù),給每件產(chǎn)品賦予唯一的身份標(biāo)簽,通過在生產(chǎn)過程中進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品賦碼及對(duì)流通銷售信息的監(jiān)管,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)每件酒類產(chǎn)品的物流,信息流進(jìn)行監(jiān)督管理和控制。方案以RFID技術(shù)為數(shù)據(jù)管理手段,對(duì)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)分銷等環(huán)節(jié)的作業(yè)過程進(jìn)行自動(dòng)識(shí)別實(shí)現(xiàn)信息化管理,以確保業(yè)務(wù)過程中對(duì)各種對(duì)象管理的正確性,準(zhǔn)確性。信息化建設(shè)主要針對(duì)防偽,溯源管理,倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理,分銷管理,流向追溯無方面開實(shí)施。在商品防偽領(lǐng)域內(nèi),防偽技術(shù)是保護(hù)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益和企業(yè)利益的重要技術(shù)。然而目前市場(chǎng)上的防偽產(chǎn)品采用的防偽技術(shù)絕大部分仍然是紙質(zhì)材料,這些材料和技術(shù)容易被復(fù)制和替換不能起到其應(yīng)有的作用,而RFID芯片內(nèi)容無法被仿制。在生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)中提前將RFID標(biāo)簽標(biāo)簽初始化并關(guān)聯(lián)到相應(yīng)的生產(chǎn)任務(wù)中,生產(chǎn)時(shí)將RFID標(biāo)簽縫制在紅酒內(nèi),為以后的業(yè)務(wù)過程打下數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)。生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)根據(jù)企業(yè)需要還應(yīng)對(duì)圓臉的采購(gòu),加工,生產(chǎn)的工序,公式等進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的管理。倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理除了基本的入庫(kù),盤點(diǎn)管理外,還應(yīng)明確貨區(qū)貨位,對(duì)產(chǎn)品的銷售周期,庫(kù)存成本,庫(kù)齡周期,庫(kù)存屬性,庫(kù)內(nèi)業(yè)務(wù)效率等做相應(yīng)的分析管理。分銷環(huán)節(jié)中使用定制的線體對(duì)大型倉(cāng)庫(kù)的出入庫(kù)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行采集,門店應(yīng)用無線終端進(jìn)行收發(fā)貨操作。以此來實(shí)現(xiàn)總公司到分公司到代理商,加盟店店的數(shù)據(jù)共享。當(dāng)企業(yè)的管理平臺(tái)搭建成功后,就可以對(duì)從生產(chǎn)到銷售終端的質(zhì)量追溯,防偽防串,渠道優(yōu)化整合等出具管理依據(jù)。2.整體技術(shù)方案 由上圖所示該系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)分為五部分組成:接入層;數(shù)據(jù)層;服務(wù)層;應(yīng)用層;表示層。

      (1)接入層:主要的作用是通過讀寫器,傳感器,無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)等設(shè)備采集相關(guān)射頻信號(hào)數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送這些數(shù)據(jù)層進(jìn)行下一步操作。

      (2)數(shù)據(jù)層:包括單位信息,產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù),容器信息,事件信息等,并把這些信息發(fā)送到服務(wù)層進(jìn)行解碼轉(zhuǎn)換等工作。

      (3)服務(wù)層:包括注冊(cè)編碼解析,RFID信息服務(wù),RFID發(fā)現(xiàn)服務(wù),異常處理服務(wù)等,其作用是通過特定的編碼解析把射頻數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)并儲(chǔ)存到中心服務(wù)器中以備后續(xù)調(diào)用;此外通過數(shù)據(jù)的交互可對(duì)RFID設(shè)備的運(yùn)行請(qǐng)款進(jìn)行管理,并能處理發(fā)生的問題。

      (4)應(yīng)用層:包括采購(gòu)管理,生產(chǎn)管理,物流管理,質(zhì)量管理,跟蹤追溯等應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。這些管理系統(tǒng)跟服務(wù)層的中央數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)相連并調(diào)用數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的數(shù)據(jù),了解事實(shí)儲(chǔ)存的信息進(jìn)行生產(chǎn),物流倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)等方面的管理。

      (5)表示層:是企業(yè)網(wǎng)站和相關(guān)部門的網(wǎng)站入口,現(xiàn)有的企業(yè)ERP或信息系統(tǒng)可以在應(yīng)用層通過接口集成。使各個(gè)監(jiān)管部門可以有效的進(jìn)行管理并執(zhí)行檢查的工作。

      此整體技術(shù)方案目的是通過RFID電子標(biāo)簽的特性把酒類防偽應(yīng)用中遇到的防偽技術(shù)仿造問題解決,徹底解決防偽標(biāo)簽防偽碼被再利用的問題通過防止回收使用的電子標(biāo)簽封轉(zhuǎn)技術(shù)解決,解決電子標(biāo)簽在酒類瓶裝封裝環(huán)境下的自動(dòng)寫入,可識(shí)讀適應(yīng)性問題,解決酒類產(chǎn)品全程追蹤溯源問題。在產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)問題的情況下可以快速找到出問題的環(huán)節(jié)。3.流程設(shè)計(jì)思路

      系統(tǒng)在一臺(tái)服務(wù)器的平臺(tái)上運(yùn)行,其功能主要由五個(gè)模塊組成:?jiǎn)渭祁惙纻喂芾砟K;酒類跟蹤管理模塊;自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)管理模塊;酒類倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理模塊;酒類物流管理模塊。追溯體系包含如下環(huán)節(jié):

      (1)原料儲(chǔ)存環(huán)節(jié):原料庫(kù)RFID分類管理,先進(jìn)先出,原料等級(jí)分區(qū)。(2)生產(chǎn)管理環(huán)節(jié):生產(chǎn)線賦予每瓶酒RFID標(biāo)簽并進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)工位計(jì)件。(3)成品中心庫(kù)管理環(huán)節(jié):生產(chǎn)完的酒瓶通過RFID自動(dòng)感應(yīng)上傳入庫(kù)信息;并實(shí)現(xiàn)庫(kù)存酒RFID手持機(jī)快速盤點(diǎn)

      (4)異地庫(kù)管理環(huán)節(jié):異地庫(kù)可通過RFID手持PDA進(jìn)行收貨,確認(rèn)貨物是否完整被調(diào)換過,從何處發(fā)貨等。

      (5)經(jīng)銷商管理環(huán)節(jié):經(jīng)銷商通過RFID手持PDA可查到此貨物的發(fā)貨運(yùn)輸信息。

      (6)終端用戶管理環(huán)節(jié):終端客戶通過RFID終端查詢機(jī)可以查到每瓶酒的原料生產(chǎn)過程,倉(cāng)儲(chǔ),物流,經(jīng)銷商所有信息,起到全程追溯的作用。4.應(yīng)用方案(1)防偽瓶蓋的設(shè)計(jì):瓶蓋的內(nèi)嵌RFID電子標(biāo)簽與瓶蓋的熱塑膜封口相連,當(dāng)撕開熱塑膜封口后機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)把RFID芯片破壞從而達(dá)到開蓋即損,無法回收的效果。

      (2)電子標(biāo)簽數(shù)據(jù)信息

      EPC編碼結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括:EPC-64,EPC-96,EPC-256??紤]到酒類產(chǎn)品出貨量為中等,選擇64b進(jìn)行EPCID編碼?,F(xiàn)有條形碼的主要數(shù)據(jù)信息為商品身份,其他包括生產(chǎn)廠家、產(chǎn)地、規(guī)格、生產(chǎn)日期等。EPC標(biāo)簽存儲(chǔ)的信息要遠(yuǎn)大于條形碼,但數(shù)據(jù)信息影響標(biāo)簽的讀取速度,用RFID防偽是根據(jù)EPCID碼進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的檢索操作,射頻標(biāo)簽的數(shù)據(jù)格式關(guān)鍵在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的檢索碼DSC(DataSearchedCode)。出于上述考慮,酒類EPC標(biāo)簽數(shù)據(jù)信息設(shè)計(jì)為APC+PTC+ATC+UID,每塊分配16b數(shù)據(jù),也可根據(jù)需要分配。其中,APC為生產(chǎn)廠家代碼,PTC為產(chǎn)品類型代碼,ATC為產(chǎn)地、生產(chǎn)日期,UID為單個(gè)產(chǎn)品的惟一序列標(biāo)識(shí)碼。主要技術(shù)指標(biāo): 工作頻率:925MHZ 適用溫度:-40°至150° 通信速率:≥260kbps 存儲(chǔ)容量:≥512kbits 康液體環(huán)境(3)防偽識(shí)別器

      防偽識(shí)別器是檢測(cè)產(chǎn)品真?zhèn)蔚慕K端設(shè)備,可以通過視頻顯示消費(fèi)者需要的真?zhèn)涡畔ⅰF渲饕植荚诟鞔缶祁愪N售場(chǎng)所,超市街頭等,消費(fèi)者可以很容易找到。(4)防偽識(shí)別器硬件架構(gòu):

      讀寫器,用來讀取酒類EPC標(biāo)簽信息并傳送到處理平臺(tái)。

      工業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)(IndustryComputer,IC),實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)處理、傳送、查詢、顯示。中間件,轉(zhuǎn)換不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)讀寫器和防偽識(shí)別器的連接 圖6.防偽識(shí)別器硬件架構(gòu)(5)防偽識(shí)別器軟件架構(gòu):

      讀寫器控制模塊:發(fā)送讀寫器控制指令實(shí)現(xiàn)射頻標(biāo)簽的數(shù)據(jù)讀取與傳輸。用戶操作平臺(tái)的搭建:提供完善直觀的界面,操作簡(jiǎn)單,可快速查詢酒類信息。

      產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):管理酒類產(chǎn)品的信息查新,更新,刪除。數(shù)據(jù)傳輸:負(fù)責(zé)與監(jiān)管中心進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)交換。(6)主要技術(shù)指標(biāo):

      工作頻率:925MHZ 通信協(xié)議:ISO180006C 輸出功率:+20dBm-+30dbm 調(diào)制方式:100%ASK調(diào)制 最遠(yuǎn)讀取距離:3米,最遠(yuǎn)寫入距離:0.5米

      多標(biāo)簽讀取速率:≥300個(gè)每秒 工作溫度:-20°至60° 酒類產(chǎn)品生命周期流程追蹤設(shè)計(jì)

      (1)黏貼射頻電子標(biāo)簽:通過自動(dòng)化的方法在產(chǎn)品的相應(yīng)位置放置RFID防偽射頻標(biāo)簽。

      (2)生產(chǎn)線上安裝固定式讀寫設(shè)備,向標(biāo)簽內(nèi)寫入數(shù)據(jù),并自動(dòng)記錄該信息酒類在包裝生產(chǎn)線的末端放置有讀寫設(shè)備,電子標(biāo)簽通過讀寫區(qū)域時(shí),讀寫器自動(dòng)讀出標(biāo)簽ID號(hào),并寫入酒類的EPC代碼,同時(shí)在用戶數(shù)據(jù)區(qū)內(nèi)寫入其他信息如產(chǎn)品下線時(shí)間等;同時(shí),讀寫器可以根據(jù)一定的算法為每一個(gè)標(biāo)簽設(shè)定不同的訪問密碼,防止有人企圖修改標(biāo)簽內(nèi)部的數(shù)據(jù)。另外,服務(wù)器記錄該標(biāo)簽信息,為每瓶酒建立檔案以便查詢。完成數(shù)據(jù)寫入工作后將酒類裝入包裝箱準(zhǔn)備入庫(kù)。(3)倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)管理:在每瓶出產(chǎn)的酒的瓶頸上運(yùn)用EPC的電子標(biāo)簽,記錄擺放位置、產(chǎn)品類別、日期等數(shù)據(jù);而透過在酒瓶上的標(biāo)簽,則可根據(jù)每個(gè)產(chǎn)品特有的編碼,隨時(shí)掌握貨品狀態(tài)、包括溫度是否適合、酒的質(zhì)量情況等,以便倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)管理,也能立即了解需要補(bǔ)貨的項(xiàng)目,方便于缺貨管理。而且在退換貨的情況時(shí)只要倒入系統(tǒng)里,便可以對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行修改。

      (4)配送物流管理:通過RFID讀取包裝箱上的標(biāo)簽數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行快色貨物盤點(diǎn),了解貨物種類并進(jìn)一步錄入數(shù)據(jù),如配送地點(diǎn)配送時(shí)間及配送的酒類數(shù)量等。(5)經(jīng)銷商、零售商配備手持機(jī)檢驗(yàn)酒的真?zhèn)危涸谙M(fèi)者購(gòu)買酒類產(chǎn)品時(shí)零售商用手持機(jī)當(dāng)場(chǎng)檢驗(yàn)酒類的真?zhèn)危绻梢皂樌x到數(shù)據(jù),表明該瓶酒是真酒,如果不能讀出標(biāo)簽內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù),消費(fèi)者可以拒絕購(gòu)買。以此方式可以從源頭上杜絕假酒的產(chǎn)生。電子標(biāo)簽不可能做到重復(fù)利用,可以排除不法分子回收舊酒盒后,將電子標(biāo)簽拆下再次使用冒充真酒的可能;此外,假酒生產(chǎn)廠商偽造仿冒RFID系統(tǒng)的代價(jià)太過于高昂基本不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。

      四、結(jié)語

      基于RFID技術(shù)的酒類溯源系統(tǒng)從根本上杜絕了假酒的產(chǎn)生,通過從原料,裝配,倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)盤點(diǎn),出貨,到零售商一體化監(jiān)控記錄信息的方式保護(hù)了消費(fèi)者和酒類企業(yè)的利益。本文介紹了于酒類的EPC標(biāo)簽設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),設(shè)計(jì)出標(biāo)簽的數(shù)據(jù)格式,提出防偽識(shí)別器的概念,搭建了貼有EPC標(biāo)簽的酒類產(chǎn)品流通過程構(gòu)架。并且該理論數(shù)據(jù)現(xiàn)已在寧夏的西夏王葡萄酒和河北越千年葡萄酒上所使用和驗(yàn)證和示范。為了挽救前年昌黎葡萄酒的大范圍造假案所帶來的損失,增加社會(huì)公眾信任度,迎接新十二五規(guī)劃對(duì)地方經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)型。實(shí)施RFID技術(shù)勢(shì)在必行,尤其是物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)對(duì)葡萄的種植源頭、生產(chǎn)灌裝、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)環(huán)節(jié)、物流環(huán)節(jié)、經(jīng)銷商環(huán)節(jié)、消費(fèi)者環(huán)節(jié)的供應(yīng)鏈全程質(zhì)量安全追溯加強(qiáng)管理,打造政府有效監(jiān)管,消費(fèi)者可信的公共服務(wù)平臺(tái),最后隨著產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和產(chǎn)品的推廣,RFID技術(shù)必將從源頭解決酒類現(xiàn)存的主要問題,RFID酒類防偽溯源技術(shù)前景無限。

      第四篇:射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在醫(yī)療護(hù)理系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用

      射頻識(shí)別在醫(yī)療護(hù)理中的技術(shù)研究

      報(bào)

      2012年1月至2013年8月,苗館鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院開展了“射頻識(shí)別在醫(yī)療護(hù)理中的技術(shù)研究”課題,經(jīng)充分調(diào)查和認(rèn)證,射頻識(shí)別可以有效改善醫(yī)療體系效率低下、醫(yī)療服務(wù)質(zhì)量欠佳的就醫(yī)現(xiàn)狀,無疑是推進(jìn)中國(guó)醫(yī)療改革事業(yè)發(fā)展的一把利器。其主要技術(shù)要點(diǎn)如下:

      (一)調(diào)查論證

      射頻識(shí)別(RFID)在醫(yī)療、護(hù)理領(lǐng)域的潛力巨大,能夠幫助醫(yī)院醫(yī)療、藥品、人員及管理信息的數(shù)字化采集、處理、傳輸和共享等。特別是在醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的條碼化患者身份管理、移動(dòng)醫(yī)囑、診療體征錄入、移動(dòng)藥物管理、移動(dòng)檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)本管理、移動(dòng)病案管理數(shù)據(jù)保存及調(diào)用、嬰兒防盜、護(hù)理流程、臨床路徑等管理中,均能發(fā)揮重要作用,從而解決醫(yī)療平臺(tái)支撐薄弱、醫(yī)療服務(wù)水平整體較低、醫(yī)療安全生產(chǎn)隱患等問題,實(shí)現(xiàn)加速推進(jìn)醫(yī)療信息系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)。

      (二)射頻識(shí)別主要功能

      RFID移動(dòng)護(hù)理系統(tǒng),是物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)在醫(yī)療護(hù)理系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用之一。在加強(qiáng)醫(yī)院的現(xiàn)代化信息管理和提高工作效率的同時(shí),它能給患者帶來很多好處,使得隱私得到保護(hù),醫(yī)療更加安全。由于采用嵌入式RFID腕帶,使得相關(guān)醫(yī)療信息得到了保密,只有醫(yī)護(hù)人員可以按權(quán)限查詢患者的信息,保護(hù)了患者隱私。并且,采用RFID技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)患者診療過程中的每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)得到跟蹤確認(rèn),協(xié)助和指導(dǎo)護(hù)士完成醫(yī)囑,由于有了醫(yī)囑執(zhí)行項(xiàng)目的電子化確認(rèn)過程,使護(hù)理質(zhì)量監(jiān)控和護(hù)理工作量的量化成為可能,實(shí)現(xiàn)患者診療過程的可視化管理。

      圖一 移動(dòng)護(hù)理系統(tǒng)

      移動(dòng)護(hù)理系統(tǒng)是以無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)(如WiFi、3G或LTE)和RFID無線射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)為核心,通過醫(yī)院管理信息系統(tǒng)和智能型手持移動(dòng)終端(如PDA等)為移動(dòng)中的一線醫(yī)護(hù)人員提供隨身數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用的信息服務(wù)系統(tǒng),如圖1所示。醫(yī)護(hù)人員查房或者移動(dòng)的狀態(tài)下,可通過智能型移動(dòng)終端的護(hù)理人員端軟件,通過無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)時(shí)聯(lián)機(jī),與醫(yī)院管理信息系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)交互,使醫(yī)護(hù)人員隨時(shí)隨地在手持終端上獲取全面醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù),而患者可借助佩戴在手上的裝有RFID的腕帶,在與PC機(jī)(或PDA終端)連接的RFID讀卡器查詢顯示該患者目前的檢查進(jìn)度,并可獲取全面醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)。根據(jù)歷史記錄和臨床檢查結(jié)果,對(duì)比患者病情的變化情況,及時(shí)會(huì)診和制定治療方案。

      (三)技術(shù)規(guī)程

      1.1 無線實(shí)時(shí)信息傳送

      通過無線技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)傳遞,可快速、正確地將數(shù)據(jù)信息傳送至后端服務(wù)器。在數(shù)據(jù)收集時(shí),以數(shù)字化形式儲(chǔ)存,并透過無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)回傳至服務(wù)器,單張表格實(shí)時(shí)回傳所需時(shí)間將縮短為2分鐘。無線傳輸不受地域限制,即使在移動(dòng)中或是沒有Cable線的地方,都能隨時(shí)將數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)上傳或下載。

      1.2 RFID腕帶管理

      RFID腕帶發(fā)行管理主要是在后臺(tái)系統(tǒng)建立起RFID腕帶與患者信息的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,患者從掛號(hào)開始隨身佩戴電子腕帶,其中記錄了患者的姓名、性別、血型、以往病史、入院生命體征情況等信息,在門診系統(tǒng)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),患者均佩戴唯一的電子腕帶作為身份識(shí)別方式,并可據(jù)此在醫(yī)院提供的自助查詢平臺(tái)進(jìn)行自助病歷查詢甚至打印化驗(yàn)單據(jù),在各個(gè)關(guān)鍵診療環(huán)節(jié)核對(duì)患者身份,保障醫(yī)療安全。

      1.3 移動(dòng)護(hù)理利用醫(yī)院管理信息系統(tǒng)生成醫(yī)囑執(zhí)行條目,護(hù)士使用移動(dòng)到患者的床旁,讀取患者佩戴的RFID腕帶信息,通過無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)自動(dòng)將需要執(zhí)行的醫(yī)囑調(diào)用,護(hù)士通過移動(dòng)終端記錄醫(yī)囑具體執(zhí)行的信息,記錄患者生命體征及相關(guān)項(xiàng)目,用藥、治療信息確認(rèn),實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)實(shí)時(shí)的床邊護(hù)理服務(wù)。由于采用移動(dòng)護(hù)理系統(tǒng),醫(yī)護(hù)人員能更簡(jiǎn)便的獲取、錄入患者各種醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)的信息,使得護(hù)士減少了因查詢、核對(duì)而產(chǎn)生的打印、抄寫工作以及來往護(hù)士站與病房之間所化費(fèi)的時(shí)間,大大優(yōu)化了護(hù)士工作流程

      1.4 患者跟蹤

      通過RFID患者定位跟蹤系統(tǒng),使得通過護(hù)士站的電子顯示屏或醫(yī)院的監(jiān)控電腦或醫(yī)生的隨身移動(dòng)終端,即可掌握患者的物理位置。從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)手術(shù)患者、精神患者和智障患者等的24小時(shí)實(shí)時(shí)狀態(tài)監(jiān)護(hù),保障住院患者安全。這樣也可以限制患者到某些非安全地帶,以及避免某些智障患者或老人離開醫(yī)院而走失。

      (四)技術(shù)安全性探討

      任何新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用都很可能是一把雙刃劍。雖然智能化、行動(dòng)化的醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)能大大提高了醫(yī)療服務(wù)的質(zhì)量,優(yōu)化管理流程,但是在實(shí)施過程中也有發(fā)現(xiàn)一些問題并需要進(jìn)一步研究改進(jìn),使移動(dòng)醫(yī)療更加完善。個(gè)人隱私的泄露

      移動(dòng)護(hù)理系統(tǒng)面臨信息安全與隱私泄露等帶來的更多的威脅,若不能同步的解決,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)在移動(dòng)醫(yī)療護(hù)理系統(tǒng)中就得不到真正快速的發(fā)展。對(duì)護(hù)理行為執(zhí)行時(shí)間的正確性和真實(shí)性反映有所欠缺。計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)若不能正確的記錄每一條醫(yī)囑,以及遺漏執(zhí)行某項(xiàng)醫(yī)囑等,一定程度上存在醫(yī)療安全隱患。

      對(duì)護(hù)理查對(duì)制度執(zhí)行的支持欠缺

      移動(dòng)護(hù)理系統(tǒng)存在患者身份識(shí)別差錯(cuò)的危險(xiǎn),也無法識(shí)別治療單抄錯(cuò)等情況。特別是對(duì)于昏迷、有精神障礙或者新生兒等的查對(duì)存在一定隱患。尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),存在安全隱患

      除了RFID設(shè)備的高成本外,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不健全也是限制物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)在醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域大展拳腳障礙。RFID對(duì)一些人體植入式設(shè)備,例如心臟起搏器會(huì)否產(chǎn)生安全隱患,RFID低頻信號(hào)所產(chǎn)生的一些反應(yīng),包括不適當(dāng)?shù)钠鸩l率,改變起搏率,高電壓沖擊和設(shè)備重新編程等,也是制約RFID在該領(lǐng)域大規(guī)模應(yīng)用的主要原因之一。

      (五)技術(shù)研究結(jié)論

      利用射頻識(shí)別構(gòu)建電子醫(yī)療體系,可以給醫(yī)療服務(wù)領(lǐng)域帶來更多的便利。要提高醫(yī)療服務(wù)現(xiàn)代化水平,不僅要提高對(duì)患者的高精尖的醫(yī)療人才的服務(wù),同時(shí)還要通過相應(yīng)的手段來提高醫(yī)護(hù)人員自身的服務(wù)能力。通過射頻識(shí)別可以大幅度降低成本,使醫(yī)療監(jiān)護(hù)設(shè)備無線化,目的是使患者能夠得到更加方便快捷的低成本高質(zhì)量的服務(wù),最終的目標(biāo)是使有限的衛(wèi)生資源得到充分的利用,使醫(yī)療資源最大化,使大家能夠共享優(yōu)質(zhì)醫(yī)療資源。

      射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在醫(yī)療護(hù)理系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用課題組

      2013年12月1日

      第五篇:RFID識(shí)別技術(shù)在倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)物流管理中的應(yīng)用

      射頻識(shí)別即RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification)技術(shù),又稱電子標(biāo)簽、無線射頻識(shí)別,是一種通信技術(shù),可通過無線電訊號(hào)識(shí)別特定目標(biāo)并讀寫相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),而無需識(shí)別系統(tǒng)與特定目標(biāo)之間建立機(jī)械或光學(xué)接觸。RFID識(shí)別技術(shù)在倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)物流管理中的應(yīng)用是將基于RFID用于貨物識(shí)別追蹤、管理和查驗(yàn)貨物信息等一系列的工作活動(dòng)過程,該系統(tǒng)由四川物通科技有限公司所研發(fā),系統(tǒng)將先進(jìn)的RFID識(shí)別技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理查詢相結(jié)合,自動(dòng)識(shí)別貨物信息,系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用能大大節(jié)約人力物力。

      技術(shù)背景

      經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的興起,全球物流服務(wù)業(yè)加速發(fā)展。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的發(fā)展使得企業(yè)的采購(gòu)、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)、銷售、配送等協(xié)作關(guān)系日趨復(fù)雜,企業(yè)間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)已不僅是產(chǎn)品性能和質(zhì)量的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),也包含物流能力的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。利用信息技術(shù)代替實(shí)際操作,減少浪費(fèi),節(jié)約時(shí)間和費(fèi)用,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈的無縫對(duì)接和整合為實(shí)現(xiàn)物流流程信息化管理,采用信息化管理手段對(duì)公司的倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)、物流信息等進(jìn)行一體化管理,以促進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)共享、貨物和資金的周轉(zhuǎn)率、提高工作效率,達(dá)到與現(xiàn)代化物流企業(yè)管理同步的信息化流程。

      技術(shù)原理

      傳統(tǒng)的倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)、配載管理采用手工方式,記錄方式繁瑣、效率低下、容易出錯(cuò)而且成本相對(duì)較高;目前大多數(shù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理雖然采用計(jì)算機(jī)管理系統(tǒng),但還是先記錄、再錄入計(jì)算機(jī),人為因素大,準(zhǔn)確率不高,容易出現(xiàn)偽造數(shù)據(jù),人力資源浪費(fèi),管理維護(hù)成本高。因此,效率低下的手工管理方式很難保證收貨、驗(yàn)收及發(fā)貨的正確性,從而產(chǎn)生庫(kù)存,延遲交貨,進(jìn)一步增加成本,以致失去為客戶服務(wù)的機(jī)會(huì),而且手工管理方式不能為管理者提供實(shí)時(shí)、快速、準(zhǔn)確的倉(cāng)庫(kù)作業(yè)和庫(kù)存信息,以便實(shí)施及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、科學(xué)的決策。系統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢(shì)

      RFID倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)物流管理系統(tǒng)對(duì)企業(yè)物流貨品進(jìn)行進(jìn)行智能化、信息化管理,實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)記錄貨品出入庫(kù)信息、智能倉(cāng)庫(kù)盤點(diǎn)、記錄及發(fā)布貨品的狀態(tài)信息、輸出車輛狀態(tài)報(bào)表等功能。

      & 實(shí)現(xiàn)跨區(qū)域集中式管理、分布式操作和實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控功能;

      & 高效地完成各種業(yè)務(wù)操作,改進(jìn)倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)管理,提升效率及價(jià)值;

      & 提高物品出入庫(kù)過程中的識(shí)別率,同時(shí)識(shí)別多個(gè)物品,確保實(shí)物與單據(jù)數(shù)量保持一致,提高出入褲效率;

      & 縮減盤點(diǎn)周期,提高數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)時(shí)性,實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)掌握庫(kù)存情況,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)庫(kù)存物品的可視化管理; & 精確掌握庫(kù)存情況,優(yōu)化合理庫(kù)存;Ø實(shí)時(shí)掌握倉(cāng)庫(kù)環(huán)境狀態(tài)及變化。

      & 實(shí)時(shí)觀察倉(cāng)庫(kù)內(nèi)工作人員工作情況,掌握工作進(jìn)度;

      & 安全管理倉(cāng)庫(kù),防止偷盜、惡意破壞等違法行為。

      系統(tǒng)特點(diǎn)

      1;系統(tǒng)依托RFID技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì),具有對(duì)物資信息實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)距離識(shí)別、識(shí)別速度快、批量識(shí)別等特點(diǎn);2;系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮RFID對(duì)各個(gè)作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)信息采集的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì),可確保企業(yè)及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確的掌握庫(kù)存狀態(tài);

      3;通過倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)讀寫器對(duì)物資數(shù)據(jù)的采集,系統(tǒng)可實(shí)現(xiàn)物資出入庫(kù)防串貨管理;

      4;通過手持設(shè)備可快速準(zhǔn)確的盤點(diǎn)物資信息,提升盤點(diǎn)效率;

      《物通數(shù)字化倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)物流系統(tǒng)》依托RFID技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì),極大地提高了企業(yè)倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)人員的管理工作效率,平臺(tái)采用開放式平臺(tái)架構(gòu),界面友好,可很好的與企業(yè)ERP及OA系統(tǒng)對(duì)接。

      下載射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)在物流管理中的應(yīng)用開題報(bào)告及文獻(xiàn)翻譯2word格式文檔
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