第一篇：中西酒文化對比的論文[范文模版]

Abstract: Nowadays, with the expansion of communication between China and Western countries and the globalization of the world, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures have been attracted much more attention, for instance, the differences of wine culture is one of which focused as an issue.The wine is considered as the gift given by the god of wine.Wine culture has a long history and wine plays an important role in people’s daily life, and it combines people’s lives and interpersonal communication in all aspects.On the other hand, as a linker of inheriting history and leading to the future, wine is an article that deserves our earnest study.Because of the differences of living environment, historical background，traditions, values and thinking mode，social norms and culture, wine culture has a different connotation in different countries and regions and shows the characteristics of disparate style as a kind of profound cultural phenomenon.This article is an analysis performed after a lot of data collection and reading, which mainly describes the differences of wine culture between China and western countries.According to the research, the wine culture between China and western countries is very special, which has similarities in their differences and differences in their similarities.The study presents that the content of the wine culture is really rich and complex.Therefore, for the sake of the successful intercultural communication, among different nations and regions having a good knowledge of wine culture is necessary.What’s more, it can deepen people’s understanding of their own history.Key words: Wine Culture Intercultural Communication Cultural Differences

摘要： 隨著中西方交流的擴大,中西文化之間的差異也越來越受到重視,酒文化的差異也當然是其中之一。酒被認為是酒神賜予人們的禮物,酒文化源遠流長.酒在人們日常的交際生活中起著重要作用,它融會貫通了人們生活和人際交往的各個方面。而酒作為一個既傳承歷史又通向未來的道具是一個值得我們認真研究的課題。而由于生活環(huán)境、歷史背景﹑傳統(tǒng)習俗、價值觀念、思維模式、社會規(guī)范以及文化底蘊的不同,酒文化作為一種深刻的文化現象,也在中西方各個國家、各個地區(qū)有著各不相同的內涵,呈現出風格迥異的特性。本文是在經過大量資料收集和閱讀之后進行的分析總結,主要論述的是中西方酒文化之間的差異。中西方的酒文化同中有異、異中有同,內容豐富,了解不同民族的酒文化,有助于人們成功地進行跨文化交際,同時也加深了對歷史文化的了解。

關鍵詞

酒文化 跨文化交際 文化差異

1.The Background of Wine Culture 1.1 Wine Culture in China

China is one of the ancient countries in the world and has a long history about

the wine culture.“Since the appearing of wine and formed the methods of brewing wine, then the processes of brewing, the making of all kinds of drinking sets and drinking customs and etiquette were gradually formed and completed.”(Lixiaoye, 2010, P7)This is just the definition of wine culture.It is well known that Confucianism is the core of Chinese culture, so people's understanding of the wine culture tends to the spiritual dimension and gives it a variety of emotions.In 1987, the renowned economist professor Yu Guangyuan put forward the phrase “wine culture” in China and Wan xiaoyan(2009)explains that the wine culture has broad and narrow meaning.In the broad sense, wine culture including wine technology with thousands of years’ enhancement, technological level, legal system and drinking customs;in the narrow sense, wine culture is just referred to drinking etiquette, custom and anecdote.There are many experts devote themselves to the research of wine culture, but it’s difficult to give a clear definition.Wine culture represents different characteristics in different times and has different effects on society.Throughout the Chinese wine culture’s history, we know that wine culture studies the material, brewing techniques of wine and its social attitude.Xu Shaohua(1999)said that wine means drinking in social activities has a specific effect on politics, economic, culture, military affairs, religion, art, science and technology, social psychology, and folk customs.Wine culture is the combination of material culture and spiritual culture.It's a special and attractive culture.Next, take the Origin of Wine in China for example.Yi Di and Du Kang are considered the originators of wine-making in China.According to ancient annals Yi Di was ordered by Yu the Great to produce mellow wine fro me fermented glutinous rice.The concoction tasted good and Yi Di was confident he would receive a reward.Yu while agreeing that the drink was of excellent quality and had a good taste stopped short of rewarding its maker.Why? Because the Son of Heaven decided that over indulgence in this new beverage could be dangerous-it could make a person read-the monarch himself lose his wits and inadvertently put the country at risk.Another wine-maker Du Kang created a formula for high quality liquor made of sorghum..As legend has it one winter he put cultivated sorghum seeds in a hollow.The following spring he notice d a strong smell coming from it and was amazed to discover that the sorghum he left there had fermented.This accidental disconery inspired Du Kang to create an alcoholic beverage.1.2 Wine Culture in the West In the west, wine culture is also a richly historical culture.In most time, wine culture refers to grape wine in west countries.“It has a history more than 8000 or at most 10000 years since wine appeared, and much longer than the liquor history in China.”(Li xiaoye, 2010, P8)To western people, wine is a special kind of art and has its glamour.When we meet troubles in our daily life or feel sad, wine can help us become strong and comfort us.So there is no doubt that wine culture is not only a kind of material culture but also a kind of a spiritual culture.Owing to the different cultural backgrounds, the western people’s understanding of the wine culture tends to the symbol of the right and gives it elegant and luxury image.For example, they believe wine can enrich their life and regulate their feelings.Xu Yan(2004)said this view of life can be expressed as drink one’s sorrows/ troubles, drown one’s troubles away, drink down sorrow.Wine culture is the reflection of culture in history and it’s the witness of history.Next, take the Origin of Wine in the West for example.Greek mythology Dionysus Greek god of wine and fertility identified with the Roman god Bacchus.The son of Zeus and Semele Dionysus was reared by nymphs and taught men the secrets of cultivating grapes and making wine.but Hera struck him with madness and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth.Dionysus wandered through many lands teaching men the culture of the vine and the mysteries of his cult.The Bible The earliest written account of viniculture is in the Old Testament of the Bible which tells us that Noah planted a vineyard and made wine.Middle Eastern origin an ancient Persian fable credits a lady of the court with the

discovery of wine.This Princess having lost favor with the King attempted to poison herself by eating some table grapes that had spoiled in a jar.She became intoxicated and giddy and fell asleep.When she awoke she found the stresses that had made her life intolerable had dispersed.Returning to the source of her relief her subsequent conduct changed so remarkably that she regained the Kings favor.2.The application of the wine culture 2.1 Types of Wine Baijiu is a typical Chinese wine, while grape wine plays an important role in Western countries.China is a country with a long history and it is no exaggeration to say that Chinese history with five thousand years is written by wine.As China is a large agricultural country, the most wine is brewed with grain.In China, the word is “jiu” can be used to represent all the types of alcoholic beverages, such as beer, grape wine and so on.The most popular wine in China can be classified into two types, namely, yellow wine and white wine.The yellow wine is brewed directly from rice and wheat.The white wine is also brewed grain, but it has a higher purity of the alcohol level.Although China has a lot of techniques to brew wine and there are various types of wine, the grain liquor is always in the important position;this is because of the effect of geographical environment and agricultural culture.China's climate is very good for the growth of rice and other grain, as a result, the grain liquor is very prevalent.In the Western countries, no matter when we talk about the western wine, grape wine is always the first one comes to our minds.Grape wine is the major wine and

plays an important role in people’s life.Grape wine has a long history, Qu Xiaohui(1996)said that the Western archaeologists found that people had drank grape wine seven thousand years ago.Western is different from China as a large agricultural country, so most of Western countries develop animal husbandry and business.But the climatic and soil in many places don’t fit the growth of crops, they are suitable for grape.Grape wine was produced and became more and more popular under this circumstance.With the development of society, there are more types of grape wine, such as whisky, brandy, rum, cocktail and so forth.2.2 Drinking Vessels Where there is wine, there is drinking vessel.As the saying goes, if there is no drinking vessel, there is no way to drink.So there is no doubt that drinking vessel as a part of wine culture has a long history.The development of drinking vessel is closely bound up with the national economics;it can reflect a country’s level of development.China always shows great respect for the use of drinking vessels.People divided the drinking vessels into different categories depending on their usage.In ancient times, due to the low level of social development, people use some natural materials to make drinking vessels, such as horns and gourds.With the improvement of productivity and development of the wine industry, there are more types of wine vessels, for example, the drinking vessels are made of bronze or jade or other materials.What’s more, some drinking vessels are made in different shapes, for instance sheep, tiger, cow, rabbit and other animals or landscape.Different shapes of drinking vessels not only can help people enjoy the beauty of wine, but also reflects the unique charm of Chinese art.Compared with China's drinking vessels, West’s has a distinctive flavor.Westerners pay attention to different glasses for different kinds of wine.When they drink whisky, brandy and grape wine, they will prepare the corresponding cups.It is

well known that most western drinking vessels are made of glass and crystal, because these cups are good for drinkers to appreciate the wine's color and enjoy the beauty of wine.This is indeed the case;the western drinking vessels have an elegant appearance as well as the good usage.Nowadays, the glasses become more popular and are carriers to spread the wine culture.2.3 Etiquette of Drinking Wine is a medium to understand the culture of different countries.Knowing the etiquette of drinking can reduce the misunderstandings in social activities and promote communications between peoples.After careful studies, we can find that there are some differences of etiquette of drinking between China and Western countries.China is a country known as ceremony and pay attention to etiquette.Talk freely about the saying “No Custom without Wine”, etiquette of drinking is becoming an important part of life.Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect for the drinker.There is fixed seating and a fixed toast times about who is the master, who is the guest.Toast normally chooses after eating the main course, and before the sugar beet is not on.The cup must be held on the eyes level when the toast happen.The toast must begin from the master and watch each other, and at least drink a little wine to show respect.Others are not qualified to respect until the master finished.If the toast order is upset the person who upset the toast order will be fined.Toast must be started from the most distinguished guests, at this time the wine should be full of so that the most distinguished guests can be respected.Not only younger people toast to the elders, and subordinates take the initiative to propose a toast to the higher levels, but also should drink first in order to show respect.The Jiuling, Finger Guessing Game etiquette of wine, but also to make drinkers thoroughly enjoyed themselves.Obviously, Chinese wine culture deeply influenced by Chinese culture and traditional

ethics of hierarchy of seniority, during drinking alcohol the respect for those who drinking was placed in the most important position.Western drinking wine etiquette demonstrates respect for wine.Drinking wine must watch their color, smell their fragrance, taste its quality, and mobilize all kind of sensory to enjoy nice wine.In the sequence of drinking, pay attention to the first drink after drink red wine, white wine, the first lighter wine In the sequence of drinking, it is necessary to pay attention to the order of drinking.White wine should be first and after red wine, the first lighter wine following Re-bodied wine to drink a short year wine and then drink a long year wine, changes gradually in-depth change in the enjoyment of wine flavor.The selection of wine device, also revolve around how to get the full enjoyment of drinking on the drinkers.Let aroma convergence on mouth of the tulip-type goblet cup, and even for wine temperature degree specially designed thermometer, without exception, demonstrate respect for Westerners wine, and their Drinking etiquette is for a better appreciation of wine.In the West people rarely Toast each other, they usually drink separately.Only in certain occasions, they will join in a toast.If a time like this is usually the person after the speech, they are blessing a person, or to celebrate something for someone.2.4 Purpose of Drinking

Wine exists with the form of water and with the content of fire.They are incompatible since ancient times, only an exception on wine.It is water also fire.Not only was extinguished by the minds of unhappy, but also can bright the inner.Both Chinese and westerners love wine, but the diversity of cultures, so caused the difference on drinking purposes between the Chinese people and Westerns.The purpose of drinking in western is simple.They have a drink in order to enjoy drinking.Of course, wine also has the function of communication, but it is more important for people to enjoy the taste of wine.What kind of drink should be used to

enjoy on a occasion , and what temperature degree should be , what shape of the glass should be, there is a very fine clear requirement.There is not hing Finger Guessing Game was provided on the banquet.The aesthetic of western is a direct form Style-oriented and do not require to use distiller's yeast to achieve communicative effects, showing that the West is drinking for wine.In China, wine is often used as a communicative tool.Therefore, there are not scientific systematic theoretical analysis on Chinese wine culture.More attention was paied on other function s brought by drinking.The so-called ulterior motives are not on wine , but care between landscape and landscape of the music.People who drink often want to discuss official business, or talk to a private matter.In short, drinking is just an expression of a mood-assisted behavior.People have a drink just want to borrow the role of alcohol to complete a number of other things, so Chinese people will never be less wine on the table.Whether it is Chinese New Year, or a business in the future, wine is the middle of the hub of everything.It also links to the subtle emotions between people, but people rely more on drinking is the pursuit of wine.Qingmeizhujiu is to prove who is the hero.The paradis Jiang Jinjiu purpose to eliminate the same melancholy;Bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages was to take sanctuary.Qianlong 1000 gentleman feast want to share happy with the public.Chinese people drinking is not for alcohol but for feelings.Therefore, so long as having appropriate reasons, everyone can advise each other to drink, in order to show goodwill and sincerity.Toast is a typical performance of Chinese hospitality, but often is not understood by Westerners on the Chinese people.China is the ceremonies.The communication is usually advocated implicitly.They are not bounded, not only can speak, also can criticize after drinking alhtough there is nothing to speak usually.Wine can help Chinese people to achieve communicative purposes.2.5 Drinking Habits Several major Chinese festival of the year have a corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drink “calamus wine”.Suspended drink “chrysanthemum wine”.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and wine are essential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the wine with the guests.“l(fā)iquor of daughter in the south“ According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Grasses“ that the southern people began to make wine when their daughter was seven years old.Then they bury the brewed wine when their daughter got married.This kind of wine was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu“.Another difference exists in the custom of drinking wine.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive wine and custom of drinking wine.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would associate toasting people with the face.If there exists buying wine culture, that is, today I buy the wine for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Wine culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Wine culture that caused great affection on the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of wine.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of wine came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the wine was brewed for the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking wine by man.The girls

in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, repetitive of wine, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking wine in modern times.3.Different Communicative Functions and Drinking Culture 3.1 Shallow Sip and Cattle Drink

Chinese people pay attention to the “shallow sip”.The so called“shallow sip”is to put the glass in one hand and enjoy the fun by singing a song or poem to purse the realm into a little drunk.The so called little drunk is like non-drunk and non-awake, with a rather wonderful feeling to get high in the realm.We Chinese people will take a little drunk while talking with our friends or family and have a good time.The Westerners pay attention to “cattle drink”, the so called “cattle drink” also described as the “drink by”.That is, no matter one battle or one glass, just raise your neck to drink it overturned.They enjoy the excitement that the wine brings to them.3.2 Masculinity and Feminism

Chinese wine culture is the doctrine of partial male.Since ancient times, “wine” was always used by men as the signboard and mask of their entertainment.By the “wine” of power, things will line.Things can be done easier by the power of wine.CaoCao used wine to test whether troops under his command were loyal to him.Wine and beauty seem always to go together;both are men’s tool to release their pressure.Actually, with the collapse of the feudalism, women were no longer regarded as men’s vassal.Nevertheless, in most case, women are often still at arm’s length speak of love.The western wine culture joined more feminist factors and is relatively neutral.In western countries, there is not only spirits for men but also cocktails and champagne with a sweet or fruity taste and beautiful color for women to drink.Female drinking is socially accepted, and fends to be neutral on the whole.3.3

Lyricism and Enjoyment

China, the scenic spot of wine culture, the significance of drinking wine is far more than the sensual pleasure.In many occasions, wine is used as a cultural symbol to represent a ritual, a state of mind.Wine and poetry, had the tight relationship from then on.In China, The wine is often used as a communication tool, a medium to express feelings after drinking.The so called the drinker’s heart is not in the cup but in people and in love.Such as to make the plum wine is in order to prove who is the real hero;to drink one more cup of wine is to bid farewell to the friend going away.Different feeling and different mood are passed through the wine.In the western countries, the purpose of drink is often very simple, to enjoy the wine and alcohol.Of course, the red wine in the west also has the function of communication, but it is more of a pursuit of how to enjoy the taste.It can be seen that the Western wine culture focus more on the wine itself while we Chinese people seem to pay more attention to the spiritual experience after evaporation or distillation of the wine.Western habit of tasting wine is to taste with their tongue, while we Chinese people use more of a heart and brain to feel the feeling the wine bring us.The Way to Promote the Intercommunication of Wine Culture 4.1.Launching International Communication Conference

The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I give several suggestions as following: Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of wine culture.At present, the research communication between professors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Professors and experts exchange their ideas and views about wine and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development

of wine culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.4.2.Setting the Suitable Rules

As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is necessary and important to set the suitable rules.Nations can communicate and behave well with the restrictions.However, the rules are not set now, which needs the efforts of the professors and experts.4.3 Innovation

Wine culture can not develop without innovation which is the gist of wine culture.China has a long history of brewing wine, which is proud by us.Meanwhile, we indulge ourselves in the success we have had and depend on the traditional wine culture excessively.Therefore, crisis is there.In order to keep the booming vitality of wine, obviously, the innovation is crucial.But what we should do innovate the wine culture.In my point of view, we should do as the following: To begin with, the combination of innovation of wine and idea.The consumption psychology of people is always changing.There is an increasing demand about the safety and sanitation of wine.The idea of green consumption occurs to people.As a result, we not only cater to the demand of trend, but also put our feet in the consumer's shoes.Secondly, the combination of innovation and technology.The innovation of culture can not;eave the development of technology.The big innovation and development of many professions is caused by the innovation of technology.The innovation of technology and technique push the development of the profession of brewing wine vigorously and base the solid foundation of the innovation of wine culture.Thirdly, the combination of innovation of wine culture and the management of firm.The history of abroad or domestic management of firm can be subdivided into three stages: ”experimental management“ ”scientific management“ and ”cultural management".It realized the big leap on management from experimental one to Tylor's scientific one.However, scientific management neglects the creativity and ability of man, which can not fit the demand of development.Thus, cultural management came into being.That whether the wine culture is a success or a failure is associated with the leader of the enterprise.The runner of the wine firm is different from the leader of the firm of making screwdriver.He should be an artist with high quality of culture and artistic taste.The fierce competition demands that they give direction and decision on the design of products, the direction of market, the selling

and plan of market.It is also necessary for them to carry out the cultural management and innovation of management and make full use of resources including resource of mankind to infuse the color of culture in the product.Make sure the realization of innovation of wine culture successfully through innovation of management.This is one aspect and another aspect is that: In the first place, transfer the advantage of culture into the advantage of market.Transmitting culture is to exploit the market.The core of the wine market is health;safety and fashion which the enterprises need long time of penetration of culture and patient and dedicate cultivation of market.It advocates drinking wine in a scientific way and green consumption to guide man return to rationalism from the traditional wine culture, which advocates drinking wine in great amount.In the second place, transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic, society and zoology.The advantage of economic is the final embodiment of the advantage of market.Promoting the additional value of wine culture is a significant way to transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic.At the same time, it requires shat the effectiveness of society and zoology should be taken into account.We should strengthen the idea of sustaining development of firm and carry out green management and controlling of whole process and protect the mature during the process of carrying out the innovation of wine culture.Therefore, the vitality of wine lies in wine culture and fitting the progressive consumption culture, which is to keep pace with time.Conclusion The wine is the best present that God has given.Wine culture comes along with the birth of wine since wine appeared.Due to the difference of wine, regions and environment, the faith brought by wine culture also has more or less difference.At first, the wine in China was the sweet wine made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet wine either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew wine with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the wine of China.However, the wine in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew wine with grape.The wine made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to champagne and Brandy wit grape as the raw material.Drinking wine in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic wine

and custom of drinking wine.The culture of drinking wine has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progress of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is necessary to promote the development of wine culture.The wine can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed wine is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing wine is vital, which is to make sure the wine is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of wine culture.Thus, increasing international communication is essential.Professors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese wine culture will develop along with the development of the world wine culture.Bibliography [1] Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture.Princeton University, 2000.[2] Haeger.North American Pinot Noir.Langman, 2004.[3] Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking.Mitchell Beazley, 2000.[4] Jeni Port.Crushed by women:women and win., Arcadia, 2000.[5] Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook.Conran Octopus, 2000.[6]Dai Weidong.A New Concise Course in Lingustics for Students of Englishin [M].ShangHai Foreign Language Education Press, 2010:125-126 [7]Jamie Goode.The science of wine: from vine to glass[M].University of California Press, 2005 [8]John Winthrop Haeger.North American Pinot Noir[M].Niversity of California Press, 2004

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第二篇：中西酒文化淺析

中西方酒文化淺析

內容摘要： 酒是人類生活中不可或缺的美味飲品。無論在中國還是在西方，酒伴隨著人類的腳步一路前行，在漫長的發(fā)展歷程中形成了一門特殊的文化——酒文化，它是一個國家或地區(qū)歷史文化的重要組成部分。本文通過中西酒文化研究對比，從中找出二者的共同點及其差別，為中西方文化差異特別是價值觀方面的差異提供一些參考。

關鍵詞：酒文化；價值觀；對比

一、起源的美麗傳說

盡管相隔遙遠，在遠古時代又彼此隔絕，但關于酒的起源，在中國和西方都有著許多美麗的傳說。

（一）中國有關酒起源的傳說

在眾多關于酒的起源傳說中，影響最大主要有以下幾種：上天造酒說、猿猴造酒說、儀狄造酒說、杜康造酒說。關于酒起源在我國眾多古籍中也不乏記載，《戰(zhàn)國策》中說：“昔者，帝女令儀狄作酒而美，進之禹，禹欽而甘之，遂疏儀狄，絕旨酒，日：‘后世必有以酒亡其國者?！睍x朝江統(tǒng)在《酒誥》中言：“有飯不盡，委之空桑，郁結成味，久蓄氣芳，本出于代，不由奇方?！?/p>

（二）西方有關酒起源的傳說

在西方，沒有太多關于酒起源的古籍記載。其中最著名的是希臘神話中關于葡萄酒起源傳說。相傳塞墨勒與宙斯相愛、懷孕卻被害致死，宙斯便把胎兒放入自己的大腿中養(yǎng)育，孩子出生后取名為狄俄倪索斯。狄俄倪索斯歷盡磨難長大成人。多年后，好友在戰(zhàn)斗中死亡，后來在友人的墓上長出一株結滿果實的葡萄樹。他采下果實榨成汁，喝來甘甜爽口，這就是最初的葡萄酒。他把這玉液瓊漿獻給奧林匹斯諸神，同時也賜給了希臘人民。于是，許多西方國家便有了葡萄酒的釀造技術。

性勞動基本上起著主導作用。經過漫長的探索、凝練，中國的釀酒技藝堪稱一流、各種名酒各得其妙。總體來說，中國釀酒大都有浸漬、蒸煮、多次投料、固態(tài)及半固態(tài)發(fā)酵等工藝環(huán)節(jié)和方法，這也正是中國糧食酒釀造技藝的突出特點。

（二）西方酒種類和釀酒工藝簡介

由于西方許多地方不適宜農作物的生長，卻十分有利于葡萄的生長，因而葡萄的產量大、品質優(yōu)，因此在西方最具特色的酒是葡萄酒和白蘭地，用的幾乎是百分之百的葡萄；另外開胃酒、利口酒、雞尾酒等大多也以葡萄酒為酒基進行制作。西方葡萄酒的代表有法國的沙都拉菲、法國的精選波爾多、意大利的草編馳騁安稠、西班牙的公牛血等。

在酒的釀造工藝上，西方主要以葡萄為原料，講究以料為核心，桶和窖為保障，采用液態(tài)、單式發(fā)酵方法。在葡萄酒的釀造過程中，葡萄起主導作用，葡萄的品種和質量決定著葡萄酒的品質、特色和香型，人的勞動則起輔助作用。葡萄酒的釀造大多是葡萄去梗破皮、壓榨、發(fā)酵、培養(yǎng)、裝瓶等工藝環(huán)節(jié)，而橡木桶、酒窖是其中的兩個關鍵。橡木桶是發(fā)酵和培養(yǎng)葡萄酒的最經典容器。其木材多孔，外界的氧氣緩緩滲入，包括酒精在內的揮發(fā)物質部分蒸發(fā)，使酒變得更加細膩、芳香；橡木釋放出的辛香和單寧酸，給葡萄酒增添華美復合的潤飾，使酒質不斷成熟、穩(wěn)定。酒窖是葡萄酒最好的棲身之所，決定著葡萄酒的最終品質。任何好酒都需要經過較長時間的藏釀，葡萄酒在橡木桶中的陳化不是全部過程，要達到最佳飲用狀態(tài)，更需要繼續(xù)貯存、陳化。

四、所用酒器不同

中國人歷來就十分重視酒器的使用，就其用途而言，可分為貯酒器、盛酒器、賣酒器和飲酒器四大類。中國的酒器從遠古時代的獸角、葫蘆等逐步演變?yōu)樘罩凭破?、青銅制酒器、漆制酒器、玉制酒器以及后來的金銀酒器、玻璃酒器和不銹鋼酒器等等。每一種酒器都有其不同的類型，比如青銅制酒器中就有尊、壺、皿、鑒、瓿等。有些酒器會做成特定的動物形狀，如羊、牛、兔等；有些酒器上繪有人物、山水等圖案，其種類繁多，造型各異。當然，這些形狀各異、色彩繽紛的

滿傳空”六禮，指要把杯中酒喝干，并亮底給同座檢查。明代馮時化的《酒史》，記述了蘇州宴客“杯中余瀝，有一滴，則罰一杯”。如實在酒量不濟，要婉言聲明，并稍飲表示敬意。

2、酒德

酒德，指飲酒的道德規(guī)范和酒后應有的風度。合度者有德，失態(tài)者無德，惡趣者更無德。酒德二字，最早見于《尚書》和《詩經》，其含義是說飲酒者要有德行，不能“顛覆厥德，荒湛于酒”。儒家并不反對飲酒，但反對狂飲爛醉。

中國酒德的主要內容包括三個方面：

一是要量力而飲。即飲酒不在多少，貴在適量?！讹嬌耪分赋觯骸吧亠嫗榧眩囡媯駬p壽，易人本性，其毒甚也。醉飲過度，喪生之源?！?/p>

二是要節(jié)制有度。即飲酒要注意自我克制，做到飲酒而不亂。《三國志》裴松之注引《管輅別傳》說到管輅自勵勵人：“酒不可極，才不可盡。吾欲持酒以禮，持才以愚，何患之有也?”就是力戒貪杯與逞能。

三是飲酒不能強勸。酒林中一些近乎瘋狂的歡飲者，常常是把沉溺當豪爽，把邪惡當有趣。其實，人的酒量各異，強人飲酒不僅敗壞了飲酒的樂趣，而且有損身體健康。因此，在群飲過程中既要熱鬧，又要理智，不能強人所難，執(zhí)意勸飲。

（二）西方的酒吧文化

酒吧，是西方人飲酒的主要且特定的場所，在英文中寫作“BAR”，原意是指木柵欄。在歐洲，早期的酒吧只是出售酒品的柜臺，后來，隨著釀酒業(yè)的發(fā)展，酒吧從飯店和餐館中分離出來，成為專門出售酒水和供客人飲酒、交友、聚會、娛樂的地方。

在西方國家，酒吧的數量和種類都非常多，其分類方法也不盡相同，根據酒吧形式進行分類，可以分為主酒吧、酒廊、服務酒吧、多功能酒吧等。

1、主酒吧

主酒吧大多數裝飾美觀、典雅、別致，設備完善，并備有足夠可靠柜吧凳、大多數中國人把酒當做是一種特殊的物質，對酒本身的關注度并不那么高，人們更多的是依靠飲酒而追求酒之外的東西。在歡樂時酒可助興，在憂愁時酒可澆愁；可邀三五好友在酒館里豪飲，也可在家中獨自小酌；可用大碗顯豪飲，也可用小盅慢品。如此種種，都說明了在中國人的主觀感情思維中，酒文化體現了其“以人為本”的特征。大部分中國人很少對酒種類、釀造和品鑒方法感興趣，而會津津樂道于各種飲酒趣事。

在西方人看來，酒是一種特殊的藝術品，擁有魅力和生命。面對這個的神圣藝術品，西方人用心去欣賞和玩味。西方人喝酒時講究規(guī)矩和套路，他們通常會去酒吧喝酒，而酒吧有特定的布局，酒吧侍者也有一套特定的規(guī)范化的服務操作程序。西方人注重酒的本身品質，對飲酒器具十分的講究，他們把酒看成是藝術品，認為都要有適合自己的杯子，只有相互間完美地配搭，才能充分的享受飲酒的樂趣。這些充分說明了西方人的科學、理性的思維方式，體現了“以物為本”的特征。如果讓他們選擇的話，大部分人可能會滔滔不絕地講述酒的種類、釀造和品鑒方法。

酒是一種客觀存在的物質，更是一種文化。酒文化作為一種特殊的文化形式，中西方對其有著不同的解讀。中西方飲酒之道的差異也折射出其背后不同的文化和思維模式。在信息化和全球化的今天，中西方文化在交流中也在不斷地相互融合滲透。分析和比較中西方酒文化的差異有助于我們更加深入的了解酒文化背后所隱藏的中西文化差異，更好的為我們進行跨文化交際、交流服務，更好的為世界人民融洽交流服務。

第三篇：中西家庭教育對比論文 (精選)

中西家庭教育對比

【摘要】近幾年來，隨著素質教育的深入人心，家庭教育已經成為當今社會關注的一個熱點，是千萬家庭的切身利益和迫切需求。因為，良好的家庭教育直接關系到了孩子的素質和品行，更關系到祖國的未來。它是科教興國和可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分，就中國目前來看，家庭教育的發(fā)展態(tài)勢良好，一大批家長、學校創(chuàng)造了成功的經驗，更有許多學生家長主動學習家庭教育知識，教育觀念發(fā)生了深刻變化.但是盡管如此，家庭教育仍是一個薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，尤其是隨著西方教育思想的傳入，中國家長面對傳統(tǒng)與現代家教思想，表現出無所適從的無奈。因此，對于開展家庭教育，既是機遇，又是挑戰(zhàn)。而且，中西家庭教育各有千秋，在不同方面，教育方法也不同，所以我們就需要深刻了解中西家庭教育的差異，取長補短，并且不失時機地推進家庭教育現代化，這樣中國的未來才具有不可估量的發(fā)展前景。

【關鍵詞】 家庭教育，中西，傳統(tǒng)，差異

從古至今，家庭教育在整個國家教育事業(yè)中起著重要的作用。鄧小平曾說過；“國家現代化的基礎在人才，人才的基礎在教育，教育的基礎在家庭。中國是一個重視家庭教育的國家。中國深厚的教育文化傳統(tǒng)中包含了優(yōu)秀的家庭教育成分?！?家庭教育、學校教育、社會教育是教育的三大支柱，三者缺一不可。如今，家庭教育業(yè)已成為當今社會關注的一個熱點，是千萬家庭的切身利益和迫切需求。

不過在比較之前，我覺得我們應該了解一下中西方國家的社會背景。眾所周知，中國是社會主義制度，而大多數西方國家是屬于資本主義制度。并且，歷史文化也是不同的，中國提倡儒家思想，西方國家提倡文藝復興。但是最重要的一點就是他們對家庭教育地位的態(tài)度也是不同的。在中國的傳統(tǒng)家庭里，家長的權威意識占主導地位，而西方文明則主要強調斗爭，平等，民主及人權。

當然，家庭教育是人類的一種教育實踐。中西家庭教育還是有諸多共同之處。一般來說，它可以歸納于五點。

1、重視家庭教育。無論哪個國家，哪個民族都認為家庭是一個人的第一所學校，而家長是第一位老師。無論是中國，還是西方國家，無論是古代、近代還是現代，家庭教育始終是處于最基礎的地位。

2、家教應從小做起，及時施教?！额伿霞矣枴氛f：“父母施教，當及嬰稚，識人顏色，知人喜怒，便加教誨?！币驗椤叭松仔?，精神專利，長成以后，思慮散逸，固須早教，勿失機也?！倍磐舱J為家庭教育應及早施行。

3、父母在教育角色上的分工。無論中西，在許多文化中母親均被描繪成是主要撫養(yǎng)者，父親則起有限的作用。父親是孩子知性教育的主要承擔者。母親則負責孩子的飲食起居，物質保障，情感滿足等，是孩子情感培育的主要承擔者。其結果是孩子對父愛敬畏有余，親愛不足，使親子關系偏差，影響孩子的健全發(fā)展。

4、重視培養(yǎng)孩子熱愛求知的習慣，重視閱讀。古代的中國父母，一向深知這個道理，他們引導幼兒從小習讀四書五經，諸子百家，激發(fā)其求知欲望。西方的父母也非常重視家庭閱讀，幼兒睡前必聽一段故事誦讀，這是西方家教的一項優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)。

5、重視言傳身教。父母是孩子的模范，往往一個簡單的動作要比上萬句指令性的灌輸有效的多。

盡管如此，由于中西方地域的差異和各自文化的不同，使得中西傳統(tǒng)家教在更多的方面表現出各自的特色。據我所知，這大概涉及了十個方面。

1、教育傾向不同。

中國父母重社會教化，輕兒童成長。中國父母十分重視社會適應性的教化，但卻常常忽視了從孩子達到身心發(fā)展的特點出發(fā)來促進其成長，他們往往按照既定的模式來培養(yǎng)子女，為他們的成長鋪設康莊大道，外鑠各種品行于子女。

西方父母更重視為子女提供一個可以與之抗爭的成長環(huán)境，并養(yǎng)成他們堅韌的個性和良好的品行，根據社會的變化和子女身心的特征不斷的調節(jié)、選擇自己的培養(yǎng)觀念和方式。

2、家庭教育價值觀不同

中國家庭教育職能是為中國傳統(tǒng)文化所強迫，傳統(tǒng)中國幾千年的儒家文化強調“修身、齊家、治國、平天下”。在此家國同構的思維定向中，家庭教育被賦以直接的社會意義。此外，中國傳統(tǒng)的文化又將父母教育跟子女的個體成長與成就看作是直接相關的因果。中國父母十分看重人們對他們的教子方面作出的譽毀，認為教子成材是他們的成就，而教子不善則臉面無光。教育的目的是為了謀生，為了臉面。

西方家庭教育則認為教育的目的不是準備謀生，而是準備生存。他們所強調的“博雅教育”是具有一種塑造心智的價值，一種與功利的或職業(yè)的考慮無關的價值。

中國家庭的“比較”往往重學習，“比較”的方面較為單一，西方國家的家庭的“比較”往往注重全面的素質，中國家庭的比較，常常愛拿自己孩子的優(yōu)點與他人孩子的缺點比較，使家長得以自慰；西方家庭的比較，往往能自省自己孩子的優(yōu)點和成功之處，不習慣于爭強好勝，論高低上下，中國的家庭在比較時往往想突出自己的形象，有意無意地貶低別人；西方家庭的比較往往注重自身的自尊、自重、自樂。

3、家庭主體觀與教育的相互性不同

中國傳統(tǒng)的家庭文化因襲著統(tǒng)治的模式，表現為家庭內部的權威意識。強調服從和尊重，重視外部控制。在中國的傳統(tǒng)文化中，家庭的主要教育者是父母。中國父母的家長意識十分強烈。他們把孩子視為自己的獨有私人財產，看作是他們的附屬物。因此十分看重他們單方面的塑造，影響孩子的個性建構。他們注意到自身的形象，忽視了孩子與成人的相互作用，忽視了相互影響的過程和全面性，使幼兒處于被動地位，無視幼兒個體的存在。

西方文明是以兒童為主體的，更強調個人的奮斗，強調平等、民主并尊重個人權利。西方父母把孩子視為家庭中的平等成員，尊重孩子的人格和尊嚴，能讓孩子獨立思考，自由選擇。他們尊重孩子的權利，不搞強迫教育。尊重孩子的自尊，主張孩子的天性發(fā)展，自然發(fā)展。父母的責任只在于發(fā)現并引導孩子的興趣和潛能。為孩子創(chuàng)造有利的環(huán)境，重視與孩子的交流，重視教育的相互性。西方家庭教育中父母不是孩子的主宰，而是孩子的朋友。

4、教育的重心不同

中國傳統(tǒng)文化所掌握的是生命與道德，所以十分重視生命、人倫。所以中國父母在教育上歷來以道德作為最高價值取向。中國人心目中的“好孩子”首先是一個懂事聽話的孩子，是指向群體的，人見人愛的。所以家長培養(yǎng)孩子修身養(yǎng)性，自我收斂，講求含蓄，強調等級觀念。中國家教的主要內涵是“仁、義、禮、智、信、忠、恕”中國孩子從小得到的是歷史故事、倫理道德、忠孝節(jié)義的教導。兒童自幼耳濡目染的是冰冷的道德律令與清規(guī)戒律。自幼習讀的是《三字經》、《弟子規(guī)》。

西方文化所掌握的則是知識，家庭對兒童主要是啟發(fā)對大自然的好奇心與想象力。知識的創(chuàng)造來自好奇心。所以借由引發(fā)對大自然的興趣，借由各種天馬行空的童話故事，讓孩子們具有廣大的想象空間，以有利于對知識的創(chuàng)造，他們以兒童的心理發(fā)展作為最高指向，培養(yǎng)孩子的興趣和創(chuàng)造力是西方家教的重心。

5、家庭本位與個人本位

中國傳統(tǒng)文化是以家庭為本位的，注重個人的職責與義務。這在加以價值取向上呈現出如下特點：（1）家庭的教育功能強化。子女教育是家庭生命延續(xù)的一部分，家庭教育還在于達到“家教持久”的目的，它是維持發(fā)展家庭社會政治地位，保存弘揚家庭文化的重要工具。

（2）教育以家庭利益為主要價值取向?！肮庾谝妗?、“光耀門第”是讀書人的追求與目標。個人利益與家庭利益是融為一體的。這與中國傳統(tǒng)文化的“永生觀”緊密相關。

西方文化以個人為本位，注重個人的自由和權利。在教育上表現為將受教育者放在突出地位，強調個性的培養(yǎng)。但是個體本位并不等于個人主義，更不等同于以孩子為中心，家庭呼喚有豐富個性的個人，是能駕御自我，控制自我，超越自我的，擁有完美人格和健全個性的真正現代意義上的現代個人，而不是自私自利，依賴性強的功利化的個人。

6、獨立意識的培養(yǎng)

中國家長在教育上所持的價值是為升學而學習，他們只要求孩子用心學習，其余全不用過問。使孩子從小養(yǎng)成依賴別人的習慣，在風浪面前，變得束手無策，一旦失去幫助就會怨天尤人。西方父母注重從小就培養(yǎng)子女的獨立意識，在西方家庭可以看到，孩子像大人一樣，直呼來訪親朋好友的名字，大膽的發(fā)表自己的見解，參與家庭的討論。這樣獨立的個性使孩子走向社會時更注重個人的能力與奮斗。

7、情感教育與體罰

家庭教育不同于學校教育的一個重要特點是愛的教育。中國家庭中反復出現的一個字是“不”、“不能”、“不行”、“不要”，中國集體教育除了用否定詞來指導孩子的行為外，還習慣于對孩子說“應該”。西方家庭中經常用鼓勵性的語言來表達父母對子女的贊賞。西方父母更注重個人素質與情感溝通。家庭主要圍繞情感的構建與培育而展開。

8、教育方法的不同

中國傳統(tǒng)的教育方法是照本宣科的灌輸式教育，強調死記硬背?！皟啥宦劥巴馐?，一心只讀圣賢書”。西方更強調孩子的“悟”。他們喜歡讓孩子親身厲行，去大自然中，去生活中探求知識。

9、理財教育

在中國，掙錢養(yǎng)家和管理錢財是大人的事，孩子離這些還很遠。他們沒錢時便伸手向父母要。即使是成家立業(yè)后還是可以的。

在西方，理財教育是家庭教育的一個分支。西方父母一般不會不正規(guī)、無計劃的給孩子錢，而是定期發(fā)給孩子一份固定基金。并幫助孩子樹立正確的理財意識，養(yǎng)成良好的理財習慣，還注重對金錢的基本品質的培養(yǎng)。

10、宗教思想與科學教育

雖然中國文化也是以宗教為開端的，但是在教育上我們更強調科學性?！吨腥A人民共和國義務教育法》明確規(guī)定：教育與宗教相分離。

西方的宗教傳統(tǒng)直到近代乃至現代仍保留著強大的勢力，它滲透到教育活動的各個方面，不僅是教育帶有濃厚的宗教色彩，更重要的是它賦予了西方教育以內在的精神價值。

綜上所述，我們可以看出中西家庭教育傳統(tǒng)各有千秋，他們都是扎根于各自的傳統(tǒng)文化土壤中的。我們當前遇到的家庭教育中的不良現象有很大一部分是由于具體教法的不妥而造成的。

因此，我們要一方面繼承和發(fā)揚中國古代家庭教育的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)，另一方面汲取西方家教的精華，促進有中國特色的家庭教育的改革。在吸取我國優(yōu)秀民族文化的基礎上，將現代科學育人知識和方法，大力普及到千家萬戶，轉變家長的觀念，提高家長的自身素質。

在這里我有幾點建議，主要包含4個方面：(1)首先是家庭教育觀念的現代化，摒棄陳舊教育觀念，與時俱進，跟上時代發(fā)展步伐?，F代家庭教育的內容和方法科學化，以及教育手

段的現代化。建立現代家庭教育的機制，實現家庭教育管理的規(guī)范化。建立家庭教育的服務體系，做到保障措施制度化。

(2)確立家長在教育行為中的法制觀念，解決好家庭教育中依法治教的問題；增強家庭教育的民主意識，尊重孩子，平等溝通，改變簡單粗暴、壓制體罰等不良作風；

(3)樹立新的家庭教育理念，把“教子做人”作為家庭教育的重中之重；利用親情教育的優(yōu)勢，開展個性化教育，發(fā)展孩子個性，為國家培養(yǎng)各種有用之才；采取鼓勵、引導、寬容的科學方法，耐心教育，不斷提高孩子自尊心、自信心和上進心；

(4)緊跟知識經濟和信息時代的發(fā)展，進一步拓寬家庭教育思路，增強開放意識，提高家庭教育的適應性；重視和解決“重智輕德”的教育傾向，促進智力因素與非智力因素教育的有機結合，教育孩子學會學習和求知；繼承中華民族優(yōu)秀家教傳統(tǒng)同時，也要面向世界，吸收引進外國思想文化精品，開展東西方家庭教育的交流。

【總結】 總之，中國的家庭教育和西方家庭教育有很大差異，各有優(yōu)劣，我們應該祛除糟粕，取其精華。不失時機地推進家庭教育現代化，使教育世界化，各自取長補短，共同發(fā)展。

[1]鄧小平.鄧小平家庭教育的觀點及其啟示.《劍南文學：下半月》, 2010年第六期.211-211.[2]《中華人民共和國義務教育法》，1986年4月12日.第五十二號第四條.[3]張貴勇.《華爾街日報》，2011年3月3日.第三版

第四篇：中西酒文化對比文獻綜述

中西酒文化對比文獻綜述

姓名：何煌 班級：10級英語一班 學號：201041010125

摘要：酒是人類生活中的主要飲料之一。在人類文化的歷史長河中，它不僅是一種客觀的物質存在，而且是一種文化象征，即酒神精神的象征。酒文化源遠流長，品種繁多，是一個國家歷史發(fā)展和文化沉淀過程中不可缺少的一環(huán)。中西方文化價值觀存在著根本性的差異，酒文化也是一樣。本文通過比較中西方酒的源頭，釀酒原料與酒品的差異，酒文化核心的差異，酒的交際功能等方面的不同來分析和比較中西方酒文化差異，從而進一步闡述中西方文化差異，特別是價值觀方面的差異。關鍵詞：中國，西方，酒文化，比較

文化是人類在社會歷史過程中所創(chuàng)造的物質財富和精神財富的總和，中國和西方的酒文化差異，包括酒的釀造工藝和酒人文精神等的差異，都可以歸結為物質和精神兩大類。造成這些差異的原因是多方面的，不僅有地理環(huán)境、物產和風俗習慣等因素的不同，而且有生產方式、文化傳統(tǒng)等因素的不同，但是也不外乎客觀和主觀兩個方面。只要密切關注這兩個方面的變化，就能在一定程度上了解和把握中國和西方酒文化發(fā)展的脈搏，促進中西文化的交流與發(fā)揚光大。

酒被認為是酒神賜予人們的禮物。酒文化源遠流長。酒在人們日常的交際生活中起著重要作用。由于生活環(huán)境、歷史背景、傳統(tǒng)習俗、價值觀念、思維模式和社會規(guī)范等的不同，東西方（甚至國與國之間）的酒文化呈現出風格迥異、豐富多彩的民族特性。對東西方酒文化特性進行比較研究，頗有意義。東西方酒文化同中有異、異中有同，內容豐富。了解不同民族的酒文化，有助于人們成功地進行跨文化交際。

本文主要研究中西方酒文化在精神象征方面和風俗習慣中的差別。具體將從中西方酒文化所體現出的不同的釀酒技術、人文精神以及酒俗酒禮三個方面對本文主題進行闡述，本文旨在發(fā)揚中國酒文化，了解中西方酒文化，找出二者的差異，實現中西方酒文化的交流。

在中國的餐桌上，大家喝的酒一般是啤酒，如哈啤，青島啤酒，雪花啤酒等等，或是白酒，如茅臺，五糧液，北京二窩頭等等。在美國，喝啤酒的人很多。但是，我很少見

到美國人有直接喝酒精濃度很高的白酒，這和中國很不同。還有，我極少見到美國人在餐桌上互相敬酒，大家通常都是各喝各的。只有在某些特定場合，大家才會一同舉杯。這樣的時刻通常是在某人致辭之后，大家交相舉杯，祝福某人，為某人某事慶賀。仔細想想，可以發(fā)現：中國人飲酒重視的是人，要看和誰喝，要的是飲酒的氣氛；西方人飲酒重視的酒，要看喝什么酒，要的是充分享受酒的美味。中國的飲酒禮儀體現了對飲酒人的尊重。主人，客人都有固定的座位，都有固定的敬酒次序。敬酒時要從主人開始敬，主人不敬完，別人是沒有資格敬的，如果亂了次序是要受罰的。而敬酒一定是從最尊貴的客人開始敬起，敬酒時酒杯要滿，表示的也是對被敬酒人的尊重。晚輩對長輩、下級對上級敬酒要主動敬酒，而且講究的是先干為敬。而行酒令、劃拳等飲酒禮儀，也是為了讓飲酒人喝的更盡興而應運而生的。顯然，中國酒文化深受中國尊卑長幼傳統(tǒng)倫理文化的影響，在飲酒過程中把對飲酒人的尊重擺在最重要的位置上。而西方人飲用葡萄酒的禮儀，則反應出對酒的尊重。品鑒葡萄酒要觀其色、聞其香、品其味，調動各種感官享受美酒。在品飲順序上，講究先喝白葡萄酒后喝紅葡萄酒、先品較淡的酒再品濃郁的酒、先飲年輕的酒在飲較長年份的酒，按照味覺規(guī)律的變化，逐漸深入地享受酒中風味的變化。而對葡萄酒器的選擇上，也是圍繞著如何讓拼飲者充分享受葡萄酒的要求來選擇的。讓香氣匯聚杯口的郁金香型高腳杯、讓酒體充分舒展開的潷酒器、乃至為掌握葡萄酒溫度而為品飲專門設計的溫度計，無不體現出西方人對酒的尊重，他們的飲酒禮儀、飲酒文化都是為更好的欣賞美味而制定的。

無論是中國的豪飲，還是西方的品酒，都希望酒文化能夠在以后的時間里比較出更多更好的酒，也可以是酒文化得到發(fā)展和繼承，讓更多的人了解酒文化，欣賞酒文化！在中國，酒常常被當做一種工具，所謂醉翁之意不在酒。如青梅煮酒是為了論證誰是英雄；杯莫停的將進酒，為的是與爾同消萬古愁；竹林里狂歌的七賢，為的是借酒避難。酒在中國人眼里更多的是當作一種交際的工具，所以在中國的酒文化中缺乏對于酒本身進行科學而系統(tǒng)的理論分析和品評，更在意飲用他后帶來的美妙作用。在西方，飲酒的目的往往很簡單，為了欣賞酒而飲酒，為了享受美酒而飲酒。當然，在西方葡萄酒也有交際的功能，但人們更多的是追求如何盡情的享受美酒的味道。

比較中西方酒文化，可以發(fā)現，酒文化之間的差異其實就是中西方思維方式的差異。中國人喝白酒的多，西方人基本不喝白酒，以果酒和啤酒為主，中國酒禮可太多了，一時也說不清，各地都不相同，我有個朋友說，他有個外國朋友，外國朋友說過：“我們德國人喝的才叫酒，你們中國人喝的不叫酒，叫酒精”好了，把這個事寫到你的論文

中吧，這個外國人說的話說明了很多問題，我國酒的釀造工藝非常差，酒精直接對水，像法國的葡萄酒，要選上好的葡萄，還要用橡木桶封裝，工藝十分講究。

鑒于上述情況，中西酒文化對比主要研究的是中西方釀酒技術的差異、中西方酒俗的差異、中西方酒文化所折射出的人文精神的差異。酒文化是人類社會文化和歷史文化的投影，從一個側面反映出其所屬群族的文化本質。酒文化的差異就是其主體文化的差異，不同的飲酒習俗與釀酒技術和原料等，有助于我們加深對主體文化差異的認知。

參考文獻

[1] Patrick Matthews, Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking, Mitchell Beazley, 2000.[2]杜莉,“中西酒文化比較”，《揚州大學烹飪學報》，2004年第01期。[3]江麗容，“中西飲酒文化差異探析”，《中北大學學報(社會科學版)》,2010第 04期。

[4]李爭平，《中國酒文化》，北京，時事出版社，2007年。[5]鐵流，《中華酒文化大觀》，北京：當代中國出版社, 2000年。[6]王守國，《酒文化與藝術精神》，鄭州：河南大學出版社, 2006年。[7]吳克祥，《酒文化與酒水管理》，南京：南開大學出版社，2012年。[8]楊乃濟，《中西酒文化比較》，北京聯合大學學報，1994年第08期。[9]張愛敬，《酒文化》，青島：中國海洋大學出版社, 1999年。

[10]萬曉艷，2009，從跨文化交際的角度解讀中西方酒文化，《甘肅科技縱橫》。

第五篇：中西哲學對比 選修論文

中國哲學的神話淵源

冷建（201200182011）

能源與動力工程學院2012級交通運輸

摘要：正如尼采點明“日神精神”和“酒神精神”是西方哲學精神在前軸心期神話時代的淵源，“夸父精神”和“女媧精神”是中國哲學精神在前軸心期神話時代的淵源。夸父精神是一種陽剛進取的“非理性’精神，而女媧精神是一種陰柔包容的“理性”精神。這兩種基本精神呈現為互補炭系，共同構成中華民族哲學的二元一體格局。經過一定時期的理性轉換，尤其是經過周易哲學的話語轉換。它們成為了中華民族哲學精神的核心精神。

Abstract：Just as Nietzsche pointed out that Dionysus’ spirits and Apollo’s spirits were the mythological sources of Western philosophy in Pre-axial Period。Kuafu’s spirits and Nvwa’s spirits were the mythological sources of Chinese philosophy in Pre-axial Period ．Kuafu’s was a irrational spirit of enterprise。while Nvwa’s was a rational spirit of gentleness and lenity．They appeared in a relation of mutual-complement and formed the dual integration of Chinese national philosophy．Through the rational transformation in the Axial Period.Especially that of philosophical utterance in the Book of Change，both of them became the central spirits of the philosophy of Chinese Nation，關鍵詞：夸父精神；女媧精神；哲學精神；神話象征

從小我們就非常熟悉女媧、夸父等神話人物，他們有的是人類的救星，有的有著非同一般的經歷，有的則展示了可貴的精神。這些神話故事對我們人格的培養(yǎng)也發(fā)揮了不少的作用。后來我們又接觸了西方神話，知道了西方神話中的宙斯、阿波羅、奧丁等眾神，這給了我們耳目一新的感覺。讓我們看到了兩種文化的不同。下面，我們將中國古代神話與西方神話作一比較。簡單探討研究一下中西方文化的異同。中國上古神話沒有得到充分發(fā)育，它沒有歐洲那樣的神話巨制，現存的神話都是支離破碎的，散見于各種古代典籍之中，在經、史、子、集四部里都有，并且不成系統(tǒng)。然而，古希臘神話卻不同。希臘有一部長達４８卷，近兩萬八千行的荷馬史詩——《伊里亞特》和《奧德賽》，記載、加工了古希臘豐富的神話傳說，并形成了一個完整、龐大的神話傳說體系。這是由于希臘神話產生之時，曾出現若干城邦奴隸制國家，與此同時出現了相應的城邦文化，出現了史詩形式及悲劇，這些史詩和悲劇都以古神話為武庫和素材，因而使得希臘上古時代的神話得到記錄、整理、加工和流傳。此外，古希臘直至公元前 ４世紀為馬其頓所吞并時，還是奴隸社會，奴隸社會越長，對上古神話的保存發(fā)展才越有好處。再有，早在荷馬時代，希臘人便已基本上作為一個整體在活動了，他們的城邦以斯巴達、雅典為首，經常聯合行動，于是他們中間出現了像荷馬那樣的人物，把分散、零碎的神話綜合在一起，構成一個完整的體系。以后希臘神話一直被保存下來。

每個民族的哲學精神乃奠基于“軸心時期”，這一點現在已得到公認；但軸心時期的這種哲學精神卻是孕育于此前的“神話時代”的，這一點還沒有引起人們足夠的注意，相反，人們倒是更多地注意到了“前軸心期”的軸心時期之間的差異對立。例如西方當代某些哲學家為了反思和克服軸心時期以來哲學的弊端，力圖返回前軸心期。其實，西方哲學精神雖然確立于古希臘哲學時代，但它卻是孕育于此前的古希臘神話時代的，這就正如中國哲學精神雖然確立于春秋戰(zhàn)國時期。但它同樣孕育于此前的中國神話時代。顯然，神話乃是民族哲學精神的最初的象征形式。因此。我們可以通過對一個民族神話的闡釋，來揭示這個民族哲學傳統(tǒng)的淵源。唯其如此。尼采所提出的“日神精神”與“酒神精神”，非常形象精煉地概括表征了西方哲學的核心精神。這對于我們探尋中國哲學精神在前軸心期神話中的淵源與象征提供了一種很好的參照。中華民族哲學精神核心可以概括為由上古神話所表征的陽剛進取的“夸父精神”與陰柔包容的“女媧精神”；到了軸心時期，才由哲學話語轉換為《周易大傳》的乾陽之德“自強不息”精神與坤陰之德“厚德載物”精神，進而演化出中國哲學傳統(tǒng)的兩大支柱—儒家哲學與道家哲學。

每個民族在哲學覺醒的軸心時期之前，都曾有一個神話時代，區(qū)別僅僅在于這種神話的文本形式有所不同。古希臘神話的形式是<荷馬史詩>，即長篇敘事詩的形式，這與中國藏民族《格薩爾王傳》的形式一致，卻與漢民族的神話文本形式有很大的區(qū)別。中國前軸心期漢語神話的形式既有詩歌的形式，例如《詩經》里就保存著許多上古神話傳說(但也不同于西方式的長篇，而是短篇)；也有散文的形式，例如《尚書》乃至《左傳》當中保存的許多遠古英雄傳說故事，就其實質而言，還是神話性質的東西。尼采正是從這種前軸心期的神話中提取了兩個典型的形象，用以象征西方哲學精神的淵源：他在自己的第一部著作《悲劇的誕生》中，用“日神”阿波羅和“酒神”狄俄尼索斯這兩個希臘神話形象，來概括象征西方哲學的兩大根本精神傳統(tǒng)。當然，在尼采那里，酒神精神與H神精神首先是“藝術精神”；但是尼采的美學從一開始就不只是一般美學家那樣的美學，而毋寧說是一種人生觀、乃至就是一種真正的哲學世界觀。這是因為在他看來，“只有作為一種審美現象，人生和世界才顯得是有充足理由的?！闭窃谶@個意義上，《悲劇的誕生》才是他的哲學的真正誕生地。

“日神精神”和“酒神精神”是兩種基本精神力量，作為樂觀主義者的尼采跟作為悲觀主義者的叔本華，對此的理解是不同的：叔本華認為，個體要通過否定個體化原理，來擺脫永恒痛苦，最終否定生命意志；尼采認為，個體是要通過超越個體化束縛，來達到意志本體境界，故肯定生命意志。日神精神和酒神精神之不同，“在我看來，日神是美化個體化原理的守護神，唯有通過它才能真正在外觀中獲得解脫；相反，在酒神神秘的歡呼下，個體化的魅力煙消云散，通向存在之母、萬物核心的道路敞開了?！?/p>

關于夸父和女媧的神話記載，最早見于《山海經》。但《山海經》所載的神話故事能否視為“前軸心期”的東西，這似乎是存在疑問的。為此，我們應該嚴格區(qū)分這樣兩個問題：《山海經》這部書的成書時代問題。眾所周知，班固<漢書·藝文志>已經著錄了《山海經》，一般公認它至少是先秦的文獻。至于到底“先”到什么時候，則是至今尚無定論的懸案。此書舊題為夏禹或伯益作，雖不可信，但似乎對于認識此書的來源之古也是有所啟發(fā)的。我認為，《山海經》這樣的文獻也跟上古其它許多文獻一樣，并非一人一時之作，而是經歷了一個長期的輾轉流變過程，而它最初的形式所處的時代，我們已經不得而知，很可能是非常久遠的了?！渡胶＝洝匪涊d的神話來源問題。我認為，《山海經》里所記載的那些事也跟其它許多上古文獻所記載的故事一樣，最初都是口耳相傳的，至于這種口耳相傳的情形究竟始于何時，很可能是極其渺遠的時代。

夸父形象象征著中國哲學傳統(tǒng)的剛健進取的精神，主要體現在以下幾點上：剛健有為的進取精神。讀夸父故事，我們強烈感受到一種昂揚奮進的精神力量。尤其是在他饑渴難耐、“渴欲得飲”的情況下，“飲于河渭，河渭不足，北飲大澤”，毫不氣餒，想方設法補充水分，恢復體力，以便繼續(xù)“追趕太陽”，更表現出一種積極奮發(fā)的人生態(tài)度。這種人生態(tài)度乃是中華民族精神、中國哲學精神的一種主導傾向。知其不可為而為之的執(zhí)著精神。這種真正的英雄主義，也是中華民族精神的重要內容。還有死而后已的堅韌精神。確實，總起來看，夸父精神與尼采的酒神精神有相當一致的特征，即具有一種非理性主義的性質。

女媧形象象征著中國哲學的柔韌包容的精神傳統(tǒng)。博大寬厚的包容精神。在中國哲學中，“地”一向是作為寬容博大的象征的。女媧精神與“地”具有密切聯系，在一定意義上可以說是大地的象征。生生不息的生命精神。上文談到女媧造人、作為“高媒”之神主管婚姻生殖，都表明了這一點。協(xié)調和諧的和合精神。“和”是中華民族的一種突出的精神傳統(tǒng)，而女媧精神就是其早期神話體現。較之夸父精神，女媧精神似乎更具“實用理性”的意味：如果說夸父精神更接近于尼采的酒神精神，那么女媧精神就更接近于尼采的日神精神。

儒、道兩家的哲學，其實正是夸父精神和女媧精神進入軸心時期以后的兩種表現。儒家入世，崇尚有為，富有進取精神，正是夸父精神的體現；道家避世，崇尚自然，富于退讓精神，乃是女媧精神的體現。當然，進一步講，儒道兩家各自分別亦兼有夸父精神和女媧精神，只不過側重點不同而已。

參考文獻：袁珂、周明 《中國神話資料萃編》

尼采

《悲劇的誕生》 無名氏

《山海經》 劉安

《淮南子》