第一篇：論中西飲食文化之差異英語(yǔ)4000字

編號(hào)（No.）SFLC2013 200905210230 寧夏師范學(xué)院外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院 學(xué)士學(xué)位論文

An Analysis of Different Food Cultures between China and Western Countries 作者姓名曹俊峰 論文方向英美文化 指導(dǎo)教師馬生倉(cāng)

答辯時(shí)間

2013年5月25日

Abstract Food is the basic need for human survival and development, but also is one of the basic forms of social life.Different countries have different food cultures.This thesis analyzes the differences in food culture between China and western countries from several different aspects, including food perceptions, tastes and nutritions, food targets, tablewares, and manners as well as pursuit.Certainly, these differences are obvious.As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite in communications between Chinese and westerners.Key Words food culture；differences；communications；China；western countries CONTENTS I.Introduction……………………………………………………………………….....1

II.Literature Review......................................................................................................1 III.Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries……...…2 3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and Nutritions……………………………...…...…....2 3.2 Different Food Targets……………………………………………………….....4

3.3The Styles of Having Dinner and Using Tablewares…….……………………...5 3.4 Differences in Pursuit…………...………………………………………..…….8 IV.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...….....9 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….10

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................11 I.Introduction Food is the basic need for human survival and development;also it is one of the basic forms of social life.In different historical backgrounds, however, there are different food perceptions, different food needs and the way of using food.In the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has been integrated into all aspects of life.Chinese and western cultures had been the two major types of world cultures.And the food culture is very important both in Chinese and western cultures.Chinese food culture has a long history.It has experienced several years of historical development and become an important component of China’s traditional culture.In the long process of development, Chinese people gradually form their own unique food culture.Meanwhile, Chinese food becomes a bright pearl of food and cultural treasures in the world.On the contrary, western food culture keeps always a kind of rational perception.Western people pay more attention to lightly flavored and dietary equilibrium.People no longer excessively pursue taste because they choose food’s nutrition.People try to research the difference of the nutrition.This thesis focuses on the different food cultures in China and western countries.Knowing about the differences between Chinese and western food cultures and their development, foreign language learners can not only increase the understanding of languages and cultures, but also enhance the efficiency of cross-cultural communication.At the same time, the contact between different countries becomes much tighter through the incorporation of a global economy.II.Literature Review Many scholars are interested in different food cultures between China and western countries.In Yin Li and Han Xiaoling’s book, writers mainly describe the relationship of idioms and folklore(Yin Li, Han Xiaoling.2007:39).And the writers also tell about food culture.Their opinion is that food manner is not just to satisfy people’s physical needs, what is more, food is a social behavior, and it has rich cultural connotations.Different regions, countries and peoples gradually form a distinctive food culture, because it is affected by natural environment, product, geography, climate, economy, politics, religion, philosophy, history and so on.Food custom is a visualized reflection of food culture.Food custom belongs to the scope of a big culture.It is also an independent branch of folklore.In Jiang Yan’s thesis, she refers to the differences of Chinese and western food cultures(Jiang Yan, 2007:50).First, people can accept actively western food culture by analyzing the differences of Chinese and western food cultures.At the same time, people should notice western etiquette through cross-cultural communication so that they can grasp the nation’s cultural characteristics on the basis of seeking common ground while accepting the existing differences.Second, this way can also train people’s adaptability.Finally, people can avoid effectively the misunderstandings which are caused by the differences of cultures, too.Through analyzing those papers, the author proposes reasonable suggestion about food culture.Moreover, these papers explain the significance of learning the differences between Chinese and western food cultures.In addition, these papers only state that it is important to learn food culture for people, but authors don’t mention that people should respect food culture of every country.In other words, people shouldn’t discriminate every country’s food culture.Besides, people should notice how to choose nourished food.III.Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western food cultures have different characteristics.The differences in perceptions, tastes and nutrition;food targets;the styles of having dinner and tablewares;and interest have reflected the different food cultures in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of food culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and Nutritions Christianity has deep influence on Western food perception.Christianity stresses that human beings must absolutely obey the order of the God;they must respect soul;they propose people’s reason;they control people’s desire;they ignore people’s value of life and significance;they pay more attention to the happiness of heaven.Christianity thinks that the ancestor of the human being was expelled from the Garden of Eden by God because they ate forbidden fruit.So people have original sin.In their life, they gain purification and pleasure of soul with believing in God and taking part in religious ceremony.So human being controls food.The Bible says that man does not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.Perter Bromhead said that western countries have a rational food perception and they pay more attention to scientific food perception(Perter, Bromhead,1978:3).Western countries stress natural value of food.They attach importance to protein, fat, quantity of heat and vitamins in food.However, they are particular about whether nutrient ingredient in food is reasonable collocation；whether the supply of calories is just right;whether these nutrition constituents are fully absorbed by people.In addition, they try to keep normal juice and natural nutrition of food, rather than pursue food’s color, scent, design, as well as its variety.Even if the taste is same or insipid, people will eat it.Because western people pay more attention to food’s nutrition constituent.They don’t connect food with spiritual enjoyment.Even food will reflect a strong practical and utilitarian purpose.Western people think that food is just existent means, but it uses a more scientific, normative and reasonable manner(Keith,Sinclair,1980).For example, school leaders will arrange a nutritionist for students in middle school in order to ensure teenagers to have enough and balanced nutrition.But western food also has big shortcomings.For example, they don’t eat animal’s viscera.In other words, they don’t pay more attention to food without nutritional value.Meanwhile, the cooking skill of western people often reflects mechanical and rigid.All kinds of vegetables will never mix together and taint by other odor.And they can’t change another pattern.Chinese people pay more attention to eating.In China, there is a proverb that bread is the staff of life.The proverb explains that people regards food as heaven.For thousands of years, the nation was in a low productivity level, people didn’t have enough food to eat.Chinese people think that eating is the most important thing over others.If a kind of culture treats eating as the first thing, then there will be two phenomena: On one hand, people will make eating’s function to acme.Its function can maintain existence and health.On the other hand, too much attention to eating will make people respect the pursuit of delicious food.In Chinese cooking technique, Chinese people pursue delicious food to acme, and they make a living by developing restaurant industry in overseas.Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food.Chinese people like appraising the pros and cons of food from color, scent, design, as well as its variety and so on(Li Mingying,1997).They pursue a kind of mood without expressing in language.Simply speaking, Chinese people pay more attention to taste.Certainly, taste is the charm of Chinese food.Taste not only satisfies people to be eager for delicious food, but also brings physical and mental pleasure.Chinese food excessively stresses taste and mental enjoyment.Chinese food also has its disadvantages, it ignores nutrient ingredient in food.Chinese people regard delicious food as the first request.However, it is a pity when people regard delicious food as the first request.A large of traditional food need go through a long period of frying and strewing, so the nutrient ingredient in food is destroyed.Chinese people often ignore the nutrition’s analysis and reasonable nutrition’s collocation.In a word, western food pays more attention to food’s nutrition from scientifically analyzing, while Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food.Both sides should learn from each other and make food more perfect.3.2 Different Food Targets Food target roots in the differences of ethnic cultural background.Western people eat more meat.They pay more attention to animal’s protein and fat in their food(Leslie,White,1949:06).Meat plays an important role in the food structure and mainly includes beef, chicken, pork, lamb, and fish.The cultural background connects with western nomads and maritime national culture.People regard sailing, fishing, hunting and nomadic as their own main activities.Planting is a complement to the activity.So animals are the main source of their food.In modern times, the proportion of planting industry is on the increase.But the proportion of meat is still higher than Chinese food.Although the proportion of meat is smaller than vegetables, people have another food—tofu which can make up nutrition for human being.Tofu is a traditional food.Its history dates back to the western Han Dynasty.Not only is the taste of tofu very delicious, but also it has much the nutrient ingredient in food.It is good for people’s health.People often say that the green vegetables and tofu can protect the human being.Tofu can be made different dishes and snacks.At times, it can be made delicious food with little tofu.People regard tofu as main ingredient and second ingredient.The life conditions of Chinese people are affected by the agricultural civilization.Staple food is wheat and beans.Certainly, vegetables dominate Chinese food.People often call vegetarians dishes（Paul,Anthony,1975:68）.Chinese people usually add to meat dishes in festival.This kind of food custom has deeply influenced on Buddhism.Buddhists believe that animals are “creature”, and “creature” can’t be killed.Even people can’t eat them.However, with the development of living standards and the popularity of nutritional perception, Chinese people are increasing the proportion of meat and dairy products on the table.Similarly, western people also add vegetables to their food.Chinese and western foods have been gradually moving towards integration(Lin Lirui,2009:11).Western people like eating cold dishes in salad or cold drink.But Chinese people prefer to hot dishes.Most of the main dishes are hot.Western people believe that dishes are a longing.So they only eat a large piece of meat and the whole chickens and even “hard food”.They want to pay more attention to taste from dishes.So the cooking techniques for Chinese cooking also show great randomness.Many western people think that something is garbage, but Chinese people believe that these are excellent raw materials.Foreign chefs don’t know how to handle these things, but in a Chinese chef hand, they can transform bad into good.It goes to prove that Chinese food is the wide randomness of materials.According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese people eat six hundred kinds of vegetables.It is six times more than in the west.In fact, vegetarian dishes are common food in the Chinese dishes.Chinese people can eat meat in holidays or at the higher living standards.Since ancient times, people have been saying of “vegetarian dishes”.Vegetarian dishes are the dominant statement in people’s usual food.Chinese people make plant as the main dishes, and kinds of dishes have a lot of connect with the advocacy of Buddhism.They regard animals as “people”.On the contrary, plants don’t work in the laws of nature.Therefore, Chinese people advocate the vegetarianism.When western people introduce food characteristic of their own country, they pay more attention to reasonable collocation of nutrition than in China.Even they have more developed food industry, Such as, canned food and fast food.Although the taste is same, saving time and nutrition is good.So western people are stronger than Chinese people: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular development;but Chinese people are small and thin;their shoulders are narrow;their complexion are yellow.And consequently, Chinese people are known as plant character, western people are known as animal character(Wang Renxiang, Xiao Xiao 2007).To sum up, western people pay more attention to meat on food targets, they can absorb more fat and protein, so they are stronger than Chinese people.However Chinese people pay more attention to vegetables.They are more healthy than westerners.3.3 The Style of Having Dinner and Using Tablewares The different food culture is also reflected in having dinner and using tablewares in China and western countries.3.3.1 Having Dinner

Whether it is family meals or formal feasts in China, Chinese people will sit around and share enjoyment each other(Lv Wenwen).They also toast each other or persuade others to eat delicious food.The scene has created harmonious and happy atmosphere.Especially in all kinds of festivals, Chinese people gain enjoyment from having dinner together.The style of having dinner is the most important tradition of Chinese food culture.The style is on the basis of patriarchal clan system’s perception.Having dinner together is popular with family or clan at first.Then it extends to outside the family.Chinese people usually educate and express all kinds of proprieties by having dinner together.So these reflect the relationship of the old and the young, the noble and the humble, the intimate and the aloof.Because having dinner together pander to traditional family perception and objectively play an important part in maintaining family’s stability and promoting family members’ unity and harmony.Therefore, having dinner together has been handed down generation after generation.All family members gather together by sitting around and sharing one seat.This will be a family happiness.But having dinner together also has disadvantages that people don’t pay more attention to food’s health and scientific using.Wasting food becomes more and more serious.Nowadays, people gradually realize this disadvantage and start to change.In entertainment of having dinner together, eating food is not the most important problem, but a face-saving is very important.The standard of price, the grade of dishes and rich dishes are often regarded as the master’s feeling carrier.When the host entertains guests, the host will prepare for a wonderful meal.This shows the host’s enthusiasm, because the standard of entertainment is a symbol of warm hospitality.Therefore, the hosts are afraid to end up with “penny pinching”, so they always prepare much more than the actual consumption.As people say, Chinese people get in touch with each other in order to make others owe debt of gratitude.People often pay more attention to face-feeling in culture of having dinner.In general, the entertainment of having dinner together adopt pattern of consumption of“Person who entertains guests should check out”.Chinese people often follow the principle of reciprocity.This kind of debt of gratitude is not equal and optional communication, but it is the human sentiment’s exchange of owing and repaying.People firstly emphasize interpersonal harmony in having dinner together, and then they pay more attention to food.Therefore, in the process of having dinner together people often pay more attention to the coordination and distribution or interpersonal relationship, social roles and the debt of gratitude.Western people are accustomed to individual serving when they are eating.Although western people eat food by sitting around in western banquet, everyone eats the dishes and food in their plates（Ji Qing,2008:42）.Western individual serving is a typical form and that is buffet.Diners take a set of tableware, and then get delicious food from plate.Certainly western people don’t have fixed seat, and they can freely pace back and forth.The style of having dinner not only can fully satisfy individual to be fond of food, but also can communicate each other and exchange individual feelings or information.So food is only a kind of means and foil in western feast rather than the whole purpose.The core of feast is friendship.The style of having dinner adequately embodies western people to respect individuality and self, and also stresses individual independence.It is different from cultural patterns of the whole unification of China.Especially since Renaissance movement, western society has energetically advocated equality, freedom, human rights and liberation spirit.The Renaissance movement immensely publicizes the human personality and the sense of freedom, and also creates a cultural environment which stresses individual’s free development.So, the difference of Chinese and western food culture comes from emotional and rational.But the difference becomes fuzzy with the development of science.More and more people no longer pay more attention to food hygiene and nutrition.3.3.2 Tablewares Generally speaking, Chinese people don’t use much tablewares when they have meals.Mainly they have bowls, dishes, chopsticks and spoons, and they don’t use very often.Chinese cooking is particular about tableware’s shape and size as well as food’s coordination.Even they stress “beautiful utensil”.Chinese people treat food as art activity.Not only can people surely feast guests’ mouths, but also get a kind of art enjoyment from Chinese food.Western people use metal knives and forks which mainly contained stainless steel, fine silver and silvering and so on.Besides, as people know the emergence of a knife and fork is much later than chopsticks.It originated in lifestyle of the ancient nomadic of the European.They made a living by knives, and often cooked the meat, then cut off to eat.After people took up residence, the knives and forks appeared in the kitchen.All kinds of cup, plate or dish have its own function.This tableware can’t be mixed to use.For example, there are different kinds of names for glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.In serving English meals, people use so much tableware with different kinds and sizes.In a word, western people emphasize the function of tablewares, while Chinese people stress the shape of dish and individual’s feeling.3.4 Differences in Pursuit In China, cooking is a kind of art, And it is similar to other arts.Chinese people stress that if you want to cook, you must like cooking.Chinese cooking has been regarded as great fun by people.A woman writer once said that she was fed with doing housework.But she was interested in cooking dishes.A slice of onion and a bit of meat can cook a delicious dainty.She appreciated this kind of art.The instant-boiled mutton and Sichuan hotpot become more and more popular so that many people are fond of them.On one hand, the dishes are fresh and tender.People can freely eat them.On the other hand, Chinese people can enjoy the interesting cooking on the process of having dinner.The work can enrich people’s life because they have great fun for cooking.China has a large number of cooking skill: heat, stir-fry, and quick-fry, braise, steam, crisp, scrabble, blast, and wire drawing and so on.And Chinese cooking take cutting technique and heating control in baking seriously.Chinese cooking is similar to the music, the dance, the poetry and the drawing.Both of them can improve realm of life.Western cooking is easier than Chinese cooking.They only pursue the nutrition of food.It leads people to ignore enjoyment of food.Thus, western cooking is particular about scientific and standard perception.The fired chicken of KFC need to put up ingredients on the basis of food’s illustration, and the temperature of oil or time of the fired chicken should follow the standard in the menu.So the job of chef becomes very boring and mechanical.In the process of cooking, western people usually represent more mechanical in designing dishes.Even they are absolutely in accordance with the recipes.Every now and then they use scale measuring pot and scale pan in order to achieve accuracy.It leads western cooking to be short of new idea at times.Their dishes are mainly frying, stir-frying and braising instead of food’s shape and color.Western people think that playing while working is dereliction, and working in playing is a losing deal.However, Chinese people believe the transformation of working and playing.IV.Conclusion We can easily find that the differences between Chinese and western food cultures are very obvious from this thesis.They have different food perceptions, tastes, nutrition, food targets and interests;they also have differences in the style of having dinner and using tableware.Both of them have their own special advantages.With the economic globalization and information exchange speeding up, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, Chinese and western food cultures continuously mix together and mutually complement(Zou Wenguang,1998).The exchange of food culture is in people’s daily life.Chinese people can learn from the perception that western people stresses food’s nutrition.And Chinese people should make Chinese food more outstanding.At present, Chinese people make more efforts to draw all the perfect achievements in the world.Chinese people should make use of a chance to absorb splendid cultures from other countries according to China’s reform and opening up policy which creates the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.It is essential for English learners to study food culture which is the important part between Chinese and Western cultures.In the process of learning English, learners should pay attention to the difference of culture between Chinese and western, know more about countries regarded English as native speaking language, so as to cultivate good thinking model.Learning food culture is benefit for learners to promote the ability of cross-culture communication and stimulate the interest of learning English.As we all know, language is the supporter of culture, so learning language is not a process of learning vocabulary and grammar.We should emphasize the cross-culture communication so as to achieve the real purpose of learning English.As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite between Chinese and western exchanges.Bibliography

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第二篇：中西飲食文化中的主食差異

中西飲食文化中主食的差異性

摘要：食物之于人類自身發(fā)展以及人類文明的建立的影響都是驚天動(dòng)地的。在人類歷史進(jìn)程中，食物是許多重要變革的內(nèi)在推動(dòng)要素。不管是古人還是今人，他們所做的每件事都需要食物——特別是主食來提供動(dòng)力。然而不同民族創(chuàng)造了不同的飲食文化，主食的差異性又間接促成了文明的差異性。本文主要以中西方的主食在熱量需求、烹飪方式、配餐飲品、進(jìn)餐禮儀等方面差異性來展示不同文明區(qū)域內(nèi)的飲食文化的內(nèi)涵，并進(jìn)一步揭示造成這種差異背后的歷史地理、生物基因等產(chǎn)生原因。

關(guān)鍵詞：主食、飲食文化、差異、跨文化交流

一、中西方的主食構(gòu)成：

世界各地的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)存在著較大的差異，要將不同類型的主食放在一起很難作比較深入、系統(tǒng)的比較，例如今天歐洲人的主食是以肉食為主，而我們中國(guó)則以植物性的作物或者稻米或者豆科類植物制品來補(bǔ)充人體所需的能量。因此這一章節(jié)將我們討論的主食范圍縮小到植物性的主食。

世界各地的植物性主食按區(qū)域劃分主要可以分為三大版塊：

1近東地區(qū)以小麥和裸麥為主食。以小麥和裸麥為為食物原料的近東地區(qū)，主要將食物加工成面包的形式來為該地區(qū)的人群提供能量和營(yíng)養(yǎng)，所以面包在西方社會(huì)被譽(yù)為“食品之母”。早在1萬多年前,西亞一帶的古代民族就已種植小麥和大麥。那時(shí)的人類利用石板將谷物碾壓成粉,與水調(diào)和后在燒熱的石板上烘烤，這就是面包的起源,但它還是未發(fā)酵的“死面”。之后古埃及人掌握了制作面包發(fā)酵的技術(shù)。如今，在埃及法老的古墓里還留存著一幅壁畫，上面繪制的就是當(dāng)時(shí)古埃及人制作面包的情景。直至公元前13世紀(jì)，摩西帶領(lǐng)希伯來人大遷徙，自此將面包技術(shù)帶出埃及，逐漸傳入歐洲各地。所以從食物史的角度來說，歐洲文明起源于西亞文明還是有據(jù)可依的。今天的歐洲人一日三餐都離不開面包，他們?cè)诿姘幕A(chǔ)上創(chuàng)造出很多面包的衍生品比如披薩、漢堡、三明治等等，可以說面包制品占據(jù)了飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的重要地位。就拿法國(guó)人的一天為例，經(jīng)典的法式早餐是羊角面包配咖啡；午餐作為工作餐往往就用三明治來解決，晚上是法國(guó)人享受豪華大餐的時(shí)機(jī)，法式大餐品種繁復(fù)，上菜程序考究，但依舊少不了面包的蹤影，面包作為配餐早早地放在食客面前，甚至在法國(guó)的高級(jí)餐廳里面，面包是作為餐廳品質(zhì)的標(biāo)志而存在的。

2東亞地區(qū)包括中國(guó)南方的主食來源就是水稻。稻子是人類所知的最有用的食物，它解決了人類將近一半人口的糧食問題。稻子成熟后加工成米，經(jīng)過蒸煮就成了我們?nèi)粘Ｋ璧摹帮垺?，放的水更多，煮的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)，就成了另一種形式的米制品——粥。然而在這么多民族的共同努力下，米制品不僅僅只局限于“飯”和“粥”。人們把米磨成粉，以水調(diào)和，制作出腸粉、河粉等米制衍生品。今天在中國(guó)的廣東地區(qū)，腸粉和干炒牛河已經(jīng)被演繹成極具地方特色的小吃了。在東亞的其他地區(qū)，人們也想盡辦法變換米制品的食用方式。每逢過年，年糕總會(huì)因其年年高的吉祥寓意出現(xiàn)在餐桌上，他們將糯米摻以晚米，泡漲蒸至成熟后用木樁捶打成型，中國(guó)江浙一帶的農(nóng)村依舊保存了打年糕的習(xí)俗。中國(guó)國(guó)土遼闊，因此在南北在主食制品的選擇和喜好上也存在著較大的差異。中國(guó)的西部、北部和中部產(chǎn)小麥，但是在中國(guó)只有新疆的印歐語(yǔ)系人和突厥語(yǔ)族人才以面包為食用小麥的主要形式，他們將生面團(tuán)疊成的大薄片貼在爐灶內(nèi)部，利用爐內(nèi)的熱量將其烤熟，這種食物就是我們今天所說的“馕”，它是面包家族的祖先。中國(guó)的北方人將這種技術(shù)微型化，由此制作出更小更薄的燒餅。但是這種形制的小麥制品始終不是中國(guó)北方各地主食的“標(biāo)配”，饅頭和面條占據(jù)北方人主食的霸權(quán)地位。山東人民將饅頭吃出了文化，山西人則演繹出多樣的面食文化。

3美洲地區(qū)土著主要是以玉米和番薯作為主食。玉米也叫玉蜀黍，它是世界上最古老的農(nóng)作物之一。據(jù)考證，玉米原產(chǎn)美洲大陸——從美國(guó)南部經(jīng)墨西哥直到秘魯和智利的狹長(zhǎng)地帶，但其起源和進(jìn)化過程仍無定論。我們已經(jīng)知道早在七千年前美洲的瑪雅人就已經(jīng)開始種植玉米，而且玉米是瑪雅人的主食，因此瑪雅文明也被稱為玉米文明。番薯這種植物塊莖因其熱量高，易飽腹曾一度是美洲土著的主要食物。

二、中西方飲食的差異性

1烹飪方式的差異:中國(guó)的飲食文化中比較有代表性的饅頭和西方飲食文化中比較有代表性的面包放在一起，在烹飪方式上存在較大的差異.饅頭是采用隔水蒸煮的方式，面包則是直接烘烤。烹飪方式的差異也反映了不同的物質(zhì)技術(shù)，隔水蒸煮需要一定密封的容器，而烘烤可以直接暴露在外部空間里，因而光從器具上來講，饅頭的制作成需要更成熟的技術(shù)條件。物質(zhì)技術(shù)的差異同時(shí)也反映出文明形態(tài)的差異性：中國(guó)是農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)，農(nóng)耕文明影響下的人民以定居的形式生存下來，他們的衣食住都需要固定的場(chǎng)所、容器來支持，因此會(huì)較早出現(xiàn)密封器具，而西歐自古多戰(zhàn)亂，他們對(duì)食物的要求就是滿足征戰(zhàn)時(shí)隨身攜帶的需要，以及熱量上的補(bǔ)充。面包的制作不需要攜帶沉重的密閉鍋具，并且烘焙的食物而成的食物產(chǎn)生的熱能遠(yuǎn)高于蒸煮的食物，因此，恰好滿足歐洲人生存的需要，長(zhǎng)此以往，面包這種食物就在這一人群就產(chǎn)生了極大的影響力。

2對(duì)熱量、溫度需求不同。面包采用烘焙的形式，配以黃油、奶油等高熱能的輔料材料，它產(chǎn)生的熱量遠(yuǎn)高于饅頭。此外西方人對(duì)食物的溫度和中國(guó)人也存在著很大的差異，他們喜食生食、冷食，牛排六七分熟，蔬菜全是新鮮才摘下洗凈直接放進(jìn)食盤中。而中國(guó)人則截然相反，我們喜歡吃熱的，五味調(diào)和的食物，所以中國(guó)人在招待賓客時(shí)總是說“趁熱吃！”西方人吃面包不考慮溫度，而我們中國(guó)人則從來不愛吃冷了的饅頭。這種差異從今天大熱的影視節(jié)目中也略見端倪，我們熟悉的《舌尖上的中國(guó)》系列紀(jì)錄片在展現(xiàn)食物時(shí)總是以熱氣騰騰的霧氣為視角，在五集的內(nèi)容中不乏食物冒著熱氣的鏡頭，但是在《唐頓莊園》里頭食物總是中規(guī)中矩被盛放在盤子里，然后按順序一步步上桌，從來看不到英國(guó)人對(duì)食物溫度的需求。這種差異反映出飲食觀念不同，一個(gè)鐘愛五味的調(diào)和，鐘愛溫暖，一個(gè)則講究食物本身的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和飲食的禮節(jié)，西方人對(duì)待飲食，首先講究有什么營(yíng)養(yǎng)，能產(chǎn)生多少能量，味道則是次要的。如果加熱烹調(diào)會(huì)造成營(yíng)養(yǎng)損失，那就半生不熟或干脆生吃，在他們的飲食觀念中，口味從來都得讓步于營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值。

3配餐飲品：飲食本身就包括飲料和食物，所以在配合主食進(jìn)餐時(shí)飲料也是差異性的重要體現(xiàn)。中國(guó)人吃飯前喝茶居多，例如中國(guó)廣東地區(qū)，把吃早點(diǎn)以“喝早茶” 的形式命，并且在正餐之前都要上一道茶來潤(rùn)喉。西方人的飲品多數(shù)還是酒類和奶制品飲料，地中海氣候和溫帶海洋性氣候多產(chǎn)葡萄，考究的法國(guó)人在餐前要喝開胃的白葡萄酒，餐后又會(huì)喝紅酒。此外經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在西方人杯中的飲料——牛奶，傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)人似乎不怎們感興趣，他們寧愿選擇豆?jié){來替代這種高熱量、高營(yíng)養(yǎng)的飲料，直至近些年，食物的跨文化交流，牛奶營(yíng)養(yǎng)說等結(jié)論才把大量和牛奶的飲食習(xí)慣帶入中國(guó)。

三、造成這種差異性的原因推測(cè)

1自然地理因素：歐洲的許多國(guó)家都位于北溫帶的溫帶海洋性氣候區(qū)。這種氣候適宜大范圍牧草生長(zhǎng)卻難以種植不適宜谷物，因此，以牛羊?yàn)橹鞯牡刃竽翗I(yè)就相對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)決定了西方人的肉食性特點(diǎn)，并且在此基礎(chǔ)上形成了主食以肉食為主的飲食習(xí)慣。此外，相對(duì)中國(guó)而言，歐洲的大部分地區(qū)緯度較高，光照和熱量攝入遠(yuǎn)不如亞熱帶溫帶地區(qū)的人來得容易，所以歐洲人的飲食始終堅(jiān)持高熱量、高營(yíng)養(yǎng)。在選擇飲品時(shí)也通過牛奶、羊奶等動(dòng)物性飲料來補(bǔ)充鈣質(zhì)。而 中國(guó)地處亞歐大陸的東部，東臨太平洋，是典型的季風(fēng)氣候區(qū)，這種氣候非常 適合植物的生長(zhǎng)，水稻、小麥獲得高產(chǎn)在中國(guó)也相對(duì)容易，除了谷物之外，華夏大地上的人民也可從豆科類植物中獲取蛋白和鈣質(zhì)，因此這也解釋了傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)漢族人不喝牛奶喝豆?jié){的問題。

2歷史因素:如果說自然地理因素給了人們選擇食物的大前提，那么長(zhǎng)期以往的歷史文明則在細(xì)節(jié)上影響人們對(duì)主食以及配合主食的食材的需求。上述講過中西方文明形態(tài)的差異導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)主食的選擇不盡相同。農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)為主的中國(guó)主要依靠植物性食品來獲得養(yǎng)分，他們長(zhǎng)年定居、聚居，形成了熱烈友好的飲食習(xí)慣，因此在飲食禮節(jié)上，中國(guó)人多崇尚熱鬧、歡快的氣氛。而西方人在飲食禮節(jié)上好靜，這大概跟工業(yè)文明的影響有一定的關(guān)系。

3生物因素：東西方人在生理結(jié)構(gòu)上就存在很大的差異，西方人對(duì)食物的消化能力和能量需求遠(yuǎn)高于中國(guó)人。就比如歐洲人在長(zhǎng)期的選擇過程中對(duì)肉食的消化能力明顯高于中國(guó)人。此外據(jù)研究表明，歐洲人對(duì)奶制品消化吸收的能力也明顯高于其他種族的人群，他們?cè)陂L(zhǎng)期的生物選擇過程中，基因也發(fā)生了改變，逐漸形成了一些其他種族人群不具有的消化酶，這種基因?qū)用嫔系挠绊懹址催^來導(dǎo)致主食選擇的差異，這種選擇是循環(huán)往復(fù)的。

四、主食的跨文化交流

主食的跨文化交流如今愈演愈烈，特別是在西學(xué)東漸的影響下，中國(guó)人對(duì)西方的飲食習(xí)慣以及禮節(jié)有了極大的包容和興趣，西餐館遍地開花，到處有人學(xué)習(xí)西方的飲食禮節(jié)。但是在這之前，主食的跨文化交流早已存在。黃仁宇在《萬歷十五年》中曾提到的盛行于美洲的玉米和番薯，在新航路開辟之后傳入歐洲，16世界又傳入中國(guó)。因玉米、番薯對(duì)土地養(yǎng)分要求不高，并且制品抗旱耐饑，它們一度作為中下層人民的主食，使其維持生存。因此這種主食的跨文化交流使得中國(guó)古代的人口在明朝時(shí)期有了顯著的增長(zhǎng)。再早些，絲綢之路的開辟也將中亞的飲食習(xí)慣帶入了中原地區(qū)，如上述所講的“馕”到“燒餅”的演變就可能形成于該時(shí)期。這種影響甚微，但至少開啟了主食跨文化交流的先河。

五、總結(jié)

食物或者說主食提供了一個(gè)平臺(tái)，讓文明得以建立于其上。接著，它又成為社會(huì)組織的工具，協(xié)助塑造并建構(gòu)逐漸成形的復(fù)雜社會(huì)。古代社會(huì)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和宗教結(jié)構(gòu)都是以食物生產(chǎn)與分配的系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)。擁有食物的多寡導(dǎo)致階級(jí)的產(chǎn)生，孕育了政治權(quán)利；同時(shí)人們祈求食物豐收形成固定的儀式，這種儀式配合政權(quán)就演變成國(guó)家宗教；因此在整個(gè)古代世界中，食物占據(jù)著非常重要的地位。直至全球化的今天，即便文化交流愈演愈烈，我們?nèi)耘f能看到不同區(qū)域內(nèi)飲食文化的差異性，由此可以進(jìn)一步考究自然歷史因素給人類進(jìn)程帶來的影響以及文明形態(tài)的迥異。

六、參考文獻(xiàn) Tom Standage.歷史大口吃：食物如何推動(dòng)世界文明發(fā)展 [M].行人文化實(shí)驗(yàn)室，2010 2尤金.N.安德森.中國(guó)食物

[M].江蘇人民出版社，2003 3 劉佩.華中外禮儀文化比較 [M].中山大學(xué)出版社，2005.（4）

4左怡.淺談餐具形態(tài)材料與飲食文化[J].四川：西華大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)（哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版），2008.5 黃麗.從飲食文化看中西方價(jià)值觀的差異[J].安徽：安徽文學(xué)（下半月），2008.6 郭立久.美學(xué)升華烹飪藝術(shù)—訪中國(guó)烹飪大師彭育棠[J].北京：中國(guó)食品，2003.

第三篇：中國(guó)飲食文化 飲食器具中西差異

淺談中西古典飲食器具紋飾寓意與表現(xiàn)形式

飲食，是人類生存的第一需要。然而，在漫長(zhǎng)的歷史進(jìn)程中，人類依靠大腦和雙手，發(fā)明制造工具，獲取自然界的食物，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行加工。通過這些有意識(shí)的勞動(dòng)，建立起與之相應(yīng)的飲食方式、制度規(guī)范，形成一定的意識(shí)形態(tài)、飲食風(fēng)俗。因此，飲食已經(jīng)成為根植于人類歷史、復(fù)合民族心理禮儀教化等方面的博大精深的文化。然而飲食器具傳達(dá)了飲食文化的不斷演變、融合、更迭的過程。

古語(yǔ)云，“美食不如美器”。工藝考究、制作精美的食器可以與美食交相呼應(yīng)，給人帶來美的享受。飲食器具中的裝飾紋樣是體現(xiàn)審美趨向的重要體現(xiàn)，是超越器具實(shí)用功能之上精神審美需求的表現(xiàn)。裝飾紋樣之美是構(gòu)成食器藝術(shù)之美的一個(gè)重要組成部分，不同地區(qū)的人們對(duì)裝飾之道的認(rèn)知和喜惡也不同，所以食器的裝飾紋樣形成不同時(shí)間階段的審美追求，反映了飲食器具裝飾文化的豐富性和多樣性。飲食器具紋飾在中西方飲食文化的基礎(chǔ)上，也體現(xiàn)出了不少差異性。

一、中式紋樣

中國(guó)人在飲食器具裝飾紋樣象征語(yǔ)言的表現(xiàn)上，可以看出是較為委婉含蓄的，往往是借自然萬物抒發(fā)意境之美及個(gè)人情懷，故其象征語(yǔ)言的旨趣意味深長(zhǎng)。許多裝飾紋樣具有寓意的特點(diǎn)主要可以分為王權(quán)之道和吉盛之盼。(1)王權(quán)之道

飲食器具裝飾紋樣象征語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)王權(quán)之道的內(nèi)容，是在原始樸素的圖騰繪畫基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步抽象化、復(fù)雜化的結(jié)果，是權(quán)力意志的集中性象征。最常見的紋飾有獸面紋，象征一種傳說中兇猛的惡獸，表達(dá)著特定的宗法性的內(nèi)容，目的是對(duì)異族恐嚇震懾，對(duì)本族人民保護(hù)庇佑。比較經(jīng)典的還有夔龍紋和蟬紋，前者象征的是雄性的剛毅威猛，后者有“蟬聯(lián)”之意，象征了一脈相承、連續(xù)不斷，象征了王侯貴族期盼地位權(quán)勢(shì)世代相襲，富貴永昌的心態(tài)。（2）吉盛之盼

在飲食器具裝飾紋樣中反映吉盛之盼象征思想的數(shù)量還是較多的，吉盛之盼是對(duì)趨吉避兇、福喜平安、興旺富貴等祈盼的綜合概括，寄托著人們對(duì)吉祥豐盛追求與向

往的理想是帶有主觀色彩的愿望。我們知道，無論是現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中存在的還是不存在的，只要被附以了對(duì)如意順?biāo)?、和諧美好等象征意義，就會(huì)成為具有隱含意蘊(yùn)的象征物。常見的有鯉魚、蓮花、牡丹、八仙人物等紋樣。魚與蓮的結(jié)合運(yùn)用是蓮與連諧音取連年有余之象征概念，運(yùn)用在飲食器具中也是對(duì)豐衣足食的一種祝頌。牡丹是花中之王，多與鳳、孔雀、雙獅等組合成為裝飾紋樣，象征富貴與美好，光明與幸福。八仙人物紋樣在飲食器具中的運(yùn)用，是將人們喜聞樂見的典故、吉祥語(yǔ)、傳說人物等作為象征題材以隱喻的手法加以表現(xiàn)，使之成為福壽、正氣、安康的化身。

二、西式紋樣

傳統(tǒng)的飲食器具是各民族智慧的結(jié)晶和珍貴的文化遺產(chǎn)，其紋飾圖案豐富多彩、美不勝收，而不同的紋飾受到其形成時(shí)代文化的影響，其寓意也各不相同。古典西式餐具紋飾主要分為兩類：宗教神話紋樣、動(dòng)植物紋樣。下面是幾個(gè)經(jīng)典紋飾的寓意說明：（1）莨苕

生長(zhǎng)在歐洲南部的地中海沿岸，它有美麗的鋸齒形葉子與優(yōu)雅的姿態(tài)，因而被古希臘的藝術(shù)家和工匠們廣泛應(yīng)用于裝飾藝術(shù)之中。莨苕紋樣在西方的設(shè)計(jì)裝飾中大量存在，是西方不同文化形態(tài)中最具代表性的植物裝飾紋樣，對(duì)裝飾藝術(shù)史有著極大的意義。它經(jīng)常以莨苕植物藤蔓為紐帶，互相交錯(cuò)，以葉片為點(diǎn)綴，穿插少量花蕾，具有連續(xù)性和很強(qiáng)的“適合紋樣”的特點(diǎn)，用生動(dòng)的線條構(gòu)成生命化的有機(jī)紋樣，富于韻律、節(jié)奏鮮明，使人們感受到一種植物紋樣風(fēng)格化和生成過程中所承載的人類情感，其產(chǎn)生的藝術(shù)效果能使人產(chǎn)生鮮花、綠葉、陽(yáng)光、波浪等積極、愉悅的聯(lián)想；有古典的、貴族的氣息，并有吉祥如意、祈求平安的寓意。（2）貝殼

貝殼在古希臘時(shí)代象征著幸運(yùn)，因此貝殼紋樣也在飲食器具中大量運(yùn)用。（3）獅子

獅子擁有儀表堂堂的體魄、威嚴(yán)的儀態(tài)和貴族的氣質(zhì)，是力量和勇氣的象征。

三、中西方紋飾表現(xiàn)手法的比較

中式裝飾紋樣體現(xiàn)出了含蓄、內(nèi)向的深刻文化意蘊(yùn)。飲食器具中裝飾紋樣往往是一些富有吉祥寓意的動(dòng)物、植物或幾何紋樣，令食器具有天然、含蓄之美，這些復(fù)雜的紋飾多數(shù)是通過象征表達(dá)某個(gè)主題，這些紋飾能夠激起人類強(qiáng)烈情感，表達(dá)對(duì)生命

中的各種期盼和希冀的追求。從這個(gè)方面來看，飲食器具被傾注了人們極大的感情，它的背后深藏著中國(guó)人的某些思維定勢(shì)和象征文化，是中國(guó)人天人合一生存觀的信仰表現(xiàn)。而西方古典家具裝飾紋樣的內(nèi)容多半是體現(xiàn)西方人爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)好勝的性格和對(duì)自然界勇于征服的探索精神，反映了西方社會(huì)對(duì)世界認(rèn)知的渴望和強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體獨(dú)立的欲望，同時(shí)由于宗教在古代西方社會(huì)中所占的統(tǒng)治地位和主流地位，導(dǎo)致了宗教裝飾題材的大量表現(xiàn)。

通過對(duì)中西方飲食器具紋飾的列舉比較，不難看出其內(nèi)在的差別。中國(guó)裝飾紋樣體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)藝術(shù)的含蓄性，書法式的抽象性，追求形神統(tǒng)一和完美意境的藝術(shù)效果。東方的宗教信仰是多神倫理型的，類似于圖騰崇拜，主張的是出世的思想和皇權(quán)統(tǒng)治。西方紋樣強(qiáng)調(diào)的是西方藝術(shù)的直接表現(xiàn)，人體美學(xué)的粗獷性，宗教的神秘性；西方的宗教信仰是智慧型的，它與科學(xué)精神有著內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的一面，主張的是入世的積極、平等的思想，這就決定了人們看重的是現(xiàn)世的幸福和個(gè)人人格的獨(dú)立。中西古典飲食器具具中裝飾題材反映了東西方對(duì)自然界、宗教信仰、人生態(tài)度等問題的不同看法，可以說正是因?yàn)檫@種傳統(tǒng)文化的反差，才會(huì)產(chǎn)生藝術(shù)形式上截然不同的表現(xiàn)。

第四篇：比較中西飲食文化

比較中西飲食文化

摘要：餐飲產(chǎn)品由于地域特征、氣侯環(huán)境、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等因素的影響，會(huì)出現(xiàn)在原料、口味、烹調(diào)方法、飲食習(xí)慣上的不同程度的差異。正是因?yàn)檫@些差異，餐飲產(chǎn)品具有了強(qiáng)烈的地域性。中西文化之間的差異造就了中西飲食文化的差異，而這種差異來自中西方不同的思維方式和處世哲學(xué)。中國(guó)人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人為本”。

關(guān)鍵詞：不同的飲食觀念

不同的飲食禮儀與方式

中西飲食對(duì)象的差異

目

錄 中國(guó)飲食文化特征……………………………………………………..1

1.1風(fēng)味多樣………………………………………………………………1.2四季有別………………………………………………………………1

1.3講究美感………………………………………………………………1 2 中西飲食文化比較……………………………………………………1 2.1不同的飲食觀念.…………………………………………………1 2.2不同的飲食禮儀與方式..………………………………………2 3 結(jié)論..………………………………………………………………………….5 參考文獻(xiàn)..……………………………………………………………………..5 1中國(guó)飲食文化特征

中國(guó)是文明古國(guó)，亦是悠久飲食文化之境地。將飲食文化歸納出以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

1.1風(fēng)味多樣

由于中國(guó)幅員遼闊，地大物博，各地氣候、物產(chǎn)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣都存在著差異，長(zhǎng)期以來，在飲食上也就形成了許多風(fēng)味。中國(guó)一直就有“南米北面”的說法，口味上有“南甜北咸?hào)|酸西辣”之分，主要是巴蜀、齊魯、淮揚(yáng)、粵閩四大風(fēng)味。

1.2四季有別

一年四季，按季節(jié)而吃，是中國(guó)烹飪又一大特征。自古以來，中國(guó)一直按季節(jié)變化來調(diào)味、配菜，冬天味醇濃厚，夏天清淡涼爽；冬天多燉燜煨，夏天多涼拌冷凍。

1.3講究美感

中國(guó)的烹飪，不僅技術(shù)精湛，而且有講究菜肴美感的傳統(tǒng)，注意食物的色、香、味、形、器的協(xié)調(diào)一致。對(duì)菜肴美感的表現(xiàn)是多方面的，無論是個(gè)紅蘿卜，還是一個(gè)白菜心，都可以雕出各種造型，獨(dú)樹一幟，達(dá)到色、香、味、形、美的和諧統(tǒng)一，給人以精神和物質(zhì)高度統(tǒng)一的特殊享受。

2中西飲食文化比較

2.1不同的飲食觀念

2.1.1飲食結(jié)構(gòu)

在中國(guó)，人們的傳統(tǒng)飲食習(xí)俗是靠以植物性食料為主。主食是五谷雜糧，然后輔以蔬菜，外加少量肉食而形成的餐飲形式。中國(guó)人也習(xí)慣于以熱食、熟食為主，這也是中國(guó)人飲食習(xí)俗的一大特點(diǎn)。這點(diǎn)就和中國(guó)古老的文明和發(fā)達(dá)的烹調(diào)技術(shù)有關(guān)。而在西方，其人民秉承著游牧民族、航海民族的文化血統(tǒng)，以漁獵、養(yǎng)殖為生，傳統(tǒng)的飲食習(xí)俗靠以動(dòng)物性食料為主，并輔以采集、種植，肉食較多，吃、穿、用都取之于動(dòng)物。這是由于高熱量、高脂肪類的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)比較適合高緯度的地理和氣候。這樣就

第五篇：中西飲食文化比較

中西飲食文化比較

國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易

董赟赟

21090413 關(guān)鍵詞：飲食文化，中西文化，餐飲，比較，中西飲食文化比較，飲食觀念

餐飲產(chǎn)品由于地域特征、氣候環(huán)境、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等因素的影響，會(huì)出現(xiàn)在原料、口味、烹調(diào)方法、飲食習(xí)慣上的不同程度的差異。正是因?yàn)檫@些差異，餐飲產(chǎn)品具有了強(qiáng)烈的地域性。中西文化之間的差異造就了中西飲食文化的差異，而這種差異來自中西方不同的思維方式和處世哲學(xué)。中國(guó)人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人為本”。

中餐以五谷、熟食、素食為主，以肉食、蔬菜為輔，講究無味調(diào)和。中國(guó)歷代傳統(tǒng)烹飪手法技藝精湛，花樣繁多，內(nèi)容豐富，人們?cè)谖队X方面的追求之外，還有色香形色器等方面的需求，最后是調(diào)和。

西餐大致可分為法式、意式、英式、俄式、美式等幾種。不同西餐的主要特點(diǎn)：

1、西菜之首——法式大餐

2、西餐始祖——意式大餐

3、簡(jiǎn)潔與禮儀并重——英式西餐

4、營(yíng)養(yǎng)快捷——美式菜肴

5、吃以結(jié)實(shí)、純正——德國(guó)菜肴

6、西菜經(jīng)典——俄式大餐 這里簡(jiǎn)要從以下三方面談?wù)勚形鞣斤嬍澄幕牟町悺?/p>

一、兩種不同的飲食觀念

西方西方人比如西方側(cè)重營(yíng)養(yǎng)，中國(guó)人注重美味；

西方是一種理性飲食觀念，不論食物的色香味形如何，而營(yíng)養(yǎng)一定要得到保證，講究一天要攝取多少熱量、維生素、蛋白質(zhì)等等，即便口味千遍一律，甚至比起中國(guó)的美味佳肴來，簡(jiǎn)直味同嚼蠟，但理智告訴他，一定要吃下去，因?yàn)橛袪I(yíng)養(yǎng)，說的不好聽，就像給機(jī)器加油一樣。

中國(guó)則是一種美性飲食觀念，人們?cè)谄穱L菜肴時(shí)，往往會(huì)說這盤菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”。這說明，中國(guó)人對(duì)飲食最求的是一種難以言傳的“意境”，即使用人們通常所說的“色、香、味、形、器”來把這種“境界”具體化，恐怕仍然是很難涵蓋得了的。

再說原料，西方人認(rèn)為菜肴是充饑的，所以專吃大塊的肉、整塊雞等“硬菜”。而中國(guó)的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中國(guó)烹飪?cè)谟昧仙弦彩秋@現(xiàn)出極大的隨意性；許多西方人視為棄物的東西，在中國(guó)都是極好的原料，外國(guó)廚師無法處理的東西，一到中國(guó)廚師手中，就可以化腐朽為神奇，足見中國(guó)飲食在用料方面的隨意性之廣博。

二、中西飲食對(duì)象的差異

即飲食選擇類品的差異，不同的文化，對(duì)食物有不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和消費(fèi)方式，比如西方人吃甜食，中國(guó)人大多以咸為主。中國(guó)人主張素食主義，中國(guó)人以植物為主菜，與佛教徒的鼓吹有著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系。他們視動(dòng)物為“生靈”，所以主張素食主義，據(jù)西方的植物學(xué)家的調(diào)查，中國(guó)人吃的菜蔬有600多種，比西方多六倍。實(shí)際上，在中國(guó)的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，葷菜只有在節(jié)假日或生活水平較高時(shí)，才進(jìn)入平常的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)，所以便有“菜食”之說，菜食在平常的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)中占主導(dǎo)地位。而西方人秉承著游牧民族、航海民族的文化血統(tǒng)，以漁獵、養(yǎng)殖為主，以采集、種植為輔，葷食較多，吃穿用都取之于動(dòng)物。故西方人往往會(huì)吃整塊牛肉，整只雞。另外，西方有較為發(fā)達(dá)的食品工業(yè)，如罐頭，快餐等，雖口味千遍一律，但節(jié)省時(shí)間，且營(yíng)養(yǎng)良好。另外，中西方在飲食內(nèi)容上的差異還表現(xiàn)在西方人喜愛冷食、涼菜，從冷菜拼盤、色拉到冷飲，餐桌上少不了冷菜。而中國(guó)人喜歡熱食，除正菜前的小碟冷菜外，主要都是熱的。在中國(guó)人看來，熱菜涼了就少了許多味，趁熱吃才能吃出菜的味來。

二、飲食方式不同

在中國(guó)，筵席要用圓桌，這就從形式上造成了一種團(tuán)結(jié)、禮貌、共趣的氣氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人的欣賞、品嘗的對(duì)象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介。人們相互敬酒、相互讓菜、勸菜，在美好的事物面前，體現(xiàn)了人們之間相互尊重、禮讓的美德。西式宴飲上，核心在于交誼，通過與鄰座人之間的交談，達(dá)到交易的目的。而且西式宴會(huì)多體現(xiàn)于相鄰賓客之間的交誼西方人習(xí)慣分而食之，有專人先行分配食物，是一人一份的定量供應(yīng)。在西方宴會(huì)上，雖也圍坐，但各人的食物是單盤獨(dú)碟的。另外不必固定座位，可以自由走動(dòng)，以便于個(gè)人之間的情感與信息的交流。這種用餐方式充分體現(xiàn)了西方人對(duì)人性、對(duì)自我的尊重，強(qiáng)調(diào)了個(gè)人的獨(dú)立和自主。另外其他細(xì)節(jié)方面中西方差距也很大。中國(guó)上菜順序依次為：湯、主食、餐酒、水果。而西方則為：菜和湯、水果、餐酒、主食、甜點(diǎn)和咖啡。在吃完停餐時(shí)，在中國(guó)可以把筷子直接擱在碟子或者調(diào)羹上。如果將筷子橫擱在碟子上那表示酒醉飯飽不再進(jìn)膳了。在西方，若是略事休息，則應(yīng)該把刀叉以八字形狀擺在盤子中央。若刀叉突出到盤子外面，不安全也不好看。邊說話邊舞動(dòng)刀叉是失禮之舉。用餐后將刀叉擺成四點(diǎn)鐘方向即可

總之：中西文化的差異造就了飲食文化的差異，這種差異來自于不同的思維方式和處世哲學(xué)，兩者之間不存在絕對(duì)的優(yōu)劣，兩者之間完全可以優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)，達(dá)到飲食更完美的行為習(xí)慣。