第一篇：新東方考研英語長難句分析技巧及實戰(zhàn)70例

考研英語長難句分析技巧及實戰(zhàn)70例

長難句在考研閱讀、完型填空和翻譯中的出現(xiàn)頻率很高，無論句子有多長、結構有多復雜，它都由一些基本的成分組成的。從結構來說，英語句子中，除了謂語之外，其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語動詞來充當。從句子本身是一個完整的句子，因此，從句與從句之間的關系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。從功能來說，英語有三大復合句，即:①名詞性從句，包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;②形容詞性從句，即我們平常所說的定語從句;③狀語從句。非謂語動詞可以有自己的時態(tài)和語態(tài)（過去分詞除外），也可以跟自己的邏輯主語、賓語、狀語等成分，構成一個非謂語動詞結構。由于非謂語動詞和從句的這些特點，使英語句子從理論上講可以無限延長。

英語長句的分析方法：去枝葉，留主干。1）劃出句子中的定語從句和狀語從句;2）劃出所有介詞短語（位于be動詞后的除外）；

3）名詞性從句看作一個整體,找出句中所有的謂語結構、非謂語結構、介詞短語和從句的引導詞;4）非謂語動詞結構看作一個整體；

5）找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語，即句子的主干； 6）分析從句的結構和非謂語動詞的內(nèi)部結構。長難句分析的步驟舉例：

經(jīng)典例題（2001年考研完型填空第二段）

In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.分析: 第一，劃出定語從句和狀語從句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二，劃出介詞短語：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press 第三，句子的結構分析:（1）主干結構是主語（Lord Irvine含同位語the Lord Chancellor）+將來時謂語（will introduce）+賓語（a draft bill）；

（2）that引導的定語從句修飾draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一個謂語，making payments to witnesses illegal是一個動名詞短語做賓語，在動名詞短語內(nèi)部，payments to witnesses做making的賓語，illegal是賓補；第二個謂語是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的賓語。that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一個時間狀語從句（before a trial begins）的定語從句，修飾publicity。

請大家按照上述步驟認真分解以下70個句子，并把分解后的句子讀熟甚至背過，則基本上可以解決考研長難句問題。

1.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.結構分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true?。since引導原因狀語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個由關系代詞that引導的定語從句，修飾the high-energy American fashion。在定語從句中，that做主語，makes做謂語，it做形式賓語，不定式短語to combine few farmers with high yields則是真正的賓語（不定式短語內(nèi)部to combine是主干，few farmers是賓語，with high yields是狀語），possible

做賓語補足語。this指代前句中提到的這種困境。energy pinch譯為“能源的匱乏”;in?fashion譯為“用?方法、方式”。

譯文：這種困境將是確定無疑的，因為能源的匱乏，高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。

2.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.結構分析:句子的主干是we must be sure?。since引導原因狀語從句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引導的賓語從句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此賓語從句中又套嵌一個由介詞with+which引導的定語從句with which we are comparing our subjects修飾先行詞the scale。scale在此處意為“尺度、衡量標準”。

譯文：既然對智力的評估相比較而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對我們的對象進行比較時，我們所用的尺度能夠提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。

3.In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.結構分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively when?and least effectively when?。and連接兩個并列分句，每個并列分句中皆有一個when引導的時間狀語從句分別說明work most effectively和and（work）least effectively。第二個時間狀語從句中還有一個主語從句what?predicted。the tests是主句的主語，work為動詞做謂語。qualities在此處是可數(shù)名詞，不譯為“質(zhì)量”，而譯為“特征”。defined不能直譯為“被定義為”，而應譯為主動語態(tài)“界定”。

譯文：一般來說，當所需要測定的特征能被精確界定時，測試最為有效;而當所測定或預測的東西不能被明確界定時，測試效果最差。

4.For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.結構分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate?，and thus do not tell how?。and連接兩個并列分句，第二個并列分句中由how引導的賓語從句是一個帶有虛擬條件句的主從復合句，其中had he grown up?（=If he had grown up?）是省略了連詞if的非真實條件句。主句主語的they，在此代指上文提到的tests;able在句中作might have been的表語。underprivileged在此不能譯為“沒有特權的”，而譯為“沒有地位的”或“物質(zhì)條件差的”。

譯文：例如，測試并不能彌補明顯的社會不公;因此，它們不能說明一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境中成長的話，會有多大才干。

5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.結構分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that?。冒號后的復合句是對冒號前部分作進一步說明。復合句中that引導賓語從句，從句中有either?or?引導的兩個并列的介詞結構作狀語，修飾動詞be treated，其中第一個with介詞結構中還有一個省略了關系代詞that或which的定語從句humans extend to other humans，修飾the consideration。it代指上文的觀點，即如果對人權沒有達成一致看法，而談論動物的權利是徒勞的。介詞短語at the outset譯為“從一開始”。動詞invites應轉(zhuǎn)譯為“使”、“讓”或“促使”。動賓結構extend consideration to意為“給予關懷或關心”，consideration不應譯為“考慮”。

譯文：這種說法從一開始就將討論引向極端，它使人們認為應該這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關懷體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。

6.But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.結構分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that?。但It was?that?在本句中不是強調(diào)句型。it是指上句中所提到的150億年前形成的巨大云團（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth）;that引導的應是一個定語從句，修飾先行詞the farthest。for引導的是表示原因的分句，分句中還有that引導的定語從句，修飾the patterns and structure。

譯文：但更重要的是，這是科學家們所能觀測到的有關過去的最為遙遠的景象，因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結構。

7.Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.結構分析:句子的框架是it happened that?。it做形式主語，that引導的從句做真正的主語。主語從句中，又有一個由when引導的時間狀語從句，主句為tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers?were forced?，時間狀語從句中從句主語the new factories又帶有一個定語從句that were springing up;that would keep them alive做work的定語從句。spring up意為“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，建立”。譯文: 于是就出現(xiàn)了這樣的情況:正當新辦的工廠紛紛建立，需要勞動力的時候，成千上萬無家可歸、饑腸轆轆、以農(nóng)業(yè)為生的勞動者攜家?guī)Э?，被迫進入城市;他們要找活干，不管什么活兒，不論什么條件，只要不被餓死就行。

8.As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.結構分析:句子的框架是?we have come to believe that?。that引導的從句做believe的賓語從句;此從句中有一個that從句作the sense的同位語從句;同位語從句中又套嵌一個由when引導的時間狀語從句;此時間狀語從句又套嵌一個定語從句that endure，修飾其先行詞discoveries。by way of意為“經(jīng)由，通過?方法”;reward sb.with意為“以?報答，酬勞”;endure此處應譯為“持久，持續(xù)”,不要譯為“忍受，容忍”。

譯文:由于兩三個世紀以來的科學研究成果，我們逐漸相信，如果運用合適的觀察和實驗方法向大自然探究問題，她會真心實意地給我們答復，并且以永垂不朽的發(fā)現(xiàn)來報答我們。從這個意義上來說，大自然是可以認識的。

9.These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.結構分析:句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details?。后面緊跟省略了if引導的虛擬條件句were it not for the fact that?，即if it were not for the fact that?;that從句作the fact的同位語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個定語從句，修飾其先行詞the stage;required for reliable weather forecasting為過去分詞短語修飾the kind of measurements。simply譯為“只不過，僅僅”，不應譯為“簡單地”。

譯文：理論上的認識已達到了這樣一個階段,即現(xiàn)在已能指出需要哪種測量方式才能可靠地預報天氣。如果做不到這一點，那么上述這些新的觀察能力只不過提供了一大堆細節(jié)而已。

10.The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes，namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces，has many different versions，of which the following is one.結構分析:句子的框架是The story?has many different versions?。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes為名詞性從句做介詞of的賓語。namely that a solid body?作the principle of Archimedes的同位語;when immersed in a liquid是省略了主語的過去分詞短語，句子補充完整為when the solid body is immersed in a liquid，修飾其主句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid?;it displaces是省略了關系代詞that的定語從句修飾the liquid，it代指前面提到的the solid body;同時，of which the following is one又構成先行詞versions的定語從句。displace意為“排（水）”;version不譯為“版本”，此處指“根據(jù)個人觀點的（對事件等的）說法，看法”;句尾的one代指a version。

譯文:當固體浸沒到液體中時，固體會失去它所排出的液體的那部分重量，這就是現(xiàn)在通常所謂的阿基米德原理。有關這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的故事說法眾多，下面的故事就是其中之一。

11.We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely.結構分析:句子的框架是We assumed that there were forces of attraction?。that引導賓語從句。此賓語從句中套嵌一個由which引導的定語從句修飾先行詞forces of attraction;so that the attraction between molecules?是so that結構引導的結果狀語從句;在此狀語從句中，除主干結構the attraction?was very small but became considerable?，又有that were more than a few ten-millionths of a millimeter apart做定語從句修飾先行詞molecules和when the molecules approached more closely做狀語從句，修飾?but became considerable。considerable譯為“相當大（或多的）”。

譯文：我們曾經(jīng)假定，分子之間存在著引力，這種引力隨著分子之間距離的不同而有顯著的變化，因而，在間距為千萬分之幾毫米的分子之間的引力是很小的，但是分子靠得很近時，這種引力會變得相當大。12.This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development，which means that we must，for the benefit of coming generations，leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.結構分析:句子的框架是This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development?。其后緊跟著一個which引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞sustainable development。此定語從句的謂語動詞means又套嵌一個that引導的賓語從句，即we must?leave enough environmental space。此賓語從句中又有so that結構做此從句的目的狀語。be enshrined in意為“被深深地珍藏（或銘記）在?”，此處轉(zhuǎn)譯為主動語態(tài)“納入到”。sustainable development譯為“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”。

譯文：這一需要被正式載入可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念之中。所謂可持續(xù)發(fā)展是指:為了子孫后代的利益，我們必須保留足夠的生存環(huán)境空間，以滿足他們的需要，施展抱負。

13.Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space，which is the special property of sculpture and architecture，since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time，whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view，thus supplying movements in space and time.結構分析:句子的框架是Painting lacks only the means?,since?。since引導的原因狀語從句修飾主句;關系代詞which引導的定語從句修飾the means to represent movement in time and space;property在此處應譯為“性質(zhì),特性”,不譯為“財產(chǎn),資產(chǎn)”。

譯文：繪畫缺少的僅僅是表現(xiàn)空間與時間變化的手法，而這正是雕塑與建筑的特性。繪畫時只要求在某一時刻，從空間的一點來欣賞，而雕塑和建筑的創(chuàng)造則要求從各個角度來欣賞，這樣就表現(xiàn)出了空間，時間的變化。

14.Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classes，and that they might lose their heritage in regular classes，these women have since given voice，loudly and persuasively，to what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted country，their children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs.結構分析:句子的框架是these women have?given voice?to what they know from experience that?。that從句做experience的同位語從句;此從句中又套嵌一個unless引導的條件狀語從句;Once intimidated by arguments是過去分詞做狀語修飾these women，其施動者arguments又有兩個that引導的同位語從句修飾限定它。intimidated by arguments意為“被論點搞得驚慌害怕”;feel at home不能直譯為“感到在家”，而譯為“感到自在”;give voice to意為“表達，表露”;land jobs譯為“找到工作”。譯文：有人說，孩子們在雙語課堂里會感到更加自由自在，而在正規(guī)班級會喪失其傳統(tǒng)文化。這幾位母親曾被這一論點搞得惶恐不安，現(xiàn)在發(fā)表了最響亮，最有說服力的意見。從她們自身的經(jīng)驗中，他們深知:如果孩子們不熟練掌握他們所移居國家的語言，除了那些最簡單的體力活兒外，根本談不上上大學，也談不上找到理想的工作。

15.The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cells，though now specialized，still contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on.結構分析:句子的框架是The presumption is that all these cells?contain genetic instructions?and can do so?。其中介詞on加which引導定語從句修飾主語the presumption;that從句為表語從句;此表語從句中contain和can do并列做all these cells的謂語;表語從句中又插入一個though引導的省略了主語all these cells的讓步狀語從句，補充完整為though these cells are now specialized;needed to make an entire individual為過去分詞短語做genetic instructions的后置定語;并列謂語can do so又有if條件句修飾。rest on意為“依賴”。為避免重復do so代替前文提到的make an entire individual。譯文：人類克隆賴以存在的假定是:雖然所有的細胞現(xiàn)已全部特化，但卻仍然包含有發(fā)育為完整個體所需的與母體完全一致的全部遺傳指令;如果能找到一個方法使失去作用的部分恢復作用，這些細胞就能發(fā)育成為完整的個體。

16.Thus，a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.結構分析：句子的框架是a regularity?will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity?。介詞for加關系代詞which引導定語從句修飾a regularity。an empirical regularity后又有定語從句that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories修飾。grounds意為“根據(jù)，理由”;subsume意為“把?歸入，納入”。

譯文：因此，與一條不能被歸入更普遍的法則或理論而是基于經(jīng)驗的規(guī)律相比，一條具有普遍理論依據(jù)支持的規(guī)律很可能被認可為一條自然法則。

17.It is because of the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool，but it is important to realize that this ability，on its own，does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned.結構分析:句子的框架是It is because of?that?，but it is important to realize that?。but連接兩個并列句，but前的并列分句為It is?that?強調(diào)結構，強調(diào)because of引導的狀語。but后的并列分句又有that引導的賓語從句做realize的賓語。the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man中注意in most people’s minds把the close association of tools with man（工具與人類的密切聯(lián)系）分隔開來。兩個并列句中分別有able to use an object as a tool和concerned分別做其前面名詞animal和the creature的后置定語。man根據(jù)上下文在此處指“人類”，而不是“男人”;not necessarily譯為“不一定、未必”;on its own意為“獨立地，憑自己力量”，在此轉(zhuǎn)譯為“就其自身而言”。

譯文： 正是由于在大多數(shù)人頭腦中工具與人類聯(lián)系密切，人類才特別關注有能力把物體當工具使用的任何一種動物。但值得注意的是，這種能力就其自身而言，并不表明這種動物有什么特別的智慧。

18.The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes，and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble.結構分析:句子的框架是The point?is?when?and when?。兩個when引導的從句為并列的表語從句。at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance為定語從句修飾主語the point;第二個when引導的表語從句中也有that引導的定語從句修飾a brand-new problem。ability to manipulate objects譯為“操縱物體的能力”;?a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble中without和insoluble為雙重否定可譯成肯定句。

譯文：當一種動物能夠使自己操縱物體的能力適用于更廣泛的目標范圍，并且能夠自發(fā)地使用物體解決只有通過工具才能解決的嶄新問題時，工具的使用和制造就肯定達到了具有進化意義的階段。

19.It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wave of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe.結構分析:句子的框架是It was the desire?that brought about a wave?。it is?that?是強調(diào)句型，強調(diào)主語the desire to be scholarly。關系代詞which引導定語從句,修飾Latin terms;關系副詞when引導定語從句,修飾century。句中scholarly做“博學多才”講;humanist movement譯為“人文主義運動”;impetus意為“動力,促進”。

譯文：在16世紀的時候，人文主義運動促進了歐洲各國的學術運動，人們都想顯示自己的博學多才，從而出現(xiàn)了一股使用拉丁字詞的潮流。

20.So don’t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks;and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you haven’t heard before，you can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn’t know it either.結構分析:句子的框架是?don’t be surprised if you?;and next time?，you can comfort yourself that?。分號連接兩個并列分句。在前面句子中，if引導狀語從句;關系代詞that引導定語從句，修飾expressions。在后面句子中，you hear?是省略了關系副詞when的定語從句，修飾next time;you haven’t heard before又是省略了關系代詞which的定語從句，修飾strange word;主句是you can comfort yourself that?，這里的that引導賓語從句，而關系代詞who引導定語從句，修飾native speaker。may和well連用表示有充分的理由，譯為“（完全）能，（很）可能”。

譯文：因此，如果在某些教科書里你碰到某些詞組是你從未見過的，你不必驚訝。如果下次你聽到有人用一個你以前從未聽到過的新詞，你可以這樣安慰自己說，很可能在什么地方有一個講英語的本地人也不認識這個字呢!21.Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him，a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick enough，take protective action in time.結構分析:句子的框架是a person can?feel the bolt and?take protective action?。and連接兩個并列的謂語動詞。句首despite是介詞引導介詞短語作狀語，此短語中that引導的名詞性從句做saying的同位語，此同位語從句中，if lightning?是一個名詞性從句，作know的賓語，if在句中相當于whether。主句中if quick enough補充完整為if he is quick enough，是條件狀語從句，為take action的前提條件。句中bolt譯為“閃電”。

譯文:盡管人們常說一個人從來不知道是否遭到閃電的襲擊，但是一個人有時能感覺到閃電的到來，如果動作快，就能及時采取保護措施。

22.The“shareholder”as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.結構分析:句子的框架是The“shareholder”as such had no knowledge?, and his influence?was not good.。and連接兩個并列的分句。as such做The“shareholder”的定語，employed by the company in which he held shares是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾workmen，分詞短語中含有in which he held shares定語從句，修飾company。

譯文：這樣的股東，對他擁有股份的公司里所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無所知，而且他們對勞資雙方的關系，也不會產(chǎn)生積極的影響。

23.The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.結構分析:句子的框架是The paid manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen?。acting for the company做the paid manager的定語，which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away做that familiar personal knowledge的定語，now passing away做the old family business的定語。

譯文:受聘于公司并代表公司的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關系更加直接，但是,就連他對工人們也沒有那種熟識的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在，正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長式制度下的雇主們，卻常常對他們的工人有這樣的私人關系。

24.When a journalist recently accused the company of lacking integrity in its testing of beauty products，the company overtly appealed to the public by citing its corporate brand，which was firmly associated in people’s minds with strong ethical standards concerning animal rights.結構分析:句子的框架是When?，the company overtly appealed to the public?。when引導時間狀語從句。主句中關系代詞which引導定語從句修飾corporate brand，此定語從句中in people’s minds把associated with分隔開來。beauty products譯為“美容產(chǎn)品”。

譯文：有一名記者近日指責該公司在美容產(chǎn)品的測試上缺乏整體性，該公司公開利用其公司品牌求助于公眾。在公眾的心目中，該品牌同關系到動物權利的道德標準息息相關。

25.However，the criminals quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable，so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft.結構分析:句子的框架是the fraternity?came to realize that?so?the police have trouble?。這是一個并列復合句，兩個句子由so連接。在前面句子里that引導賓語從句，做realize的賓語;此從句中又有which引導的定語從句修飾the chip;so后面句子里when caught是過去分詞做狀語，when caught即when the thief was caught;proving是現(xiàn)在分詞，修飾trouble。

譯文: 但偷盜者認識到，電腦中真正值錢的東西是芯片（或叫集成電路片），這是可以隨身攜帶和無法識別的。即使當場被抓住，警察也難以證明那是偷來的。

26.Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns，so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.結構分析:句子的框架是Although?，so vast is the number of planets that?。主句為so?that?結構引導的結果狀語從句，因強調(diào)vast,so vast放在句首進行倒裝,正常語序為the number of planets is so vast that?。although引導讓步狀語從句。此從句中套嵌一個關系代詞that引導的定語從句修飾life。be bound to意為“一定,必定”。

譯文: 雖然在某處已經(jīng)開始的生命中，可能僅有百分之一會發(fā)展成高度復雜、有智慧的形式，但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多,以致于有智慧的生命,一定是宇宙的一個天然組成部分。

27.Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners;and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.結構分析：句子的框架是Such large, impersonal manipulation greatly increased ?shareholders as a class, an element?主語和賓語都有較長的短語和of結構限定，并且分句是由兩個and相連的3個部分組成的。分句an element?landowners 又帶有兩個定語，一個是representing?，另一個是detached?。譯文： 對資本和企業(yè)進行大規(guī)模的非個人操縱，大大增加了股東作為一個階級的數(shù)量和重要性。這個階層作為國計民生的一部分，代表了非個人責任的財富與土地及土地所有者應盡義務的分離，而且也幾乎與責任管理相分離。

28．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large “Comfortable“ classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.結構分析：Towns?sprang up?classes who?, and who?。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個典型的定語從句結構，分句由who?,and who?兩個并列結構組成。注意like并不是謂語而是介詞短語作定語，真正的主句謂語是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名詞）”。that of drawing dividends

結構中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指紅利，that of sth結構是名詞性的，that指代relation。注意后面還有attending和drawing并列。

譯文：像Bournemouth和Eastboune這樣的城市，興起了大批隱退的享樂階層人士，他們靠自己的收入，在這里過著悠閑的生活。他們與群體之外的人沒有聯(lián)系，只是分取紅利，偶爾參加股東會議，對管理人員發(fā)號施令。

29．Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”

結構分析：句子主干Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down?, like a?, considering them as?, in which a?”，considering?分句是現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語，可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾，in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea是非限定性定語從句。

譯文：羅博特?富爾頓曾經(jīng)寫道，機械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周圍，像詩人對待字母表中的每個字母一樣，把它們作為自己的思路展示，每一個新組合都傳遞一個新概念。

30．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.結構分析：句子主干Some of these causes are reasonable results?, Others are consequences of advances?。主語是some of these causes，實際的主語就是some，不過謂語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)則取決于of后面的成分是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)。being to some extent self-accelerating是現(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語，意為“屬于”。

譯文：在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求，另一些則是由于科學在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生的，某些特定發(fā)展的必然結果。

31．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.結構分析：句子主干是This trend began during…, when…引導時間狀語從句, 第一個that引導同位語從句，表明conclusion的內(nèi)容。第二個that引導的是修飾demands的定語從句。

譯文：這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當時一些國家的政府得出結論：政府向科研機構提出的具體要求，通常是無法詳盡預見的。

32．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.結構分析：句子主干是This seems…done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…，not…but句型，意為“不是……而是……”

譯文：給某些與當前目標無關，但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研提供支持，看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。

33．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.結構分析：句子主干是However, the world is so made that…systems are…unable to deal with some of the…aspects。so made指“如此構成”，so和后面的that構成so…that結構，意為“如此…以至于…”。譯文：然而,世界就是這樣。一般而言,完美的體系無法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。

34．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.結構分析：句子主干是New forms…must arise…as they have in the past。主語是new forms和new subjects，后跟介詞短語as well as new subjects for thought，謂語是must arise。as在這里引導狀語從句as they have in the past，have后省略了arisen，其內(nèi)容與本句主語一致。giving rise to…是一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語做狀語。

譯文：同過去一樣，將來必然會出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對象，給完美以新的標準。

35．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 years old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.結構分析：句子主干是the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…。For Lloyd Nickson, 是狀語，“a 54 years old…cancer”為Lolyd Nicks的同位語。此句的核心結構為Rights means…，he can get on with living without…是一個賓語從句。

譯文：對于現(xiàn)年54歲居住在達爾文的肺癌患者尼克遜來說，這個法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去，而無須終日擔心將要到來的折磨：因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。

36．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.結構分析：句子主干Someone had nowhere to turn to。traveling是現(xiàn)在分詞，是修飾someone的定語。if引導的從句中均省略了“主語＋be動詞”的結構，這樣顯得句子簡潔。

譯文：獨自旅行時，如果沒有了食物，受了傷或者生了病，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。

37．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.結構分析：句子主干是We live in a society。此句句子雖長，但是結構并不復雜，可以從冒號開始分為兩個部分。in which引導了一個定語從句。該從句的分句謂語動詞是is而不是are，是因為在這個從句中主語是use，而不是substances。在冒號后的部分中，quiet是及物動詞，是“鎮(zhèn)靜”的意思。

譯文：在我們生活的社會里，物質(zhì)（藥品）被廣泛地運用于社交和醫(yī)療，比如說服用阿司匹林來緩解頭疼，喝酒來應酬，早晨喝咖啡來提神，吸煙來鎮(zhèn)定情緒等。

38．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce

the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.結構分析：句子主干是Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…。with引導的是伴隨結構作狀語，修飾的是整個第一分句描述的狀態(tài)。and引導的分句省略了謂語動詞marked，所以該分句并不隸屬于第一分句，而是與之并列的結構，when引導的是第二個分句的時間狀語從句。

譯文：依賴最初表現(xiàn)為忍耐力增強，用量越來越大才能達到預期效果，一旦停用就會產(chǎn)生不舒服的癥狀。

39．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.結構分析：句子主干是But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…由and連接的兩個并列成分構成。第二個分句中有一個that引導的賓語從句。

譯文：但他也談到了創(chuàng)作自由與社會責任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問題。他宣布公司將發(fā)起一次活動，以制定有關發(fā)行和標識可能招致大眾反對的音樂的各種標準。

40．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.結構分析：句子主干是Average inflation fell。close to相當于省略了which was的非限制性定語從句。Before后面的成分是對全句的補充說明，是狀語成分。狀語成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并無規(guī)定。之所以用rising，是因為before在這里是介詞。

譯文：去年,七大工業(yè)國家的通貨膨脹率下降到了2.3%，接近30年來最低水平，今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%，比許多國家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。

41．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.結構分析：句子主干是Economists have been…surprised。主句用現(xiàn)在完成時have been…。Since引導的是表原因的狀語從句。

譯文：特別讓經(jīng)濟學家感到詫異的是，英美兩國的通貨膨脹帶來的是良性的結果。因為傳統(tǒng)的分析方法表明，兩國尤其是美國的經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn),幾乎沒有閑置的生產(chǎn)資源。

42．Actually it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.結構分析：句子主干是Actually it isn’t…。主句很簡單，而because引導的原因狀語從句中，又有一個that引導的賓語從句。這個從句中，主語an agreed account of human rights由一個which引導的非限制性定語從句修飾，而這個非限制性定語從句中又有一個限制性定語從句the world does not have來修飾something。

譯文：事實并非如此，因為這種問法是以人們對人的權利有共同認識為基礎的，而這種共同認識并不存在。

43．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.結構分析：句子主干是Some philosophers argue that…。that引導的賓語從句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當了補語的角色。

譯文：有些哲學家主張說，權利只存在于社會契約中，是責任與利益相交換的一部分。

44．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.結構分析：句子主干是Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…逗號前面是一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語，做狀語，里面又有一個that從句做the view的同位語，逗號后面的that從句是一個賓語從句。

譯文：這類人持極端看法，認為人與動物在各相關方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。

45．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.結構分析：句子主干是When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is …instinct…, an instinct that should be…。以冒號為界，將全句分成兩個復合句。前面的復合句里，when that happens是時間狀語從句。冒號后面的復合句里有一個that從句，做instinct的定語。

譯文：這種反應本身沒有錯，這是人類道德觀念在進行推理時，本能在起作用，這種本能應得到鼓勵而不應遭到嘲弄。46．The Aswan Dam, for example，stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods leftare only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and

machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.結構分析：句子主干是New ways of…workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…

兩個破折號中間的成分為插入結構，可以視為括號里面的內(nèi)容。Such as后面的內(nèi)容是對many other factors的列舉。在閱讀的時候基本可以跳過不看，除非后面有細節(jié)題考查這里的內(nèi)容。

譯文：組織工作場所的新方法包括機構重組和縮小規(guī)模,這些只是促進某個經(jīng)濟實體的綜合生產(chǎn)率提高的一項措施，還有其他許多因素可以促進生產(chǎn)率的提高，比如對機械設備的聯(lián)合投資、采用新技術、對教育培訓投資等。

49．His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.結構分析：句子主干是His colleague,…, says，that… 引導的是賓語從句, chopping out costs without giving sufficient…是現(xiàn)在分詞短語結構做狀語。without后面要跟動名詞giving。

譯文：他的同事邁克爾?比爾說，為數(shù)眾多的公司以簡單機械的方式進行結構重組，降低了成本，但卻未能充分考慮長期贏利。

50.Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice.結構分析：that之后是一個賓語從句；by之后的動名詞來做賓語從句的狀語；賓語從句中which又引導了一個非限制性定語從句。

譯文：利維.斯特勞斯公司使法庭相信特易購把利維牛仔服與皂粉，香蕉等放在一起廉價銷售這一做法使其形象受損，品牌價值也因此受到了影響，這勢必會使產(chǎn)品缺乏新意，最終減少消費者的選擇。

51．Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute, a research center in San Francisco.結構分析：這是一個比較長的簡單句?！癿ore than twice as likely as their white counterparts”是一種表示倍數(shù)的表達方式；“to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults”不定式短語來修飾white counterparts;“according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute”做狀語；“a research center in San Francisco”是“the Justice Policy Institute”的同位語。

譯文：舊金山的一個研究中心--刑法政策研究所,上周發(fā)表的研究結果表明，在加利福尼亞，因為犯重罪被少年法庭轉(zhuǎn)出,而以成人的身份被審判逮捕的非白人少年，比白人少年的兩倍還要多。

52．Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well.結構分析：在for引導的介詞短語中，that引導定語從句來修飾bill;related to sexual orientation as well來修飾crimes.譯文：Gaither的死成為了一種推動力，促使那些維護同性戀權利的組織以及州立法委員去推行一項議案，使阿拉巴馬已通過三年的仇視罪條文，除了涉及有關種族、膚色、宗教信仰、出身之外，也應該包括有關性傾向方面的罪行。

53.Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang lingering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges: California.結構分析：“along with the League of Cities and 31 states”在句子中做伴隨狀語，其中that又引導定語從句進行修飾；主句中where又引導從句來修飾state。

譯文：在加利福尼亞州，有關反幫派閑蕩的起訴已經(jīng)接受了來自憲法的挑戰(zhàn)。芝加哥官員以及在法庭上支持他們的城市聯(lián)盟和31個州政府，最好還是考慮這個州的做法為好。

54.Even before the tragedy, Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.結構分析：Even before the tragedy是本句的時間狀語；主句是Pfingst had stood behind…;that 引導的賓語從句修飾law;在從句中，as…as是一詞組，意思是“和…一樣”；出現(xiàn)的第三個as是介詞，和treat搭配，意思是“作為”。

譯文：在這場悲劇發(fā)生之前，Pfingst就已經(jīng)開始支持加利福尼亞州的一項有爭議的法規(guī)。該法規(guī)規(guī)定，以成人身份受審的謀殺嫌疑犯的年齡，最小可以為十四歲。

55.The doctors said the rules could actually erode privacy, pointing to a provision allowing managed-care plans to use personal information without consent if the purpose was ”health-care operations.“

結構分析：本句中pointing to 這個做伴隨狀語的分詞短語又包含了一個介詞without引出的方式狀語和由if引導的條件狀語從句，使得句子的結構變得較為復雜。

譯文：醫(yī)生認為這些法規(guī)實際上是在破壞隱私權，因為其中一條法規(guī)規(guī)定，管理式醫(yī)療保健計劃（managed-care plan）在“開展醫(yī)療保健工作”時,可以不經(jīng)許可使用個人信息。

56.The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garro’s, offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns, tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives.結構分析：本句的主干是The Act was supposed to help…。be supposed to do something 表示“應該做某事”，通常強調(diào)“義務，責任”等。Offering 至句子結尾是一個現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語，其中含有一個定語從句，定語從句中含有三個并列的動詞短語做謂語，即want to…tend to…or care for…。safety net 原義是防止墜落受傷的“安全網(wǎng)”，在此引申為“安全保障”。

譯文：1993年頒布的《家庭醫(yī)療休假法》本來應該幫助像加羅這樣的家庭，為那些請假照顧新生兒、治療重病或者照顧患病親人的員工，提供一個安全保障。

57.A vague entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money, the committee and its chief fund-raiser, Texas oilman(and now Commerce secretary)Don Evans, swiftly collected $8.3 million--more than twice the $3.9 million Al Gore's recount committee raised to pay its lawyers.結構分析：本句是個包含同位語和附近說明的長句。a nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money 是委員會的同位語，起到補充說明的作用，而破折號之后的成分也是對句子的補充說明。

譯文：法律不要求這個性質(zhì)模糊的機構透露其使用資金的情況。該委員會和它的主要籌資人，得克薩斯州石油商人（現(xiàn)商務部長）唐.伊萬斯很快就籌集了830萬美元來支付律師費用，這筆錢是艾爾.戈爾重新計票委員會所籌集的390萬美元資金的兩倍還多。

58.And there the story might have ended but for the tireless efforts of Johan Reinhard, an independent archaeologist funded by the National Geographic Society.結構分析：句子主干the story might have ended there but for …本句中包含有虛擬語氣，由but for 引導一個虛擬條件，表示“要不是…”；“might have done”表示本來可能會發(fā)生某事，對于這一類由介詞或者介詞詞組引起的虛擬條件，學習者應該特別留心，否則就容易產(chǎn)生理解錯誤?？梢砸龑摂M條件的詞還有without，otherwise等。

譯文：要不是約翰萊茵.哈德的不懈努力，故事本來也許到此就結束了。萊茵哈德是一位由國家地理協(xié)會資助的獨立考古學家。

59.What is frightening is that these discoveries make it clear how little astronomers know about planets, and they add to the dawning realization that our solar system--and by implication Planet Earth--may be a cosmic oddball.結構分析：句子主干本句what is frightening is that …是個復雜句，包含主語從句（what frightening），表語從句（is 后面的部分），賓語從句（how little引導的部分），同位語從句（realization后面that引導的部分），插入語等，另外一些成語詞組的出現(xiàn)也增加了句子的難度，比如dawning realization（漸漸認識到），by implication（含蓄地, 用寓意）等。

譯文：真正令人震驚的是，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)說明天文學家對于行星的了解十分有限，并且讓人們清醒地認識到我們的太陽——不言而喻，還有地球這顆行星——也許是宇宙中的異數(shù)。

60.Well, it appears that increased air pollution during those 30 years--over Asia, in particular--with the help, perhaps, of some increased cloudiness, may have exerted a cooling influence on the surface of the planet even as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases were encouraging the atmosphere to warm.結構分析：句子主干是it appears that…本句是一個賓語從句，其中“well”是一個語氣詞；賓語從句的主語是“increased air pollution”，其中“increased”是形容詞；“over Asia, in particular”的作用是補充說明；“with the help, perhaps, of some increased cloudiness”是介詞短語，用來補充說明主語；may have exerted a cooling influence 是賓語從句的謂語，even as的意思是“正當…的時候；恰在…的時候”，引導狀語從句，用在本句中有一種對比的作用。

譯文：在過去30年中，全球特別是亞洲不斷加劇的大氣污染，借助數(shù)量有所增加的云度可能對整個地球表面起了一種冷卻作用，同時二氧化碳和其它溫室氣體卻在促使大氣變暖。

61.But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004(Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.結構分析：句子主干it is not far off that…and it is much the same as..這是一個復雜句，句子主體結構是一個并列句，在第一個并列分句里有一個which引導的定語從句修飾new members，在第二個并列分句里有一個which引導的非限制性定語從句修飾Bulgaria and Romania，還有一個that引導的定語從句，修飾accession talks。

譯文：但是和2004年5月1日加入歐盟的十個新成員國之一（拉脫維亞）相比，土耳其差得并不算太遠，但同保加利亞和羅馬尼亞相比則相差無幾。這兩個國家本周剛剛完成加入歐盟的談判，并將在2007年1月獲得完全成員地位。

62.Mr Cantalupo was a McDonald's veteran brought out of retirement in January 2003 to help remodel the firm after sales began falling because of dirty restaurants, indifferent service and growing concern about junk food.結構分析：句子主干Mr.Canalupo was a McDonald veteran.表語veteran后面有一個過去分詞短語brought out of retirement做后置定語，這個定語還帶有自己的兩個狀語，一個是不定式短語做目的狀語，另外一個是after引導的時間狀語從句，這個從句中還有一個because of引導的原因狀語。bring sb.out of retirement的意思是“將某人從退休狀態(tài)召回”。

譯文：坎塔盧波在麥當勞工作過多年，在公司因為餐廳環(huán)境不衛(wèi)生，服務態(tài)度差，以及人們對“垃圾食品”的不斷質(zhì)疑導致業(yè)績下降之后，2003年他被從退休中召回，幫助公司進行改革。

63.Even so, everyone at McDonald's must be hoping that it will be a long time before the firm faces yet another such emergency.結構分析：句子主干everyone must be hoping that…這個句子中包含一個由that引導的賓語從句和由before引導的狀語從句。這個句子的難點在before這個詞的理解上。通常before可以譯為“才”。例如：It had been two days before I realized the problem.（過了兩天我才意識到這個問題。）

譯文：即便如此，相信麥當勞上下一定還是希望不要在近期內(nèi)又面臨這類緊急情況。

64.Merck, a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible side-effects of its arthritis drug Vioxx, is allowing its directors to run their full term before introducing a system in which they are all re-elected(or otherwise)annually.結構分析：句子主干Merck is allowing its directors to run their full term。句子的主語之后又一個較長的同位語短語，句子中還有一個before引導的狀語，在這個狀語中含有一個which引導的定語從句。before在這種情況下通常譯為“才”。

譯文：默克制藥公司因為所生產(chǎn)的關節(jié)炎藥物Vioxx,存在潛在副作用而陷入困境?，F(xiàn)在，公司允許其董事任期直到屆滿，然后才會引入一個每年將所有人重新選任一遍（或者別的方法）的制度。

65.At the margin, extra demand has come from those who think dollars--indeed any money backed by nothing more than promises to keep inflation low--a decidedly risky investment, mainly because America, with the world's reserve currency, has been able to create and borrow so many of them.結構分析：句子主干extra demand has come。from這個介詞所引導的狀語中包含一個who 引導的定語從句修飾those，一個插入語，主句之后是一個because引導的原因狀語從句。nothing more than的意思是“只不過，僅僅”。

譯文：在此下跌情況下，導致金價上揚的額外需求來自于那些認為美元——或者任何一種依靠抑制通脹的許諾來支撐的貨幣—無疑是一種高風險投資的人,主要因為美國擁有美元這一世界儲備貨幣，而且一直能夠制造和借來很多美元。

66.Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from ”locals"--self-employed traders--is helping to prop up open-outcry, although some reckon that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems.結構分析：句子主干pressure …is helping to prop up open-outcry,這是一個復雜句，包含兩個由although引導的讓步狀語從句。that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems做reckon的賓語.prop up的意思是“支持”。

譯文：雖然其它絕大多數(shù)交易所正在取消這種公開叫價的交易方式，在紐約商品交易所這類商品市場里，來自“本地人”---那些自營商---的壓力卻起到了支持公開叫價的作用，盡管一些人估計客戶為此要支付五倍于使

用電子系統(tǒng)的費用。

67.In his models, auctions that let buyers and sellers bid at any time like most of today's financial exchanges were less efficient than ones that required relatively more bids from either buyers or sellers.結構分析：句子主干是auctions… were less efficient than ones…，句子的主語auctions后面有一個that引導的定語從句對它進行修飾，句子主體結構中包含了一個比較級，在比較的對象ones后面也有一個that引導的定語從句對它進行修飾。

譯文：在他的模型中，現(xiàn)今大多數(shù)金融交易中采用的讓買賣雙方隨時競價的拍賣方式，比起那些需要買賣雙方提出更多競價的模型，效率要低下。

68.The size of this cushion has triggered some calls for further liberalization of the complicated foreign-exchange controls that India still maintains, despite the move in 1993 towards rupee convertibility for trade purposes.結構分析：句子主干是The size of this cushion has triggered some calls…這一句雖然也包含一個定語從句，但結構并不算太復雜，容易造成理解困難的是cushion這個詞。Cushion原意是“墊子”，這里引申為“緩沖不利后果的東西；保障”。

譯文：盡管在1993年印度已允許進行以貿(mào)易為目的的盧比兌換，但印度目前的外匯控制非常復雜。現(xiàn)在有了這樣的巨額儲備作保障，一些人開始呼吁印度政府進一步放開現(xiàn)有外匯控制。

69.The experience of 1991, when India ran out of money, has left the central bank prone to caution--an approach it felt was vindicated by the East Asian crisis of 1997-1998.結構分析：句子主干是The experience…h(huán)as left the central bank prone to caution.句中有一個以when引導的，修飾1991的定語從句和一個省略了that的，修飾approach的定語從句。

譯文：1991年印度用完外匯儲備的經(jīng)歷使中央銀行傾向于謹慎方式 11997-1998年的東亞危機證實了這種方式的正確性。

70.Fiat's belated willingness to take tough steps to align capacity with demand is down to the group's new boss, Gabriele Galateri, chosen in June to rescue the firm, which is 30% owned by Agnelli family interests.結構分析：句子主干是Fiat belated willingness…is down to the group new boss.主語后面帶有一個不定式短語作定語，過去分詞chosen所帶的短語作了boss的定語，后面還有一個which引導的非限制性定語從句。

句子譯文：菲亞特遲遲不愿采取強硬措施使產(chǎn)需一致，直到六月份加布里埃萊?加拉泰雷臨危受命，成為集團新任總裁，這種狀況才有所改變。該公司30%的股份由艾格尼爾利家族所擁有。

第二篇：2018考研英語長難句翻譯技巧：分句法

凱程考研，為學員服務，為學生引路！

2018考研英語長難句翻譯技巧：分句法

長難句是考研英語翻譯和閱讀中常見的一個難點，是考生必須要攻克的壁壘之一。攻克長難句的指導思想就是拆分解讀，需要考生配合相應的一些技巧，本文中要分享的就是長難句翻譯的分句法，大家理解學習。

2018考研英語長難句翻譯技巧：分句法

分句法，有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關系并不十分密切，翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣，把長句的從句或短語化成句子，分開來敘述，為了使語意連貫，有時需要適當增加詞語。例如：

例 1.The number of the young people in the United States who can`t read is incredible about one in four.上句在英語中是一個相對簡單的句子，但是如果我們按照原文的句子結構死譯，就可能被翻譯成：

沒有閱讀能力的美國青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為 1/4。這樣，就使得譯文極為不通順，不符合漢語的表達習慣，因此，我們應該把它譯為：大約有 1/4 的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力，這簡直令人難以置信。

例 2.Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85 年考題)

分析：在此長句中，有一個插入語“it is often said”，三個并列的謂語結構，還有一個定語從句，這三個并列的謂語結構盡管在結構上同屬于同一個句子，但都有獨立的意義，因此在翻譯時，可以采用分句法，按照漢語的習慣把整個句子分解成幾個獨立的分句，結果為：人們常說，通過電視可以了解時事，掌握科學和政治的最新動態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節(jié)目。

下面我們再舉一個例子：

例 3.All they have to do is press a button,and they can see plays,films,operas,and shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85 年考題)

他們所必須做的只是按一下開關。開關一開，就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇，以及

其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問題的辯論、最近的激動人心的足球賽更是不在話下。

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凱程考研，為學員服務，為學生引路！

例 4.Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns，so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.雖然在某處已經(jīng)開始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會發(fā)展成高度復雜、有智慧的型式，但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多，以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個天然組成部分。

長難句是考研英語翻譯和閱讀中常見的一個難點，是考生必須要攻克的壁壘之一。攻克長難句的指導思想就是拆分解讀，需要考生配合相應的一些技巧，凱程網(wǎng)考研頻道本文中要分享的就是長難句翻譯的分句法，大家理解學習。

2017考研英語長難句翻譯技巧：分句法

分句法，有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關系并不十分密切，翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣，把長句的從句或短語化成句子，分開來敘述，為了使語意連貫，有時需要適當增加詞語。例如：

例 1.The number of the young people in the United States who can`t read is incredible about one in four.上句在英語中是一個相對簡單的句子，但是如果我們按照原文的句子結構死譯，就可能被翻譯成：

沒有閱讀能力的美國青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為 1/4。這樣，就使得譯文極為不通順，不符合漢語的表達習慣，因此，我們應該把它譯為：大約有 1/4 的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力，這簡直令人難以置信。

例 2.Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85 年考題)

分析：在此長句中，有一個插入語“it is often said”，三個并列的謂語結構，還有一個定語從句，這三個并列的謂語結構盡管在結構上同屬于同一個句子，但都有獨立的意義，因此在翻譯時，可以采用分句法，按照漢語的習慣把整個句子分解成幾個獨立的分句，結果為：人們常說，通過電視可以了解時事，掌握科學和政治的最新動態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節(jié)目。

下面我們再舉一個例子：

例 3.All they have to do is press a button,and they can see plays,films,operas,and shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85 年考題)2 頁 共 2 頁

凱程考研，為學員服務，為學生引路！

他們所必須做的只是按一下開關。開關一開，就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇，以及

其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問題的辯論、最近的激動人心的足球賽更是不在話下。

例 4.Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns，so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.雖然在某處已經(jīng)開始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會發(fā)展成高度復雜、有智慧的型式，但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多，以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個天然組成部分。

其實看看凱程考研怎么樣，最簡單的一個辦法，看看他們有沒有成功的學生，最直觀的辦法是到凱程網(wǎng)站，上面有大量學員經(jīng)驗談視頻，這些都是凱程扎扎實實的輔導案例，其他機構網(wǎng)站幾乎沒有考上學生的視頻，這就是凱程和其他機構的優(yōu)勢，凱程是扎實輔導、嚴格管理、規(guī)范教學取得如此優(yōu)秀的成績。

辨別凱程和其他機構誰靠譜的辦法。

凱程考研，為學員服務，為學生引路！

頁 共 4 頁

第三篇：考研英語長難句分析之_特殊句式(DOC)

第五講 特殊句式及長難句解析

1．簡單句、并列句、復合句

從句: 名詞性：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句

形容詞性：定語從句

副詞性：狀語從句---時間、地點、原因、結果、目的、條件、讓步、比較、方式

2．省略句、比較結構、倒裝句、分割結構

英語中還有一些特殊句式，出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解中，勢必會成為我們理解文章的障礙。但是，特殊句式還是有語法規(guī)律的，因此，如果我們能熟練應用特殊句式的語法規(guī)律，在閱讀中一眼就能識別并領會這些特殊語法現(xiàn)象，障礙就基本克服了。

1.省略句

資料47 To err is human;to forgive, divine.Brevity is the soul of wit.文體暢曉，其智乃見。（省略是將句子中的贅述部分刪去，避免重復，使句子更簡潔，加強表達內(nèi)容的連貫性和邏輯性。被省略的部分大多是主語、謂語或謂語中的助動詞等。文章中的省略現(xiàn)象會使句子成分短缺，造成句子不完整，如果看不出句子中省略了什么成分，就容易造成對文章的理解困難。

省略句一般只有當各組成部分有共同的成分才可能出現(xiàn)省略。對于這類句式，其難點在于發(fā)現(xiàn)省略成分，一旦找出并補充完整，句意理解就會大大簡化。

省略句如果出現(xiàn)在翻譯中，在翻譯的時候，一定要把省略的部分翻譯出來，否則會扣分。A：and 連接的并列句的省略

材料48頁：Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002）

分析：很明顯，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem，是一個省略句，with做狀語一般表示伴隨，這一個分句只有一個狀語加一個名詞結構，構不成一個完整的句子。實際上，與前句相同的成分才會被省略，前一句的謂語部分是：will continue to be rejected.所以，后一分句補充完整就是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected.練習：1.The reasons for poverty are many, but for the most part center on illiteracy, the lack of opportunities and in some cases pure laziness.(主語 the reasons)2.He majors in English, and I, in French.(謂語 major)3.Self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismay.(省略主謂)B：狀語從句中的省略

規(guī)則：當主句的主語與從句主語一致時候，且從句的謂語動詞是Be動詞時候，從句可省略 主 謂。See 材料48頁 1.讓步狀語從句 2 時間狀語從句

3．If handled properly and not misused, the clone technology will only bring more benefit than disaster to mankind.(條件狀語從句)4．Some people look as if afraid of nothing.(方式狀語從句)5．The computer is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.（比較）

真題例句1 Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun.這是復合句。in which引導定語從句，修飾astronomical body.介詞except引起的短語作

the more people online, the more potential customers there are。

The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.【分析】本句主干使用了the more…the more…（越……越……）的結構。you have 是省略了引導詞的定語從句，修飾先行詞foreign capital;現(xiàn)在分詞結構helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure作foreign capital的后置定語。逗號之前是由which引導的非限定性定語從句which today is an electronic infrastructure，修飾前面的Third Wave infrastructure。

【翻譯】你擁有的用于建造第三次浪潮基礎設施（今天主要指電子基礎設施）的外國資金越多，你將越富有。

3．倒裝結構

倒裝是一種語法手段，用以強調(diào)某一句子結構或某一句子成分。

倒裝分為兩種：將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來，叫做完全倒裝；只將助動詞（包括情態(tài)動詞）移至主語之前，叫做部分倒裝。

Then began a hot debate between the two parties.(完全倒裝)Never have we found him in such a good mood.（部分倒裝）

理解倒裝句的有效對策是找到句中的主語、謂語，進而將謂語動詞還原到主語之后按照正常語序再來完整的理解該句話。See 材料 51頁

☆ 例句分析：see 材料 59頁

Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition.【解析】本句是全部倒裝句，正常語序為The picture…is emerging from the 1980 census…, 倒裝的原因是這個句子主語the picture 后面的現(xiàn)在分詞結構developing more and more regional competition作nation的后置定語。句末是由as引導的時間狀語從句，表示一種伴隨狀態(tài)?！痉g】1980年美國人口普查表明：國家內(nèi)部地區(qū)間的競爭越來越激烈了。

4.分隔結構 所謂分隔結構，就是兩個語法或語義關系密切的成分之間插入了其他成分，造成原本應該緊靠一起的兩個成分相分離的現(xiàn)象。常見的分隔形式有：1.主語與謂語的分隔

This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.【分析】本句主干是This success…led Ericsson to conclude…,逗號之間的過去分詞結構coupled with later research…將主語This success和謂語led分隔開，構成了分隔結構。此分隔結構中現(xiàn)在分詞短語showing…作定語，修飾later research；由that引導的賓語從句that memory itself is not genetically determined,作showing的賓語。主句的賓語Ericsson之后的不定式結構to conclude…作賓語補足語，此不定式結構中又包含一個賓語從句that the act…is more…than…,作conclude的賓語，其中包含一個more…than…的比較結構?！痉g】這項成功以及后來表明記憶本身并不是由基因決定的研究使埃里克遜得出這樣的結論：記憶是一種認知行為，而不是天生的。

2.謂語動詞與賓語的分隔、See 材料 54頁

3.定語或定語從句與先行詞的分隔等

一言九鼎，但安特吉（Entergy）公司顯然不是這樣。這家公司是新英格蘭地區(qū)的主要能源供應商。當它在上周宣布摒棄一個長久的允諾的時候 —— 即不再遵守該州嚴格的核能規(guī)定，其這一舉動理所當然引起了佛蒙特州（Vermont）人們的強烈憤慨。

相反，公司的所作所為恰恰背離它當初曾許下的承諾：在聯(lián)邦法院上挑戰(zhàn)佛蒙特州法規(guī)的合憲性。為了竭力維持佛蒙特楊基（Yankee）核電站的運行，背信棄義是它采取的部分手段。這可謂驚世之舉。

這種沖突自2002年以來就出現(xiàn)了苗頭。在2002年，公司購買佛蒙特州僅有的一所核電站 —— 位于佛蒙鎮(zhèn)上的一個日益老化的反應堆。作為讓州政府批準這項購買協(xié)議的條件，公司同意在2012年以后向該州的管理部門申請經(jīng)營權。在2006年，佛蒙特州更進一步，要求核電站的任何執(zhí)照延期必須經(jīng)過佛蒙特州立法部門的審批。當時，公司也照著做了。

或許是Entergy公司從未真正想履行這些承諾，或者是根本沒有預見未來會發(fā)生的狀況。事故接連不斷發(fā)生，包括2007年冷卻塔部分垮塌以及地下管道系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了泄露，讓人們對佛蒙特Yankee核電站的安全性及Entergy公司的管理產(chǎn)生了嚴重懷疑 —— 尤其在公司在對管道泄露問題上做出了誤導性表述之后，人們更加懷疑。佛蒙特州的參議院被Entergy公司的行為激怒了，在去年以26票對4票否決了Entergy公司的一個延期申請。

現(xiàn)在，公司突然聲稱，因為2006年制定的法案，2002年的那個協(xié)定便失效了，并且只有聯(lián)邦政府才具有對核電站問題的監(jiān)管權。這個案件涉及的法律問題還很模糊：盡管最高法院已經(jīng)規(guī)定各州在核電站的監(jiān)管上有一定的權力，但是法律學者認為佛蒙特州的情況將會提供一個先例，來驗證這些權力可能延伸到何種程度。當然，人們真正擔心的是，如果各州都制定自己的法規(guī)，隨之便產(chǎn)生修補性法規(guī)。但是，如果Entergy公司能夠遵守諾言的的話，這種爭論也就沒有意義了。

該公司似乎已經(jīng)得出結論，它在佛蒙特州已名譽掃地，那么和州政府打一場官司也不擔心會遭受更大的損失。但是，這樣做還是會產(chǎn)生嚴重的影響。公眾出于信任，才允許經(jīng)營核電站。Entergy公司在美國還經(jīng)營其他11個反應堆，其中包括普利茅斯（Plymouth）的“朝圣者”（Pilgrim）核電站。公司保證讓Pilgrim核電站安全運轉(zhuǎn)，并向聯(lián)邦政府申請，批準其延長20年的經(jīng)營許可。但是，當核研究委員會（NRC）在審查公司申請的時候，應該切記Entergy公司的哪些諾言還靠得住。

考研英語語法精講講義(4)：特殊句型之倒裝

作者：新東方屠皓民 閱讀：1256 評論：0 收藏

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基本句型

主謂賓定狀表

I like watching the romantic movies in my spare time.He is a famous teacher in this university.謂語動詞的助動詞 watch---do watched---did watches---does has/have watched---has/have had watched---had can watch---can 全部倒裝

—— 謂語動詞放置在主語之前

An old man lives in the city center.= In the city center lives an old man.A temple stands on the mountain.= On the mountain stands a temple.全部倒裝？

強調(diào)句中的地點副詞或狀語 There goes the bus.In the city center lives an old man.Under the tress sat a wounded soldier.With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation house-holds.考研閱讀全部倒裝難點： 分詞結構的倒裝

(a)All kinds of sea animal bodies are buried in the deep sea.(b)Our teacher was walking at the head of the line.Buried in the deep sea are all kinds of sea animal bodies.Walking at the head of the line was our teacher.(a)Added to the stress is their opportunity for stress.(2008)(b)Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.部分倒裝

—— 主語和謂語動詞位置不變，將謂語動詞的助動詞放置到主語的前面。Only with you can I feel happy.Little does he care about what I said.什么時候需要部分倒裝？

（1）句首出現(xiàn)否定詞 never, nor, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, few等 I never trust you.= Never do I trust you.He seldom believes the information from the Internet.= Seldom does he believe the information from the Internet.(2)否定詞組在句首

He no longer works for the money, but for the personal development.= No longer does he work for the money, but for the personal development.(3)only+狀語/狀語從句在句首

We can achieve the goal only in this way.= Only in this way can we achieve the goal.(a)Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.(b)Only when the meeting was over was he able to meet his friend.(4)so 或so引導的短語放在句首要部分倒裝 He saw the film.So did she.【 ? So he did.】

-She is a student.8-

第四篇：第二部分 歷年考研英語長難句分析

Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.[句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…

[語法難點]有并列從句和省略。With引導的是伴隨結構作狀語，修飾的是整個第一分句描述的狀態(tài)。and引導的分句省略了謂語動詞marked，所以要注意其實該分句并不隸屬于第一分句，而是與之并列的結構。

[句子翻譯]依賴的最初表現(xiàn)為耐受力增強，用量越來越大才能達到預期效果，一旦停用就會產(chǎn)生不舒服的癥狀。

[翻譯技巧]有些同學遇上伴隨結構就不知道如何翻譯了，其實只要按照原來的語序順次翻譯就是。

13．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.[句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…

[語法難點]該句沒有從句結構，而是由and連接的兩個并列成分構成。用would是因為表達了某人的主觀態(tài)度和意愿。

[句子翻譯]但他也談到了創(chuàng)作自由與社會責任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問題。他宣布公司將盡力對可能招致大眾反對的音樂制定各種發(fā)行和標識的標準[翻譯技巧]雖然沒有從句結構，但是由于句子太長，有眾多的修飾成分，所以建議還是拆為兩句較好。

14．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.[句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before

[語法難點]有省略。close to分句是非限定性定語從句，省略了which was。Before后面的成分是對全句的補充說明，是狀語成分。狀語成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并無定規(guī)。之所以用rising，是因為這里需要一個名次性的結構the inflation which was，這樣顯得簡潔得多。

[句子翻譯]七大工業(yè)國家的通貨膨脹率去年下降到了2.3%，接近30年來最低水平，今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%，比許多國家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。

[翻譯技巧]the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工業(yè)國。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。

15．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.[句子主干]Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have …

[語法難點]主句用現(xiàn)在完成時have been…是因為經(jīng)濟學家長時間以來關注，現(xiàn)在也在關注，是一個從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。Since引導的是表原因的狀語從句。

[句子翻譯]特別讓經(jīng)濟學家感到詫異的是，英美兩國的通貨膨脹帶來的是良性的結果，因為傳統(tǒng)的分析方法表明，兩國尤其是美國的經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn)幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)滑坡。

[翻譯技巧]favorable表示的是“非常好的”，不是“非常喜歡的”，與個人取向沒有關系。productive slack是“生產(chǎn)滑坡”的意思。

16．Actually, it isn't, because it assumesthat there is an agreed account of human rights, which is somethingthe world does not have.[句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is…

[語法難點]有套合從句。本句為主從復合句。主句很簡單，而because引導的原因狀語從句中，又有一個that引導的賓語從句。這個從句中，主語an agreed account of human rights由一個which引導的飛行定性定語從句修飾，而這個非限定性定語從句中又有一個限定性定語從句the world does not have來修飾something。

[句子翻譯]事實并非如此，因為這種問法是以人們對人的權利有共同的認識為基礎的，而這種共同認識并不存在。

[翻譯技巧]agree為“約定的”意思，agreed account直譯為“約定的看法”，意譯為“共同的認識”。可見翻譯中一定要結合漢語的語言習慣靈活轉(zhuǎn)換。an agreed account of human rights不可譯為“有同意的人權記錄”。此外，將不定代詞具體化，也更符合漢語習慣。

17．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.[句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of…

[語法難點]該句仍為主從復合句That引導的賓語從句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當了補充語的角色。

[句子翻譯]有些哲學家論證說，權利只存在社會契約中，是責任與利益相交換的一部分。

[翻譯技巧]要正確選擇contract的詞義，不要譯成從此“收縮，縮小”Argue不要譯成“爭論”，而要靈活處理成“論證說”。

18．It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.[句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with…

[語法難點]有并列從句和省略。冒號把句子分成兩部分，后一部分對前面部分作進一步解釋說明。前面部分是簡單句。后面部分是復合句。that引導的賓語從句中，主語是animals，謂語是should be treated，either… or…引導兩個介詞短語作狀語，either引導的介詞短語中，humans extend to other humans是一個省略引導詞that的定語從句。

[句子翻譯]

這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端，它使人們認為應這樣對待動物：要么像對人類自身一樣關切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。

[翻譯技巧]it 的所指要明確。leads thediscussion to extremes譯成“將討論引向兩個極端”，at the outset譯成“從一開始”。注意把被動句譯為主動句，更合乎漢語習慣。

第五篇：【海文考研英語】：實例分析：考研英語長難句結構分析技巧

【海文考研英語】：實例分析：考研英語長難句結構分析技巧

在考研英語試卷中，長難句日益成為科技文體中出現(xiàn)頻率很高的考試重點。同時，它也是

翻譯題中常出現(xiàn)的考查難點。對于考生來說，長難句也是考卷中得分較難的一部分。所以，萬

學海文以實例為據(jù)，向2013 屆正處于考研復習中的同學們，講一講考研英語長難句的結構解 析技巧。

英語長句也就是復雜句，里面可能會有多個從句，從句與從句之間的關系可可能為并列，包含與被包含、鑲嵌等形式。因此分析長難句或者翻譯長難句，首要解決的應該是弄清楚從句

以及清楚從句之間的關系。英語經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的復合句包括：名詞性從句，它又包括主語從句、賓

語從句、表語從句和同位語從句；形容詞性從句，即定語從句；另外還有一種叫做狀語從句。那么，有些同學可能會問，究竟該怎樣來分析長難句呢？有以下幾點最為基礎的步驟需要

考生們記住：

1、找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語，即句子的主干結構；

2、找出句中所有的謂語結構、非謂語結構、介詞短語和從句的引導詞；

3、分析從句和短語的功能，例如，是否為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句或狀語從句等；

以及詞，短語和從句之間的關系；

4、分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配、插入語等其他成分。依照上面四個結構分析步驟，我們對下面的句子進行了分解與解析，希望同學們能夠在看

完例子后，有進一步的理解。

例句：In Africa I met a boy，who was crying as if his heart would break and said，when I spoke to him，that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.例句分析：

第一，拆分句子。

這個長句可以拆分為四段：①“In Africa I met a boy”②“who was crying as if his heart would break”、③“when I spoke to him，that he was hungry because”、④“he had had no food for two days”.第二，句子的結構分析。

（1）主干結構是主語+過去式+賓語——“I met a boy”；

（2）“crying”后面是壯語從句“as if his heart would break”；（3）“when I spoke to him”是介于“said”和“that he was hungry because”之間的插入語。

第三，難點部分的處理。

“crying as if his heart would break”應譯為哭得傷心極了。參考譯文：

在非洲，我遇到一個小孩，他哭得傷心極了，我問他時，他說他餓了，兩天沒有吃飯了。

以上是對于一般長難句的結構較為基礎的解析方法。長難句的解析方法具體來講可以分為

分譯法、順序法、綜合法、逆序法等。

1、分譯法

有些英語長句的主句與從句或主句與修飾語間的關系并不十分密切，為使意思連貫，可把

長句中的從句或短語化為句子分開來敘述，有時還可適當增加詞語。例如：“He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.”該句有兩個介詞短語，代表兩層意思。因此，按照分譯法，打破原句的結構翻譯成：他五歲的時候，生了一場傷寒病，變成了聾子。

2、順序法

有些英語長句按邏輯關系安排，與漢語的表達方式比較一致，或者敘述的一連串動作按發(fā)生的

時間先后安排，這類句子可按原文順序譯出。這里不予以舉例。

3、逆序法

逆序法即倒置法。有些英語長句的表達次序與漢語習慣不同，甚至語序完全相反，這就必

須從原文的后面譯起，逆著原文的順序翻譯。例如：“There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”該句可分為三 部分①“There was little hope”；②“continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose”；③

“in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”前兩層表結果，第三層表原因。這句英語長句的敘

述層次與漢語邏輯相反，因此要打破原句的結構，按照漢語造句的規(guī)律重新加以安排。譯為，這一帶我不熟悉，天黑以后繼續(xù)進行調(diào)查，取得結果的希望不大。

4、綜合法

另有一些英語長句用前三種翻譯方法翻譯時都有困難，需要用綜合法。即或按時間先后，或按邏輯先后，或按邏輯順序，有順有逆地進行綜合處理。例如：“The phenomenon describes the way in which light physically scatters when it passes through particles in the earth’s atmosphere that are1/10 in diameter of the color of the light.”該句可以分解為四個部分①“The phenomenon describes the way”；②“in which light physically scatters”；③“when it passes through particles in the earth’s atmosphere”；④“that are1/10in diameter of the color of the light.”其中，第一、二和 三、四部分之間是修飾與被修飾的關系。用綜合法來處理這個句子，即合譯前三部分，第四部

分用分譯法，這樣譯出來的句子就非常符合漢語的表達習慣。譯為，這種現(xiàn)象說明了光線通過

地球大氣微粒時的物理散射方式。大氣微粒的直徑為有色光直徑的十分之一。通過對近年來試題的分析，我們可以看出，長難句結構復雜，邏輯性強，翻譯起來困難相

當大。但是，無論多長的句子、多么復雜的結構，它們都是由一些基本的成分組成的。只要弄

清英語原文的句法結構，找出整個句子的中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思，然后分析各層意思之間的邏 輯關系，再按漢語的特點和表達方式就可以譯出原文了。在長句的英譯漢實踐中，我們始終應

記住英漢在句法結構上的差異，不必拘泥于形式。