第一篇：美國(guó)三權(quán)分立與憲法地位

試述美國(guó)三權(quán)分立制度與憲法的地位

美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法（Constitution of the United States），簡(jiǎn)稱美國(guó)憲法。它是美國(guó)的根本大法，奠定了美國(guó)政治制度的法律基礎(chǔ)。該憲法于1787年9月17日在費(fèi)城召開(kāi)的制憲會(huì)議上獲得代表的批準(zhǔn)，并在此后不久為當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)擁有的13個(gè)州的特別會(huì)議所批準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)這部憲法，美國(guó)成為一個(gè)由各個(gè)擁有主權(quán)的州所組成的聯(lián)邦國(guó)家，同時(shí)也有一個(gè)聯(lián)邦政府來(lái)為聯(lián)邦的運(yùn)作而服務(wù)。從此聯(lián)邦體制取代了基于邦聯(lián)條例而存在的較為松散的邦聯(lián)體制。1789年，美國(guó)憲法正式生效。美國(guó)憲法是世界上首部成文憲法，該憲法為日后許多國(guó)家的成文憲法的制定提供了成功的典范。

盡管美國(guó)憲法歷經(jīng)多次修改，但是1789年憲法的基本原則至今依然發(fā)揮著重要的作用。政府運(yùn)作的基本原則如下：

三權(quán)分立——美國(guó)國(guó)家權(quán)力分為三部分：立法權(quán)、行政權(quán)和司法權(quán)。這三部分權(quán)力相互之間保持獨(dú)立。在理論上，三權(quán)是完全平等，并且互相制衡。每種權(quán)力都有限制另外兩種權(quán)力濫用的職能。這就是現(xiàn)代民主社會(huì)著名的三權(quán)分立原則。一般認(rèn)為其思想根源來(lái)自法國(guó)著名思想家孟德斯鳩的著作《論法的精神》。

聯(lián)邦體制——美國(guó)憲法規(guī)定美國(guó)采用聯(lián)邦制的國(guó)體。聯(lián)邦政府只擁有在憲法中列舉的有限權(quán)力，而其余未列明的權(quán)利都屬于各州或者人民。

憲法至上——美國(guó)憲法以及國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的法律的效力高于其他一切法律、行政法規(guī)和規(guī)定。

人人平等——根據(jù)美國(guó)憲法第十四修正案，人人都有平等地獲得法律保護(hù)的權(quán)利。各州之間也保持平等地位，原則上任何州都不能獲得聯(lián)邦政府的特殊對(duì)待。根據(jù)憲法的規(guī)定，各州要互相尊重和承認(rèn)。

美國(guó)是實(shí)行三權(quán)分立制度的典型國(guó)家。三權(quán)分立制度在反對(duì)封建勢(shì)力復(fù)辟、建立資本主義民主制度的斗爭(zhēng)中發(fā)揮過(guò)

“三權(quán)分立”機(jī)制重要作用。美國(guó)1787年憲法規(guī)定，立法權(quán)屬于由參、眾兩院組成的合眾國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)，行政權(quán)屬于美國(guó)總統(tǒng)；司法權(quán)屬于最高法院及國(guó)會(huì)隨時(shí)制定與設(shè)立的下級(jí)法院。三個(gè)權(quán)力部門(mén)之間相互制約。根據(jù)三種權(quán)力相互制衡的原則，美國(guó)憲法還規(guī)定,國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)要求總統(tǒng)調(diào)整政策以備審議,批準(zhǔn)總統(tǒng)對(duì)外締結(jié)的條約，建議和批準(zhǔn)總統(tǒng)對(duì)其所屬行政官員的任命，通過(guò)彈劾案撤換總統(tǒng)，有權(quán)建議和批準(zhǔn)總統(tǒng)對(duì)聯(lián)邦最高法院法官的任命，宣告懲治叛國(guó)罪，彈劾審判最高法院法官；總統(tǒng)對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的法案擁有有限的否決權(quán),副總統(tǒng)兼任參議院議長(zhǎng),總統(tǒng)還擁有特赦權(quán)、對(duì)最高法院法官的提名和任命權(quán)；最高法院法官在總統(tǒng)因彈劾案受審時(shí)擔(dān)任審判庭主席。此外，根據(jù)慣例，最高法院有權(quán)解釋法律，宣布國(guó)會(huì)制定的法律違憲無(wú)效。

很多政治學(xué)家相信三權(quán)分立是美國(guó)相較卓異（American exceptionalism）的決定性因素之一。約翰·金敦（John Kingdon）提出此論點(diǎn)，其指出三權(quán)分立為美國(guó)獨(dú)特的政治結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展作出了貢獻(xiàn)。其認(rèn)為美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的大量利益集團(tuán)均有參與權(quán)力制衡，因?yàn)槠淇梢杂绊懻咧贫ú⒅圃旄酀撛诘慕M織活動(dòng)。其亦認(rèn)為三權(quán)分立的復(fù)雜性是較少國(guó)民參與政治的原因。

同時(shí)有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為因?yàn)槿龣?quán)分立出來(lái)的三權(quán)，實(shí)質(zhì)上并非完全平等，立法權(quán)統(tǒng)領(lǐng)行政權(quán)及司法權(quán)，所以在三權(quán)分立的國(guó)家中，立法權(quán)掌握在誰(shuí)手中，誰(shuí)才是有實(shí)權(quán)的機(jī)構(gòu)，誰(shuí)才真正掌握國(guó)家。

所以實(shí)質(zhì)上，三權(quán)分立更像是財(cái)團(tuán)富人或稱資產(chǎn)階級(jí)統(tǒng)治美國(guó)的工具。資產(chǎn)階級(jí)通過(guò)掌握立法權(quán)，間接掌握?qǐng)?zhí)法權(quán)和司法權(quán)，不給人民以獨(dú)裁形象，更容易安全的統(tǒng)治國(guó)家。

第二篇：美國(guó)三權(quán)分立制度的特點(diǎn)

美國(guó)三權(quán)分立制度的特點(diǎn)

三權(quán)分立的思想最初是由洛克、孟德斯鳩等人提出的，尤其是孟德斯鳩系統(tǒng)地對(duì)其內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了闡述。他的三權(quán)分立思想中既強(qiáng)調(diào)權(quán)力的分工，又強(qiáng)調(diào)權(quán)力的制衡，這對(duì)美國(guó)三權(quán)分立的確立產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。美國(guó)的三權(quán)分立制度是獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后，為適應(yīng)資本主義發(fā)展的需求，在1787年美國(guó)憲法中所確立的政權(quán)組織形式。其主要內(nèi)涵是指把國(guó)家權(quán)力分為立法權(quán)、行政權(quán)與司法權(quán)，分別由國(guó)會(huì)、總統(tǒng)與法院行使，三權(quán)彼此獨(dú)立，但又互相制約、保持均衡的一項(xiàng)政治制度，所以美國(guó)的三權(quán)分立制度是三權(quán)既分工又互相牽制的綜合體。美國(guó)200多年的歷史也已經(jīng)證明：三權(quán)分立制度對(duì)于維護(hù)美國(guó)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，促進(jìn)社會(huì)發(fā)展功不可沒(méi)。美國(guó)的三權(quán)分立制度有以下幾方面的特點(diǎn)：

1、美國(guó)三權(quán)分立制度從權(quán)力的來(lái)源上保障各自的獨(dú)立性，使三種權(quán)力保持平行，是一種嚴(yán)格的三權(quán)分立模式。

三大部門(mén)權(quán)力來(lái)源不同，相互平行。根據(jù)這個(gè)原則所設(shè)計(jì)的體制，國(guó)會(huì)參議院議員由各州選民選舉（最初是由各州議會(huì)選舉產(chǎn)生，1913年第十七條修正案生效后改為現(xiàn)制），眾議員由各選區(qū)選民選舉產(chǎn)生；總統(tǒng)由選民選出的選舉人組成的選舉團(tuán)選出；聯(lián)邦各級(jí)法院的法官由總統(tǒng)經(jīng)參議院同意后任命，但一旦被任命，如無(wú)失職行為就終身任職。因此，三個(gè)機(jī)關(guān)的地位是平行的，其中沒(méi)有一個(gè)是最高權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)。

2、三權(quán)分立體制下的立法權(quán)、行政權(quán)與司法權(quán)在動(dòng)態(tài)的運(yùn)作過(guò)程中維持彼此之間的制衡關(guān)系。

三權(quán)的分立與制衡不是簡(jiǎn)單的權(quán)力分配，也不是簡(jiǎn)單的權(quán)力制約，而是在動(dòng)態(tài)的權(quán)力運(yùn)作過(guò)程中體現(xiàn)各自的價(jià)值，展現(xiàn)各自的權(quán)威，實(shí)現(xiàn)相互的協(xié)作。這也是三權(quán)分立的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)政治制度與封建君主專制制度的重要區(qū)別。君主專制的集權(quán)統(tǒng)治下，國(guó)家權(quán)力是僵化的，沒(méi)有真正意義上的權(quán)力分工，君主是絕對(duì)權(quán)威。而在美國(guó)制憲者的設(shè)定下，國(guó)家權(quán)力的任何一方均不擁有絕對(duì)權(quán)。憲法根據(jù)各自特點(diǎn)賦予每種權(quán)力以威力的同時(shí)，又為每種權(quán)力戴上了“緊箍咒”。美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)是立法機(jī)關(guān)，有權(quán)制定法律，但法律若想生效的話，必須經(jīng)過(guò)總統(tǒng)的批準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)總統(tǒng)不認(rèn)可國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的議案時(shí)，他就可以行使否決權(quán)。而參議院和眾議院又可以分別以2/3多數(shù)推翻總統(tǒng)的否決。最高法院可以對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)及總統(tǒng)行為進(jìn)行違憲性審查，使二者的活動(dòng)納入憲法設(shè)定的軌道。同樣，國(guó)會(huì)和總統(tǒng)也有制約最高法院的上方寶劍：最高法院的大法官由總統(tǒng)提名和任命，由參議院批準(zhǔn)。國(guó)會(huì)擁有對(duì)聯(lián)邦法院法官的彈劾權(quán)。簡(jiǎn)而言之，只有在權(quán)力行使的過(guò)程中，三權(quán)分立的價(jià)值才得以充分體現(xiàn)。這就是美國(guó)三權(quán)分立制度設(shè)立的精妙之處。

3、三權(quán)分立制度所設(shè)定的權(quán)力界限存在含混不清、相互交叉之處，為權(quán)力在現(xiàn)實(shí)中的傾軋埋下伏筆。

一方面，這是美國(guó)三權(quán)分立制度的制衡思想的體現(xiàn)。三權(quán)的制衡是通過(guò)模糊權(quán)力的界限、重疊權(quán)力的行使領(lǐng)域而實(shí)現(xiàn)的。比如締約權(quán)、人事任命權(quán)，均需在國(guó)會(huì)與總統(tǒng)的共同行使下才能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，成為雙方長(zhǎng)期爭(zhēng)奪的目標(biāo)。另外一方面，這種局面的出現(xiàn)應(yīng)該說(shuō)是和憲法規(guī)定不明確有直接關(guān)系的。除了明文規(guī)定所造成的立法權(quán)與行政權(quán)互相干預(yù)以外，憲法中許多語(yǔ)義不明的籠統(tǒng)規(guī)定，也在兩權(quán)之間引起了許多矛盾。實(shí)際問(wèn)題在于，憲法提供了相當(dāng)大的彈性空間供國(guó)會(huì)、總統(tǒng)發(fā)揮．．．．．．由于權(quán)力規(guī)定的不明確，總統(tǒng)與國(guó)會(huì)各自按照憲法已經(jīng)授予他們的權(quán)力“合理”推斷出衍生的權(quán)力，造成兩權(quán)沖突。比如有關(guān)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)權(quán)的規(guī)定，憲法規(guī)定總統(tǒng)是武裝部隊(duì)的總司令，但同時(shí)又規(guī)定國(guó)會(huì)有宣布戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的權(quán)力。正因?yàn)榇?，?zhàn)爭(zhēng)權(quán)一直是國(guó)會(huì)與總統(tǒng)的焦點(diǎn)之爭(zhēng)。

4、三權(quán)分立體制設(shè)定了這么一套分權(quán)與制衡的模式：用分權(quán)機(jī)制與程序機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)政府權(quán)力的排除性控制；用否決機(jī)制與彈劾機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)政府權(quán)力的反抗性機(jī)制。

美國(guó)憲法根據(jù)權(quán)力的性質(zhì)不同，將其分配給不同的部門(mén)，并以列舉、分類等形式將權(quán)力專屬化，防止權(quán)力集中。憲法為每一個(gè)權(quán)力設(shè)定既定軌道，以期三權(quán)能按照既定軌道運(yùn)行。同時(shí)，憲法又設(shè)定了制裁措施，一旦出現(xiàn)權(quán)力濫用，偏離運(yùn)行軌道的情況時(shí)，相應(yīng)的否決權(quán)、彈劾權(quán)就可以發(fā)揮威力。

第三篇：美國(guó)憲法 美國(guó)政府與政治。。。

美國(guó)憲法（中文）

序言

我們美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的人民，為了組織一個(gè)更完善的聯(lián)邦，樹(shù)立正義，保障國(guó)內(nèi)的安寧，建立共同的國(guó)防，增進(jìn)全民福利和確保我們自己及我們後代能安享自由帶來(lái)的幸福，乃為美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)制定和確立這一部憲法。

第一條

第一款 本憲法所規(guī)定的立法權(quán)，全屬合眾國(guó)的國(guó)會(huì)，國(guó)會(huì)由一個(gè)參議院和一個(gè)眾議院組成。

第二款 眾議院應(yīng)由各州人民每?jī)赡赀x舉一次之議員組成，各州選舉人應(yīng)具有該州州議會(huì)中人數(shù)最多之一院的選舉人所需之資格。凡年齡未滿二十五歲，或取得合眾國(guó)公民資格未滿七年，或於某州當(dāng)選而并非該州居民者，均不得任眾議員。眾議員人數(shù)及直接稅稅額，應(yīng)按聯(lián)邦所轄各州的人口數(shù)目比例分配，此項(xiàng)人口數(shù)目的計(jì)算法，應(yīng)在全體自由人民－－包括訂有契約的短期仆役，但不包括末被課稅的印第安人－－數(shù)目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。實(shí)際人口調(diào)查，應(yīng)於合眾國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)第一次會(huì)議後三年內(nèi)舉行，并於其後每十年舉行一次，其調(diào)查方法另以法律規(guī)定之。眾議員的數(shù)目，不得超過(guò)每三萬(wàn)人口有眾議員一人，但每州至少應(yīng)有眾議員一人;在舉行人囗調(diào)查以前，各州得按照下列數(shù)目選舉眾議員 : 新罕布什爾三人、麻薩諸塞八人、羅德島及普羅維登斯墾殖區(qū)一人、康涅狄格五人、紐約州六人．新澤西四人、賓夕法尼亞八人、特拉華一人、馬里蘭六人、弗吉尼亞十人、北卡羅來(lái)納五人、南卡羅來(lái)納五人、喬治亞三人。任何一州的眾議員有缺額時(shí)，該州的行政長(zhǎng)官應(yīng)頒選舉令，選出眾議員以補(bǔ)充缺額。眾議院應(yīng)選舉該除議長(zhǎng)及其他官員;只有眾議院具有提出彈劾案的權(quán)力。

第三款 合眾國(guó)的參議院由每州的州議會(huì)選舉兩名參議員組成之，參議員的任期為六年，每名參議員有一票表決權(quán)。參議員於第一次選舉後舉行會(huì)議之時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)立即盡量均等地分成三組。第一組參議員的任期，到第二年年終時(shí)屆滿，第二組到第四年年終時(shí)屆滿，第三組到第六年年終時(shí)屆滿，俾使每?jī)赡暧腥种坏膮⒆h員改選;如果在某州州議會(huì)休會(huì)期間，有參議員因辭職或其它原因出缺，該州的行政長(zhǎng)官得任命臨時(shí)參議員，等到州議會(huì)下次集會(huì)時(shí)，再予選舉補(bǔ)缺。凡年齡未滿三十歲，或取得合眾國(guó)公民資格未滿九年，或於某州當(dāng)選而并非該州居民者，均不得任參議員。合眾國(guó)副總統(tǒng)應(yīng)為參議院議長(zhǎng)，除非在投票票數(shù)相等時(shí)，議長(zhǎng)無(wú)投票權(quán)。參議院應(yīng)選舉該院的其他官員，在副總統(tǒng)缺席或執(zhí)行合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)職務(wù)時(shí)，還應(yīng)選舉臨時(shí)議長(zhǎng)。所有彈劾案，只有參議院有權(quán)審理。在開(kāi)庭審理彈劾案時(shí)，參議員們均應(yīng)宣誓或誓愿。如受審者為合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)，則應(yīng)由最高法院首席大法官擔(dān)任主席;在末得出席的參議員的三分之二的同意時(shí)，任何人不得被判有罪。彈劾案的判決，不得超過(guò)免職及取消其擔(dān)任合眾國(guó)政府任何有榮譽(yù)、有責(zé)任或有俸給的職位之資格;但被判處者仍須服從另?yè)?jù)法律所作之控訴、審訊、判決及懲罰。

第四款 各州州議會(huì)應(yīng)規(guī)定本州參議員及眾議員之選舉時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)及程序;但國(guó)會(huì)得隨時(shí)以法律制定或變更此種規(guī)定，惟有選舉議員的地點(diǎn)不在此例。國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)至少每年集會(huì)一次，開(kāi)會(huì)日期應(yīng)為十二月的第一個(gè)星期一，除非他們通過(guò)法律來(lái)指定另一個(gè)日期。

第五款 參眾兩院應(yīng)各自審查本院的選舉、選舉結(jié)果報(bào)告和本院議員的資格，每院議員過(guò)半數(shù)即構(gòu)成可以議事的法定人數(shù);不足法定人數(shù)時(shí)，可以一天推一天地延期開(kāi)會(huì)，并有權(quán)依照各該議院所規(guī)定的程序和罰則，強(qiáng)迫缺席的議員出席。參眾兩院得各自規(guī)定本院的議事規(guī)則，處罰本院擾亂秩序的議員，并且得以三分之二的同意，開(kāi)除本院的議員。參眾兩院應(yīng)各自保存一份議事記錄，并經(jīng)常公布，惟各該院認(rèn)為應(yīng)保守秘密之部分除外;兩院議員對(duì)於每一問(wèn)題之贊成或反對(duì)，如有五分之一出席議員請(qǐng)求，則應(yīng)記載於議事記錄內(nèi)。在國(guó)會(huì)開(kāi)會(huì)期間，任一議院未得別院同意，不得休會(huì)三日以上，亦不得遷往非兩院開(kāi)會(huì)的其他地點(diǎn)。

第六款 參議員與眾議員得因其服務(wù)而獲報(bào)酬，報(bào)酬的多寡由法律定之，并由合眾國(guó)國(guó)庫(kù)支付。兩院議員除犯叛國(guó)罪、重罪以及擾亂治安罪外，在出席各該院會(huì)議及往返各該院途中，有不受逮捕之特權(quán);兩院議員在議院內(nèi)所發(fā)表之演說(shuō)及辯論，在其它場(chǎng)合不受質(zhì)詢。參議員或眾議員不得在其當(dāng)選任期內(nèi)擔(dān)任合眾國(guó)政府任何新添設(shè)的職位，或在其任期內(nèi)支取因新職位而增添的俸給;在合眾國(guó)政府供職的人，不得在其任職期間擔(dān)任國(guó)會(huì)議員。

第七款 有關(guān)徵稅的所有法案應(yīng)在眾議院中提出;但參議院得以處理其它法案的方式，以修正案提出建議或表示同意。經(jīng)眾議院和參議院通過(guò)的法案，在正式成為法律之前，須呈送合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng);總統(tǒng)如批準(zhǔn)，便須簽署，如不批準(zhǔn)，即應(yīng)連同他的異議把它退還給原來(lái)提出該案的議院，該議院應(yīng)將異議詳細(xì)記入議事記錄，然後進(jìn)行復(fù)議。倘若在復(fù)議之後，該議院議員的三分之二仍然同意通過(guò)該法案，該院即應(yīng)將該法案連同異議書(shū)送交另一院，由其同樣予以復(fù)議，若此另一院亦以三分之二的多數(shù)通過(guò)，該法案即成為法律。但遇有這樣的情形時(shí)，兩院的表決均應(yīng)以贊同或反對(duì)來(lái)定，而贊同和反對(duì)該法案的議員的姓名，均應(yīng)由兩院分別記載於各該院的議事記錄之內(nèi)。如總統(tǒng)接到法案後十日之內(nèi)(星期日除外)，不將之退還，該法案即等於曾由總統(tǒng)簽署一樣，成為法律¨準(zhǔn)有當(dāng)國(guó)會(huì)休會(huì)因而無(wú)法將該法案退還時(shí)，該法案才不得成為法律。任何命令、決議或表決(有關(guān)休會(huì)問(wèn)題者除外)，凡須由參議院及眾議院予以同意者，均應(yīng)呈送合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng);經(jīng)其此準(zhǔn)之後，方始生效，如總統(tǒng)不予批準(zhǔn)，則參眾兩院可依照對(duì)於通過(guò)法案所規(guī)定的各種規(guī)則和限制，各以三分之二的多數(shù)，再行通過(guò)。

第八款 國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)規(guī)定并徵收稅金、捐稅、關(guān)稅和其它賦稅，用以償付國(guó)債并為合眾國(guó)的共同防御和全民福利提供經(jīng)費(fèi);但是各種捐稅、關(guān)稅和其它賦稅，在合眾國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)劃一徵收;以合眾國(guó)的信用舉債;管理與外國(guó)的、州與州間的，以及對(duì)印第安部落的貿(mào)易;制定在合眾國(guó)內(nèi)一致適用的歸化條例，和有關(guān)破產(chǎn)的一致適用的法律;鑄造貨幣，調(diào)議其價(jià)值，并厘定外幣價(jià)值，以及制定度量衡的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);制定對(duì)偽造合眾國(guó)證券和貨幣的懲罰條例;設(shè)立郵政局及延造驛路;為促進(jìn)科學(xué)和實(shí)用技藝的進(jìn)步，對(duì)作家和發(fā)明家的著作和發(fā)明，在一定期限內(nèi)給予專利權(quán)的保障;設(shè)置最高法院以下的各級(jí)法院;界定并懲罰海盜罪、在公海所犯的重罪和違背國(guó)際公法的罪行;宣戰(zhàn)，對(duì)民用船蘋(píng)頒發(fā)捕押敵船及采取報(bào)復(fù)行動(dòng)的特許證，制定在陸地和海面虜獲戰(zhàn)利晶的規(guī)則;募集和維持陸軍，但每次撥充該項(xiàng)費(fèi)用的款項(xiàng)，其有效期不得超過(guò)兩年;配備和保持海軍;制定有開(kāi)管理和控制陸海軍隊(duì)的各種條例;制定召集民兵的條例，以便執(zhí)行聯(lián)邦法律，鎮(zhèn)壓叛亂和擊退侵略;規(guī)定民兵的組織、裝備和訓(xùn)練，以及民兵為合眾國(guó)服務(wù)時(shí)的管理辦法，但各州保留其軍官任命權(quán)，和依照國(guó)會(huì)規(guī)定的條例訓(xùn)練其民團(tuán)的權(quán)力;對(duì)於由某州讓與而由國(guó)會(huì)承受，用以充當(dāng)合眾國(guó)政府所在地的地區(qū)(不逾十哩見(jiàn)方)，握有對(duì)其一切事務(wù)的全部立法權(quán);對(duì)於經(jīng)州議會(huì)同意，向州政府購(gòu)得，用以建筑要塞、彈藥庫(kù)、兵工廠、船塢和其它必要建筑物的地方，也握有同樣的權(quán)力;－－并且為了行使上述各項(xiàng)權(quán)力，以及行使本憲法賦予合眾國(guó)政府或其各部門(mén)或其官員的種種權(quán)力，制定一切必要的和適當(dāng)?shù)姆伞?/p>

第九款 對(duì)於現(xiàn)有任何一州所認(rèn)為的應(yīng)準(zhǔn)其移民或入境的人，在一八O八年以前，國(guó)會(huì)不得加以禁止，但可以對(duì)入境者課稅，惟以每人不超過(guò)十美元為限。不得中止人身保護(hù)令所保障的特權(quán)，惟在叛亂或受到侵犯的情況下，出於公共安全的必要時(shí)不在此限。不得通過(guò)任何褫奪公權(quán)的法案或者追溯既往的法律。除非按本憲法所規(guī)定的人口調(diào)查或統(tǒng)計(jì)之比例，不得徵收任何人口稅或其它直接稅。對(duì)各州輸出之貨物，不得課稅。任何有關(guān)商務(wù)或納稅的條例，均不得賦予某一州的港口以優(yōu)惠待遇;亦不得強(qiáng)迫任何開(kāi)往或來(lái)自某一州的船蘋(píng)，駛?cè)牖蝰偝隽硪恢?，或向另一州納稅。除了依照法律的規(guī)定撥款之外，不得自國(guó)庫(kù)中提出任何款項(xiàng);一切公款收支的報(bào)告和帳目，應(yīng)經(jīng)常公布。合眾國(guó)不得頒發(fā)任何貴族爵位: 凡是在合眾國(guó)政府擔(dān)任有俸給或有責(zé)任之職務(wù)者，末經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)許可，不得接受任何國(guó)王、王子或外國(guó)的任何禮物、薪酬、職務(wù)或爵位。

第十款 各州不得締結(jié)任何條約、結(jié)盟或組織邦聯(lián);不得對(duì)民用船蘋(píng)頒發(fā)捕押敵船及采取報(bào)復(fù)行動(dòng)之特許證;不得鑄造貨幣;不得發(fā)行紙幣;不得指定金銀幣以外的物品作為償還債務(wù)的法定貨幣;不得通過(guò)任何褫奪公權(quán)的法案、追溯既往的法律和損害契約義務(wù)的法律;也不得頒發(fā)任何貴族爵位。未經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)同意，各州不得對(duì)進(jìn)口貨物或出口貨物徵收任何稅款，但為了執(zhí)行該州的檢查法律而有絕對(duì)的必要時(shí)，不在此限;任何州對(duì)於進(jìn)出囗貨物所徵的稅，其凈收益應(yīng)歸合眾國(guó)國(guó)庫(kù)使用;所有這一類的檢查法律，國(guó)會(huì)對(duì)之有修正和監(jiān)督之權(quán)。未經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)同意，各州不得徵收船舶噸位稅，不得在和平時(shí)期保持軍隊(duì)和軍艦，不得和另外一州或國(guó)締結(jié)任何協(xié)定或契約，除非實(shí)際遭受入侵，或者遇到刻不容緩的危急情形時(shí)，不得從事戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

第二條

第一款 行政權(quán)力賦予美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)?？偨y(tǒng)任期四年，總統(tǒng)和具有同樣任期的副總統(tǒng)，應(yīng)照下列手續(xù)選舉 :每州應(yīng)依照該州州議會(huì)所規(guī)定之手續(xù)，指定選舉人若干名，其人數(shù)應(yīng)與該州在國(guó)會(huì)之參議員及眾議員之總數(shù)相等;但參譏員、眾議員及任何在合眾國(guó)政府擔(dān)任有責(zé)任及有俸給之職務(wù)的人，均不得被指定為選舉人。各選舉人應(yīng)於其本身所屬的州內(nèi)集會(huì)，每人投票選舉二人，其中至少應(yīng)有一人不屬本州居民。選舉人應(yīng)開(kāi)列全體被選人名單，注明每人所得票數(shù);他們還應(yīng)簽名作證明，并將封印後的名單送至合眾國(guó)政府所在地交與參議院議長(zhǎng)。參議院議長(zhǎng)應(yīng)於參眾兩院全體議員之前，開(kāi)拆所有來(lái)件，然後計(jì)算票數(shù)。得票最多者，如其所得票數(shù)超過(guò)全體選舉人的半數(shù)，即當(dāng)選為總統(tǒng);如同時(shí)不止一人得票過(guò)半數(shù)，旦又得同等票數(shù)，則眾議院應(yīng)立即投票表決，選畢其中一人為總統(tǒng);如無(wú)人得票過(guò)半數(shù)，則眾議院應(yīng)自得票最多之前五名中用同樣方法選舉總統(tǒng)。但依此法選舉總統(tǒng)時(shí)，應(yīng)以州為單位，每州之代表共有一票;如全國(guó)三分之二的州各有一名或多名眾議員出席，即構(gòu)成選舉總統(tǒng)的法定人數(shù);當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)者需獲全部州的過(guò)半數(shù)票。在每次這樣的選舉中，於總統(tǒng)選出後，其獲得選舉人所投票數(shù)最多者，即為副總統(tǒng)。但如有二人或二人以上得票相等時(shí)，則應(yīng)由參議院投票表決，選學(xué)其中一人為副總統(tǒng)。國(guó)會(huì)得決定各州選出選舉人的時(shí)期以及他們投票的日子;投票日期全國(guó)一律。只有出生時(shí)為合眾國(guó)公民，或在本憲法實(shí)施時(shí)已為合眾國(guó)公民者，可被選為總統(tǒng);凡年齡未滿三十五歲，或居住合眾國(guó)境內(nèi)未滿十四年者，不得被選為總統(tǒng)。如遇總統(tǒng)被免職，或因死亡、辭職或喪失能力而不能執(zhí)行其權(quán)力及職務(wù)時(shí)，總統(tǒng)職權(quán)應(yīng)由副總統(tǒng)執(zhí)行之。國(guó)會(huì)得以法律規(guī)定，在總統(tǒng)及副總統(tǒng)均被免職，或死亡、辭職或喪失能力時(shí)，由何人代理總統(tǒng)職務(wù)，該人應(yīng)即遵此視事，至總統(tǒng)能力恢復(fù)，或新總統(tǒng)被選出時(shí)為止?？偨y(tǒng)得因其服務(wù)而在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)接受俸給，在其任期之內(nèi)，俸金數(shù)額不得增加或減低，他亦不得在此任期內(nèi)，自合眾國(guó)政府和任何州政府接愛(ài)其它報(bào)酬。在他就職之前，他應(yīng)宣誓或誓愿如下: －－「我鄭重宣誓(或 矢言)我必忠誠(chéng)地執(zhí)行合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)的職務(wù)，并盡我最大的能力，維持、保護(hù)和捍衛(wèi)合眾國(guó)憲法。

第二款 總統(tǒng)為合眾國(guó)陸海軍的總司令，并在各州民團(tuán)奉召為合眾國(guó)執(zhí)行任務(wù)的擔(dān)任統(tǒng)帥;他可以要求每個(gè)行政部門(mén)的主管官員提出有關(guān)他們職務(wù)的任何事件的書(shū)面意見(jiàn)，除了彈劫案之外，他有權(quán)對(duì)於違犯合眾國(guó)法律者頒賜緩刑和特赦?？偨y(tǒng)有權(quán)締訂條約，但須爭(zhēng)取參議院的意見(jiàn)和同意，并須出席的參議員中三分之二的人贊成;他有權(quán)提名，并於取得參議院的意見(jiàn)和同意後，任命大使、公使及領(lǐng)事、最高法院的法官，以及一切其他在本憲法中未經(jīng)明定、但以後將依法律的規(guī)定而設(shè)置之合眾國(guó)官員;國(guó)會(huì)可以制定法律，酌情把這些較低級(jí)官員的任命權(quán)，授予總統(tǒng)本人，授予法院，或授予各行政部門(mén)的首長(zhǎng)。在參議院休會(huì)期間，如遇有職位出缺，總統(tǒng)有權(quán)任命官員補(bǔ)充缺額，任期於參議院下屆會(huì)議結(jié)束時(shí)終結(jié)。

第三款 總統(tǒng)應(yīng)經(jīng)常向國(guó)會(huì)報(bào)告聯(lián)邦的情況，并向國(guó)會(huì)提出他認(rèn)為必要和適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧?，供其考慮;在特殊情況下，他得召集兩院或其中一院開(kāi)會(huì)，并得於兩院對(duì)於休會(huì)時(shí)間意見(jiàn)不一致時(shí)，命令兩院休會(huì)到他認(rèn)為適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)期為止;他應(yīng)接見(jiàn)大使和公使;他應(yīng)注意使法律切實(shí)執(zhí)行，并任命所有合眾國(guó)的軍官。

第四款 合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)及其他所有文官，因叛國(guó)、賄賂或其它重罪和輕罪，被彈劾而判罪者，均應(yīng)免職。

第三條

第一款 合眾國(guó)的司法權(quán)屬於一個(gè)最高法院以及由國(guó)會(huì)隨時(shí)下令設(shè)立的低級(jí)法院。最高法院和低級(jí)法院的法官，如果盡忠職守，應(yīng)繼續(xù)任職，并按期接受俸給作為其服務(wù)之報(bào)酬，在其繼續(xù)任職期間，該項(xiàng)俸給不得削減。

第二款 司法權(quán)適用的范圍，應(yīng)包括在本憲法、合眾國(guó)法律、和合眾國(guó)已訂的及將訂的條約之下發(fā)生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件;一切有關(guān)大使、公使及領(lǐng)事的案件;一切有關(guān)海上裁判權(quán)及海事裁判權(quán)的案件;合眾國(guó)為當(dāng)事一方的訴訟;州與州之間的訴訟，州與另一州的公民之間的訴訟，一州公民與另一州公民之間的訴訟，同州公民之間為不同之州所讓與之土地而爭(zhēng)執(zhí)的訴訟，以及一州或其公民與外國(guó)政府、公民或其屬民之間的訴訟。在一切有關(guān)大使、公使、領(lǐng)事以及州為當(dāng)事一方的案件中，最高法院有最初審理權(quán)。在上述所有其它案件中，最高法院有關(guān)於法律和事實(shí)的受理上訴權(quán)，但由國(guó)會(huì)規(guī)定為例外及另有處理?xiàng)l例者，不在此限。對(duì)一切罪行的審判，除了彈劫案以外，均應(yīng)由陪審團(tuán)裁定，并且該審判應(yīng)在罪案發(fā)生的州內(nèi)舉行;但如罪案發(fā)生地點(diǎn)并不在任何一州之內(nèi)，該項(xiàng)審判應(yīng)在國(guó)會(huì)按法律指定之地點(diǎn)或幾個(gè)地點(diǎn)學(xué)行。

第三款 只有對(duì)合眾國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，或投向它的敵人，予敵人以協(xié)助及方便者，方構(gòu)成叛國(guó)罪。無(wú)論何人，如非經(jīng)由兩個(gè)證人證明他的公然的叛國(guó)行為，或經(jīng)由本人在公開(kāi)法庭認(rèn)罪者，均不得被判叛國(guó)罪。國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)宣布對(duì)於叛國(guó)罪的懲處，但因叛國(guó)罪而被褫奪公權(quán)者，其後人之繼承權(quán)不受影響，叛國(guó)者之財(cái)產(chǎn)亦只能在其本人生存期間被沒(méi)收。

第四條

第一款 各州對(duì)其它各州的公共法案、記錄、和司法程序，應(yīng)給予完全的信賴和尊重。國(guó)會(huì)得制定一般法律，用以規(guī)定這種法案、記錄、和司法程序如何證明以及具有何等效力。

第二款 每州公民應(yīng)享受各州公民所有之一切特權(quán)及豁免。凡在任何一州被控犯有叛國(guó)罪、重罪或其它罪行者，逃出法外而在另一州被緝獲時(shí)，該州應(yīng)即依照該罪犯所逃出之州的行政當(dāng)局之請(qǐng)求，將該罪犯交出，以便移交至該犯罪案件有管轄權(quán)之州。凡根據(jù)一州之法律應(yīng)在該州服役或服勞役者，逃往另一州時(shí)，不得因另一州之任何法律或條例，解除其服役或勞役，而應(yīng)依照有權(quán)要求該項(xiàng)服役或勞役之當(dāng)事一方的要求，把人交出。

第三款 國(guó)會(huì)得準(zhǔn)許新州加入聯(lián)邦;如無(wú)有關(guān)各州之州議會(huì)及國(guó)會(huì)之同意，不得於任何州之管轄區(qū)域內(nèi)建立新州;亦不得合并兩州或數(shù)州、或數(shù)州之一部分而成立新州。國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)處置合眾國(guó)之屬地及其它產(chǎn)業(yè)，并制定有關(guān)這些屬地及產(chǎn)業(yè)的一切必要的法規(guī)和章則;本憲法中任何條文，不得作有損於合眾國(guó)或任何一州之權(quán)利的解釋。

第四款 合眾國(guó)保證聯(lián)邦中的每一州皆為共和政體，保障它們不受外來(lái)的侵略;并且根據(jù)各州州議會(huì)或行政部門(mén)(當(dāng)州議會(huì)不能召集時(shí))的請(qǐng)求，平定其內(nèi)部的**。

第五條

舉凡兩院議員各以三分之二的多數(shù)認(rèn)為必要時(shí)，國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)提出對(duì)本憲法的修正案;或者，當(dāng)現(xiàn)有諸州三分之二的州議會(huì)提出請(qǐng)求時(shí)，國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)召集修憲大會(huì)，以上兩種修正案，如經(jīng)諸州四分之三的州議會(huì)或四分之三的州修憲大會(huì)批準(zhǔn)時(shí)，即成為本憲法之一部分而發(fā)生全部效力，至於采用那一種批準(zhǔn)方式，則由國(guó)會(huì)議決;但一八○八年以前可能制定之修正案，在任何情形下，不得影響本憲法第一條第九款之第一、第四兩項(xiàng);任何一州，沒(méi)有它的同意，不得被剝奪它在參議院中的平等投票權(quán)。

第六條

合眾國(guó)政府於本憲法被批準(zhǔn)之前所積欠之債務(wù)及所簽訂之條約，於本憲法通過(guò)後，具有和在邦聯(lián)政府時(shí)同等的效力。本憲法及依本憲法所制定之合眾國(guó)法律;以及合眾國(guó)已經(jīng)締結(jié)及將要締結(jié)的一切條約，皆為全國(guó)之最高法律;每個(gè)州的法官都應(yīng)受其約束，任何一州憲法或法律中的任何內(nèi)容與之抵觸時(shí)，均不得有違這一規(guī)定。前述之參議員及眾議員，各州州議會(huì)議員，合眾國(guó)政府及各州政府之一切行政及司法官員，均應(yīng)宣誓或誓愿擁護(hù)本憲法;但合眾國(guó)政府之任何職位或公職，皆不得以任何宗教標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為任職的必要條件。

第七條

本憲法經(jīng)過(guò)九個(gè)州的制憲大會(huì)批準(zhǔn)後，即在批準(zhǔn)本憲法的各州之間開(kāi)始生效。

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

March 4, 1789

Preamble

We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.Article I

Section 1.All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.Section 2.The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature.No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct.The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative;and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers;and shall have the sole power of impeachment.Section 3.The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years;and each Senator shall have one vote.Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes.The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year;and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments.When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation.When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.Section 4.The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof;but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.Section 5.Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business;but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide.Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy;and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.Section 6.The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States.They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same;and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time;and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.Section 7.All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives;but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills.Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States;if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it.If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law.But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively.If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days(Sundays excepted)after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary(except on a question of adjournment)shall be presented to the President of the United States;and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.Section 8.The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States;but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes;

To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;

To establish post offices and post roads;

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations;

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;

To provide and maintain a navy;

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District(not exceeding ten miles square)as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings;

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.Section 9.The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another.No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law;and a regular statement and account of receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.Section 10.No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;grant letters of marque and reprisal;coin money;emit bills of credit;make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts;pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it s inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States;and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.Article II

Section 1.The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows:

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves.And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each;which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate.The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted.The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed;and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President;and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President.But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote;A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice.In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President.But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes;which day shall be the same throughout the United States.No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President;neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty five years, and been fourteen Years a resident within the United States.In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:--“I do solemnly swear(or affirm)that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”

Section 2.The President shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States;he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur;and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.Section 3.He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers;he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.Section 4.The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.Article III

Section 1.The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.Section 2.The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority;--to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;--to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;--to controversies between two or more states;--between a state and citizens of another state;--between citizens of different states;--between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects.In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction.In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury;and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed;but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.Section 3.Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.Article IV

Section 1.Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state.And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.Section 2.The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.Section 3.New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union;but no new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state;nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress.The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States;and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.Section 4.The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion;and on application of the legislature, or of the executive(when the legislature cannot be convened)against domestic violence.Article V

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress;provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article;and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.Article VI

All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof;and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land;and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution;but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.Article VII

The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same.Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth.In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names，G.Washington-Presidt.and deputy from Virginia

New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman

Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King

Connecticut: Wm: Saml.Johnson, Roger Sherman

New York: Alexander Hamilton

New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearly, Wm.Paterson, Jona: Dayton

Pennsylvania: B.Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt.Morris, Geo.Clymer, Thos.FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris

Delaware: Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford jun, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jaco: Broom

Maryland: James McHenry, Dan of St Thos.Jenifer, Danl Carroll

Virginia: John Blair, James Madison Jr.North Carolina: Wm.Blount, Richd.Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson

South Carolina: J.Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler

Georgia: William Few, Abr Baldwin

第四篇：中國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)制度與美國(guó)三權(quán)分立制度之比較

中國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)制度與美國(guó)三權(quán)分立制度之比較

[摘要]

無(wú)可否認(rèn)，人民代表大會(huì)制度和三權(quán)分立制度都是當(dāng)今比較有優(yōu)秀的政治形式。從中華人民共和國(guó)成立至今，短短的60年，在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下實(shí)行的人民代表大會(huì)制度，帶領(lǐng)著中國(guó)從落后到發(fā)展，帶領(lǐng)著中國(guó)人民從貧窮到小康，足以見(jiàn)得人民代表大會(huì)制度是與中國(guó)的政治環(huán)境相適應(yīng)的，而建國(guó)僅僅200多年的美國(guó)，在實(shí)行三權(quán)分立的政治形式下，讓我們驚嘆給它美國(guó)帶來(lái)的威力，無(wú)論在政治上還是經(jīng)濟(jì)上，它都讓美國(guó)成為世界各國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣。

[關(guān)鍵字]

人民代表大會(huì)制度三權(quán)分立制度比較

[正文]

任何國(guó)家成熟的政治制度盡管帶有人為設(shè)計(jì)的成分，但它必定與該國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)和特定情境特征相吻合的，中國(guó)的人民代表大會(huì)制度和美國(guó)的三權(quán)分立制度也不例外。人民代表大會(huì)制度是中國(guó)人民歷史政治道路的探索結(jié)果，是中國(guó)革命時(shí)期政治實(shí)踐的延續(xù)和發(fā)展，也是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨探索大國(guó)治理的制度化成果。而美國(guó)的三權(quán)分立是美國(guó)人民追求民主自由的政治結(jié)果，也是西方分權(quán)與制衡的法理邏輯在美國(guó)本土上的政治化。無(wú)論是哪種政治制度，都是由一定得歷史條件所產(chǎn)生的，并在實(shí)踐中不斷的完善發(fā)展，最終使它所屬國(guó)家繁榮強(qiáng)大。

一、人民代表大會(huì)制度

亞里士多德的思想家說(shuō)過(guò)，世界上沒(méi)有最好的政治形式。好的政治形式首先取決于它與該國(guó)家特征的匹配程度。中國(guó)之所以選擇人民代表大會(huì)制度，首先是由中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨立國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)及其價(jià)值取向決定的。我們黨關(guān)于人民的思想，賦予新政權(quán)以新的屬性和新的追求。中華人民共和國(guó)的成立不是某一集團(tuán)政治勝利的結(jié)果，也不是某一階層獲取政權(quán)的結(jié)果，而是人民勝利的結(jié)果，是黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民取得的政治成果。人民代表大會(huì)制度標(biāo)志著新中國(guó)是人民的國(guó)家，決定其國(guó)家形態(tài)的最終力量是人民。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨是中國(guó)歷史上第一次明確將國(guó)家和人民相聯(lián)、將國(guó)家從個(gè)人和集團(tuán)統(tǒng)治中解放出來(lái)并將其歸還人民的政治組織，是第一次在其政治宣言中將人民的權(quán)利置于首要位置并作為其價(jià)值追求的政治組織。人民代表大會(huì)制度是中國(guó)

人民當(dāng)家作主的根本政治制度。人民通過(guò)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)，行使國(guó)家權(quán)力。下面讓我們?cè)敿?xì)了解所謂的人民代表大會(huì)制度。中國(guó)憲法規(guī)定：中華人民共和國(guó)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)是最高國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)。在中國(guó)，國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)都由人民代表大會(huì)產(chǎn)生，對(duì)它負(fù)責(zé)，受它監(jiān)督。國(guó)家的重大事項(xiàng)由人民代表大會(huì)決定。行政機(jī)關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)行人民代表大會(huì)通過(guò)的法律、決議、決定。法院、檢察院依照法律規(guī)定分別獨(dú)立行使審判權(quán)、檢察權(quán)，不受行政機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)團(tuán)體和個(gè)人的干涉。全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)都由民主選舉產(chǎn)生，對(duì)人民負(fù)責(zé)，受人民監(jiān)督。凡是年滿18周歲的公民，不分民族、種族、性別、職業(yè)、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財(cái)產(chǎn)狀況、居住期限，除依法被剝奪政治權(quán)利的人外，都有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)?？h以上的各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)代表通過(guò)間接選舉產(chǎn)生，即由下一級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)選舉產(chǎn)生上一級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)代表。無(wú)論直接選舉，還是間接選舉，都依法實(shí)行差額選舉。選民和選舉單位有權(quán)依照法律規(guī)定的程序，罷免或者撤換自己選出的代表。為保證國(guó)家的權(quán)力真正掌握在全體人民手中，代表在履行職責(zé)時(shí)，必須反映和代表人民的利益和意志。代表有權(quán)依法提出議案、審議各項(xiàng)議案和報(bào)告、對(duì)各項(xiàng)議案進(jìn)行表決，在人民代表大會(huì)各種會(huì)議上的發(fā)言和表決受法律保護(hù)。

而人民代表大會(huì)的職權(quán)主要有：一，立法權(quán)。中國(guó)憲法規(guī)定，全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)行使國(guó)家立法權(quán)，主要是修改憲法，制定和修改刑事、民事、國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)的和其他的基本法律。二，監(jiān)督權(quán)。監(jiān)督憲法和法律的實(shí)施，是全國(guó)人大及其常委會(huì)行使監(jiān)督權(quán)的主要內(nèi)容。這種監(jiān)督的基本形式是執(zhí)法檢查、法規(guī)備案審查。三，人事任免權(quán)。人民代表大會(huì)及其常務(wù)委員會(huì)有權(quán)選舉、決定、任免、撤換、罷免有關(guān)國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)組成人員。四，重大事項(xiàng)決定權(quán)。全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)依據(jù)憲法有權(quán)批準(zhǔn)省、自治區(qū)、直轄市的建置，決定特別行政區(qū)的設(shè)立及其制度，決定戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和和平的問(wèn)題，以及其他重大事項(xiàng)。從人民代表大會(huì)的職權(quán)中可以看出中國(guó)人民通過(guò)人民代表大會(huì)制度行使當(dāng)家作主的權(quán)利。

二、三權(quán)分立制度

要清楚了解美國(guó)的三權(quán)分立制度，就要從美國(guó)的歷史政治傳統(tǒng)和政治制度說(shuō)起。在歷史的記載中，最早期到達(dá)北美大陸的是在歐洲大陸飽受宗教迫害的清教徒，這些清教徒都是信仰獨(dú)立自由，歷盡艱難前往北美大陸的。他們相約訂立了后來(lái)被稱為《五月花號(hào)公約》的契約文件，這里美國(guó)第一份具有政治意義的文件。其體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的是自治互助、尊重法律和互助友愛(ài)的美國(guó)早期的政治傳統(tǒng)和政治精神。在17~18世紀(jì)，北美13個(gè)殖民地在英國(guó)的統(tǒng)治下，被英國(guó)長(zhǎng)期的剝削和壓迫，比如任意通過(guò)增稅、禁止殖民地與別國(guó)通商、強(qiáng)制殖民地從英國(guó)高價(jià)進(jìn)口貨物等措施來(lái)?yè)p害殖民地的利益。最終導(dǎo)致的殖民地的人們拿起武器進(jìn)行反擊，發(fā)起了獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。盡管獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)取得了勝利，但是獨(dú)立后的北美殖民地組建的并不是今天這樣的聯(lián)邦國(guó)家，而只是一個(gè)松散的聯(lián)邦。為了鞏固新生的聯(lián)邦，加大團(tuán)結(jié)力量來(lái)抵抗外來(lái)的侵略，北美13個(gè)殖民地召開(kāi)了第二次大陸會(huì)議，通過(guò)了在美國(guó)具有重大歷史意義的《獨(dú)立宣言》。在《獨(dú)立宣言》的開(kāi)遍寫(xiě)到“我們認(rèn)為下面的這些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢蓜儕Z的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福權(quán)利，為了保障這些權(quán)利，人類才在他們之間建立政府，而政府之正當(dāng)權(quán)力，是經(jīng)被治理者的統(tǒng)一而產(chǎn)生的”,由此可以看出，聯(lián)邦政府的權(quán)利是各州賦予的，當(dāng)各州的政府覺(jué)得不需要擁有這項(xiàng)權(quán)利時(shí)，它就上交給聯(lián)邦政府。所以當(dāng)時(shí)的聯(lián)邦政府實(shí)際上擁有相當(dāng)少的有限權(quán)利。外交、財(cái)政、軍事等方面的權(quán)利必須得到至少9個(gè)州的授權(quán)。后來(lái)聯(lián)邦政府覺(jué)其所擁有的權(quán)力太少了，當(dāng)面對(duì)這些突發(fā)事件和重大決策時(shí)不能及時(shí)的處理，所以聯(lián)邦政府就一步一步從州政府成層面獲取更多的權(quán)利，就這樣逐漸發(fā)展成為現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)邦政府。

聯(lián)邦制國(guó)家的建立是美國(guó)特殊歷史條件上的產(chǎn)物。由于英國(guó)及其代理人殖民總督在北美的長(zhǎng)期高壓統(tǒng)治，因而在獨(dú)立之初，建國(guó)者們首先考慮的事要防止暴政和集權(quán)政治的卷土重來(lái)，不愿建立一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的中央政府。為了防止暴政和集權(quán)政治，為了制衡統(tǒng)治者權(quán)力，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦選擇了由啟蒙學(xué)者孟德斯鳩所提出的三權(quán)分立。所謂的三權(quán)分立，是對(duì)于國(guó)家政權(quán)的組織和活動(dòng)所提出的理論原則，它把國(guó)家權(quán)力分為三個(gè)部分：立法權(quán)、行政權(quán)和司法權(quán)，由三個(gè)互不統(tǒng)屬的國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)掌握。但他們也不是單純的彼此分離，而是相互牽制，形成權(quán)力之間的制衡，以防止權(quán)力的濫用，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)“民主”，達(dá)到保護(hù)人的“自然權(quán)利”和“政治自由”的目的。而對(duì)于美國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，國(guó)會(huì)行使立法權(quán)，總統(tǒng)行使行政權(quán)和最高法院行使司法權(quán)。下面讓我們更清楚了解它們是怎么分權(quán)與制衡的。

1、三個(gè)機(jī)關(guān)在執(zhí)行自己的職能時(shí)需要其他部門(mén)的合作。美國(guó)政府是一個(gè)“由分立的機(jī)關(guān)分享權(quán)力的政府”這就意味著三個(gè)機(jī)關(guān)相互有所依賴。立法權(quán)屬于國(guó)會(huì)，但國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的法案須經(jīng)總統(tǒng)簽署才能生效，生效的法律由總統(tǒng)忠實(shí)執(zhí)行；行政權(quán)屬于總統(tǒng)，但總統(tǒng)得在最高法院首席法院的監(jiān)督下宣誓就職；總統(tǒng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)政府，但總統(tǒng)提名政府高級(jí)官員須經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)參議院批準(zhǔn)后方能任命，政府的預(yù)算也需要經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)和撥款，總統(tǒng)負(fù)責(zé)與外國(guó)簽定條約，但所簽定的條約需獲得參議院批準(zhǔn)才能生效。司法權(quán)屬于聯(lián)邦最高法院及聯(lián)邦下級(jí)法院，但法院做出的裁決需由政府執(zhí)行，而法院的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)也需要國(guó)會(huì)的撥款，聯(lián)邦下級(jí)法院由國(guó)會(huì)以立法設(shè)立。

2、三個(gè)機(jī)關(guān)都擁有相互制約和相互防衛(wèi)的手段。對(duì)總統(tǒng)否決所通過(guò)的法案，國(guó)會(huì)兩院

可以三分之二多數(shù)再次通過(guò)而推翻總統(tǒng)的否決；最高法院可以裁決國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)并經(jīng)總統(tǒng)簽署生效的法律和政府的行政命令、法規(guī)違憲，而國(guó)會(huì)可以通過(guò)法律決定和變更最高法院的組成人數(shù)，并通過(guò)提出憲法修正案廢除法院的裁決。此外，國(guó)會(huì)還可以對(duì)總統(tǒng)及其他政府高級(jí)官員、聯(lián)邦法院法官進(jìn)行彈劾。眾議院掌握彈劾權(quán)，當(dāng)發(fā)生彈劾案時(shí)，眾議院以過(guò)半數(shù)通過(guò)提出彈劾；參議院掌握彈劾案的審判權(quán)，以三分之二多數(shù)通過(guò)定罪即可將被彈劾的官員免職；如果是總統(tǒng)被彈劾，則由最高法院首席法官主持審判。

三、人民代表大會(huì)制度與三權(quán)分立制度的對(duì)比

無(wú)可否認(rèn)，人民代表大會(huì)制度和三權(quán)分立制度都是當(dāng)今比較有優(yōu)秀的政治形式。從中華人民共和國(guó)成立至今，短短的60年，在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下實(shí)行的人民代表大會(huì)制度，帶領(lǐng)著中國(guó)從落后到發(fā)展，帶領(lǐng)著中國(guó)人民從貧窮到小康，足以見(jiàn)得人民代表大會(huì)制度是與中國(guó)的政治環(huán)境相適應(yīng)的，而建國(guó)僅僅200多年的美國(guó)，在實(shí)行三權(quán)分立的政治形式下，讓我們驚嘆給它美國(guó)帶來(lái)的威力，無(wú)論在政治上還是經(jīng)濟(jì)上，它都讓美國(guó)成為世界各國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣。筆者認(rèn)為特定的政治體制只有在特定的環(huán)境條件下才能發(fā)揮它所具有的潛在力量，盲目地將兩個(gè)政治形式或體制作出比較時(shí)不對(duì)的，必須結(jié)合當(dāng)時(shí)的歷史條件和背景，請(qǐng)?jiān)试S筆者在這作出自己膚淺的對(duì)比。

1、兩種政治體制所構(gòu)成的成員比較

（1）、成員的封閉性與廣泛性。美國(guó)的三權(quán)分立，無(wú)論是國(guó)會(huì)、總統(tǒng)還是最高法院的成員都具有一定得封閉性。比如說(shuō)美國(guó)的國(guó)會(huì)議員中很少有技術(shù)、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)或社會(huì)問(wèn)題專家。在美國(guó)535名眾議員和參議員中，近半數(shù)是律師，很少技術(shù)專家被選進(jìn)。很少議員具備專業(yè)知識(shí)來(lái)處理諸如智力評(píng)估、醫(yī)療事務(wù)等技術(shù)性事務(wù)，所以議員必須依賴有行政部門(mén)派來(lái)的專家，許多立法也源于這些專家，他們也經(jīng)常出席各委員會(huì)的聽(tīng)證。其實(shí)對(duì)于為美國(guó)的來(lái)說(shuō)，政治其實(shí)是少數(shù)人的消遣品，大多數(shù)人因?yàn)闆](méi)有足夠的閑暇和經(jīng)濟(jì)能力作為保障，所以一生與政治無(wú)緣。在政治界流傳著這樣一句話：金錢(qián)是“政治的母乳”。而對(duì)于資本主義國(guó)家更是這樣，依靠金錢(qián)支撐選擇而產(chǎn)生的三權(quán)分立成員的這種制度遠(yuǎn)離了民主的基本要求和基本精神，所以三權(quán)分立的成員具有很大的封閉性。而對(duì)于人民代表大會(huì)制度的人民代表選舉產(chǎn)生，則具有廣泛的民主性。全國(guó)人民大代表選舉都是通過(guò)現(xiàn)行“雙軌制”，選出的全國(guó)各級(jí)人大代表共有300萬(wàn)左右，這也就意味這在美370個(gè)中國(guó)公民中就有一位代表，代表的選舉始終是以婦女少數(shù)名族、工人、農(nóng)民、知識(shí)分子、解放軍以及民主黨派等各個(gè)階層的按比例名額分配，代表的身份和地位相當(dāng)廣泛。并不像美國(guó)那樣的金錢(qián)政治，只有擁有經(jīng)濟(jì)力量才

能參與政治。所以人民代表大會(huì)制度的成員封閉性比較少。

（2）、成員的專職性與兼職性。在美國(guó)的三權(quán)分立制度中，擔(dān)任職位的某一成員必定是專職于這個(gè)職位，并沒(méi)有其他的副職。比如說(shuō)國(guó)會(huì)的議員必定專注于他的職務(wù)而不會(huì)兼職做什么事情，國(guó)會(huì)的議員和工作人員的大部分時(shí)間不是花在立法上，而是花在選民服務(wù)和公共關(guān)系上——這些努力讓他們?cè)谶x舉日獲得回報(bào)。而中國(guó)的人大代表則是一個(gè)兼職化的代議者，兼職的缺陷是無(wú)法為人大代表聯(lián)系選民提供充足的時(shí)間保證，甚至導(dǎo)致人大代表把參加人大會(huì)議視為一種榮譽(yù)性的政治活動(dòng)。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是避免了人大代表客觀化趨向的產(chǎn)生，是人大代表可以在自己熟悉的工作領(lǐng)域中搜尋公共話題，提出代表人民利益的議案和書(shū)面意見(jiàn)。

2、“議行分離”和“議行合一”的比較

“議”是指代議機(jī)關(guān)（公民代表議會(huì)機(jī)關(guān)、立法機(jī)關(guān)）制定法律及做出決議。“行”是指國(guó)家行政權(quán)、審判權(quán)和檢察權(quán)的執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)，執(zhí)行代議機(jī)關(guān)制定的法律及做出的決議。美國(guó)在三權(quán)分立的制度下，國(guó)會(huì)、總統(tǒng)和最高法院分別行使立法、行政和司法權(quán)。國(guó)會(huì)最主要的是制定法律，而不能進(jìn)而領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督國(guó)家行政，而且國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的法案及決議，不時(shí)會(huì)被總統(tǒng)給予否決和拒絕執(zhí)行。由于在三權(quán)分立的制度下，國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的法案或決議不時(shí)會(huì)被否決，從而在西方國(guó)家不時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)議不付行，議行分離的狀況，行政效率相當(dāng)?shù)拖隆６谖覈?guó)的人大制度下，全國(guó)人大是最高國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)，它既直接行使立法權(quán)又組織和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)國(guó)務(wù)院、最高人民法院和最高人民檢察院，以此間接擁有行政、立法和司法的權(quán)力。在執(zhí)行某項(xiàng)決策時(shí)，人大制度可以很順暢的調(diào)和立法、司法和行政機(jī)關(guān)的關(guān)系，行政效率相當(dāng)?shù)母?。汶川和玉?shù)地震時(shí)，中國(guó)政府的救災(zāi)動(dòng)作如此迅速就可以提現(xiàn)人大制度帶來(lái)議行合一的好處。

3、政黨制度比較

我國(guó)的人民代表大會(huì)制度是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的新型的社會(huì)主義民主政治制度，它是我國(guó)公有制為主體的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)決定的。我國(guó)革命和實(shí)踐表明，沒(méi)有中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，就沒(méi)有我國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)制度的建立和發(fā)展；只有在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)的作用才能得以正確、有效的發(fā)揮。這是歷史發(fā)展的結(jié)果，是我國(guó)民主政治的一大特色。而在美國(guó)，實(shí)行的是兩黨制，參議員和眾議員的選舉，最高法院以及政府的組成、活動(dòng)都受政黨操縱。在國(guó)會(huì)選舉中獲得多數(shù)席位的政黨，或政黨聯(lián)盟的領(lǐng)袖，或當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)，負(fù)責(zé)組織政府掌權(quán)的政黨為執(zhí)政黨，未參加政府的為在野黨。雖然美國(guó)是兩黨輪流坐莊，一個(gè)在朝，一個(gè)在野，有時(shí)也互相攻擊，但實(shí)質(zhì)目的都是一個(gè)，為某個(gè)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)集團(tuán)服務(wù)，維護(hù)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的利益和統(tǒng)治。所以相比之下，人民代表大會(huì)制度更能體現(xiàn)民主的內(nèi)涵。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

1、《全國(guó)人大制度研究》孫哲，法律出版社，2004年9月出版

2、《當(dāng)代美國(guó)政治》劉杰，社會(huì)科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)出版社，2001年12月出版

3、《三權(quán)分立制度的嬗變及其制度弊端》趙寶云李逢彥，《毛澤東鄧小平理論研究》2010年第4期

4、《三權(quán)分立不適合中國(guó)國(guó)情》儲(chǔ)水江，《談古論今》2010年第4期

5、《中國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)制度與西方議會(huì)制度之比較》

4期

劉建軍，《學(xué)習(xí)論壇》第26卷第

第五篇：美國(guó)1787年憲法

《美國(guó)1787年憲法》（教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)）

【教學(xué)目標(biāo)】

知識(shí)與能力：

（1）知道1787年憲法的內(nèi)容、特點(diǎn)及作用。

（2）理解美國(guó)的民主共和制

過(guò)程與方法：

（1）通過(guò)設(shè)置1787年制憲會(huì)議的情境，使學(xué)生對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)制憲過(guò)程中的爭(zhēng)議和討論有所了解

（2）通過(guò)憲法文本材料的閱讀加深學(xué)生對(duì)憲法內(nèi)容的理解。

情感態(tài)度價(jià)值觀：

（1）體會(huì)和感受開(kāi)國(guó)精英們的政治智慧和憲政精神

（2）認(rèn)識(shí)人類政治文明發(fā)展的多樣性和特殊性。

【重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)】

教學(xué)重點(diǎn)：1787年憲法的內(nèi)容及作用；教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：1787年憲法如何體現(xiàn)分權(quán)制衡的原則的【教學(xué)流程】

一、圖片文字導(dǎo)入

易中天作品《艱難一躍——美國(guó)憲法的誕生及我們的反思》及其網(wǎng)友的評(píng)論，學(xué)生形成思想沖突：為什么美國(guó)但還是欣賞他的政治體制？

二、切入正題

展示從“五月花”號(hào)到英國(guó)承認(rèn)美國(guó)的一系列圖片（背景音樂(lè)美國(guó)國(guó)歌《星條旗永不落》），導(dǎo)出問(wèn)題：否能真正成為獨(dú)立、自由的樂(lè)土？

窘境與抉擇——1787年憲法制定的背景

抉擇一：維持邦聯(lián)制還是加強(qiáng)中央政府的權(quán)力?(“join or die”圖片)

抉擇二：君主制VS民主共和制？（文字材料）

堅(jiān)持與妥協(xié)——1787年憲法的內(nèi)容及作用

設(shè)置制憲會(huì)議場(chǎng)景：圖片，參加會(huì)議人員的職業(yè)身份等資料，烘托會(huì)議的爭(zhēng)吵和激烈

核心爭(zhēng)論一：集權(quán)VS分權(quán)；核心爭(zhēng)論二：中央VS地方

核心爭(zhēng)論三：大州VS小州；核心爭(zhēng)論四：南方VS北方

提供爭(zhēng)論的相關(guān)材料以及1787年憲法文本，在過(guò)程中理解1787年憲法的內(nèi)容，特別是把握分權(quán)制衡的原補(bǔ)充爭(zhēng)論：共和制VS民主制；彈性的魅力——1787年憲法的影響（圖片及文字）

三、聯(lián)系與反思

“橘生淮南則為橘生于淮北則為枳”，探究美國(guó)民主共和制的歷史與現(xiàn)實(shí)的多重因素。與《中華民國(guó)臨時(shí)代中國(guó)的命運(yùn)進(jìn)行比較，探討人類政治文明發(fā)展的多樣性和特殊性。

四、課后探究

比較英國(guó)的君主立憲制和美國(guó)的民主共和制。你認(rèn)為哪種制度更進(jìn)步？