第一篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4翻譯課文及課后答案,期末考試復(fù)習(xí)題完形填空15選10翻譯十五選十選詞填空翻譯

Unit1翻譯

1)我們接到通知，財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)將于次日接見(jiàn)我們。

We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience /receive us the next day.2)我覺(jué)得很奇怪，他似乎不記得自己的生日。

I thought it odd that he didn't seem to remember his own birthday.3)學(xué)期論文最遲應(yīng)在下星期二交來(lái)，可是至今大部分學(xué)生卻幾無(wú)進(jìn)展。

Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far.4)看到學(xué)生人數(shù)不斷減少，校長(zhǎng)心里很難受。(pain)It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking.5)在那個(gè)國(guó)家一般用現(xiàn)金付賬，但支票變得普遍起來(lái)了，不久會(huì)代替現(xiàn)金作為人們結(jié)賬的一種方式。

Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts.6)該公司聲稱，這條河流的污染不是它造成的。

The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.Unit2翻譯

1)比爾已是個(gè)成熟的小伙子，不再依賴父母替他做主。Bill is a mature young man who is no longer dependent on his parents for decisions.2)這個(gè)地區(qū)有大量肉類(lèi)供應(yīng)，但新鮮果蔬奇缺。There are abundant supplies of meat in this region, but fresh fruit and vegetables are scarce.3)工程師們依靠工人們的智慧發(fā)明了一種新的生產(chǎn)方法，使生產(chǎn)率得以提高。

Drawing on the wisdom of the workers, the engineers invented a new production method that led to increased productivity.4)他花了許多時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備數(shù)學(xué)考試，因此當(dāng)他獲知自己只得了個(gè)B時(shí)感到有點(diǎn)失望。

He spent a lot of time preparing for his math exam.Hence he was somewhat disappointed to learn that he got only a B.5)我們有充裕的時(shí)間從從容容吃頓午飯。

We have ample time for a leisurely lunch.6)地方政府不得不動(dòng)用儲(chǔ)備糧并采取其他緊急措施，以渡過(guò)糧食危機(jī)。

The local government had to draw on its grain reserves and take other emergency measures so as to pull through the food crisis.Unit3翻譯

1)蕭伯納在他一個(gè)劇本的前言中提出這樣的看法：今天人們比在中世紀(jì)時(shí)更加迷信。

In the preface to one of his plays, Bernard Shaw advances the idea that people are more superstitious today than they were in the Middle Ages.2)丈夫死后，她只好獨(dú)自挑起撫養(yǎng)五個(gè)孩子的經(jīng)濟(jì)重?fù)?dān)。After her husband died, she had to bear the severe financial burden of raising five children by herself.3)證明或駁斥某個(gè)論點(diǎn)的最好辦法之一是從親身經(jīng)歷中舉出例子。

One of the best ways to prove or refute a point is to cite examples from your own experience.4)亨特說(shuō)貝蒂老是夸大他的缺點(diǎn)，這話很可能會(huì)引起一場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)吵。

Hunt's statement that Betty always exaggerates his faults may well lead to a quarrel.5)我當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)她絕對(duì)信任，無(wú)論她告訴我什么，我都會(huì)相信。I trusted her so much that I would have swallowed any story she told me.6)一家人聚攏來(lái)討論經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題時(shí)，父親一開(kāi)頭就說(shuō)，每月存點(diǎn)錢(qián)是絕對(duì)必要的，遇到緊急情況，我們可以依靠積蓄。When the family gathered to discuss matters of finance, Father started off by saying that it was absolutely necessary to set aside some money each month, for in an emergency we could fall back on our savings.Unit4翻譯

有時(shí)，倒霉的事兒似乎會(huì)到處跟隨著你。就舉不久前我所遭遇到的事為例吧。一天我開(kāi)車(chē)去附近一座城市出差，在一個(gè)十字路口，見(jiàn)到紅燈亮起我便將車(chē)停了下來(lái)。可是，突然一輛黑色的別克車(chē)從后面向我的車(chē)子撞過(guò)來(lái)。我受了點(diǎn)傷。萬(wàn)分忿怒之下我咒罵著下了車(chē)，可卻發(fā)現(xiàn)那車(chē)的女駕駛員像是被撞得不省人事了，她那坐在車(chē)后的小孩也受傷了。我只好在口袋中摸找手機(jī)報(bào)了警。幾分鐘后一輛警車(chē)開(kāi)來(lái)，急忙將女士和小孩送往醫(yī)院。而我卻被告知要待在原處。事實(shí)上，盡管我對(duì)這事毫無(wú)責(zé)任，我在兩小時(shí)后方得以離開(kāi)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。回到家，精神力氣好像一點(diǎn)兒都沒(méi)有了。至于出差的事么，我只好取消了。為此，我的工作也受到很大損失。至今，我仍搞不明白這車(chē)禍到底是怎么回事。Sometimes bad luck seems to follow you everywhere.Take, for instance, what happened to me not long ago.One day I drove to a nearby city on business.At a junction I pulled the car to a halt as the red light was on;however, a black Buick suddenly collided into my car from behind.I was slightly injured.Wild with anger I cursed and got out only to find that the woman driver of the other car appeared to have been knocked unconscious and her young child, who was sitting in the rear of the car, was hurt, too.I had to fumble in my pockets for my mobile phone and call the police.In a few minutes a police car came and rushed the lady and her child to hospital.I was, however, asked to stay where I was.In fact, I didn't leave the scene until two hours later although I was not to blame at all.By the time I got home all my energy seemed to have deserted me.As to the business trip, I had to cancel it.As a result, my work suffered enormously.Up to now, I still can't make sense of the accident.Unit5翻譯

1)我確信這項(xiàng)所謂(so-called)明智的決定，與期望相反，會(huì)帶來(lái)極其嚴(yán)重的后果。

I am convinced that, contrary to expectations, the so-called informed decision will bring very grave consequences.2)誠(chéng)然，他曾欺騙你，但他已經(jīng)承認(rèn)自己做錯(cuò)了，并道了歉。所以你不應(yīng)該老是以懷疑的態(tài)度對(duì)待他。

It's true he once deceived you, but he has admitted he has done wrong and apologized.So you shouldn't always treat him with suspicion.3)他在這個(gè)問(wèn)題公開(kāi)進(jìn)行辯論之前就已表明了自己的立場(chǎng)。He had taken a stand on the issue before it was openly debated.4)在調(diào)查過(guò)程中，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了種種形式的政治腐敗，并揭露了許多貪官污吏(corrupt officials)。

In the course of their investigation, they discovered various forms of political corruption and exposed a number of corrupt officials.5)瑪麗的兩難處境是：把真相告訴老板從而失信于她的同事，還是讓老板蒙在鼓里從而辜負(fù)他的信任。Mary's dilemma was whether to betray her colleagues by telling her boss the truth or to betray his trust by keeping him in the dark about it.6)首先，是什么使你認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)規(guī)劃會(huì)促進(jìn)改革?其次，你怎么知道這些改革會(huì)讓全縣得到好處? Now, in the first place, what has made you think(led you to think)this program will promote reforms, and in the second, how do you know these reforms will benefit the whole county?

Unit6翻譯

1)那位衛(wèi)生部副部長(zhǎng)一再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)把中西醫(yī)結(jié)合起來(lái)是多么重要。

The vice minister of health has emphasized time and again how important it is to integrate traditional Chinese medicine with western medicine.2)熱天很難保藏食品，使之保持新鮮與食用安全。很自然，許多人覺(jué)得在夏季還是不上飯店為好。

In hot weather it is rather difficult to preserve food and keep it fresh and safe to eat.Naturally, many people prefer not to eat in restaurants during the summer months.

After days of inquiry the police finally tied up the murder with the case of the recent escape from prison.5)我想勸說(shuō)他們采納我們的計(jì)劃，首先因?yàn)檫@一計(jì)劃所需資金較少，其次，不會(huì)造成環(huán)境污染。

I want to persuade them to adopt our plan, because, in the first place, it calls for less funds and, in the second place, it will not cause environmental pollution.6)父親用繩子把芹菜(celery)扎在一起，放在河里浸了浸，然后拿到菜場(chǎng)去賣(mài)。

Father bound the celery together with a rope and dipped it in the stream for a while before he took it to the market for sale.Unit7翻譯

1)法庭的判決引起史密斯先生的朋友們的氣憤，他們相信他是無(wú)辜的。The court's judgment aroused anger among Mr.Smith's friends, who believed that he was innocent.2)當(dāng)我們經(jīng)過(guò)那家價(jià)格昂貴的餐館時(shí)，父親催我們快走，他說(shuō)在這樣高檔的(fancy)地方用餐是大大超過(guò)我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)能力的。

As we passed the expensive restaurant, father hurried us along saying that it was well beyond our means to have dinner at such a fancy place.3)老師在評(píng)價(jià)一篇文章并給它打分(grade vt.)時(shí)，可能是根據(jù)總的印象而不是根據(jù)仔細(xì)的分析(analysis)。A teacher may evaluate and grade an essay on the basis of his general impression rather than on a detailed analysis.4)小狗(puppy)將我的一張畫(huà)搞壞了，我真想對(duì)它發(fā)火，可它那十分可愛(ài)(cute)的樣子使我不禁笑著把它從地上抱了起來(lái)。(be inclined to, ruin)I was inclined to get angry at the puppy for ruining my painting but he was so cute that I could not help but laugh and pick him up.5)愛(ài)德華(Edward)常常喜愛(ài)在那間可以眺望大海的房間里朗誦詩(shī)歌。

Edward was in the habit of reciting poems in the room overlooking the sea.6)安東尼(Anthony)徹夜未眠，因?yàn)樗麑?duì)于是否得插手此事舉棋不定。

Anthony stayed up all night because he just could not make up his mind whether or not to take a hand in the matter.Unit8翻譯 1)有朝一日人們不需要離開(kāi)城市去尋求寧?kù)o。當(dāng)我們撤到地下居所時(shí)，現(xiàn)在由城市占據(jù)的地面便可讓位于公園和荒野，供人們休閑娛樂(lè)。

Someday people need not get away from the city to find peace and quiet.When we withdraw into underground dwellings, the surface ground now occupied by cities can be turned over to park and to wilderness for recreation.2)請(qǐng)你注意并非所有的學(xué)生都愿意出席畢業(yè)典禮(graduation ceremony)，所以學(xué)校才要求凡是想領(lǐng)取畢業(yè)證書(shū)(diploma)的畢業(yè)生(graduating students)都得出席。

Not all of the students, mind you, are willing to attend the graduation ceremony so the school has to require that all graduating students attend the ceremony if they want to receive a diploma.3)對(duì)于婦女在社會(huì)中的地位問(wèn)題，我們的許多看法來(lái)自封建時(shí)代(feudal times),與今天的社會(huì)是格格不入的(not relevant)。

Many of the ideas we have about the role of women in society are derived from feudal times and are not relevant in today's society.4)如今人們的流動(dòng)性比以往任何時(shí)候都大，這也許就是為什么移動(dòng)電話十分普及的原因。

People today are more mobile than ever before;perhaps this is why mobile phones have become so common.5)幾乎每個(gè)孩子都曾夢(mèng)想去太空旅游，體會(huì)一下在失重(gravity-free)環(huán)境下生活是什么樣子。(virtually)Virtually every child has dreamed of traveling in space and experiencing what it would be like to live in a gravity-free environment.6)我們學(xué)校鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考(do independent thinking),不要受老師觀點(diǎn)的束縛。(restrict)Students of our school are encouraged to do independent thinking and not to be restricted by the teacher's points of view.Unit9翻譯

幾年前我父母把我?guī)У矫绹?guó)時(shí)，那里的一切對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)都十分陌生。進(jìn)入一所美國(guó)中學(xué)后不久，我就感到極其孤獨(dú)寂寞，因?yàn)槲矣⒄Z(yǔ)能力（competence）的欠缺造成了我與新同學(xué)之間的隔閡。父母親弄清楚我為什么情緒那么低落后，他們鼓勵(lì)我提高自己的英語(yǔ)水平，鼓勵(lì)我通過(guò)廣泛閱讀豐富自己的詞匯。此后我花了許多時(shí)間閱讀英語(yǔ)書(shū)籍與雜志。好的推理作品總會(huì)使我著迷，但最吸引我的是關(guān)于杰出的科學(xué)家的故事。我記得阿伯特·愛(ài)因斯坦給我留下了很深的印象，他的思想深刻地改變了人類(lèi)關(guān)于空間、時(shí)間、物質(zhì)和能量的基本概念。亞里士多德（Aristotle）寫(xiě)了四百本左右關(guān)于各種學(xué)科的著作，這真使我大為驚異。斯蒂芬· 霍金身體傷殘而且不能說(shuō)話，但他對(duì)科學(xué)卻作出了杰出貢獻(xiàn)。這真是奇跡?。ゴ蟮目茖W(xué)家的光輝業(yè)績(jī)促使我下決心把一生獻(xiàn)給科學(xué)事業(yè)。

When my parents took me to America several years ago, everything there felt very alien to me.Soon after I attended an American high school, I felt desperately lonely because my lack of competence in English formed a barrier separating my new schoolmates and myself.When my parents found out why I was in such low spirits, they encouraged me to improve myself in English and enrich my vocabulary by reading extensively.From then on I spent many hours reading English books and magazines.I was always intrigued by good mysteries, but what fascinated me most was stories of outstanding scientists.I remember I was greatly impressed by Albert Einstein whose ideas profoundly changed mankind's basic concepts of space, time, matter and energy.And I found it amazing that Aristotle had written about 400 books on a variety of subjects.Stephen Hawking is physically disabled and unable to speak;nevertheless, he has made a notable contribution to science.What a miracle!Brilliant deeds of the great scientists led / prompted me to make up my mind to dedicate my life to the pursuit of science.Unit10翻譯

1)關(guān)鍵證人的缺席有可能削弱對(duì)被告的指控力度|(weaken the case against)。

The absence of the crucial witness was likely to weaken the case against the defendant.2)為了幫我們準(zhǔn)備好參加辯論，教練要我們經(jīng)常注意與我們自己的論點(diǎn)相悖的論點(diǎn)。(reverse)To prepare us for the debate, the coach wanted us to be always aware of arguments that are quite the reverse of ours.3)尤其是, 人們指望你表現(xiàn)出能激勵(lì)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一班人的潛力。Above all you are expected to demonstrate a potential to motivate and lead the team.4)醫(yī)生往往為自己能夠醫(yī)治好病人罕見(jiàn)的疾病而自豪。A doctor often prides himself on the ability to cure his patient of a rare disease.5)如果不按時(shí)將書(shū)歸還圖書(shū)館或到期前不續(xù)借，就得按規(guī)定罰款。

If books are not returned to the library on time or not renewed before they are due, a fine must be paid in accordance with the regulations.6)總的來(lái)說(shuō)，很少有人不抱怨自己的工作的，然而一旦他們沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)工作了又會(huì)不高興。

On the whole, few people do not complain about their jobs.On the other hand, they would be very unhappy if they got no chance to work.

第二篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4翻譯課文及課后答案,期末考試復(fù)習(xí)題完形填空15選10翻譯十五選十選詞填空Unit 6

Unit 6

“Don't ever mark in a book!” Thousands of teachers, librarians and parents have so advised.But Mortimer Adler disagrees.He thinks so long as you own the book and needn't preserve its physical appearance, marking it properly will grant you the ownership of the book in the true sense of the word and make it a part of yourself.HOW TO MARK A BOOK

Mortimer J.Adler

You know you have to read “between the lines” to get the most out of anything.I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading.I want to persuade you to “write between the lines.” Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours.Librarians(or your friends)who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should.If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them.There are two ways in which one can own a book.The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture.But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession.Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.An illustration may make the point clear.You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own.But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream.I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.There are three kinds of book owners.The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers--unread, untouched.(This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not books.)The second has a great many books--a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought.(This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.)The third has a few books or many--every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.(This man owns books.)

Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not.I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of “Paradise Lost” than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt!I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue.Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body.And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of painting or a statue.If your respect for magnificent binding or printing gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author.Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake.(And I don't mean merely conscious;I mean wide awake.)In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written.The marked book is usually the thought-through book.Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had,or the thoughts the author expressed.Let me develop these three points.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active.you can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read.Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, “Gone with the Wind,” doesn't require the most active kind of reading.The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost.But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable.You don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the crooning of Mr.Vallee.You have to reach for them.That you cannot do while you're asleep.If, when you've finished reading a book, the pages are filled with your notes, you know that you read actively.The most famous active reader of great books I know is President Hutchins, of the University of Chicago.He also has the hardest schedule of business activities of any man I know.He invariably read with pencil, and sometimes, when he picks up a book and pencil in the evening, he finds himself, instead of making intelligent notes, drawing what he calls “ caviar factories” on the margins.When that happens, he puts the book down.He knows he's too tired to read, and he's just wasting time.But, you may ask, why is writing necessary? Well, the physical act of writing, with your own hand, brings words and sentences more sharply before your mind and preserves them better in your memory.To set down your reaction to important words and sentences you have read, and the questions they have raised in your mind, is to preserve those reactions and sharpen those questions.You can pick up the book the following week or year, and there are all your points of agreement, disagreement, doubt and inquiry.It's like resuming an interrupted conversation with the advantage of being able to pick up where you left off.And that is exactly what reading a book should be: a conversation between you and the author.Presumably he knows more about the subject than you do;naturally you'll have the proper humility as you approach him.But don't let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving end.Understanding is a two-way operation;learning doesn't consist in being an empty receptacle.The learner has to question himself and question the teacher.He even has to argue with the teacher, once he understands what the teacher is saying.And marking a book is literally an expression of your differences, or agreements of opinion, with the author.There are all kinds of devices for marking a book intelligently and fruitfully.Here's the way I do it:

1.Underlining: of major points, of important or forceful statements.2.Vertical lines at the margin: to emphasize a statement already underlined.3.Star, asterisk, or other doo-dad at the margin: to be used sparingly, to emphasize the ten or twenty most important statements in the book.4.Numbers in the margin: to indicate the sequence of points the author makes in developing a single argument.5.Number of other pages in the margin: to indicate where else in the book the author made points relevant to the point marked;to tie up the ideas in a book, which, though they may be separated by many pages, belong together.6.Circling of key words or phrases.7.Writing in the margin, or at the top or bottom of the page, for the sake of: recording questions(and perhaps answers)which a passage raise in your mind;reducing a complicated discussion to a simple statement;recording the sequence of major points right through the book.I use the end-papers at the back of the book to make a personal index of the author's points in the order of their appearance.The front end-papers are, to me, the most important.Some people reserve them for a fancy bookplate, I reserve them for fancy thinking.After I have finished reading the book and making my personal index on the back end-papers, I turn to the front and try to outline the book, not page by page, or point by point(I've already done that at the back), but as an integrated structure, with a basic unity and an order of parts.This outline is, to me, the measure of my understanding of the work.

第三篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4翻譯課文及課后答案,期末考試復(fù)習(xí)題完形填空15選10翻譯十五選十選詞填空Unit 10（模版）

Unit 10

Text

Do you view work as a burden or an opportunity? Are you the kind of person who looks for ways to save your energy or the kind that finds spending your energy satisfying? Why do people like to complain about work? Find the answers to question like these in the following essay.WHY PEOPLE WORK

Leonard R.Sayles

Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.We're all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life--the goods and services that make possible our modern civilization.But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well-being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.Historically, work has been associated with slavery and sin and punishment.And in our own day we are used to hearing the traditional complaints: “I can't wait for my vacation,” “I wish I could stay home today,” “My boss treats me poorly,” “I've got too much work to do and not enough time to do it.” Against this background, it may well come as a surprise to learn that not only psychologists but other behavioral scientists have come to accept the positive contribution of work to the individual's happiness and sense of personal achievement.Work is more than a necessity for most human beings;it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity.Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize one's potential.Many psychiatrists heading mental health clinics have observed its healing effect.A good many patients who feel depressed in clinics gain renewed self-confidence when gainfully employed and lose some, if not all, of their most acute symptoms.Increasingly, institutions dealing with mental health problems are establishing workshops wherein those too sick to get a job in “outside” industry can work, while every effort is exerted to arrange “real” jobs for those well enough to work outside.And the reverse is true, too.For large numbers of people, the absence of work is harmful to their health.Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself?” question, even though there may be no financial cares.Large numbers of people regularly get headaches and other illnesses on weekends when they don't have their jobs to go to, and must fend for themselves.It has been observed that unemployment, quite aside from exerting financial pressures, brings enormous psychological troubles and that many individuals deteriorate rapidly when jobless.But why? Why should work be such a significant source of human satisfaction? A good share of the answer rests in the kind of pride that is stimulated by the job, by the activity of accomplishing.Pride in Accomplishment

The human being longs for a sense of being accomplished, of being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind, with his will.Each of us wants to feel he or she has the ability to do something that is meaningful and that serves as a tribute to our inherent abilities.It is easiest to see this in the craftsman who lovingly shapes some cheap material into an object that may be either useful or beautiful or both.You can see the carpenter or bricklayer stand aside and admire the product of his personal skill.But even where there is no obvious end product that is solely attributable to one person's skill, researchers have found that employees find pride in accomplishment.Our own research in hospitals suggests that even the houskeeping and laundry staffs take pride in the fact that in their own ways they are helping to cure sick people--and thus accomplishing good deal.We're often misled by the complaints surrounding difficult work;deep down most people regard their won capacity to conquer the tough job as the mark of their own unique personality.Complaining is just part of working.After all, how else do you know who you are, except as you can demonstrate the ability of your mind to control you limbs ad hands and words? You are, in significant measure, what you can do.Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as much as possible.Just the opposite.It is energy expenditure that is satisfying.Just watch an employee who must deal with countless other people because his or her job is at some central point in a communications network: a salesman at a busy counter, a stock broker on the phone, a customer representative.They will tell you how much skill and experience it takes to answer countless questions and handle various kinds of personalities every hour of the day.Not everyone can interact with such persistence and over long hours, but those who do, pride themselves on a distinctive ability that contributes mightily to the running of the organization.But work is more than accomplishment and pride in being able to command the job, because except for a few craftsmen and artists most work takes place “out in the world,” with an through other people.Esprit de corps

Perhasps an example will make the point:

I remember viewing a half dozen me in a chair factory whose job it was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result.While there were ten or twelve of these “teams” that worked together, one in particular was known for its perfect coordination and lightning-like efforts.The men knew they were good.They would work spurts for twenty or thirty minutes before taking a break--to show themselves, bystanders and other groups what it was to be superbly skilled and self-controlled, to be the best in the factory.When I talked with them, each expressed enormous pride in being a part of the fastest, best team.And this sense of belonging to an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world of work.One further word about work group satisfactions.Unlike many other aspects of life, relationships among people at work tend to be simpler, less complicated, somewhat less emotional.This is not to say there aren't arguments and jealousies, but, on the whole, behavioral research discloses that human relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and thus simpler to adjust to than the sporadic, the more intense and less regular relationships in the community.And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust to one another so that the “rough edges” are worked off because people know they must do certain things with and through one another each day.Beyond the team and the work group, there is the organization, whether it be company or hospital or university.The same pride in being part of a well-coordinated, successful unit is derived from being part of a larger collectivity.Working for a company that is thought of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees with both status and self-confidence.They assume, usually with good reason, that others regard them more highly, even envy them, and that they are more competent than the average because of this association with a “winner,” a prestigious institution.We in truth bask in the reflected glory of the institution, and we seek ways of asserting our membership so that others will know and can recognize our good fortune.New Words

第四篇：新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4課文翻譯及課后答案

新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4課文翻譯及課后答案

課內(nèi)閱讀參考譯文及課后習(xí)題答案(Book 4)Unit 1 享受幽默—什么東西令人開(kāi)懷？

聽(tīng)了一個(gè)有趣的故事會(huì)發(fā)笑、很開(kāi)心，古今中外都一樣。這一現(xiàn)象或許同語(yǔ)言本身一樣悠久。那么，到底是什么東西會(huì)使一個(gè)故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2

我是第一次辨識(shí)出幽默便喜歡上它的人，因此我曾試圖跟學(xué)生議論和探討幽默。這些學(xué)生文化差異很大，有來(lái)自拉丁美洲的，也有來(lái)自中國(guó)的。我還認(rèn)真地思考過(guò)一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。3

為什么聽(tīng)我講完一個(gè)笑話后，班上有些學(xué)生會(huì)笑得前仰后合，而其他學(xué)生看上去就像剛聽(tīng)我讀了天氣預(yù)報(bào)一樣呢？顯然，有些人對(duì)幽默比別人更敏感。而且，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)有的人很善于講笑話，而有的人要想說(shuō)一點(diǎn)有趣的事卻要費(fèi)好大的勁。我們都聽(tīng)人說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話：“我喜歡笑話，但我講不好，也總是記不住。”有些人比別人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音樂(lè)、數(shù)學(xué)之類(lèi)的才能一樣。一個(gè)真正風(fēng)趣的人在任何場(chǎng)合都有笑話可講，而且講了一個(gè)笑話，就會(huì)從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個(gè)缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個(gè)真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛(ài)，而且在任何聚會(huì)上也往往是人們注意的焦點(diǎn)。這么說(shuō)是有道理的。

甚至有些動(dòng)物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經(jīng)常來(lái)我們家，并能住上很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。通常她不喜歡狗，但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養(yǎng)過(guò)的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且，她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時(shí)候就常常戲弄外祖母，當(dāng)外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時(shí)，布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來(lái)跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來(lái)去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來(lái)，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過(guò)一絲拉布拉多式的微笑，無(wú)疑是在說(shuō)：“啊哈，你又上了我的當(dāng)。”

典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構(gòu)成。第一部分是鋪墊（即背景），接下來(lái)是主干部分（即故事情節(jié)），隨后便是妙語(yǔ)（即一個(gè)出人意料或令人驚訝的結(jié)尾）。如果這個(gè)妙語(yǔ)含有一定的幽默成分，這個(gè)笑話便會(huì)很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分，而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說(shuō)笑話的人使用聽(tīng)眾都熟悉的手勢(shì)和語(yǔ)言，則有助于增強(qiáng)效果。6

我們可以對(duì)幽默這種娛樂(lè)形式，進(jìn)行分析，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)究竟是什么使一個(gè)有趣的故事或笑話令人發(fā)笑。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，最常見(jiàn)的幽默有以下幾種，包括了從最顯而易見(jiàn)的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默。

“滑稽劇”是最明顯的幽默。它語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)單、直截了當(dāng)，常常以取笑他人為樂(lè)。說(shuō)笑打鬧這種形式過(guò)去是、現(xiàn)在仍然是滑稽說(shuō)笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛(ài)。幾乎本世紀(jì)的每個(gè)講英語(yǔ)的滑稽說(shuō)笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說(shuō)過(guò)下面這則笑話。一位男士問(wèn)另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰(shuí)？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么貴婦，那是我老婆?！边@個(gè)笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說(shuō)他的妻子不是一位貴婦，也就是說(shuō)她不是一個(gè)高雅的女人。這個(gè)笑話并沒(méi)有因?yàn)榻?jīng)常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個(gè)經(jīng)典笑話，觀眾都知道要說(shuō)什么，而且因?yàn)榇蠹覍?duì)這個(gè)笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛(ài)它。

中國(guó)的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國(guó)喜劇演員幽默地談?wù)撝T如官僚主義者、家庭問(wèn)題或其他一些有關(guān)個(gè)人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽(tīng)到，無(wú)論是在鄉(xiāng)村的小舞臺(tái)上，還是在北京最大的劇院里，抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國(guó)人家喻戶曉的一種傳統(tǒng)的幽默形式。

“俏皮話”不像滑稽劇那樣淺顯，它是因語(yǔ)言的誤用或誤解而引人發(fā)笑。我特別喜歡的一個(gè)例子是三位年長(zhǎng)的紳士在英國(guó)乘火車(chē)旅行的故事。當(dāng)火車(chē)慢慢停下來(lái)時(shí)，第一位紳士問(wèn)道：“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎？”“不，”第二位紳士說(shuō)：“是Thursday(星期四)?！薄拔乙彩?，”第三位說(shuō)道，“讓我們下車(chē)喝杯啤酒吧。”我們知道上了年紀(jì)的人往往耳背，因此會(huì)把Wembley（溫布利）聽(tīng)成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）聽(tīng)成了thirsty（渴了），這樣一來(lái)就為第三位老人的妙語(yǔ)做好了鋪墊。

著名的中國(guó)漫畫(huà)家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫(huà)中，一位老師說(shuō)：“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業(yè)？”那位年輕的學(xué)生回答道：“我沒(méi)有一字不改地抄。我把作業(yè)上的名字改成自己的了?！痹诙÷?shù)牧硪环?jīng)典漫畫(huà)里，一位生氣的父親問(wèn)道：“告訴我，1加2等于幾？”兒子說(shuō)：“我不知道?！边@位不耐煩的父親接著說(shuō)道：“比方說(shuō)，你、你媽媽和我，我們加起來(lái)一共是幾個(gè)，傻瓜？”兒子得意地回答道：“是三個(gè)傻瓜?！?這些故事無(wú)論是漫畫(huà)還是笑話，是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說(shuō)還是由搭檔的相聲演員講，都為各地人們所喜愛(ài)。人們喜愛(ài)這些有趣的故事，因?yàn)樗鼈冑N近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙語(yǔ)十分有趣。

雙關(guān)語(yǔ)是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發(fā)音相似的詞或同一個(gè)詞的不同意思。有些批評(píng)家認(rèn)為雙關(guān)語(yǔ)是最低級(jí)的幽默，但我不同意這種觀點(diǎn)。雙關(guān)語(yǔ)與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細(xì)微、更巧妙的語(yǔ)言技巧；然而，簡(jiǎn)單的雙關(guān)語(yǔ)甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，謎語(yǔ)或腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎問(wèn)題常使用雙關(guān)語(yǔ)做鋪墊、制造故事情節(jié)，而且更多地是用在妙語(yǔ)部分。雙關(guān)語(yǔ)是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時(shí)我聽(tīng)到了下面這個(gè)謎語(yǔ)。一個(gè)人問(wèn)：“什么東西整個(gè)兒是黑的、白的和紅的？”另外一個(gè)人通常猜不出來(lái)，于是問(wèn)道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出謎語(yǔ)的人回答：“是報(bào)紙。”如果你知道在英語(yǔ)中“red（紅色）”和“read（讀）”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同，答案就很明顯了。12

DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法語(yǔ)中的“一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)”）是雙關(guān)語(yǔ)的特殊形式, 其中的詞或短語(yǔ)有雙重意思。兩個(gè)意思往往很不相同，一個(gè)比較恰當(dāng)，另一個(gè)往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個(gè)關(guān)于一位中學(xué)教師和校長(zhǎng)因看見(jiàn)學(xué)生在學(xué)校操場(chǎng)上接吻而感到擔(dān)心的故事。故事并不過(guò)火。那位教師對(duì)學(xué)生們說(shuō)；“我和校長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)決定停止在學(xué)校操場(chǎng)上接吻?！甭?tīng)到笑聲，她意識(shí)到她沒(méi)有把意思表達(dá)清楚，于是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發(fā)生接吻這樣的事了?！碑?dāng)然，這個(gè)解釋并沒(méi)有糾正她的第一句話，反而使這個(gè)笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。

一些專業(yè)的幽默家認(rèn)為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過(guò)多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語(yǔ)言，而且覺(jué)得大多數(shù)幽默家缺乏創(chuàng)造性。的確，現(xiàn)在有些幽默令人震驚，但我認(rèn)為這不是幽默的過(guò)錯(cuò)。幽默本身是活潑健康的，它還會(huì)繼續(xù)生存下去，只因?yàn)槊刻於加杏腥さ氖虑榘l(fā)生。一些有幽默感的人會(huì)看到聽(tīng)到這些有趣的事情，并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開(kāi)心的笑話和故事。Vocabulary

1.1)A.entertaining

B.entertainment

C.entertained

D.entertainer

2)A.recognizable

B.recognized

C.recognition

3)A.tempting

B.temptation

C.tempt

4)A.reasoned

B.reasoning

C.reasonable

D.reason

5)A.analyzed

B.analytical

C.analyst

D.analysis 6)A.valuable

B.valuation

C.valued/values

D.values

7)A.humorist

B.humor

C.humorous

D.humorless

8)A.understandable

B.understanding

C.understand

D.misunderstood

2.1)a sense of responsibility

2)a sense of safety/security

3)a sense of inferiority

4)a sense of superiority

5)a sense of rhythm

6)a sense of justice

7)a sense of shame

8)a sense of helplessness

9)a sense of direction

10)a sense of urgency

3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to

3)diverse arguments

4)I asked my boss for clarification

5)sensitive to light

6)Mutual encouragement

7)made fun of him

8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9)to be the focus/center of attention

10)we buy our tickets in advance 4.1）certain/sure

2)involved

3)end

4)behavior

5)disciplining

6)agreed 7)individually

8)first

9)response

10)question

11)attempt

12)voice

13)directly

14)followed

15)trouble Unit 2 便箋的力量

我當(dāng)體育編輯，最早是為蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企業(yè)導(dǎo)報(bào)》工作，當(dāng)時(shí)我很少收到體育迷的來(lái)信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封來(lái)信把我吸引住了。2

打開(kāi)來(lái)信，我看到了下面的話：“關(guān)于老虎隊(duì)的述評(píng)很不錯(cuò)，再接再厲?！焙灻氖求w育編輯堂?沃爾夫。當(dāng)時(shí)我只是一個(gè)十幾歲的小伙子（為每一豎欄寫(xiě)一英寸文字，稿酬總計(jì)達(dá)15美分），因此他的話最鼓舞人心了。我把這封信一直放在書(shū)桌的抽屜里，后來(lái)它的邊角都卷起來(lái)了。每當(dāng)我懷疑自己不是當(dāng)作家的料時(shí)，重溫一下堂的便箋，就又會(huì)樹(shù)起信心來(lái)。3

后來(lái)，我逐漸對(duì)堂有所了解，知道給各行各業(yè)的人寫(xiě)快捷而鼓舞人心的便箋是他養(yǎng)成的習(xí)慣。他告訴我說(shuō)：“當(dāng)我使別人充滿信心時(shí)，我也感覺(jué)好極了?！?/p>

因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75歲。電話與悼函像潮水般涌向報(bào)社，都來(lái)自于曾經(jīng)得到過(guò)他激勵(lì)（文字）的人們。

多年來(lái)，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他們關(guān)心別人，常寫(xiě)一些鼓舞人心的話語(yǔ)，因?yàn)槲矣X(jué)得，他們這樣做是很有意義的。在這樣一個(gè)慣于冷漠、無(wú)動(dòng)于衷的世界上，這種便箋給人們帶來(lái)了溫暖和安慰。我們都時(shí)不時(shí)地需要鼓勵(lì)，大家知道幾行贊揚(yáng)的話會(huì)改變一個(gè)人的一天，甚至一生。

那么，這些激勵(lì)人心的便箋的作者為什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避寫(xiě)，是因?yàn)樗麄兲粗厝藗兊目捶?。他們?dān)心會(huì)被誤解，怕別人覺(jué)得他們自作多情或者言不由衷。還有，寫(xiě)也要花時(shí)間，遠(yuǎn)不如打電話方便。7

當(dāng)然打電話的缺點(diǎn)是：說(shuō)過(guò)的話留不住。而一張便箋使我們的良好意愿顯得更加珍貴。便箋是白紙黑字記錄在案的東西，而且我們寫(xiě)下的字可以反復(fù)閱讀，細(xì)細(xì)品味并珍藏起來(lái)。8

盡管寫(xiě)便箋會(huì)多花一些時(shí)間，但一些非常忙的人也在這么做，其中包括喬治?布什。有人說(shuō)，他政治上的成功在很大程度上歸功于他那枝隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備寫(xiě)字的筆。這是怎么回事呢？在他整個(gè)職業(yè)生涯中，每次與人們接觸之后，他幾乎都隨后寫(xiě)封信，內(nèi)容親切——一句贊美之辭，一行表?yè)P(yáng)的話，或一段感謝語(yǔ)。他不僅寫(xiě)給朋友和同事，還寫(xiě)給萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借傘給他的人，后來(lái)收到他熱情的贊揚(yáng)信，感到很驚訝。

那些通常做作的公司高層經(jīng)理們，其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作風(fēng)只能被形容為強(qiáng)硬、冷漠、脫離群眾。甚至這些人也開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)便箋去鼓舞人心，且從中獲益匪淺。唐納德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天寫(xiě)便箋鼓勵(lì)同事當(dāng)作一件日常工作。該公司在80年代時(shí)走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功勞?！拔抑徊贿^(guò)匆匆地在備忘錄或信的角上寫(xiě)一些鼓舞人心的話，然后傳遞出去，”他說(shuō)道?！懊刻熳钪匾囊欢螘r(shí)間，就是鼓舞那些為你工作的人的那10分鐘。” 10

“太多的時(shí)候，”他發(fā)表自己的看法說(shuō)，“那些我們真正喜歡的人并不知道我們是怎么看待他們的。太多的時(shí)候，我們會(huì)以為，我并沒(méi)有說(shuō)過(guò)什么批評(píng)的話，為什么非得去說(shuō)好話呢？我們忘了，人類(lèi)需要正面的肯定或鼓勵(lì)——事實(shí)上，我們靠這個(gè)取得進(jìn)步，獲得成功！” 11

怎樣才能寫(xiě)出振奮精神、溫暖人心的信呢？只要我們懷有要表示感激之情的心愿。寫(xiě)這種便箋的高手都具有我所謂的 “４S”技巧。12

１）真誠(chéng)(sincere)。沒(méi)人要聽(tīng)虛假的贊美。

２）簡(jiǎn)短(short)。如果不能用三句話表達(dá)出你的意思，你很可能過(guò)火了，寫(xiě)得太長(zhǎng)。14

３）具體(specific)。贊揚(yáng)一位業(yè)務(wù)伙伴 “演講精彩”太籠統(tǒng)含糊；告訴他“關(guān)于沃倫?巴菲特的投資策略講得很精彩”才是一語(yǔ)中的。

４）自然(spontaneous)。這使得便箋充滿了生氣，洋溢著熱情，并使讀者的心靈長(zhǎng)久地感受這種生氣和熱情。

當(dāng)你非得到處找寫(xiě)信用品時(shí)，寫(xiě)出來(lái)的東西就難以自然，因此我總是把紙、信封和郵票放在手邊，甚至在旅行時(shí)也是如此。信封信箋不需要很花哨，重要的是要表達(dá)的思想。17

那么，你周?chē)钟姓l(shuí)值得你寫(xiě)便箋表示感謝或鼓勵(lì)呢？一位鄰居？為你服務(wù)的那位圖書(shū)館管理員？一位親戚？你的市長(zhǎng)？你的伙伴？一位教師？你的醫(yī)生？你不必富有詩(shī)意。如果你需要一個(gè)寫(xiě)的理由，就找一個(gè)生活中的重要事件，例如你們共同參加的某個(gè)特殊事件的周年紀(jì)念日、生日或者節(jié)日。例如，過(guò)去的25年里，我總是為遠(yuǎn)方的朋友每年準(zhǔn)備一張圣誕卡，而且常常在上面親筆寫(xiě)上一句感謝或祝賀的話。鑒于圣誕節(jié)的氛圍，就一年來(lái)所取得的成功與得到的好運(yùn)特意表示謝忱似乎是最恰到好處的。18

不要吝嗇你的贊美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聰明的”、“最漂亮的”這種最高級(jí)的表達(dá)法——使大家都感到高興。即使你的贊美之詞稍稍超前了一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)關(guān)系，記住，夢(mèng)想的實(shí)現(xiàn)往往孕育于期望之中。

今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神導(dǎo)師諾曼?文森特?皮爾的一封溫暖的贊揚(yáng)信。這張小小的便箋上滿是鼓舞人心的詞句，這促使我坐到了打字機(jī)前來(lái)完成幾封我早就該寫(xiě)的信。我不知道這些信會(huì)不會(huì)使別人的一天別有意義，但是，對(duì)我自己確實(shí)如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃爾夫所說(shuō)的：使別人充滿信心，也就使我自己感覺(jué)很好。Vocabulary 1.Creating Compound Words

STEP ONE:

Column A

Column B

The compound words created through

day

throughout up

man

upbeat, uplift draw

eared

drawback teen

ready

teenage hand

conscious

handout, handwritten birth

back

birthday, birthstone chair

distance

chairman rag

beat

rag-eared ever

lift

ever-ready over

age

overdue, overage

long

due

long-distance, long-eared self

stone

self-conscious mile

out

mileage, milestone type

wishing

typewriter, typewritten well

writer/written

well-wishing, well-written

STEP TWO:

1)long-distance

2)upbeat

3)ever-ready

4)overdue

5)typewriter

6)milestone

7)handwritten

8)uplifted

9)self-conscious

10)rag-eared 11)birthday

12)throughout

13)drawbacks

14)chairman

15)teenage

2.1)A.intrigued

v.interest

B.intrigue

n.the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power

2)A.straining

v.try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength

B.strain

n.a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something

3)A.savor

n.taste;flavor

B.savored

v.enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can

4)A.treasure

v.treat something as being very special, important, or valuable

B.treasure

n.a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A.credited

v.consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it B.credit

n.trust;faith 6)A.boost

n.an encouraging act of cheering somebody up

B.boost

v.make someone feel more confident and less worried 7)A.note

n.a short, usually informal, letter

B.noted

v.notice or pay careful attention to something 8)A.signed

v.write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it

B.sign

n.gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9)A.totaled

v.come to a certain amount

B.total

n.the whole amount

10)A.stuffed

v.fill something with a substance

B.stuff

n.substance or material

11)A.count

n.the number that is reached when something is being counted

B.count

v.be important

12)A.last

v.manage to remain in the same situation

B.last

n.the remaining part of something

13)A.complimented

v.express praise or admiration of somebody

B.compliment

n.an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14)A.flood

n.a large number or amount

B.flooding

v.arrive in large numbers

15)A.contact

n.communication with a person, organization, country, etc.B.contact

v.reach(someone)by message, telephone, etc.3.1)thrives

2)strategy

3)annual

4)deserve

5)spontaneous

6)sincere

7)investments

8)enterprise

9)follow up

10)characterized 11)lingered

12)acknowledged

4.column: 1)D

2)A

3)B

4)C

tough: 1)D

2)B

3)E

4)F

5)C

6)A 5.1)A.complementary

B.complimentary

C.complimentary complimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of charge complementary: making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion 2)A.stationery

B.stationary

C.stationary stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(e.g.paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A.typist

B.typewriter

C.typist typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A.vulgar

B.vague

C.vague vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated 5)A.pad

B.pat

C.pad pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2)a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something

6)A.own

B.owed

C.owes

D.owned owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given

2)feel grateful own: 1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else 2)v.possess(something), especially by lawful right 6.1)searched

2)clever

3)solution

4)wasted

5)tolerate

6)hidden

7)dumb

8)subject

9)noise

10)extra

11)purchased

12)replaced 13)appreciation

14)hurried

15)warrant

16)strange

Unit 3 從文化角度看性別角色

在過(guò)去的幾十年里，已經(jīng)無(wú)數(shù)次地證實(shí)了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：構(gòu)成男子陽(yáng)剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類(lèi)型的行為、情感、和興趣都既是遺傳又是文化熏陶的結(jié)果。在成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中，每個(gè)孩子學(xué)會(huì)了細(xì)微的行為舉止，數(shù)量之多數(shù)以百計(jì)，這一切都帶有文化的烙印，成了他們性別特征的一部分。有些行為舉止是直接學(xué)到的。也就是說(shuō)，別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規(guī)矩, 女有女的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。另一些跟性別有關(guān)的具體舉止是無(wú)意識(shí)地或間接地學(xué)會(huì)的，因?yàn)槲幕癁榕⒆雍湍泻⒆犹峁┑男蜗?、向往的目?biāo)以及成人的榜樣各不相同。2

例如，最近對(duì)美國(guó)公立學(xué)校的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛(ài)的文化偏見(jiàn)。據(jù)研究人員反映，這種偏愛(ài)是無(wú)意的、不知不覺(jué)的，但它確實(shí)存在，并每年都在影響著數(shù)百萬(wàn)計(jì)學(xué)生的生活。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛(ài)，戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。他們的研究顯示，許多自認(rèn)為無(wú)性別偏愛(ài)的教師驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，從錄像帶上看他們竟是那么偏心。從幼兒園到研究生課程，都可以看到教師們請(qǐng)男生回答問(wèn)題的次數(shù)遠(yuǎn)比女生多。這對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程有著巨大的影響，因?yàn)榭偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，那些積極的課堂活動(dòng)參與者對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)更加樂(lè)觀有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事實(shí)上，在20世紀(jì)60年代末期，當(dāng)美國(guó)東北部多所最好的女子學(xué)院向男生開(kāi)放之后，教授們和女學(xué)生們都發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論，而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。近年來(lái)，在法學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)院的課堂上也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類(lèi)似的情況：與男生相比女生處于次要的地位。

賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示，教師有時(shí)候會(huì)按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務(wù)，這樣便不知不覺(jué)地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。例如，有位教師在給幼兒園的孩子上自然科學(xué)課時(shí)，不斷地讓小男孩去操作科學(xué)“實(shí)驗(yàn)”，而讓女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用課堂材料動(dòng)手操作是早期教育的一個(gè)重要方面，這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷，這會(huì)影響到她們今后的整個(gè)人生。

美國(guó)教師中一個(gè)具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅長(zhǎng)數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)，這些學(xué)科都是“難懂的”、“適合于男性的”，而女孩會(huì)在語(yǔ)言和閱讀技能上比男孩強(qiáng)。這是教育中性別偏見(jiàn)的另一種表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果美國(guó)的男孩們確實(shí)在閱讀上出了問(wèn)題，而在數(shù)學(xué)方面女孩盡管在九歲以前一直比男孩強(qiáng)，但此后卻落在了他們后面。這成了預(yù)言自我應(yīng)驗(yàn)的一個(gè)例子。然而這些特征是文化造成的，而非遺傳的原因。例如，在德國(guó)，讀書(shū)學(xué)習(xí)都被看作是“適合于男性的”，于是在閱讀上有問(wèn)題的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性別，女孩和男孩在閱讀上就旗鼓相當(dāng)。

在教育過(guò)程中對(duì)女孩和男孩的不同態(tài)度始于家庭。例如，有一項(xiàng)研究顯示了這樣一種情況：讓學(xué)齡前兒童看一幢房子的圖片，然后要他們說(shuō)出家里允許他們走開(kāi)多遠(yuǎn)，這時(shí)男孩所指的范圍要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范圍很有限，而且離家很近。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵(lì)去發(fā)展求知欲和動(dòng)手能力，盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時(shí)有用的；對(duì)女孩灌輸?shù)慕Y(jié)果是：對(duì)自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼，且期望別人對(duì)自己的優(yōu)良品格和循規(guī)蹈矩的服從精神加以認(rèn)可。這類(lèi)教誨從家庭一直延續(xù)到課堂。于是，在課堂里我們常?？梢钥吹脚兏蕾嚱處煟⒅刈鳂I(yè)的形式和整潔而非內(nèi)容，更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨(dú)立自主以及分析能力和創(chuàng)造能力的提高。教育過(guò)程占據(jù)了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分時(shí)間，社會(huì)則通過(guò)這一過(guò)程加強(qiáng)了它固有的價(jià)值觀，并按其傳統(tǒng)的、期望的模式造就了不同性別的人。Vocabulary

1.1)genetic

2)assign

3)noticeably

4)approved

5)Bias

6)deprived

7)constituted

8)participation

9)unintentional

10)postgraduate

2.conscious – unconscious

positive – negative

encourage – discourage

superior – inferior

directly – indirectly

biased – fair

sexist –

nonsexist

limited – unlimited

dependent – independent

appropriately – inappropriately

3.1)C

2)D

3)A

4)E

5)B

6)C

7)F

8)B 4.1)turn out

2)carry over

3)calling on

4)put away

5)fallen behind

6)take over Unit 4 關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)——鼓勵(lì)孩子思考

教育界和商業(yè)界的專家們說(shuō), 具有創(chuàng)造性是通向光明前程的關(guān)鍵。本文將介紹一下學(xué)校和家長(zhǎng)如何才能鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)展這一至關(guān)重要的能力。

如果1925年迪克?德魯聽(tīng)從了他老板的意見(jiàn)，也許我們就不會(huì)有遮護(hù)膠帶這種用品

了?，F(xiàn)在我們幾乎離不開(kāi)它。德魯當(dāng)時(shí)就職于“明尼蘇達(dá)制造和礦業(yè)公司”，通常稱為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質(zhì)，黏性很強(qiáng)，能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進(jìn)一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時(shí)間改進(jìn)了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現(xiàn)已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來(lái)工作過(guò)的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓(xùn)：現(xiàn)在該公司鼓勵(lì)員工抽出15%的工作時(shí)間專門(mén)用來(lái)開(kāi)動(dòng)腦筋搞創(chuàng)新。

現(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來(lái)越多的公司所采用，而且全國(guó)各地的專家認(rèn)為，對(duì)待孩子也應(yīng)仿效這種做法，無(wú)論是在家里還是在學(xué)校。他們認(rèn)為，如果我們教育孩子進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性思維，他們就能在明天的社會(huì)中更好地發(fā)揮作用。

受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂(lè)和藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。能取得成功的學(xué)生和成人都是那些會(huì)尋求各種辦法解決問(wèn)題的人。

創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來(lái)，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個(gè)人智力高并不意味著他必然能創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮才智。創(chuàng)造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點(diǎn)子，而這些點(diǎn)子有助于解決某方面的問(wèn)題。

遺憾的是，學(xué)校還沒(méi)有想到要促使學(xué)生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分?jǐn)?shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)閱讀、寫(xiě)作和數(shù)學(xué)能力，往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對(duì)創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)。其結(jié)果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學(xué)的知識(shí)，卻不知道如何靈活地應(yīng)用知識(shí)。比如，他們可能熟記乘法表，卻不會(huì)用它來(lái)解決數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用題。

然而，在有些學(xué)校里，教育者們正逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到這一問(wèn)題，并致力于研究能啟發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性的新的教學(xué)方法。一些教師把基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和要求學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象力的活動(dòng)結(jié)合起來(lái)。比如，教師不再簡(jiǎn)單地問(wèn)學(xué)生哥倫布何時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸，他們可能讓學(xué)生思考如果哥倫布首先到達(dá)的不是加勒比地區(qū)而是紐約，情況會(huì)是如何。要回答這一問(wèn)題，學(xué)生必須應(yīng)用自己掌握的關(guān)于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區(qū)的知識(shí)。教師們認(rèn)為即便學(xué)生的回答會(huì)很可笑，也毫無(wú)關(guān)系，這也許是通向創(chuàng)造性的重要一步。專家認(rèn)為，在課堂以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長(zhǎng)和教師們則有責(zé)任和孩子共同努力，使那些念頭成為切實(shí)可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過(guò)提問(wèn)來(lái)鼓勵(lì)孩子，同時(shí)對(duì)他們的想法和新點(diǎn)子表示贊賞。專家認(rèn)為必須創(chuàng)造一個(gè)可以自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的氛圍，一個(gè)尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會(huì)荒誕想法的環(huán)境。

在家里，家長(zhǎng)可以做一些鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問(wèn)題，家長(zhǎng)可以就該問(wèn)題征求孩子的意見(jiàn)，讓他們參與決策。家長(zhǎng)可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會(huì)帶來(lái)的各種后果。家長(zhǎng)還應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)孩子大聲談?wù)撍麄冋谧龅氖虑椤Ｋ季S能力和語(yǔ)言能力是緊密相關(guān)的。大聲地談?wù)撚兄谔岣哒Z(yǔ)言能力和思維能力。

具有幽默感對(duì)于開(kāi)發(fā)孩子的創(chuàng)造力也非常重要。當(dāng)家長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)出幽默時(shí)，孩子們就看到了最地道的創(chuàng)造性。從本質(zhì)上看，幽默跨越了常規(guī)界限，打破了固有模式。要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造往往也得如此。

給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應(yīng)該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果，要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開(kāi)始這樣做。做決定有助于培養(yǎng)思維能力，即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長(zhǎng)大，家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)讓孩子自己做主支配時(shí)間或金錢(qián)；當(dāng)他們作出錯(cuò)誤的決定時(shí)，不要不假思索地給予過(guò)多的幫助。這種做法可能會(huì)使孩子迷惑不解，但這沒(méi)有關(guān)系。因?yàn)楦挥袆?chuàng)造力的人有很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)力，使他們能夠從混亂中創(chuàng)造秩序。這是他們的一個(gè)最重要的特點(diǎn)。Vocabulary

1.1)confused, confusion

2)intelligence, intelligent

3)humorous, humor

4)strategy, strategic

5)motivated, motivation

6)combination, combined

7)creation, creative

8)pursuit, pursuing

9)multiplication, multiply

10)employ, employment

2.1)perfected

2)approaching

3)value

4)functions

5)approach

6)perfect

7)honor

8)function

9)honor

10)value 3.1)dismiss

2)consequences

3)promoting

4)applies

5)vital

6)scorned

7)conventional

8)original

4.1)consciously

2)innovative

3)unconsciously

4)determines

5)Imagination 6)aware

7)control

8)created

9)extension

10)technique

11)vulnerable

12)unfolding

13)joyful

14)gain

15)Apply Unit 6 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與你

在說(shuō)不定的某個(gè)時(shí)候，我們大家都曾充當(dāng)過(guò)疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽(tīng)說(shuō)一種新的疾病，就會(huì)去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對(duì)疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險(xiǎn)也并非我們唯一會(huì)遇上的危險(xiǎn)?，F(xiàn)代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對(duì)我們生命的威脅，對(duì)我們平和心境的威脅，對(duì)我們家人的威脅，對(duì)我們未來(lái)的威脅。從而產(chǎn)生了好些問(wèn)題，我們不得不問(wèn)自己：我買(mǎi)的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會(huì)傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時(shí)會(huì)不會(huì)遭搶劫？我們的疑慮就無(wú)休止地增加。2

對(duì)生活中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的擔(dān)憂與疑病癥有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個(gè)明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通常可以求助于醫(yī)生，以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒(méi)得。但當(dāng)涉及到其它形式的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，事情就要困難得多，因?yàn)閷?duì)許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，情況并不那么簡(jiǎn)單。

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)幾乎總是一個(gè)可能性的問(wèn)題而無(wú)確定性可言。你也許會(huì)問(wèn)：“我該不該系安全帶？”如果你坐的車(chē)要與其它車(chē)正面相撞，那當(dāng)然該系安全帶。倘若你的車(chē)側(cè)面被撞，結(jié)果你被困在車(chē)?yán)?，又因安全帶裝置遭破壞而無(wú)法掙脫，那怎么辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢(qián)在車(chē)內(nèi)安一個(gè)保險(xiǎn)氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險(xiǎn)氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬(wàn)一正當(dāng)你在高速公路上開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)，保險(xiǎn)氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導(dǎo)致了本來(lái)絕不會(huì)發(fā)生的事故，那又該如何是好？ 4

上面說(shuō)的這一切，只是從另一角度說(shuō)明我們所做的事沒(méi)有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——常常是潛在的重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——與我們的每個(gè)業(yè)余愛(ài)好、所做的每項(xiàng)工作、所吃的每種食物有關(guān)，換句話說(shuō)，與所進(jìn)行的任何活動(dòng)有關(guān)。但我們又不能，也不該因危險(xiǎn)存在于我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的神經(jīng)癥患者。有些活動(dòng)是比其它活動(dòng)更危險(xiǎn)。關(guān)鍵在于要讓自己了解相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，然后相機(jī)行事。5

例如，兩車(chē)相撞時(shí)，大車(chē)總的說(shuō)來(lái)要比小車(chē)安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是這樣：在一起嚴(yán)重的車(chē)禍中坐小車(chē)喪生的可能性是坐大車(chē)的兩倍左右。然而，大車(chē)通常比小車(chē)貴（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環(huán)境帶來(lái)了更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?。?。那么我們?cè)撛鯓哟_定什么時(shí)候值得為降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加花費(fèi)呢？例如，避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最保險(xiǎn)的做法也許是去買(mǎi)一輛坦克或裝甲車(chē)，從而把撞車(chē)時(shí)死亡或受傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降到最小。然而，即便你買(mǎi)得起，這筆額外的費(fèi)用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車(chē)所帶來(lái)的不便是否值得呢？

在我們尚不知所涉及的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度之前，我們還無(wú)法回答這些問(wèn)題。那么，我們?cè)撊绾稳ズ饬匡L(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度呢？有些人似乎認(rèn)為答案只不過(guò)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000 人死于車(chē)禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災(zāi)難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車(chē)要比采礦危險(xiǎn)得多嗎？未必。事實(shí)是，在美國(guó)每年大約有兩億人經(jīng)常性地以車(chē)代步；而大概只有70萬(wàn)人從事采礦作業(yè)。我們?cè)u(píng)估一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，所需要的有關(guān)數(shù)字是一個(gè)比率或分?jǐn)?shù)。該分?jǐn)?shù)的分子告訴我們?cè)谀硞€(gè)特定時(shí)期由于從事某種特定活動(dòng)而喪生或受傷的人數(shù)；其分母告訴我們?cè)谶@一時(shí)期從事這種活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)。這樣，所有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度都是由比率或分?jǐn)?shù)表示，其大小介于0（無(wú)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）到1（完全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）之間。7

通過(guò)把所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都簡(jiǎn)化為這種比率或分?jǐn)?shù)，我們便可以開(kāi)始比較不同種類(lèi)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，如比較采礦與乘坐汽車(chē)。這個(gè)比率越大，也就是說(shuō)它越接近1，那么有關(guān)活動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動(dòng)中死亡的人數(shù)除以參與該活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)，從而找出汽車(chē)旅行與采煤的相對(duì)安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車(chē)旅行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是每一萬(wàn)人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險(xiǎn)程度是每一萬(wàn)礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車(chē)禍中喪生的人遠(yuǎn)比采礦要多，其實(shí)后者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠?qū)敛幌喔傻幕顒?dòng)或情形的危險(xiǎn)性加以比較，即便差別如蘋(píng)果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)，你就會(huì)選擇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比率較小的活動(dòng)。如果你無(wú)所畏懼，那么你往往會(huì)對(duì)高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。

我們一旦明白了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒(méi)有絕對(duì)安全的事，我們也就會(huì)明白問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵不是要徹底避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而是要理智地管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理需要兩大要素：常識(shí)以及與我們可能要承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的性質(zhì)和程度相關(guān)的信息。Vocabulary Practice 1.1)sensible sensible: having or showing good sense;reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say 2)relative relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else;comparative 3)mechanism machine: 機(jī)器

mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect 4)requires require: need something request: ask for something politely or formally 5)eliminate reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6)crash crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions 2.1)character

2)end up

3)Rarely

4)casual

5)risky

6)all manner of

7)inform

8)sensible

9)definitively 3.1)On the strength of

2)all manner of

3)feed on

4)reduce…to

5)end up

6)associated with

7)focus on

8)turned to

9)participate in

10)involved in

第五篇：21世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第三冊(cè)課文翻譯及課后答案(1-2)

21世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)教程課文翻譯（第三冊(cè)）（1-2）上學(xué)的孩子們中間有一種普遍的錯(cuò)誤想法，即認(rèn)為他們的老師當(dāng)年都是些神童。不管怎么說(shuō)，除了不像一般孩子那樣生性貪玩、不愿學(xué)習(xí)的書(shū)呆子之外，還有誰(shuí)愿意長(zhǎng)大后當(dāng)老師呢？

我竭力向我的學(xué)生們解釋我在他們心目中的形象----一個(gè)在青春期熱衷于書(shū)本和作業(yè)的人----有一點(diǎn)被扭曲了。相反，我極為憎恨義務(wù)教育。我永遠(yuǎn)都無(wú)法接受在魚(yú)兒上鉤時(shí)不得不去上學(xué)的想法。

但是，在我中學(xué)二年級(jí)的時(shí)候，發(fā)生了一件美妙而又激動(dòng)人心的事。愛(ài)神丘比特瞄準(zhǔn)他的箭，正好射中了我的心。突然間，我喜歡上學(xué)了，而這只是為了能夠凝視英語(yǔ)二班里那張可愛(ài)的臉。

我的公主坐在卷筆器旁邊，那一年我削的鉛筆足以點(diǎn)燃一堆篝火?？慎毂葏s遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了我的期望。將我們隔開(kāi)的不僅有五排課桌，還有約50分的智商。她是英語(yǔ)二班的尖子，拉里維太太的掌上明珠。

偶爾，黛比會(huì)發(fā)覺(jué)我在盯著她看，這時(shí)她便會(huì)露出一個(gè)閃爍著智慧光芒，令我心跳加快的微笑。這是一個(gè)標(biāo)志著希望、使我暫時(shí)忘記將我們分開(kāi)的智力上的鴻溝的微笑。

我想盡辦法去跨越那條鴻溝。有一天，我經(jīng)過(guò)超市，突然想到了一個(gè)主意。櫥窗里的一塊廣告牌稱商店正以29美分的特價(jià)供應(yīng)一套百科全書(shū)的第一卷。其余各卷則為每卷2.49美元。

我買(mǎi)下了第一卷----從Aardvark（土豚）到Asteroid（海星）----然后開(kāi)始了在知識(shí)世界中的冒險(xiǎn)歷程。打那以后，我將成為一個(gè)事實(shí)探尋者。我將成為英語(yǔ)二班的首席智者，以淵博的知識(shí)使我的公主傾心于我。我全都計(jì)劃好了。一天，在自助餐廳排隊(duì)時(shí)，我的第一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)了。我往身后一看，她正好在那兒。

“嘿，”她說(shuō)。

我猶豫了一下，然后潤(rùn)了潤(rùn)嘴唇說(shuō)，“知道鳳尾魚(yú)是從哪兒來(lái)的嗎？”她顯得有點(diǎn)驚訝。“不，我不知道?！?/p>

我松了口氣?！傍P尾魚(yú)生活在咸水里，淡水里很少見(jiàn)?！蔽也坏貌恢v得很快，以便在我們到達(dá)收銀臺(tái)之前，道出所有的細(xì)節(jié)?！皾O民們?cè)诘刂泻：袜徑靼嘌?、葡萄牙的大西洋海岸捕捉鳳尾魚(yú)?！?/p>

“真有意思，”黛比一邊說(shuō)一邊疑惑地?fù)u著頭。顯然我已經(jīng)給她留下了一個(gè)挺深的印象。

幾天之后，在一次消防演習(xí)時(shí)，我裝作不經(jīng)意地走到她身邊，問(wèn)，“去過(guò)阿留申群島嗎？”

“從來(lái)沒(méi)去過(guò)，”她答道。

“也許是一個(gè)旅游的好去處，但我肯定不愿意住在那兒，”我說(shuō)。

“為什么不愿意呢？”黛比說(shuō)，這正中了我的計(jì)。

“呃，那兒的氣候太險(xiǎn)惡。在群島的100多座島嶼中，沒(méi)有一座有樹(shù)木。地上遍布巖石，幾乎沒(méi)有植物能在上面生長(zhǎng)?！?/p>

“我想我連去旅游也不愿意，”她說(shuō)。

消防演習(xí)結(jié)束了，我們開(kāi)始排隊(duì)進(jìn)入大樓，所以我不得不趕緊再談?wù)勍林?1

民。“阿留申人身材矮小，體格健壯，有著深色的皮膚和黑色的頭發(fā)。他們以魚(yú)為主食，他們?cè)O(shè)陷阱捕捉北極狐和海豹，以獲得它們珍貴的毛皮?！?/p>

黛比驚訝地睜大了眼睛。

一天，我正在圖書(shū)館里瀏覽書(shū)刊。我發(fā)現(xiàn)黛比坐在一張桌子旁，正專心致志地做著一個(gè)填詞游戲。她皺著眉頭，顯然被一個(gè)詞難住了。我彎下身去問(wèn)我是否能幫上忙。

“一個(gè)意為東方女傭的四字母詞，”黛比說(shuō)。

“試一試amah,”我以閃電般的速度說(shuō)。

黛比填入空格，然后轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)頭驚訝地盯著我?！拔艺娌桓蚁嘈?，”她說(shuō)?！昂?jiǎn)直不敢相信。”

那個(gè)光輝燦爛的、充滿歡樂(lè)的、富有浪漫色彩的二年級(jí)就這樣繼續(xù)著。黛比似乎很喜歡我們的簡(jiǎn)短交談，全神貫注地聽(tīng)著我的每一句話。自然，我讀得越多，信心也越強(qiáng)。

在教室里，我也漸漸讓別人感到了我的存在。一天，在一次關(guān)于柯?tīng)柭芍蔚摹豆胖圩釉仭返挠懻撝?，我們碰到了albatross（信天翁）這個(gè)詞。

“有誰(shuí)能告訴我們信天翁是什么嗎？”拉里維太太問(wèn)。

我立刻舉起了手?！靶盘煳淌且环N大鳥(niǎo)，主要棲息在赤道以南的海域，不過(guò)也有可能在北太平洋發(fā)現(xiàn)它們。信天翁身長(zhǎng)達(dá)4英尺，翼幅是鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)中最大的。它以魚(yú)類(lèi)和帶殼的水生動(dòng)物為食。信天翁胃口很大，吃飽后便很難再飛上天?！痹S久，教室里鴉雀無(wú)聲。拉里維太太無(wú)法相信她剛剛所聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容。我偷偷地瞥了黛比一眼，對(duì)她使勁眨了眨眼。她自豪得笑容滿臉，也對(duì)我眨了眨眼。我未能察覺(jué)到的是那一陣子黛比正同一個(gè)鄰近學(xué)校的三年級(jí)學(xué)生約會(huì)----一個(gè)平均分為C+的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)我打擊很大，有一度我真想忘掉所有學(xué)過(guò)的東西。當(dāng)時(shí)我已攢夠了錢(qián)買(mǎi)第二卷----從Asthma（哮喘?。┑紹ullfinch（紅腹灰雀）----但我真想去買(mǎi)一只籃球。

我覺(jué)得自己不僅受到了傷害，而且還遭到了背叛。就象阿伽門(mén)農(nóng)一樣，不過(guò)感謝上帝，后果并沒(méi)有那么嚴(yán)重。

最終我從傷痛中恢復(fù)了過(guò)來(lái)。第二年，黛比搬離了這個(gè)街區(qū)，轉(zhuǎn)到了另一所學(xué)校。很快，她便成了記憶中的人物而已。

雖然最初的動(dòng)力沒(méi)有了，但我卻繼續(xù)鉆研百科全書(shū)，以及越來(lái)越多的其它書(shū)籍。已經(jīng)品嘗過(guò)知識(shí)的美酒，此時(shí)我已無(wú)法改變我的前進(jìn)方向了。因?yàn)椋骸耙恢虢?，為害匪淺：

開(kāi)懷暢飲吧，否則就不要品嘗埃里亞圣泉?！?/p>

亞歷山大? 蒲柏如此寫(xiě)道，見(jiàn)第十四卷----從Paprika（紅燈籠辣椒）到Pterodactyl（翼手龍）。

Vocabulary（詞匯）

Ⅲ

1.compulsory 2.relish 3.confidence 4.consequences 5.incentive 6.henceforth 7.invest

8.perceive 9.passion 10.scheming

Translation（翻譯）

Ⅻ

正在上學(xué)的孩子們中有一種普遍的錯(cuò)誤觀念，即他們的老師們?cè)切┥裢?。不管怎么說(shuō)，除了不像一般孩子那樣生性貪玩、不愿學(xué)習(xí)的書(shū)呆子之外，還有誰(shuí)愿意長(zhǎng)大后當(dāng)老師呢？

我竭力向我的學(xué)生們解釋他們對(duì)我的印象——一個(gè)青春期沉溺于書(shū)本和家庭作業(yè)的人——有所偏差。恰恰相反，我極為憎恨義務(wù)教育。我永遠(yuǎn)都無(wú)法接受當(dāng)魚(yú)兒正在咬鉤時(shí)不得不去上學(xué)的想法。

ⅪⅡ

1． Tom was translation to our school last year.He hung on Miss Yang’s every word in class and soon became the apple of her eye.2． Seeing his daughter graduate from high school,he felt a surge of love and pride that he couldn’t express in word.3． Last year when Mr.Li began first venture into the stock market,becoming a millionaire was beyond his wildest dream.4． On my holiday ,I was lucky enough to witness some wild seals feeding on fish.I took sXXXXXX photos of them,but unfortunately they were all out off focus.5． The price has been going steady with the actress for three years and nothing can alter their decision to get married next week.6． It is complete misconstruction that the poor do not need compulsory education because they do not even have enough to feed on.But without education,how can people ever overcome their poverty.7． All of David’s classmates are completely stumped---no one can work out how he became a top student overnight.8． It was obvious that her rejection of his proposal hit him hard, but in time he recoverd from his wounds.一位真正的女權(quán)主義者應(yīng)該接受上救生船的優(yōu)先權(quán)嗎？查爾斯? 克勞瑟莫

你在泰坦尼克II號(hào)輪上。它剛撞上一座冰山，正在下沉。像上一次一樣，沒(méi)有足夠的救生船。船長(zhǎng)喊道：“婦女和孩子們先上！”但這一次，人們聽(tīng)到了另一個(gè)聲音：“為什么婦女先上？”的確，為什么？大獲成功的電影《泰坦尼克號(hào)》的部分魅力在于那個(gè)時(shí)代的服裝，那個(gè)時(shí)代的奢華，和那個(gè)時(shí)代的偏見(jiàn)。時(shí)隔多年，觀眾能夠欣賞這些東西。然而，奇怪的是，電影中的所有那個(gè)時(shí)代的觀念中，“婦女和兒童優(yōu)先”這一古老的海事傳統(tǒng)卻被現(xiàn)代觀眾全盤(pán)接受了。聽(tīng)一聽(tīng)觀眾對(duì)那些試圖同女士們一起----或搶在她們前面----偷偷溜上救生船的壞家伙發(fā)出的噓聲就知道了。

但是將婦女和兒童歸為一類(lèi)難道不是一種與時(shí)代極不相稱的行為嗎？難道任何一個(gè)自尊的現(xiàn)代人----更不用說(shuō)女權(quán)主義者----不該視其為對(duì)女性的侮辱而加以反對(duì)嗎？

然而如今這種做法仍像1912年時(shí)一樣普遍?？纯催@些幾乎是隨意從最近的報(bào)紙上摘選的例子吧：

“入侵者槍殺了印第安人，其中大多數(shù)為婦女和兒童??”

“200名平民被殺，其中大多數(shù)為婦女和兒童??”

“在阿米奇的大屠殺中，103名穆斯林被殺，其中包括33名婦女和兒童??”

在一個(gè)婦女駕駛戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)、經(jīng)營(yíng)跨國(guó)公司的時(shí)代，這種將成年婦女與兒童歸為一類(lèi)的慣常做法，怎能不讓人皺眉蹙額呢？在阿米奇好像也有70名成年男子被殺。那么有多少名成年婦女被殺呢？不清楚。在事態(tài)嚴(yán)重時(shí)，在鮮血開(kāi)始流淌或者輪船開(kāi)始沉沒(méi)時(shí)，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)她們是和孩子們算在一起的。

孩子們之所以有權(quán)享受特殊照顧有兩個(gè)理由：無(wú)助和無(wú)辜。他們還不具備推理的能力或來(lái)自經(jīng)驗(yàn)的智慧。所以，他們不能自衛(wèi)（不能照料自己），無(wú)可指責(zé)（不可能真正犯罪）。這就是我們給予他們特殊保護(hù)的原因。在緊急情況下，我們有責(zé)任先救他們，因?yàn)樗麄冘浫鯚o(wú)助，已將生命交付于我們手中。在戰(zhàn)時(shí)，他們應(yīng)該受到特殊豁免權(quán)的保護(hù)，因?yàn)樗麄儾豢赡軙?huì)威脅或冒犯任何人。

“婦女和兒童”這句話將我們?cè)谖鍤q的孩子們身上看到的依賴性和道德上的單純也賦予了婦女。這樣一種態(tài)度在男性特權(quán)占統(tǒng)治地位的時(shí)代也許還講得通。考慮到1912年時(shí)婦女被視為軟弱無(wú)能的情況，在安排救生船的座位時(shí)，確實(shí)不宜突然宣布一種性別平等的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這種禮讓----同在公共汽車(chē)上給女士讓座一樣，只不過(guò)更有點(diǎn)緊迫----對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)加在婦女身上的法律和社交限制是一種補(bǔ)充，或許在一定程度上是一種補(bǔ)償。

但我們正在進(jìn)行廣泛的社會(huì)重組，在教育、就業(yè)、政府、管理、體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中給婦女以平等地位，在這樣一個(gè)時(shí)代，是什么使婦女享有兒童的特權(quán)，并將她們貶至兒童的地位呢？

進(jìn)化心理學(xué)家們也許會(huì)說(shuō)女士上救生船是一種為繁衍物種而形成的本能：婦女是必不可少的生兒育女者。如果全部婦女和只有為數(shù)不多的男子幸存下

來(lái)，一個(gè)村莊可以重新人丁興旺，但如果全部男子和只有為數(shù)不多的婦女幸存下來(lái)，情況則不然。因?yàn)閺纳飳W(xué)的角度來(lái)講婦女比男子更為珍貴，所以進(jìn)化論的影響使我們把給予未來(lái)的另一顆種子----兒童的那份保護(hù)生命的禮讓給予了她們。

然而，這種邏輯的問(wèn)題在于它那種對(duì)婦女的簡(jiǎn)單貶低令人沮喪。這完全像遺傳學(xué)家的那個(gè)老笑話----蛋要生蛋只有變成雞----的一種翻版。但人類(lèi)絕不僅僅是下蛋的雞。傳統(tǒng)的禮讓絕不只是偽裝掩蓋下的生存策略。那我們?yōu)槭裁凑f(shuō)“婦女和兒童”呢？

也許事實(shí)上是“婦女為了兒童”。最基本的親情紐帶來(lái)自于母親。父母同等的養(yǎng)育固然偉大，但是婦女，從哺乳、撫育到安撫的擁抱，能夠以男性做不到的方式養(yǎng)育子女。就這樣，因?yàn)槲覀冋湟暫⒆?，所以婦女就該位居其后。孩子們需要她們。

但是兒童中心論只能解釋到這一步為止。如果船上沒(méi)有孩子又會(huì)怎樣呢？你現(xiàn)在是在泰坦尼克III號(hào)輪上，這次是一群未婚者的航游。沒(méi)有孩子，沒(méi)有父母。瞧！撞上了冰山！快上救生船！馬上行動(dòng)！

我的鏡頭設(shè)計(jì)是這樣的：男士們出于完全非理性的英雄主義，應(yīng)讓女士們優(yōu)先上船。而女士們出于純粹女權(quán)主義者的自尊，應(yīng)予以拒絕。

結(jié)果呢？僵局。這部電影怎么結(jié)局呢？它應(yīng)該怎么結(jié)局呢？快，輪船正在下沉。

Vocabulary

Ⅲ

1.complement 2.indispensable 3.privileges 4.strategy 5.constraints 6.entitled

7.survival 8.instinct 9.randomly 10.faculty 11.urgent 12.depressing

Translation

Ⅹ

兒童之所以又資格享受特殊的照顧基于兩種原因：不能自主和無(wú)知。他們既沒(méi)有推理的能力，也沒(méi)有實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。所以他們沒(méi)有防衛(wèi)能力，也不可指責(zé)。這就是我們給予他們特殊保護(hù)的原因。在緊急情況下，我們有責(zé)任先救他們，因?yàn)闊o(wú)助的他們已將生命交給了我們。

Ⅺ

1． The ability to fend for oneself is indispensable to any adult , but real maturity is more than just a set of survival strategies.2． On Children’s Day,kids are entitled to free entry to all the city parks.It’s a way of compensating them for the long hours they spend in school all your.3． You’re giving more priority to your personallife than to your studies.It’s no wonder your grades are suffering.4． Given that most women nowadays have jobs outside the home ,it’s natural that they object to their husbands treating them like housekeepers.5． Quite a number of American millionnaires owns at least two house and private plane.6． When John recovered unexpectedly from cancer,his doctors attributed it to his strong will and faith in the future.7． There is no practical reason to perpetuate the custom of opening doors for women,let alone the tradition of “women and children first”.8． Many feminists object to the notion that men can’t nurture children as well as women can