第一篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作存在的問(wèn)題及應(yīng)對(duì)措施

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作存在的問(wèn)題及應(yīng)對(duì)措施

英語(yǔ)寫作是體現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)運(yùn)用能力的一個(gè)重要方面,也是各類英語(yǔ)考試的必考題型之一。但是從歷年考試的情況來(lái)看,寫作作為主觀題型一直是考生的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。

為了提高大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫作水平,從1997 年6 月起,四、六級(jí)考試采用“作文最低分制”來(lái)計(jì)算成績(jī)。按規(guī)定,考生寫作成績(jī)?nèi)魹? 分,無(wú)論其總分是否高于60 分,均按不及格處理;若成績(jī)高于0 分,低于6分,計(jì)算成績(jī)時(shí),需從總分中減去6 分,再加上實(shí)得作文分,也就是說(shuō),要從總分中減去實(shí)得作文分與6分之間的差額部分。

舉例來(lái)說(shuō):若前邊85 總分得分65 分,但是作文得分為0 分,那么最后成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)為不合格;若前邊85總分得分59 分,作文得分為5 分,那么最后成績(jī)不是64 分,而是59 + 5-6 = 58 分。

這一評(píng)分原則體現(xiàn)了國(guó)家對(duì)提高大學(xué)英語(yǔ)水平的高度重視,也反映了英語(yǔ)教學(xué)正在向重視培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力的方向發(fā)展。因此寫好一篇文章對(duì)參加四級(jí)考試的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)可謂至關(guān)重要,不容忽視?？v觀歷次四級(jí)考試作文閱卷的情況,普遍存在著以下幾方面的問(wèn)題,而這些問(wèn)題正是考生作文拿不到高分的關(guān)鍵所在。

第一,英語(yǔ)底子太薄。主要表現(xiàn)為對(duì)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)掌握不牢及對(duì)基本詞匯記憶不清。它包括定冠詞和不定冠詞的濫用,主謂不一致,單復(fù)數(shù)搞不清楚(例如:a people 等),時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)混亂及詞語(yǔ)的各種形式掌握不牢。許多考生的寫作仍停留在句子水平上,還沒(méi)有上升到語(yǔ)篇,因此寫出的文章不流暢很生硬,雖篇幅很長(zhǎng),字跡也很工整,但是讀完之后只覺得思路紊亂,支離破碎,沒(méi)有一個(gè)完整的句子,只能得兩三分。還有一些學(xué)生,中學(xué)所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)在大學(xué)里沒(méi)能夠得到鞏固。

第二,詞匯量太小,且對(duì)已學(xué)詞匯記憶不清。比如1999 年1 月的作文,題目是“Don't Hesitate to say No”,大部分學(xué)生能夠領(lǐng)會(huì)題意并能按給出的漢語(yǔ)提綱作文,但有的學(xué)生連Hesitate是什么意思都不知道,更不用說(shuō)在此基礎(chǔ)上再作發(fā)揮了。另外有的學(xué)生雖然對(duì)題目及要求非常清楚,但是因?yàn)樽约核莆盏脑~匯所限,無(wú)法用一些合適的詞來(lái)表達(dá)自己的思想,于是只有繞著題目翻來(lái)覆去亂說(shuō)一氣,再加上這次出的作文提綱就象一道繞口令:

1.別人請(qǐng)求幫助時(shí),在什么情況下我們會(huì)說(shuō)“不”;

2.為什么有些人在該說(shuō)“有”的時(shí)候不說(shuō)“不”;

3.該說(shuō)“不”時(shí)不說(shuō)“不”的壞處。所以在看過(guò)一個(gè)又一個(gè)的“No”再加幾個(gè)“Yes”之后,閱卷考師也給搞得云里霧里,頭腦發(fā)脹,最后也只得酌情給個(gè)兩三分罷了。還有的一寫到紙上就是錯(cuò)別字滿篇,有些詞匯的用法也走了樣。其中最典型的是將for example 寫成example for ,for instance 寫成for a instance ,illegal 寫成unlegal ,而such as ,in spite of 等許多短語(yǔ)則是亂用一氣。詞匯的有限導(dǎo)致許多學(xué)生有口難言,欲說(shuō)不能,對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō),用英語(yǔ)作文實(shí)在是一件很頭疼的事情。

第三,母語(yǔ)干擾的痕跡非常明顯。例如,1998年1 月的作文題目為“Harmfulness of Fake Commodities”。有一位考生要表達(dá)“別人賺錢有人眼紅”這樣的意思,他不會(huì)使用“envy”或“envious”等詞語(yǔ),而是直接把眼紅翻成了“red eyes”,使人感到費(fèi)解。另一位考生想要講述自己買了一雙假冒皮鞋不久鞋上開了一個(gè)洞這樣的意思,就寫出了“There was a cave in the shoe”這樣的句子。這些雖然都是極端的例子,但也反映了母語(yǔ)干擾的一個(gè)方面。

第四,缺乏思想,深度不夠。很多學(xué)生雖然已是大二,甚至是大三大四,但是他們?cè)谧魑漠?dāng)中所表現(xiàn)出的智力水平與閱歷似乎只相當(dāng)于一個(gè)初高中生。寫出的文章著眼點(diǎn)低,視野狹窄。作文著眼于同學(xué)之間的關(guān)系,反映同學(xué)之間的幫助,這并不為過(guò),但是這種幫忙不能僅僅限于在考試當(dāng)中的幫忙,而且對(duì)這種幫忙都是一句話“Don't hesitate to say'No'”。與在?？忌容^起來(lái),社會(huì)考生應(yīng)多一些社會(huì)閱歷,也多了一些見解,但是舉出來(lái)的例子也是范圍太窄,大多是講老板或領(lǐng)導(dǎo)讓干的事只能答“Yes”而不能回答“No”。其實(shí)可舉的例子很多,關(guān)鍵是要抓住實(shí)質(zhì),有思想,有深度。

第五,缺乏應(yīng)試技巧。主要表現(xiàn)為有些學(xué)生在篇首或篇尾有喊口號(hào)傾向(如Dear Friends, let's not hesitate to say“No”),或畫蛇添足,本來(lái)文章該結(jié)束了,卻偏要羅羅嗦嗦再來(lái)兩句多余的話;另外一些學(xué)生字?jǐn)?shù)把握不準(zhǔn),不是寫得太短就是寫得太長(zhǎng),即使內(nèi)容好,卻得不到應(yīng)得的分?jǐn)?shù);還有一些學(xué)生的筆跡(尤其是用純藍(lán)墨水綱筆和出水太淺的圓珠筆寫的),讓閱卷老師難以看清楚。

以上是四級(jí)英語(yǔ)考試中常見的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題,更是我們平時(shí)英語(yǔ)作文當(dāng)中應(yīng)該注意的幾個(gè)方面。要寫好一篇英語(yǔ)文章,關(guān)鍵要在平時(shí)下功夫,打好牢固的基礎(chǔ),同時(shí)注意寫作技巧。

寫作的技巧很大程度上不能從分析考試題目本身來(lái)得出,需要通過(guò)對(duì)大量英文文章的學(xué)習(xí)和總結(jié)得來(lái),即功夫在題外。筆者在英語(yǔ)寫作中有幾點(diǎn)心得。

一、要善于模仿

對(duì)大多數(shù)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)的詞匯量、句式的積累還極其有限,遠(yuǎn)不能達(dá)到用英文流暢表達(dá)、揮灑自如的境地。在這一階段進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作是不合時(shí)宜的,如果非要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造,只能寫出“l(fā)ong time no see”這樣的文字來(lái)。因此,模仿是這一階段的必要手段。

談到模仿,一些學(xué)生的辦法就是背一堆范文,然后再到考場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行一個(gè)“剪切”、“粘貼”的工作,效果可想而知。這不是真正意義的模仿,充其量算是默寫課文。如何模仿呢?

首先,模仿的目標(biāo)要明確。模仿的重點(diǎn)永遠(yuǎn)在一定的句式結(jié)構(gòu)上,而非個(gè)別的詞匯。道理很簡(jiǎn)單:一個(gè)詞,隨著文章內(nèi)容的變換,可能就不能用了;而句式結(jié)構(gòu)是放置四海而皆準(zhǔn)的,適用的范圍廣,學(xué)來(lái)對(duì)寫作的幫助也就明顯。

其次,模仿的材料要地道。像新概念英語(yǔ)這樣的教材就提供了很多原汁原味的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)法。盲目選擇文章學(xué)習(xí),記一些不中不洋的句子,只能是以訛傳訛,浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。

最后,模仿要體現(xiàn)在實(shí)際動(dòng)筆上。比如說(shuō),新概念第三冊(cè)有一個(gè)句式:“ for the simple reason that.”表示某種現(xiàn)象的原因是什么,如果將其用在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試我們對(duì)解釋為什么自行車在中國(guó)如此流行時(shí),就可以表達(dá)為:“The bicycle is very popular in China for the simple reason that.”。然而,很多同學(xué)經(jīng)常背了這些句式不用,一談到原因仍然是“because”,等等。

二、要靈活變通

在批改英語(yǔ)作文的過(guò)程中,經(jīng)常能發(fā)現(xiàn)一些將中文生硬地翻譯成英文的表達(dá)法。由于中英文之間的差異和詞匯量、表達(dá)法積累的不足,出現(xiàn)難于表達(dá)的情況是十分正常的,關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題在于如何處理。有一句話叫做“立志如山,行道如水”,套用在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上就很合適。寫作遇到問(wèn)題時(shí)要靈活,能像流水一樣變通解決問(wèn)題。

有個(gè)翻譯界的故事說(shuō):在某大型國(guó)際會(huì)議的招待會(huì)上,一道菜是用雞蛋做的。與會(huì)的客人問(wèn)翻譯:“What is it made of ?”本來(lái)是非常簡(jiǎn)單的一個(gè)問(wèn)題,結(jié)果翻譯太緊張,忘了“egg”這個(gè)詞,但是他急中生智,回答:“It is made of Miss Hen'son.”這就是一個(gè)靈活變通的范例。繞道表達(dá),是寫作中應(yīng)該常常運(yùn)用的一種方法。

三、要細(xì)心觀察

要寫好英語(yǔ)作文,還要帶著敏銳的目光細(xì)心地觀察,注意英語(yǔ)中一些表達(dá)上的習(xí)慣。

比如,在正式文體的寫作中,很少用“it isn't”這樣的縮略形式,而往往是一板一眼地寫作“it is not”。同理,在正式文體中的日期一般不縮寫,阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字一般會(huì)用英文表達(dá)(特別長(zhǎng)的數(shù)字除外)。

再比如,在新概念第三冊(cè)所有的課文中,凡是文章的段首句出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí),轉(zhuǎn)折詞However都放在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的第二部分,以插入語(yǔ)的形式出現(xiàn)。分析原因,是因?yàn)槎温湟婚_始就用轉(zhuǎn)折詞,會(huì)顯得較生硬、突兀。

最后,許多同學(xué)在寫作文時(shí),習(xí)慣于把“since”“because”“for”這樣的詞放在句首引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。事實(shí)上,在我們見到的英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊雜志文章中,這樣的從句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外“,and”也常常被誤放在一句話的開頭,表示兩個(gè)句子之間的并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。其實(shí),經(jīng)常留心地道的英語(yǔ)文章能發(fā)現(xiàn),如果是并列關(guān)系,完全可以不用連詞;如果是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,用“furthermore”“what is more”更為普遍。

四、要心有全局

英文寫作十分強(qiáng)調(diào)形式上的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性,特別是全局的絲絲入扣。如果寫作時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)意識(shí)良好,應(yīng)試寫作就簡(jiǎn)化成為一個(gè)填空的過(guò)程了?？蚣苋f(wàn)變不離其宗,適當(dāng)?shù)靥罴佑^點(diǎn)、素材,文章就自然而然地立起來(lái)了。

掌握了這些英文寫作中的練習(xí)技巧,會(huì)使提高英文寫作水平的努力有更大的收益。

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作十種?？碱愋妥魑募胺段模?/p>

1、致辭

2、求職信/求學(xué)信

3、邀請(qǐng)信

4、個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷

5、告示

6、就業(yè)

7、考試

8、讀后感

9、難忘的人

10、論述文框架

1、致辭

Directions: Write a speech on the opening of a conference of no less than 120 words.In your speech, you should：

1、進(jìn)行自我介紹，2、詳細(xì)介紹大會(huì)內(nèi)容，3、結(jié)束語(yǔ)。

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Beijing!To begin with, I would like to make a brief introduction to myself.I am the president of Motorola(China)Electronics Ltd.The following is my introduction to the conference.First, it is my great honor to be here with all of you and declare open the Conference of International Trade Cooperation.Second, on behalf of our company, I would like to express my heartfelt welcome to all the guests and delegates.Last, I believe our cooperative efforts are sure to be productive.I wish all of you enjoy yourselves during this conference and hope the above information will help you.If you have any question for me, please feel free to ask at any time.Thank you for your attention.2、求職信/求學(xué)信：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter applying for a position of a company.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese：

1、申請(qǐng)職位，2、簡(jiǎn)要介紹自己的情況，3、期待回信。

Dear Sir or Madam，I am senior from the Department of Business Administration of Beijing University.I am writing the letter in purpose of applying for admission into your esteemed institution/your recently advertised position for a staff member.I am sure that I am qualified for it.First, enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous academic qualifications and work experience.Second, not only do my qualifications and experience make me a perfect candidate for it, my cheerful personality is well suited to studying in your prestigious university/working as a staff member.Last, my hobbies include sports and music.Words fail me when I try to express my heartfelt gratitude to the help you rendered me.Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely，Li Ming

3、邀請(qǐng)信：

Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party.Write an invitation letter to them individually：

1、邀請(qǐng)參加晚會(huì)，2、說(shuō)明舉辦晚會(huì)的原因，3、將安排哪些活動(dòng)。

Dear Wangcai，I am greatly honored to formally invite you to participate in Mr.Old Fish’s wedding ceremony with Ms.Fujiwora to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 p.m.on April 1, 2007.As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to attend the celebration and share our joy.The occasion will start at seven o’clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony.This will be followed by a dinner party.At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.Yours sincerely，Li Ming

4、個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷：

1、致辭：

Directions: Write of resume of yourself of no less than 120 words.In it, you should：

1、說(shuō)明姓名、地址、聯(lián)系方式、求職目標(biāo)，2、教育背景、工作經(jīng)歷、資歷，3、所獲獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、特長(zhǎng)，以及個(gè)人資料。

RESUME Li Ming

P.O.Box 237, Beijing University

5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871

Tel: 62768888 Email: liming@163.com

Career Objective: A position with management potential in the

banking business specializing in international corporate financing

Educational Background:

Sept 2003 to Beijing University

July 2007 Major in International Business Management

Main courses include English，computer,Business Management, Accounting, International Commercial Law

Work Experience:

July 2006 to Bank of China

June 2007 Internship, Secretary to Deputy Manager of Marketing

Draft business correspondence

Schedule deputy manager’s appointments

Qualifications: University graduation certificate and

bachelor degree to be conferred upon graduation(2007)

College English Test Band 4 June 2005

Honors & Awards: Twice awarded scholarship by Beijing

University 2005& 2006

Special Skills: Familiarity with Microsoft Word, Excel

Ability to work independently

Outstanding Organizational skills

Experience: President of Student Union 2003-present

Personal Data: Date of Birth: Sep.17, 1984

Gender: Female

Marital Status: Unmarried

5、告示：

Directions: The Students’ Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest.Write an announcement which covers the following information：

1、比賽目的、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，2、參賽者的要求，3、裁判和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的細(xì)節(jié)。

You should write about 120 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.Chinese Speaking Contest

December 22, 2007

To improve students’ ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students’ Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a school-wide Chinese speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week(29 December)at the Students’ Auditorium.Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before Tuesday next week.Five professors will be invited to be judges.The first six winners will be given awards.Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.The Students’ Union

Department of Chinese Language and Literature

6.就 業(yè)：

Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Jobs for Graduates.You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：

1、大學(xué)生難找工作，2、原因很多，3、解決的辦法。

Job hunting has always been a headache for college students.Though many graduates are employed right after graduation, some are not.Most serious of all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation.The reasons for this phenomenon are various.On the one hand, a few years ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates was greater than the need in the market.On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable job to do than go to the country.I reckon this problem can be solved if both colleges and students take measures.First, they should research the market and develop special skills to suit its need.Second, students’ attitude towards employment should be changed.They should go to small cities and country.There they can also give full play to their professional knowledge.In a word, if we pay much attention, the situation can be improved.7、考試：

Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Views on Examinations.You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：

1、大學(xué)都用考試來(lái)衡量學(xué)生的成績(jī)，2、考生可能帶來(lái)的副作用，3、我對(duì)考試的看法。

In most colleges and universities the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering a particular subject.Although it does the job quite efficiently, its side effects are also enormous.To begin with, examinations lower the standards of teaching.Since teachers are often judged by examination results, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques.No subjects can be taught successfully merely through being approached with intent to take examinations.In addition, the most undesirable effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits.As the examination score is the only criterion for his academic performance, a student is driven to memorize mechanically rather than to think creatively.In fact, few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students’ academic development.If that is the case, why cannot we make a change and devise something more efficient and reliable than examinations?

8、讀后感：

Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Favorite Novel.You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：

1、我最喜愛的小說(shuō)，2、該小說(shuō)的內(nèi)容，3、我為什么喜愛。

My favorite novel is Around the World in Eighty Days which is written by Jules Verne.The author was born in France and devoted himself to literature and wrote several scientific romances, which gained him the name——Father of Modern Science Fiction.This is a book of science fiction which tells us an exciting story about an English gentleman, Mr.Phileas Fogg, who makes a bet with his clubmates and manages to travel around the world in eighty days.It gives us a vivid description of the many difficulties and incidents which happen on his journey.From this story, we can see the author’s deep love for the sea, travel and adventure, which played a vital role in his life.We are also astonished and convinced by his fertile imagination and scientific and geographical knowledge.9、難忘的人：

Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The most unforgettable Person I ever Know.You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below：

1、我生活中最難忘的人是，2、為什么他(或她)令我難以忘懷，3、結(jié)論。

In my life I have met a great many people who are really worth recalling.But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever know is my English teacher.What frequently brings back memories of my school teacher is his special qualities.First and foremost, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offer—an awakening of a passion for learning.He not only led us to an appreciation of the beauty and perfection of English language and literature, but also aroused our great interest in exploring something deeper in this field.Furthermore, I was attracted by his lively wit.I remember that we students always anticipated his class with great eagerness because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke chuckles or loud laughs.Although it is nearly two years since I attended his last class, he is the talk of our old classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.10、論述文框架：

Owing to the speedy economic development, the number of people who…h(huán)as considerably increased/declined.It is universally acknowledged that … plays a crucial role in modern society.Due attention has to be paid to the issue of….With the reform and opening-up in recent decades，people in mounting numbers have come to realize the significance of ….If we let this situation continue as it is, we do not know where humans will be in the forthcoming future.Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures.To begin with, we should appeal to the authorities to make strict laws to ….In addition, we should cultivate the awareness of people that … is essential to us.Only in this way can we reverse this disturbing trend illustrated above.

第二篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作

議論文

議論文是作者對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題或某件事進(jìn)行分析、評(píng)論，表明自己的觀點(diǎn)、立場(chǎng)、態(tài)度、看法、主張的一種文體。寫議論文要把握三性和三要素。三性指準(zhǔn)確性、鮮明性和生動(dòng)性。三要素指論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。

論點(diǎn)的基本要求：觀點(diǎn)正確，概括全面，見解新穎，有實(shí)際意義，要恰當(dāng)?shù)鼐C合運(yùn)用各種表達(dá)方式。

論據(jù)的基本要求，真實(shí)可靠、充分典型。

論證的基本要求：推理必須合乎邏輯，論證要講究順序，論證要符合正確的推理形式。簡(jiǎn)而言之，英語(yǔ)議論文共有三大特點(diǎn)：

1、觀點(diǎn)鮮明的開頭；

2、緊扣主題的結(jié)尾；

3、有主題句并且銜接自然的中間段落。

這三點(diǎn)當(dāng)中，第1、2點(diǎn)早已為絕大多數(shù)中國(guó)學(xué)生所熟知，因?yàn)殚_頭點(diǎn)題和結(jié)尾扣題同樣也是漢語(yǔ)文章的要求。

另外，英語(yǔ)文章和漢語(yǔ)不同的是段落的主題句一定要放在段首，而不能按照中文的寫作習(xí)慣放在段落的中間或者最后，在英文應(yīng)試寫作中更加如此。正因?yàn)闆](méi)有“主題句”的思想，所以中國(guó)學(xué)生在寫英語(yǔ)文章時(shí)經(jīng)常“想到什么，就寫什么”，這在英語(yǔ)議論文中是不能接受的。

常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞分為四類：

1、列舉類

列舉法常用在議論文中，當(dāng)作者提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)后，可通過(guò)列舉出一系列事實(shí)對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明或論證。

列舉類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：

first(ly), second(ly),...finally;for one thing, for another;on the one hand, on the other hand;moreover;furthermore;what's more;in addition;besides;first of all;in the first place, in the second place;(at)last;then;next;the last but not the least2、舉例類

舉例法是用事例或數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)中心觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明論證的方法，舉例類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：

for example;for instance;such as;like;take...for example;a case in point;namely;in other words;that is;especially;in particular3、比較和對(duì)比

比較是把兩種或兩種以上的事物進(jìn)行比較，以辨別出它們的相似之處；對(duì)比是將這些事物進(jìn)行對(duì)照，辨別其差異而指出各自的特征和本質(zhì)。這類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：

but;however;yet;otherwise;while;in contrast;by contrast;on the contrary;similarly;likewise;like;conversely;rather than;instead;on the other hand;equally;nevertheless;nonetheless;unlike;still;in the same way;compared with...4、因果類

as a result;since;because(of);thanks to;due to;owing to;for this reason;hence;thus;therefore;on this/that account;on account of;consequently5、總結(jié)類

總結(jié)法是指在表達(dá)了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或舉了一個(gè)例子后，進(jìn)行總結(jié)、給出概括，這類關(guān)聯(lián)詞有： in this case;according to;in a word;in brief;in short;to sum up.范文1：

Career or Family: which is more important?

When asked about their opinion of career and family, people always respond differently.Some people deem it more important to pursue their career, while there are always other people who argue that family should be the number one in one’s life.It goes without any question that career plays a key role in our life.In the very first place, career can give us an aim to live on.Without career, much of our living time will be certainly wasted.What’s more, career can provide us with a means to live on.Most of the people earn their income from a job.On the other hand, family is also an indispensable part of life, as many people will admit.Family is always regarded as a place where we can escape from troubles in life.In addition, we can obtain a sense of belonging to from family.Without it, anyone will feel lonely and desperate.In my opinion, career and family are not in opposition to each other.Rather, they can enhance each other so that one’s life can become better and better.Therefore, it’s not a choice between right and wrong, but one between ideal and practical.作文中可用的諺語(yǔ)或句子：

As a saying goes:俗話說(shuō)

1、A good beginning is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半。

2、An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.一日之計(jì)在于晨。

3、A good idler ,an old beggar.少壯不努力，老大徙傷悲。

4、Do as the Romans do.入鄉(xiāng)隨便俗。

5、Each coin has two sides.有利必有弊。

6、Failure is the mother of success.失敗是成功之母。

7、It is never too old to learn.活到老學(xué)到老。

8、Like father, like son.有其父，必有其子。

9、No cross, no crown.不見風(fēng)雨，怎見彩虹。

10、Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。

11、Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成12、Time flies.....時(shí)光飛逝。。

13、Look before you leap.(三思而后行。)

14、“No pains, no gains”.（沒(méi)有付出就沒(méi)有收獲）

15、As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides”.On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health.On the other hand, if you don’t deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health.So we should look at the matter from two sides.一．The main types of guided writing:

1.提綱式作文：

Directions:

Women make a great contribution to the progress of modern society.But there are still some people who don’t agree with it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper.Write an essay to the newspaper based on the following outline.1.Role of women in modern society

2.Prejudices and discrimination against women

3.My comment

You should write about 200 words within 40 minutes.Women play an important part in modern society.Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law and engineering.They comprise a large part of the workers in offices and factories.Many jobs they are engaged in are in line with their special capabilities of their sex.In addition, some of are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men.There are even some businesses which are run completely by women.It is obvious that women are making an outstanding contribution to the progress of modern society.There are, however, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways.In the first place, many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough.They believe that women are the weaker one, both physically and emotionally.According to them, a woman’s place is within the protective environment of the home.Secondly, most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males.Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only.In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than do women.Personally, I’m firmly standing on the side of those women right defenders.Since both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing.二、The structure of a paragraph and its development:

1.Structure of a paragraph: topic sentence, development sentence and concluding sentence.2.Ways of developing a paragraph:

1)Comparison and contrast(對(duì)比法)

2)Cause and effect(因果法)

3)Exemplification(舉例法)

4)Generalization and qualification(概述法)

5)Argument(議論法)

三、Some sentence patterns commonly-used in controlled writing :---關(guān)于利弊、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的句型：

have the advantage of ?..(有?.方面的長(zhǎng)處)

benefit sb/sth.(對(duì)?有好處)

benefit from sth.(由于?.而受益)

do(a lot of)good to sb.(對(duì)?.有許多好處)

be good for sb./sth.(對(duì)?.有益)

do damage to sth./damage sth.(對(duì)?.造成損害)

be as(not so)good/great as ??

not so much ? as ?(與其說(shuō)?,不如說(shuō)?)

---說(shuō)明原因的句型：

1.There are some manygood reasons for? to do sth

Example: There are two reasons for the changes in people’s living conditions.First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy.Second, our national economy is developing rapidly and the birth rate has been put under control.2.We have two good reasons for ?

3.The reasons for ? is that + 從句

--表示不同看法的句型：

1.Different peoplehave hold different opinionviewon

this questionproblem

Some believe that ?Others argue that ?Still others maintain that ?譯：人們對(duì)國(guó)際文化交流的看法各不相同。有些人認(rèn)為，國(guó)際文化交流能促進(jìn)各國(guó)人民之間的友誼和了解。另一些人則爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)，中國(guó)是一個(gè)具有5000年歷史的文明古國(guó)，并且有自己的傳統(tǒng)文化，它和西方文化截然不同。因此，他們反對(duì)國(guó)際文化交流。我認(rèn)為，第2種看法是片面的。現(xiàn)在國(guó)際文化交流是非常重要的。各國(guó)人民應(yīng)該互相了解、互相學(xué)習(xí)以便增進(jìn)友誼。

People differ in their opinions on the international cultural exchange.Some believe that international cultural exchange contributes to the friendship and understanding of the people all over the world.Others argue that China is an ancient civilized nation with a history of 5000 years and has its own

traditional culture, which is quite different from that in the western countries.Therefore, they are opposed to the international cultural exchange.In my opinion, the second view is one-sided and partial.The international cultural exchange is of great importance now.People of all countries should understand each other and learn from each other to enhance the friendship among them.1.They are quite different from each other in their opinions.2.Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family.Example: Parents and children think differently on this question.Parents hold that children should work hard and do well at school.Children, however, maintain that they should have freedom to spend their leisure time and to plan for their own future.---表示必須、緊急、有困難做某事的句型：

1.It is important(necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable)for sb.To do sth.2.have trouble difficulty(in)doing sth.(有困難做某事)

have trouble with sth.(對(duì)?有困難，不好對(duì)付)

---關(guān)于因果關(guān)系的句型：

1.The reason for higher prices was an increase in demand.because as since causesresult in thereforeas a resultbecause of---辯論中常用的句型：

1.There is no doubt that ?毫無(wú)疑問(wèn) 2.It is obvious/clear that 明顯?

3.As is known all眾所周知4.(It’s)no wonder?(難怪)

5.It goes without saying that ?(不成問(wèn)題，很自然)

6.What is more important更重要的是7.I am convinced that我堅(jiān)信

第三篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作

Exercise

For this part, you are allowed 30minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling.You should write at least 120words following the outline given below:

1.如今不少學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中不重視拼寫

2.出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因是……

3.為了改變這種狀況，我認(rèn)為……

Outline：

I.fewer and fewer students pay attention to their word-spelling

1.can only imitate the pronunciation of a word but be incapable of spelling it

II.There are some causes for it

1.fewer and fewer students need to write English essays

2.the goal of most students to learn English is to speak it and pass the examination

3.the wide use of electronic devices such as e-dictionaries and computers

III.Measures should be taken to solve the problem.1.we need to attach great importance to word-spelling.2.should write English as much as they can

3.the dictations should be reinforced in the class.滿分范文：

Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling

Nowadays, students attach less importance to the spelling of words in the process of English study.This phenomenon greatly influences students’ writing and brings on worries among teachers.There are possibly three reasons contributing to this phenomenon.First, exam-oriented education makes the students pay less attention to spelling.Second, some teachers should also be responsible for it because they don’t emphasize the importance of spelling during teaching.Last but not least, some students are too lazy to recite words.Since spelling is one of the most important factors in English study, due attention should be given to it.As for me, I think, first, exams should be modified to add some factors into it, which would help student pay more attention to spelling.Then, schools should also set effective mechanisms to help teachers as well as the students to realize the importance.Finally, for students themselves, they can, through other ways, make them be interested in word spelling.Only by these can we surly realize the importance of spelling and make improvement.大學(xué)生應(yīng)該學(xué)選擇什么書讀？

Reading regularly has long become a common part of people’s life.And reading preference has always aroused the greatest concern.What impresses us most is according to the table, the percentage of book circulation in an American university library, which shows that the circulation of popular fictions, general nonfictions, science/technology/education books and art/ literature/poetry books accounts for 65.9%,18.2%,10.8%and 5.1% respectively.The reasons for the phenomenon are varied.Among the various reasons, the appealing content of the popular fictions plays an important part.That is to say, thanks to its appealing plot, popular fictions attract more people than other

types of books do.What is more, science and art books which require readers’ knowledge on

relevant fields are highly demanding.For example, it’s hard for students majoring in chemistry to

understand Browning’s poems, and vice versa.When talking about my reading preference, I think I prefer to science books.On the one hand,in order to deepen what I’m specializing in, I need read more books relevant to my major.On the

other hand, these books can also broaden our horizons.In brief, college students should choose

books according to their interests and needs.2.對(duì)比選擇型作文模板

1.Different people have different views on——

2.Some people prefer,——.3.Others tend to, ——.4.As to me, I agree with /to ——

5.Of course,——.6.For example,——

7.But,——

8.The following reasons can account for my preference——

9.The main reason is ——.10.A good example to illustrate is ——

11.Fur another,——

12.From the foregoing（綜上所述）,——

1．開門見山直入主體，表明對(duì)某事人們的不同看法。(上述12點(diǎn)譯文)

2．表明一部分人的看法。

3．另一部分的看法。

4．作者的看法。

5．承認(rèn)自己不贊同的看法有一定的合理性。

6.舉例說(shuō)明支持第五句。轉(zhuǎn)折指出這種觀點(diǎn)的不足。啟下句過(guò)度到下段具體闡述自己所支持的觀點(diǎn)的理由。

9.支持觀點(diǎn)的理由一。

10.舉例說(shuō)明理由一。

11.理由二。

12.總結(jié)全文，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看來(lái)。

Is a test of spoken necessary?

A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English

Test(CET).Different people have different views on it.Some prefer to have such a test.Others

tend to decline any kind of test of spoken English.As to me, I agree with the first statement.Of course, a test of spoken English is very difficult to handle and the test time is not long

enough to fully display participants’ ability to spoken in English.For example, if a candidate

draws a topic which he or she is not familiar with, it’s hard to show his or her command of spoken

English.But without such a test, some people may not have motivation to practise spoken English.The following reasons can account for my preference.The main reason is that such a test enhances college students’ awareness of the importance

of spoken English.A good example to illustrate is that several years ago, college students only

stressed reading and writing skills, ignoring to building up listening and speaking ability.For

another, a certificate of such a test will make job-hunting easier.From the foregoing, I think a test

of spoken English is of necessity.3.問(wèn)題解決型作文模板

1.Withthedevelopment/improvementof ——,——.2.It is necessary that——.3.On the one hand, ——.4.On the other hand, ——

5.Therefore, how to —— is worth paying attention.6.Firstly——7.Secondly——

8.For example,——9.Thirdly, ——.10.In other words,——

11.In fact, ways to —— are countless.12.It’s time that ——

1．空格一處鋪墊，空格二處填寫某一問(wèn)題。

2．關(guān)注解決現(xiàn)象引出的問(wèn)題很必要

3．解決問(wèn)題很必要的理由一。

4．解決問(wèn)題很必要的理由二。

5．承上啟下，填要解決的問(wèn)題。

6.解決辦法一。解決辦法二。

8.舉例解釋解決辦法二。

9.解決辦法三。

10.闡明解決辦法三。

11.指出解決問(wèn)題的辦法多種多樣。

12.強(qiáng)調(diào)解決問(wèn)題時(shí)不可待。

Reduce Waste on Campus

With the improvement of living standard, waste on campus is increasingly serious.It is

necessary that something should be done to reduce waste on campus.On the one hand, our waste

has already caused a great loss of precious resources, such as water and electricity.On the other

hand, our waste adds our parents as well as our society a burden.Therefore, how to eliminate waste on campus is worth paying attention.Firstly, we should

turn off the light when we leave our dorms or classrooms so as to save electricity as much as

possible.Secondly, we should stop wasting water when we bath, or wash clothes and dishes.For

example, we should use a basin when we clean faces.Thirdly, we should be economical.In other

words, when go shopping, we should buy only what we really need.In fact, the ways to reduce waste on campus are countless.It’s time that we cultivate the

habit of thrift in every possible way.4.觀點(diǎn)論證型作文模板

1.It is true that——.2.However,——.3.I think——.4.—— can be listed as follow.5.First of all, ——

6.Secondly ——

7.For example——

8.Thirdly,——

9.A case in point is ——.10.It goes without saying that ——

11.There is no doubt that ——

12.In conclusion ——

1．提出普遍存在地觀點(diǎn)。

2．談不同地觀點(diǎn)。

3．自己地觀點(diǎn)，即文章地論點(diǎn)4．過(guò)度句，轉(zhuǎn)折到觀點(diǎn)地論證，由題目選擇具體的詞。5．論

證理由一

6．論證理由二。

7．舉例具體說(shuō)明理由二。

8.論證理由三。

9.舉例說(shuō)明理由三。

10.提出執(zhí)行該觀點(diǎn)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)。

11.得出結(jié)論。

12.總結(jié)全文。

It Pays to Be Honest

It is true that most of us value honesty highly.However, nowadays we often confront

confidence crisis such as cheating, overcharging, fake commodities, etc.I think that we should be

honest.The reasons can be listed as follows.Firstly, only honest people can be truly respected by the others and can make more friends

over a long period of time.Secondly, honesty, which is the traditional virtue of the Chinese people,can make our life easier and more harmonious.For example, consumers will not be afraid of being

overcharged if dealers are honest, and on the contrary dealers can win more customers.Thirdly,honesty can make our society more stable.A case in point is that Singapore which is a society of

trustworthiness and integrity has a comparatively low criminal rate.It goes without saying that being honesty is of benefit to both the collective and the

individual.There is no doubt that we should foster the spirit of honesty.In conclusion, laying

stress on honesty will become the public morals in our society.應(yīng)用文作文模板

建議信模板

Dear——

1.I am delighted to learn that——.2.It——.3.In my opinion,——.4.On the one hand,——.5.On the other hand, ——

6.As to the——, I suggest——.7.If ——

8.It is unnecessary for you to——

9.In addition,——.10.I am sure——

11.Please inform me ——

12.I am looking forward to ——

1．寫信的原因。

2．引出作者的建議。

3．表達(dá)建議內(nèi)容。

4．提出建議的理由一。

5．建議的理由二。

6．具體到某一方面的建議內(nèi)容。

7．供被建議人選擇的條件。

8．建議內(nèi)容的另一方面。

9．其它的建議。

10．對(duì)建議內(nèi)容的評(píng)價(jià)。

11.對(duì)建議內(nèi)容所做出的承諾。

12.表達(dá)個(gè)人的愿望。

Sincerel

Signature:(個(gè)人簽名)

A Letter to a Schoolmate

June 7th, 2010

Dear Wang,I am delighted to learn that you will visit me for a week during this national days.It has been

several years since we departed last time, and I am looking forward to your visit.In my opinion,Nanjing is your best choice for this holiday.On the one hand, there are many places of interest and

historical sites in Nanjing.On the other hand, Nanjing is a cultural center with various artistic and

musical performances.As to the famous sites, I suggest that you should visit the Confucius Temple and Dr.Sun

Yat-sen Mausoleum.If you are interested in parks, the XXX park will be your best choice.It is not

necessary for you to bring anything except your sweaters since it is a little chill in the evening.In

addition, as there will be many people at the railway station, you should not leave your belongings

unattended!I am sure you will enjoy your visit in Nanjing.Please inform me once you have made your decision.I am looking forward to seeing you

soon.，yours

Sincerely Yours,Zhang Ying

第四篇：初中英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)中存在的問(wèn)題及應(yīng)對(duì)措施

初中英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)中存在的問(wèn)題及應(yīng)對(duì)措施 作者單位：甘肅省華亭縣西華初中 西華初中—高紅

摘要:當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)初中英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)仍然存在一些不足，而造成這些不足的原因通常是因?yàn)槟刚Z(yǔ)影響、教師教學(xué)模式問(wèn)題、學(xué)生英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)參差不齊等。筆者總結(jié)自身多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，針對(duì)當(dāng)前初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)存在的不足，提出提升初中英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)的幾點(diǎn)措施。關(guān)鍵詞:初中英語(yǔ)；寫作教學(xué)；問(wèn)題；措施

英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)能力是初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的基本要求，其同時(shí)也是中考英語(yǔ)試題中的關(guān)鍵部分。書面表達(dá)能力主要是對(duì)學(xué)生所學(xué)習(xí)的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)進(jìn)行考察，學(xué)生采用書面的方式實(shí)施信息交流，描述生活道理，表達(dá)自身想法與意見的能力。英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)屬于初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中薄弱的一環(huán)。怎么提升初中英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)的效率，進(jìn)而提升初中學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)寫作能力，是當(dāng)前初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中急需解決的問(wèn)題。

一、目前初中英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)存在的不足

（1）漢語(yǔ)的邏輯思維來(lái)構(gòu)建英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序。初中生在日常英語(yǔ)表達(dá)的時(shí)候常常會(huì)套用中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，也就是通常所說(shuō)的“中式英語(yǔ)”，包含一些習(xí)慣的語(yǔ)言用法、單詞構(gòu)成以及語(yǔ)法等。例如：我非常喜歡這個(gè)狗。將這句話翻成英語(yǔ)，許多學(xué)生都可能寫成I very much like the dog。初中生習(xí)慣了母語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式，將副詞放在需要修飾的動(dòng)詞前面，而英語(yǔ)中卻是恰好相反的。所以，正確的翻譯應(yīng)該是I like the dog very much。此外，還存在一些非常常見的錯(cuò)誤，比如中文語(yǔ)句中不能表達(dá)be這個(gè)單詞，而be這個(gè)單詞在英語(yǔ)句子中根本沒(méi)有實(shí)際的表達(dá)意義，因此非常容易被初中生漏掉。I doing homework now是初中生非常容易出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。而在英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的組成是，be+v+ing的形式，所以正確的句子應(yīng)該是I am doing homework now。The boy is old enough to dress himself，學(xué)生大多數(shù)會(huì)寫成enough old。因此，在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)課堂中，教師要注意發(fā)現(xiàn)初中生的這些不足，及時(shí)給予糾正。

（2）一個(gè)主語(yǔ)多個(gè)謂語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)句子中都是含有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)與一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，其他的動(dòng)詞通常都是以非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式出現(xiàn)出來(lái)。比如，I went home watched TV yesterday.應(yīng)把watch TV 改為不定式短語(yǔ)，必須要在動(dòng)詞前面加to。教師在英語(yǔ)課堂中要正確指引初中生怎么使用不定式等非謂語(yǔ)形式。

（3）文章主次不明，層次不清，語(yǔ)篇布局能力弱。初中生受到中文的影響，通常在用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行表達(dá)的時(shí)候會(huì)不自覺的采用逗號(hào)，一直到表達(dá)完中止。而逗號(hào)在英語(yǔ)與中文中的使用還存在著一些差別的，初中生這樣使用就嚴(yán)重影響了文章表達(dá)的效果。與此同時(shí)，還對(duì)文章連貫性有一定的影響，主題表達(dá)之間缺少有機(jī)的聯(lián)系。再加上拼寫方面、大小寫以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等的錯(cuò)誤，問(wèn)題就比較嚴(yán)重了。(4)用語(yǔ)不當(dāng)。英語(yǔ)詞匯非常豐富，表達(dá)某種含義要選擇合適的詞，如The boy is handsome。不能說(shuō)成 The boy is beautiful。如個(gè)子高用tall，不能用big或long?？梢娪⑽谋磉_(dá)應(yīng)認(rèn)真選擇詞句。做到詞應(yīng)達(dá)意，語(yǔ)句通順。（5）語(yǔ)篇組織能力差，文章主題不突出。英語(yǔ)中連接詞很多如表順序的：first，second，next, then, finally.表列舉的such as，for example等等。（6）時(shí)態(tài)吳用，各種時(shí)態(tài)在作文中亂用，如寫日記應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，學(xué)生按照自己的想法亂用各種時(shí)態(tài)。有些同學(xué)甚至不知道時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成。

二、具體的英語(yǔ)寫作寫作能力提高的措施

（1）積累詞匯，豐富寫作。我們說(shuō)的每個(gè)句子，每段話都是由一個(gè)個(gè)詞匯構(gòu)成的，一個(gè)人要聽懂別人的意思，或清楚地表達(dá)自己的思想感情，首先必須積累一定量的詞匯。A、分類識(shí)記詞匯。隨著學(xué)生所學(xué)詞匯量的增加，如果沒(méi)有分類識(shí)記，很容易發(fā)生混淆和記憶零亂的現(xiàn)象。各類詞匯通過(guò)整理、分類，再加以識(shí)記，更便于口語(yǔ)表達(dá)和寫作。例如：描寫人物的：tall., fat , nice, cute 等。常用動(dòng)詞詞組：read book, fly kites, ride bike等。學(xué)生識(shí)記這些常用詞匯，就好比有了寫作武器，在寫作中就能做到得心應(yīng)手、靈活運(yùn)用。B、積累好句。對(duì)于閱讀課文和課外練習(xí)中優(yōu)美語(yǔ)句，常用句型可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生摘抄、識(shí)記。在寫作中學(xué)生便會(huì)靈活運(yùn)用，使文章寫得更生動(dòng)。例如：在一篇看圖寫作中，有的學(xué)生就運(yùn)用課文中的語(yǔ)句:The sun is shining.The birds are singing in the trees.生動(dòng)地表達(dá)圖片內(nèi)容。

（2）每節(jié)課前5分鐘口語(yǔ)交際，后練習(xí)寫作?？谡Z(yǔ)交際是人們生活中的主要交際形式，學(xué)生能用簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)互致問(wèn)候，交換個(gè)人、家庭和朋友的簡(jiǎn)單信息。在寫作教學(xué)中，應(yīng)通過(guò)口語(yǔ)交際激發(fā)學(xué)生寫作欲望，讓他們感到有內(nèi)容可寫。常見的形式有：圍繞主題進(jìn)行口語(yǔ)交際和看圖說(shuō)話。教師可以設(shè)置一個(gè)學(xué)生比較熟悉的主題。如： My Family, My Friend等，讓學(xué)生圍繞主題進(jìn)行相關(guān)的口語(yǔ)交際，從而獲得真實(shí)的信息用于寫作。如：My Friend可以通過(guò)以下問(wèn)題展開進(jìn)行口語(yǔ)交際：What’s your friend’s name? How old is she/he? What does she /he like? What’s her/his favorite food?...交流后，學(xué)生便歸納出朋友的相關(guān)信息，如：Lucy is my good friend.She is twelve.She likes dancing.Her favorite food is bread.等。在寫作中，學(xué)生往往觀察片面沒(méi)有條理，想象不夠豐富。這時(shí)教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生有條理的觀察，并加以合理想象，描述出天氣、周圍環(huán)境、人物動(dòng)作及情感，使短文寫得更精彩。

（3）明確時(shí)態(tài)，對(duì)比寫作。在初中一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)和一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)6種時(shí)態(tài)。在平時(shí)閱讀教學(xué)中，教師應(yīng)有意識(shí)的引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過(guò)觀察、分析、比較相關(guān)句型，歸納出各種時(shí)態(tài)的特征及構(gòu)成形式。在對(duì)比中，明確各種時(shí)態(tài)表示不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作及基本構(gòu)成形式。如：一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式 be(am,is,are)going to + 動(dòng)詞原形等。只有在充分了解、明確各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成和使用范圍的前提下，學(xué)生才會(huì)寫出簡(jiǎn)單、正確的句子，避免出現(xiàn)因?yàn)闀r(shí)態(tài)混淆而出現(xiàn)的病句。在寫作指導(dǎo)中，還要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的審題能力，如：寫“你和你的家人昨晚都吃了什么”，看到“昨晚”就應(yīng)該想到用過(guò)去時(shí)，動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式。又如：寫“你的夢(mèng)想”，就要用一般將來(lái)時(shí)等。只要認(rèn)真審題，結(jié)合所學(xué)的時(shí)態(tài)，學(xué)生就能寫出正確的語(yǔ)句。其次，可以通過(guò)對(duì)比寫作，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生舉一反三，加深印象。如介紹自己：My name is ?I’m twelve.I like apples.I can play basketball? 接著，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考怎樣描述自己的朋友。通過(guò)交流、討論，學(xué)生創(chuàng)造出了新句子：Mike is my good friend.He is eleven.He likes milk.He can swim?.在模仿、比較中，學(xué)生很快明確了由于人稱變化所帶來(lái)的區(qū)別。這樣的寫作既輕松而且記得牢。

（4）相互交流、激勵(lì)評(píng)價(jià)。寫作完成后，教師可以組織學(xué)生小組交流閱讀、修改。寫得好的習(xí)作，可以粘貼在學(xué)習(xí)園地供其他同學(xué)閱讀、學(xué)習(xí)。對(duì)于學(xué)生個(gè)體的進(jìn)步、發(fā)展，教師應(yīng)及時(shí)肯定，充分鼓勵(lì)，從而增強(qiáng)他們的寫作信心。另外，教師應(yīng)及時(shí)批改作文，盡量面批，對(duì)全班同學(xué)容易出錯(cuò)的進(jìn)行集體講評(píng)。通過(guò)批改、講評(píng)，讓學(xué)生明確到錯(cuò)誤的原因，增強(qiáng)認(rèn)識(shí)，從而提高寫作能力。（5）了解中西方文化差異，培養(yǎng)英語(yǔ)思維能力。在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，我們不僅要全面培養(yǎng)學(xué)生聽、說(shuō)、讀、寫四種能力，更要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)思維能力，排除他們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)實(shí)踐中的障礙。在課外，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生多閱讀課外書，收看相關(guān)電視節(jié)目，影像資料等，拓寬知識(shí)，豐富對(duì)中西方文化的了解，從而對(duì)自己的表達(dá)作出正確判斷。

總之，農(nóng)村初中寫作教學(xué)是一個(gè)艱辛而漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程。我們?cè)陂喿x教學(xué)的同時(shí)，應(yīng)關(guān)注學(xué)生英語(yǔ)的積累和運(yùn)用，從而提高寫作的能力，為今后的英語(yǔ)寫作打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。

第五篇：探析英語(yǔ)寫作中存在的問(wèn)題及應(yīng)對(duì)策略

摘要：寫作教學(xué)是大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。傳統(tǒng)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的指導(dǎo)思想和教學(xué)方式上的某些傾向是制約學(xué)生寫作能力提高的一大障礙。針對(duì)這些問(wèn)題，教師應(yīng)結(jié)合學(xué)生的實(shí)際，改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法，使寫作具有趣味性和針對(duì)性，對(duì)學(xué)生寫作的評(píng)估既要有結(jié)果評(píng)估又要有過(guò)程評(píng)估，從而培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)寫作能力。

關(guān)鍵詞：寫作 教學(xué) 問(wèn)題 策略

寫作是一種思維活動(dòng)，是學(xué)生表達(dá)思想的方式。英語(yǔ)寫作能力訓(xùn)練是發(fā)展學(xué)生思維能力和表達(dá)能力的有效途徑，也是衡量英語(yǔ)教學(xué)效果的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。我國(guó)新修訂的《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》明確指出:“本大綱的最終目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生具有以書面或口頭進(jìn)行交際的能力?！庇纱丝梢?，寫作教學(xué)已經(jīng)成為大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中不可或缺的重要組成部分，是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者必須掌握的一項(xiàng)基本技能。但是長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，由于各種主客觀因素的制約，英語(yǔ)寫作未能受到應(yīng)有的重視。本文擬針對(duì)英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)中的存在問(wèn)題，探求提高學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫作能力的現(xiàn)實(shí)路徑。

一、學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫作中的存在問(wèn)題及原因分析

筆者在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)，大多數(shù)學(xué)生上交的英語(yǔ)作文很明顯的是一次成稿。通常存在以下方面的問(wèn)題：作文思路狹窄，文章結(jié)構(gòu)松散，缺乏邏輯性，內(nèi)容膚淺空乏，說(shuō)明文、議論文等體裁的作文尤其如此；語(yǔ)法、詞序或拼寫等表層錯(cuò)誤較多，即使是一些最基本的、在初中階段就學(xué)到的單詞、語(yǔ)法在寫作中也會(huì)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤；詞匯貧乏，大部分學(xué)生會(huì)使用高中或初中學(xué)過(guò)的簡(jiǎn)單詞匯、詞組和句型，而很少使用在大學(xué)里所學(xué)的新詞匯和詞組；對(duì)于教師費(fèi)心費(fèi)時(shí)所做的作文評(píng)語(yǔ)，學(xué)生似乎視而不見。同樣的錯(cuò)誤學(xué)生屢犯不改，無(wú)視教師辛勤的勞動(dòng)。在實(shí)際的寫作教學(xué)中，教師把作文題目布置給學(xué)生，一方面許多學(xué)生敷衍了事，甚至互相抄襲；另一方面，教師由于學(xué)生上交的作文數(shù)量多、批改量大而無(wú)法做到面面俱到，不能進(jìn)行細(xì)致、具體的修改和批注，因而學(xué)生不能及時(shí)得到反饋并調(diào)整自己的寫作方法。長(zhǎng)此以往，寫作往往流于形式，從而成為英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)最為薄弱的環(huán)節(jié)。從主觀上看，盡管許多教師對(duì)聽、說(shuō)、讀、寫、譯五項(xiàng)技能并重已達(dá)成共識(shí),但在具體教學(xué)過(guò)程中，由于長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)教師不得不同時(shí)承擔(dān)著非常繁重的教學(xué)任務(wù)和多門課教學(xué)，只好整天忙于繁重的備課、上課、作業(yè)批改。這使得廣大英語(yǔ)教師無(wú)暇在業(yè)余時(shí)間深入研究每一項(xiàng)技能的具體培養(yǎng)步驟和方式、方法，只能疲于應(yīng)付和沿用傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式開展教學(xué)，根本無(wú)法就寫作自身的特點(diǎn)和學(xué)生的實(shí)際寫作能力進(jìn)行評(píng)估，從而設(shè)計(jì)出一套完整、系統(tǒng)、科學(xué)的教學(xué)計(jì)劃；此外，在傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式中，由于第二語(yǔ)言不同于母語(yǔ)的特殊性，教師在教學(xué)意識(shí)上普遍存在著重語(yǔ)言知識(shí)講解、輕言語(yǔ)和表達(dá)技能訓(xùn)練的認(rèn)識(shí)偏差，導(dǎo)致學(xué)生寫作能力的低下。

二、學(xué)生寫作障礙調(diào)查及結(jié)果分析

為了幫助學(xué)生解決以上問(wèn)題，筆者對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行了問(wèn)卷調(diào)查，幫助學(xué)生分析他們?cè)趯懽鞣矫娲嬖诘膯?wèn)題，并提出解決問(wèn)題的方法。筆者對(duì)所任教的英語(yǔ)系三個(gè)班級(jí)165名學(xué)生進(jìn)行了問(wèn)卷調(diào)查和個(gè)人訪談，收集到了關(guān)于學(xué)生對(duì)作文的態(tài)度、他們的寫作過(guò)程以及對(duì)教師反饋的態(tài)度等方面的有關(guān)資料。同時(shí)，筆者也通過(guò)與同事討論，查閱有關(guān)資料等方式內(nèi)省自身的寫作教學(xué)理念、教學(xué)方法和教學(xué)效果等方面內(nèi)容。談到英語(yǔ)寫作經(jīng)歷，僅有4%的學(xué)生把寫作看成是愉快的經(jīng)歷。大部分學(xué)生則抱著非常無(wú)奈的態(tài)度，敷衍了事。還有20%的學(xué)生承認(rèn)“怕寫作，錯(cuò)誤到處都是，很灰心”。還有位學(xué)生說(shuō)“我就不知道寫什么，想到哪寫到哪”。問(wèn)到對(duì)英語(yǔ)寫作的看法，覺得寫作很“重要”的學(xué)生高達(dá)78%，“有意思”的8%，“枯燥乏味”“不喜歡”的45%，引人注目的是約85%的學(xué)生對(duì)寫作沒(méi)有信心，認(rèn)為寫作“太難”。

調(diào)查結(jié)果表明：第一，學(xué)生在寫作之前不能規(guī)劃自己的寫作，竟有80%的學(xué)生承認(rèn)自己寫作過(guò)程中不列提綱，在上交作文前也未加以任何修改。其二，學(xué)生對(duì)寫作缺乏興趣，加上語(yǔ)言基本功不夠扎實(shí)，使得學(xué)生思路狹窄，內(nèi)容和詞匯空乏。其三，教師所采用的傳統(tǒng)的寫作教學(xué)方法在很大程度上縱容了學(xué)生的依賴心理。操作主要分三步：教師命題——學(xué)生寫作——教師批改。在這種模式下，學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)寫作是處于一個(gè)孤立的環(huán)境，主要以閱讀別人的寫作然后模仿為主，第一稿通常也是最后一稿，寫作的內(nèi)容和寫作的過(guò)程往往被忽視。通常教師采用的是先分析范文，然后讓學(xué)生模仿范文寫作，接著教師批改作文，最后全班評(píng)述。這種以教師為中心的教學(xué)方法使得教師對(duì)范文的講解控制了課堂，牽引著學(xué)生的思考，使大部分學(xué)生養(yǎng)成了被動(dòng)模仿的習(xí)慣，結(jié)果往往是學(xué)生的作文結(jié)構(gòu)相似，內(nèi)容大同小異，更無(wú)思想可言。其四，教師對(duì)于學(xué)生作文的反饋也存在不少問(wèn)題。在作文評(píng)改過(guò)程中，教師一般只是瀏覽全文，標(biāo)上一些批改符號(hào)，然后教師就全文大概內(nèi)容，語(yǔ)言表達(dá)等給出主觀印象分，寫上一些籠統(tǒng)的評(píng)語(yǔ)。再加上教師批改學(xué)生作文缺乏系統(tǒng)，且批改符號(hào)不一致，隨意性大，使得反饋的有效度大打折扣。在筆者的問(wèn)卷調(diào)查中，約過(guò)半數(shù)的學(xué)生拿到作文后只關(guān)心自己的得分和周圍同學(xué)的得分，而對(duì)于教師指出的錯(cuò)誤卻視而不見。還有不少學(xué)生反映他們不知道教師的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，認(rèn)為教師的評(píng)語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有提供修改的信息，因而令他們無(wú)從下手修改。

三、提高學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫作能力的應(yīng)對(duì)策略

1.選擇適當(dāng)?shù)挠⒄Z(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)模式

寫作的教學(xué)模式大體可分為三類：重結(jié)果的教學(xué)模式、重內(nèi)容的教學(xué)模式和重過(guò)程的教學(xué)模式。重結(jié)果的寫作教學(xué)是一種比較傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式，該教學(xué)模式強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)法、句法、詞匯和拼寫等句子層面上的教學(xué)，寫作的內(nèi)容和寫作的過(guò)程往往被忽視。重內(nèi)容的寫作教學(xué)比較注重寫作素材的收集。該教學(xué)雖可使學(xué)生運(yùn)用原有的知識(shí)，還能借助新獲取的信息開闊視野，豐富寫作內(nèi)容，但同時(shí)要求學(xué)習(xí)者必須具備一定的閱讀能力，對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)者的現(xiàn)有語(yǔ)言能力要求較高，不適合低中級(jí)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者。由于寫作本身的過(guò)程性和我所任教學(xué)生的現(xiàn)有水平，重過(guò)程的教學(xué)模式不失為一種比較科學(xué)的教學(xué)模式。因?yàn)檫^(guò)程教學(xué)法將學(xué)生和學(xué)生的需求置于師生間交互學(xué)習(xí)的中心。該寫作模式的操作主要有以下幾步：寫前準(zhǔn)備、寫初稿、修改、寫第二稿、教師批改講評(píng)幾個(gè)階段，教學(xué)力求營(yíng)造一種教學(xué)氛圍使師生能夠共享信息，相互幫助，同時(shí)把寫作視為一個(gè)過(guò)程，認(rèn)識(shí)到第一稿只是這個(gè)過(guò)程的開始，通過(guò)與其他同學(xué)合作評(píng)估，學(xué)生能夠切實(shí)看到自己的努力和進(jìn)步。

2.提高學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫作的趣味性與針對(duì)性

在以往寫作教學(xué)中，總是教師命題，不能激發(fā)學(xué)生的寫作興趣。如果能使學(xué)生為真正的讀者而寫，為真正的目的而寫，將寫作與學(xué)生的需求聯(lián)系起來(lái)，則可大大激發(fā)學(xué)生的寫作興趣，不依賴任何現(xiàn)成材料而以學(xué)生已有知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)和自身生活經(jīng)歷為創(chuàng)作源泉，以同學(xué)為讀者進(jìn)行寫作交際，如編寫電子郵件等。這樣的互動(dòng)還可以進(jìn)一步延伸到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，一切從熟悉的人和事寫起，既為學(xué)生提供了豐富的寫作素材，也帶給讀者產(chǎn)生共鳴的基礎(chǔ)。還可根據(jù)畢業(yè)班學(xué)生的實(shí)際需求布置學(xué)生寫留言條、邀請(qǐng)函、求職信、個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷等來(lái)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生充當(dāng)各種社會(huì)角色需要的寫作能力。在具體的教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，我采用“學(xué)生習(xí)作選”方式教學(xué)，收到良好效果。大體流程如下：學(xué)期初確定作文選題——收集材料——初稿——二稿——集中講評(píng)——定稿——自選優(yōu)秀文章——學(xué)期末匯集成冊(cè)，在每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生自評(píng)、互評(píng)，教師學(xué)生雙向互動(dòng)，讓學(xué)生客觀地認(rèn)識(shí)到其在一學(xué)期的寫作教學(xué)中所取得的進(jìn)步，增強(qiáng)其成就感。同時(shí)它也提供了一種學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)自身優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的機(jī)制，學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)寫作興趣大大增強(qiáng)，寫作能力顯著提高。

3.注重結(jié)果評(píng)估與過(guò)程評(píng)估的有效結(jié)合對(duì)寫作結(jié)果的評(píng)估也就是學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)的評(píng)價(jià)，結(jié)果評(píng)估通常以“等級(jí)”的方式進(jìn)行，在傳統(tǒng)

教學(xué)中，教師的責(zé)任是批改學(xué)生的每份作業(yè)并給每份作業(yè)劃個(gè)等級(jí)，學(xué)生的作業(yè)常常滿篇都是教師的紅筆，不僅使學(xué)生對(duì)寫作失去了信心，也增加了教師的負(fù)擔(dān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有建設(shè)性、鼓勵(lì)性的反饋，加之寫作內(nèi)容和寫作過(guò)程的評(píng)估有助于學(xué)生寫作水平的提高，有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)寫作的正確態(tài)度。表?yè)P(yáng)比糾錯(cuò)更重要，過(guò)分糾錯(cuò)有傷學(xué)生的自尊，在學(xué)生幾經(jīng)校稿以后，教師應(yīng)給予適當(dāng)?shù)姆答?。過(guò)程評(píng)估一般在寫作過(guò)程中進(jìn)行，可由教師進(jìn)行評(píng)估，也可由學(xué)生以討論的方式進(jìn)行，也可由學(xué)生自評(píng)。在互評(píng)的討論中，教師可以給學(xué)生提供可參考的問(wèn)題，這些對(duì)互評(píng)的成功起關(guān)鍵性的作用。

通過(guò)本學(xué)期過(guò)程教學(xué)法的實(shí)施運(yùn)用，寫作活動(dòng)滿足了學(xué)生的即時(shí)需求，在寫前活動(dòng)和修改活動(dòng)中采用的小組活動(dòng)，增加了學(xué)生間的交流，學(xué)生通過(guò)討論交流寫作方面的意見，從而使自己的寫作逐步完善，學(xué)生的寫作積極性得到極大的鼓勵(lì)和調(diào)動(dòng)，通過(guò)寫作中的自評(píng)、互評(píng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力得以有效培養(yǎng)、鍛煉，學(xué)生的作文在內(nèi)容、觀點(diǎn)、結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)言等方面有了顯著提高。筆者以前所面臨的問(wèn)題，基本上得到了解決。

寫作是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的復(fù)雜的心理認(rèn)知過(guò)程、思維創(chuàng)作過(guò)程和社會(huì)交互過(guò)程。中間的每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都折射著英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的力度及學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的實(shí)際水準(zhǔn)。教師只有不斷提高專業(yè)素養(yǎng)，積極研究各家教學(xué)法之長(zhǎng)，并付諸實(shí)踐，才能在目前課多、任務(wù)重的環(huán)境下，發(fā)揮主觀能動(dòng)性，積極想辦法與學(xué)生切身交流溝通。在認(rèn)真研究國(guó)外優(yōu)秀教學(xué)理論和方法的基礎(chǔ)上，改進(jìn)傳統(tǒng)的寫作教學(xué)方法，探索適合中國(guó)國(guó)情的教學(xué)方法，從而增強(qiáng)學(xué)生寫作的主動(dòng)性和積極性。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

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