第一篇:關(guān)于研究紙橋結(jié)構(gòu)與強(qiáng)度分析的立項(xiàng)研究申請(qǐng)書
“紙橋的結(jié)構(gòu)與強(qiáng)度分析”立項(xiàng)研究申請(qǐng)書,要求包括以下內(nèi)容:
(一)課題名稱;
(二)研究的背景和意義;(三)研究的目標(biāo)與主要內(nèi)容;
(四)研究的方法路線;
(五)課題研究步驟;
(六)成果的形式與課題組成成員及分工。
關(guān)于研究紙橋結(jié)構(gòu)與強(qiáng)度分析的立項(xiàng)研究申請(qǐng)書
一、紙橋研究的背景和意義
架設(shè)在江河湖海上,使車輛行人等能順利通行的建筑物,稱為橋。橋梁一般由上部結(jié)構(gòu)、下部結(jié)構(gòu)和附屬構(gòu)造物組成,上部結(jié)構(gòu)主要指橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)和支座系統(tǒng);下部結(jié)構(gòu)包括橋臺(tái)、橋墩和基礎(chǔ);附屬構(gòu)造物則指橋頭搭板、錐形護(hù)坡、護(hù)岸、導(dǎo)流工程等。在中國(guó)古代建筑中,橋梁是一個(gè)重要的組成部分。
幾千年來(lái),勤勞智慧的中國(guó)人修建了數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)奇巧壯麗的橋梁,這些橋梁橫跨在山水之間,便利了交通,裝點(diǎn)了河山,成為中國(guó)古代文明的標(biāo)志之一。我國(guó)古橋先有梁橋,后有浮橋和索橋,拱橋最晚出現(xiàn)。根據(jù)現(xiàn)有資料,自獨(dú)木橋、堤梁式橋出現(xiàn),到上世紀(jì)末、本世紀(jì)初鐵路、公路等近現(xiàn)代橋梁開(kāi)始設(shè)計(jì)建造的幾千年中,我國(guó)古橋由低級(jí)演進(jìn)到比較高級(jí),由簡(jiǎn)陋到逐步完善。然而,近代橋梁無(wú)論如何發(fā)展,追根溯源,均未超過(guò)古人所創(chuàng)造的梁橋、浮橋、拱橋和索橋這幾大類。中國(guó)古代橋梁的輝煌成就舉世矚目,曾在東西方橋梁發(fā)展史中,占有崇高的地位,為世人所公認(rèn)。我國(guó)古代的橋,形式種類繁多發(fā)展演變過(guò)程漫長(zhǎng),近代以來(lái)由于高科技的勃然興起,橋梁逐漸成為一門專業(yè)學(xué)科,其技術(shù)進(jìn)步更是突飛猛進(jìn),形式更為復(fù)雜多樣。隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,橋梁事業(yè)也會(huì)迎來(lái)廣闊的發(fā)展空間,只有不斷改進(jìn)不斷探求新的技術(shù),技術(shù)理念,橋梁工程才會(huì)更加輝煌。而這次選修課制作橋梁模型在鍛煉我們發(fā)散性思維、創(chuàng)造性能力以及動(dòng)手能力方面素質(zhì)提供了一次很好的機(jī)會(huì)。
二、紙橋研究的目標(biāo)與主要內(nèi)容
1、研究目標(biāo):
(1)采取分組的活動(dòng)形式,培養(yǎng)小組成員合理分工和有序的工作能力;通過(guò)成品展示、模型介紹培養(yǎng)學(xué)同學(xué)們既合作又競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的意識(shí)
(2)學(xué)習(xí)科技制作、理解橋的主要結(jié)構(gòu)的作用,通過(guò)紙橋?qū)嶒?yàn)增加自己有關(guān)力學(xué)方面的知識(shí)技能,學(xué)會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單的技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì),培養(yǎng)團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作意識(shí)及創(chuàng)新思維能力。在紙的多種承重實(shí)驗(yàn)研究、紙橋設(shè)計(jì)等過(guò)程中培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立思考能力、實(shí)際動(dòng)手能力。
(3)通過(guò)對(duì)橋的造型設(shè)計(jì),提高創(chuàng)作模型的技能、技巧及可觀賞性
2、主要內(nèi)容:
(1)研究紙橋的結(jié)構(gòu)與強(qiáng)度的關(guān)系、壓力壓強(qiáng)和相關(guān)的受力關(guān)系。具體分為:研究用紙做成的構(gòu)件不同形狀的載重量和堅(jiān)固性,紙構(gòu)件不同組合的載重量和堅(jiān)固性,設(shè)計(jì)如何做到載重量最大和最堅(jiān)固。
(2)研究如何使紙橋的各部分的線條協(xié)調(diào)、外形美觀。
三、研究的方法路線
通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、書籍搜索查閱有關(guān)橋的結(jié)構(gòu)與強(qiáng)度方面的知識(shí),與學(xué)習(xí)土木工程等相關(guān)橋梁專業(yè)的同學(xué)進(jìn)行交流,并聯(lián)系以前學(xué)過(guò)的物理知識(shí)與小組成員一起討論學(xué)習(xí)、分析理解,共同設(shè)計(jì)出比較理想的紙橋模型。
四、課題研究步驟
1、首先,收集和查閱有關(guān)橋梁設(shè)計(jì)造型方面的資料和圖片以及查找理解物體形狀與強(qiáng)度的關(guān)系,將收集好的資料進(jìn)行分類整合。
2、通過(guò)小組討論,經(jīng)構(gòu)思設(shè)計(jì)出紙橋模型并計(jì)劃好制作尺寸。
3、繪出紙橋模型的設(shè)計(jì)草圖
4、再進(jìn)行小組分工動(dòng)手做出紙橋的各個(gè)構(gòu)件,最后進(jìn)行組裝固定成紙橋模型。
5、最后進(jìn)行紙橋的總體整形和外觀修正美化。
五、成果的形式與課題組成成員及分工
1、成果的形式:最終的成果是一座長(zhǎng)度約80厘米、具有一定承壓能力的紙橋模型。
2、課題組成成員:
3、小組成員分工:第一小組收集和查閱紙橋結(jié)構(gòu)與強(qiáng)度的關(guān)系方面的資料,第二小組成員收集有關(guān)橋梁外觀造型方面的資料,第三小組查找他人做過(guò)的紙橋的一些圖片。
第二篇:課題研究立項(xiàng)申請(qǐng)書
課題研究立項(xiàng)申請(qǐng)書
時(shí)間:2012-11-27 08:00來(lái)源: 好詞好句網(wǎng) 作者:西海
篇一:河南省基礎(chǔ)教育教學(xué)研究課題 立項(xiàng)申報(bào)書
學(xué)科 分類___綜 合 類________ 綜
課題 名稱__教學(xué)方式與學(xué)習(xí)方式改革策略研究 教學(xué)方式與學(xué)習(xí)方式改革策略研究 課 題 主 持 人___陳鋒 陳鋒__________ 陳鋒 課 題 組 成 員__張學(xué)華 張學(xué)華 何明鋒 雷冰__ _ 雷冰
主持人工作單位__________光山縣二中 _ 申 請(qǐng) 日 期_______ 2011.5.10___ 2011.5.10 河南省基礎(chǔ)教育教學(xué)研究室 編號(hào)
河南省基礎(chǔ)教育教學(xué)研究課題 立項(xiàng)申報(bào)書 學(xué)科 分類 課題 名稱 課 題 主 持 人 課 題 組 成 員 主持人工作單位 申請(qǐng) 日期
河南省基礎(chǔ)教育教學(xué)研究室 填表說(shuō)明
一、本表須經(jīng)課題主持人所在單位和省轄市教研室審核,簽署明 確意見(jiàn),承擔(dān)信譽(yù)保證并加蓋公章后,方可上報(bào)。
二、封面左上方代碼框申請(qǐng)人不填,其他欄目由申請(qǐng)人用中文填 寫。每項(xiàng)課題主持人一般為 1 人; 要 參 與 者 不 包 括 課 題 主 持 人,主 至少 1 人,最多 6 人。
三、本表報(bào)送一式 3 份,請(qǐng)用 A4 紙打印、復(fù)印,于左側(cè)裝訂成 冊(cè)。同時(shí),須提供本表的電子版 1 份。
四、請(qǐng)用鋼筆或電腦打印,準(zhǔn)確如實(shí)填寫各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容,書寫要清晰、工整。
五、河南省基礎(chǔ)教育教學(xué)研究室通信地址: 鄭州經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)經(jīng)南三路 12 號(hào) 郵政編碼:450016 聯(lián)系人:楊偉東 電話:0371-62005215 E-mail:ywd5@sina.com
一、基本情況 課題名稱 主持人 姓 名 行政職務(wù) 政治 面貌 專業(yè) 職稱 性別 學(xué)科 專業(yè) 年齡 學(xué)歷 學(xué)位 起止時(shí)間
工作單位 通訊地址 固定電話 郵政 編碼
E-mail 移動(dòng)電話 性 別 專業(yè) 職稱 學(xué)科 專業(yè) 學(xué)歷 學(xué)位 姓 名 年齡 工作單位 主 要 參 與 者 預(yù) 期 成 果
(在選項(xiàng)上打“√” 或加粗)A.專著 B.研究報(bào)告 C.論文 D.其他
二、課題設(shè)計(jì)論證
本課題研究的理論意義和實(shí)踐意義,國(guó)內(nèi)外與本課題相關(guān)研究概況及趨勢(shì),本課題研究的基 本內(nèi)容、研究重點(diǎn)和預(yù)計(jì)突破的難點(diǎn)等。(如本頁(yè)不夠用,可另附紙)
三、課題研究程序
本課題研究的方法、途徑,課題具體實(shí)施步驟,研究工作的人員分工與資料準(zhǔn)備情況等。(如 本頁(yè)不夠用,可另附紙。)
四、課題立項(xiàng)評(píng)審
課題 主持 人所 在單 位意 見(jiàn) 年 月 日 負(fù)責(zé)人簽字(蓋章): 省轄 市級(jí) 教研 室意 負(fù)責(zé)人簽字(蓋章): 見(jiàn) 年 月 日 省基
礎(chǔ)教 專家評(píng)審小組負(fù)責(zé)人簽字(蓋章): 研室 年 審核 月 日 意見(jiàn) 課題管理辦公室(蓋章)
篇二:課題研究立項(xiàng)申請(qǐng)書范文
教育教學(xué)課題的研究,必須堅(jiān)持黨和國(guó)家的教育方針政策為指 導(dǎo),堅(jiān)持理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際和“百花齊放、百家爭(zhēng)鳴”的方針,積 極探討,開(kāi)拓創(chuàng)新,為課程改革和教育發(fā)展服務(wù),為千米那推 進(jìn)素質(zhì)教育、提高教育教學(xué)質(zhì)量服務(wù)。
課題負(fù)責(zé)人必須是該項(xiàng)目的實(shí)際主持者和指導(dǎo)者,并在項(xiàng)目研 究中擔(dān)負(fù)實(shí)質(zhì)性的任務(wù)。課題論證盡量充分,研究計(jì)劃的階段成果應(yīng)盡量明確。課題所需經(jīng)費(fèi)原則上有課題承擔(dān)人所在的單位負(fù)責(zé)解決。申報(bào)表經(jīng)課題負(fù)責(zé)人所在單位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審核,簽署明確的意見(jiàn)承擔(dān) 信譽(yù)保證并加蓋公章后,上報(bào)一份到靈璧縣教育局教研室。
課題名稱 課 題 負(fù) 責(zé) 人 姓名 性 別 年 齡 行政職務(wù) 專業(yè)職務(wù) 工作單位及本 人聯(lián)系電話 姓名 性 別 年 齡 行政職務(wù) 專業(yè)職務(wù) 工作單位
課 題 組 主 要 成 員
(一)本課題研究的目的意義 課題論證
(二)本課題研究的主要內(nèi)容 課
(三)通過(guò)對(duì)本課題的研究,預(yù)計(jì)有哪些突破 題
(四)完成本課題的條件分析 論(包括人員結(jié)構(gòu)、資料準(zhǔn)備、科研手段和經(jīng)費(fèi)保障)證研 究 計(jì) 劃 課 題 組 分 工 情 況 主要研究階段 階段成果形成 最終完成時(shí)間 最終成果形式
課題負(fù)責(zé)人所在單位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)
篇三:
預(yù)期完成時(shí)間 2011 年月
中華人民共和國(guó)新聞出版總署 課題研究項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)申請(qǐng)書
課 題 項(xiàng) 目 名 稱 ________________________________課題項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人________________________________ 負(fù)責(zé)人所在單位________________________________ 填 表 日 期________________________________
新聞出版總署課題研究項(xiàng)目工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室制 申請(qǐng)人的承諾與成果使用授權(quán)
我保證如實(shí)填寫本表各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。如果獲準(zhǔn)立項(xiàng),我承諾遵守新 聞出版總署關(guān)于課題研究項(xiàng)目管理的有關(guān)規(guī)定和要求。恪守學(xué)術(shù) 道德,維護(hù)學(xué)術(shù)尊嚴(yán),認(rèn)真開(kāi)展研究工作,按時(shí)完成研究任務(wù)。同意新聞出版總署課題研究項(xiàng)目工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室使用本課題 研究成果及資料。
申請(qǐng)人(簽字): 申請(qǐng)人 年月日
篇四:
學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目 立項(xiàng)申請(qǐng)書 學(xué)科分類:語(yǔ)文
課題名稱:新課標(biāo)指定閱讀書目走進(jìn)農(nóng)村小學(xué) 語(yǔ)文課堂的實(shí)踐與探索 申請(qǐng)人(課題負(fù)責(zé)人): 王(簽 名): 2010 年 4 月 勇 尹維鴻 申請(qǐng)日期:
安徽省教育科學(xué)規(guī)劃領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室制 填報(bào)須知
1、按照《安徽省教育科學(xué)重點(diǎn)研究項(xiàng)目管理暫行辦法》規(guī)定,課 題負(fù)責(zé)人須具有高級(jí)專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱。課題負(fù)責(zé)人不具備高級(jí)專業(yè)技術(shù)職 稱、而且課題組中又無(wú)具有高級(jí)專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱科研人員參加實(shí)際研究工 作的,須由兩名具有高級(jí)專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱科研人員的推薦。
2、課題負(fù)責(zé)人必須是該項(xiàng)目的實(shí)際主持者和指導(dǎo)者,并在項(xiàng)目研 究中擔(dān)負(fù)實(shí)質(zhì)性的任務(wù)。
3、課題采取“雙負(fù)責(zé)人制”,每個(gè)課題可以按第一負(fù)責(zé)人和第二負(fù) 責(zé)人的順序填報(bào)兩名課題負(fù)責(zé)人。
4、課題論證應(yīng)盡量充分。研究計(jì)劃和階段成果應(yīng)盡量明確。
5、課題所需經(jīng)費(fèi)原則上由課題承擔(dān)人所在單位負(fù)責(zé)解決,如確有 困難可酌情給予適當(dāng)資助。
6、申請(qǐng)書須經(jīng)課題負(fù)責(zé)人所在單位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審核,簽署明確意見(jiàn)承擔(dān) 信譽(yù)保證并加蓋公章后上報(bào)。
7、申請(qǐng)書按一式三份(用 A4 紙型打印)報(bào)送阜陽(yáng)市教育科學(xué)規(guī)劃 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室。課程名稱 課 題 負(fù) 責(zé) 人 姓 王 名 勇 性別 男 男 年齡 48 33 新課標(biāo)指定閱讀書目走進(jìn)農(nóng)村小學(xué)語(yǔ)文課堂的實(shí)踐與探索 行政職務(wù) 縣教育局語(yǔ)文 教研員 專業(yè)職務(wù) 中教高級(jí) 中教二級(jí) 工作單位(聯(lián)系電話)潁上縣教育局 *** 潁上縣五十鋪鄉(xiāng)金匯希望小學(xué) *** 尹維鴻 王勇老師的主要學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)歷 課 題 負(fù) 責(zé) 人 學(xué) 術(shù) 經(jīng) 歷 公開(kāi)發(fā)表論文: 公開(kāi)發(fā)表論文: 2006 年 《教育文匯》11 期《本該悲憫,為何發(fā)笑》(安徽)2007 年 《語(yǔ)文教學(xué)與研究》02 期《提高閱讀效率的幾點(diǎn)探索》(武漢)2008 年 《教育文匯》01期《 “愛(ài)”的失誤》(安徽)2009 年 《小學(xué)語(yǔ)文教學(xué)》04 期《學(xué)習(xí)言語(yǔ)表達(dá)的方法與藝術(shù)》(山西)2009 年 《家學(xué)論壇》02 期《在研究性活動(dòng)中培養(yǎng)作文修改能力》(兩人合作)參與課題研究: 參與課題研究: 高中語(yǔ)文教學(xué)有效性教學(xué)研究 姓名
性別 男 男 男 男 男 男 女 女 女 男 女 女 男 男 男 男 女 男 男 女 女 女
年齡 40 44 47 42 31 28 34 34 26 56 33 34 27 45 29 32 31 43 40 32 29 29 行政職務(wù) 校 長(zhǎng) 副 校 長(zhǎng) 副 校 長(zhǎng) 教導(dǎo)主任 教導(dǎo)主任 語(yǔ)文教研組長(zhǎng) 校 長(zhǎng) 副 校 長(zhǎng) 語(yǔ)文教研組長(zhǎng) 校 長(zhǎng) 副 校 長(zhǎng) 教導(dǎo)主任 校 長(zhǎng) 教導(dǎo)主任 語(yǔ)文教研組長(zhǎng)
專業(yè)職務(wù) 小教高級(jí) 小教高級(jí) 小教高級(jí) 小教高級(jí) 小教高級(jí) 小教一級(jí) 小教一級(jí) 小教一級(jí) 小教一級(jí) 小教高級(jí) 小教高級(jí) 小教高級(jí) 小教一級(jí) 小教高級(jí) 小教一級(jí) 小
篇五:
一、課題負(fù)責(zé)人及主要參加者基本情況
課題負(fù)責(zé) 人姓名 職務(wù) 工作單位 通訊地址 課題組成員 工作單位 年齡 性別 研究 職稱 專長(zhǎng) 電話 郵編 職務(wù)(職稱)電話 民族
二、課題負(fù)責(zé)人和成員近期取得的相關(guān)研究成果 成果名稱 著作者 成果形式 發(fā)表刊物或出版單 發(fā)表時(shí)間
三、課題設(shè)計(jì)論證 課題名稱:
簡(jiǎn)明填寫課題研究的理論和實(shí)踐意義,研究的基本內(nèi)容,重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),方法和步驟??闪砀郊?。
一、課題研究的理論和實(shí)踐意義
二、課題研究基本內(nèi)容
三、課題研究的基本方法
四、課題研究的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)
五、課題開(kāi)展步驟 課題開(kāi)展步驟 開(kāi)展
四、預(yù)期研究成果
研究計(jì)劃(進(jìn)度安排、協(xié)作單位、階段成果)
最終成果名稱 最終成果形式 有無(wú)其它經(jīng)費(fèi)來(lái)源 申請(qǐng)經(jīng)費(fèi)額 字 數(shù) 完成時(shí)間 經(jīng)費(fèi)管理單位: 開(kāi)戶單位全稱: 開(kāi) 戶 銀 行: 開(kāi) 戶 帳 號(hào):
五、資格審查及評(píng)審意見(jiàn)
課 題 負(fù) 查 責(zé) 人 所 意 在 單 位 見(jiàn) 課題研究所需要的時(shí)間、條件。審請(qǐng)書內(nèi)容屬實(shí);課題負(fù)責(zé)人和主要成員適合承擔(dān)本課題的研究;能提供本(蓋章)年 資月日
1、符合申報(bào)條件 格 審 查 意 見(jiàn)
2、不符合申報(bào)條件 黨建研究會(huì)秘書處 年 月 日 評(píng) 委 會(huì) 意 見(jiàn) 評(píng)委簽名: 年 評(píng) 委 會(huì) 主 任 意 見(jiàn) 月日
評(píng)委會(huì)主任簽名: 年 月 日
備注:封面上方、編號(hào)為研究會(huì)秘書處工作用內(nèi)容,申請(qǐng)人不填寫。
第三篇:金融結(jié)構(gòu)的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與分析指標(biāo)研究
一、金融結(jié)構(gòu)合理性的評(píng)價(jià)角度與判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)怎樣的金融結(jié)構(gòu)才是合理的?這是研究金融結(jié)構(gòu)面臨的一個(gè)最基本的問(wèn)題。我們認(rèn)為,對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的探討可以從歷史考察與邏輯分析兩個(gè)角度進(jìn)行。盡管世界上沒(méi)有一個(gè)適用于所有國(guó)家的通用的金融發(fā)展模式,也沒(méi)有一個(gè)通用的金融結(jié)構(gòu)范式,但是在世界金融數(shù)百年的發(fā)展歷史中,各國(guó)金融結(jié)構(gòu)的變遷卻呈現(xiàn)出一些共性的特點(diǎn)與規(guī)律,而這些共性的特點(diǎn)與規(guī)律應(yīng)該成為金融結(jié)構(gòu)合理性的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。從邏輯角度分析,伴隨著金融結(jié)構(gòu)的日趨合理,應(yīng)該是金融功能的日益完善與金融效率的日趨提高,因此,金融功能的完善程度與金融效率的高低程度便成為判定金融結(jié)構(gòu)合理性的一個(gè)定性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
(一)要素角度:金融結(jié)構(gòu)合理性的表象特征“要素”的漢語(yǔ)詞義是指構(gòu)成事物的必要因素。產(chǎn)業(yè)要素構(gòu)成產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ),也是產(chǎn)業(yè)功能得以發(fā)揮的基本前提。雖然說(shuō)一個(gè)要素齊備的產(chǎn)業(yè)不一定能夠充分發(fā)揮其功能,但一個(gè)要素殘缺的產(chǎn)業(yè)一定不能充分發(fā)揮其特有的功能。金融產(chǎn)業(yè)也不例外。事實(shí)上,金融發(fā)展史中金融結(jié)構(gòu)的演變主要表現(xiàn)在金融機(jī)構(gòu)、金融市場(chǎng)、金融工具等各種金融要素構(gòu)成的變化上,因此,在歷史的長(zhǎng)河中追溯、抽象與概括世界金融發(fā)展中各種金融要素所呈現(xiàn)出的共性特征,以此作為金融結(jié)構(gòu)合理性的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)具有一定的合理性。
考察世界金融發(fā)展的歷程可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在金融發(fā)展從低級(jí)走向高級(jí),從初始走向發(fā)達(dá)的過(guò)程中,金融機(jī)構(gòu)、金融市場(chǎng)、金融工具也經(jīng)歷了由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜、由單一到多元的發(fā)展歷程,逐漸形成了多元化的金融機(jī)構(gòu)體系、多樣化與多層化的金融市場(chǎng)體系和種類豐富的金融工具體系。一個(gè)多元化的金融機(jī)構(gòu)體系是金融結(jié)構(gòu)走向成熟與完善的重要條件與標(biāo)志。一方面,功能不同、主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)各異的各類金融機(jī)構(gòu)提供了種類更多、數(shù)量更大的金融商品與服務(wù),能夠很好地滿足不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)主體對(duì)儲(chǔ)蓄、投資以及其他金融服務(wù)的不同需求;另一方面,隨著金融創(chuàng)新的發(fā)展,金融管制的放松,各類金融機(jī)構(gòu)間業(yè)務(wù)交叉化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)加劇了彼此間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是效率的催化劑,金融機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)作效率由此提升。
金融市場(chǎng)體系則相對(duì)復(fù)雜。一個(gè)多樣化與多層化的金融市場(chǎng)體系既增加了籌資者與投資者選擇的余地,使他們很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)自己滿意的效率組合,順暢了儲(chǔ)蓄向投資的轉(zhuǎn)化;但同時(shí)也使金融市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展日益虛擬化、脆弱化,容易導(dǎo)致金融泡沫、引發(fā)過(guò)度投機(jī),增加金融運(yùn)行的不穩(wěn)定性。因此不能獨(dú)斷地將金融市場(chǎng)的種類和層次越多作為結(jié)構(gòu)越合理的標(biāo)志,畢竟不同國(guó)家金融監(jiān)管水平不同,金融運(yùn)作的規(guī)范程度不同,不切實(shí)際地發(fā)展一些與經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和監(jiān)管水平不符的市場(chǎng)有可能起到相反的作用。但不同的市場(chǎng)有不同的功能,能夠滿足不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)主體投融資和規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的需求,從世界各國(guó)金融市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展歷程與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)看,多樣化、多層化也是一個(gè)共同的發(fā)展取向,只是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展程度不同的國(guó)家其金融市場(chǎng)的多樣化與多層化的進(jìn)度與程度不一。鑒于金融市場(chǎng)發(fā)展的內(nèi)在。
規(guī)律與要求,我們認(rèn)為發(fā)展中國(guó)家不宜盲目模仿發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家金融市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu),不宜超前發(fā)展衍生金融工具市場(chǎng),而首先應(yīng)該扎實(shí)地構(gòu)建在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行中發(fā)揮著重要作用的貨幣市場(chǎng)、資本市場(chǎng)以及外匯市場(chǎng)的原生金融工具市場(chǎng),并將此作為金融結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理的一個(gè)表象特征。金融工具是所有金融交易的合法憑證。金融機(jī)構(gòu)的業(yè)務(wù)種類越多,金融市場(chǎng)的交易類型越廣,金融工具的種類就越豐富,因此,種類豐富的金融工具既是多元化金融機(jī)構(gòu)體系和金融市場(chǎng)體系的具體體現(xiàn),也是機(jī)構(gòu)與市場(chǎng)功能和作用發(fā)揮的現(xiàn)實(shí)載體。這樣,一個(gè)種類豐富的金融工具體系便也合乎邏輯地成為金融結(jié)構(gòu)合理性的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志。
在金融工具不斷涌現(xiàn)的過(guò)程中,金融工具價(jià)格的形成也逐漸走向市場(chǎng)化,并日益顯現(xiàn)出穩(wěn)定均衡的趨勢(shì)。在金融發(fā)展的早期,金融工具種類單一,借貸資金供不應(yīng)求,因此,在商業(yè)銀行與工商企業(yè)的資金供求及其定價(jià)過(guò)程中,商業(yè)銀行處于強(qiáng)勢(shì)地位。隨著其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)的紛紛設(shè)立和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇,大量的金融工具被創(chuàng)造出來(lái),金融新業(yè)務(wù)的不斷擴(kuò)展,使資金和信用的供給能力日益增強(qiáng),于是,金融機(jī)構(gòu)與各類企業(yè)之間的定價(jià)博弈力量發(fā)生了變化,以利率和匯率為中心的金融工具的價(jià)格更多地取決于金融市場(chǎng)上資金雙方供求的狀況,逐漸走向市場(chǎng)化。并且,由于大量新工具的涌現(xiàn)提高了投資者的選擇余地與投資收益,降低了投融資的成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而吸引了更多的不同目的、不同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好的經(jīng)濟(jì)主體參與金融交易活動(dòng)。市場(chǎng)參與主體的增加增強(qiáng)了金
融工具定價(jià)過(guò)程中的制衡力量,進(jìn)而使市場(chǎng)上各類金融工具價(jià)格的波動(dòng)性大大降低,呈現(xiàn)出一種穩(wěn)定均衡的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。由此,金融工具價(jià)格形成的市場(chǎng)化和平穩(wěn)化也可以作為金融結(jié)構(gòu)合理性的一種表現(xiàn)。
(二)功能角度:金融結(jié)構(gòu)合理性的本質(zhì)特征上述金融要素所具有的共性特征實(shí)際上只是一個(gè)合理的金融結(jié)構(gòu)所具有的表象特征,因?yàn)榻鹑诎l(fā)展的最終目的是要充分發(fā)揮其特有的功能,而金融要素只是金融功能充分發(fā)揮的必要條件,而非充分條件?,F(xiàn)實(shí)中,許多國(guó)家的金融發(fā)展歷程也證明了這一點(diǎn)。以我國(guó)為例,改革開(kāi)放之后,我國(guó)力求建立一個(gè)多元化的金融機(jī)構(gòu)體系和金融市場(chǎng)體系,但五起五落的信托投資公司的治理整頓、327事件后的國(guó)債期貨市場(chǎng)被關(guān)閉、以及剛剛面世的中小企業(yè)板顯現(xiàn)的違規(guī)行為等都表明,沒(méi)有制度與機(jī)制的根本轉(zhuǎn)變,沒(méi)有經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、信用秩序、理性的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為主體等基礎(chǔ)條件,僅僅從要素入手來(lái)人為架構(gòu)一個(gè)理想化的金融結(jié)構(gòu)是難以達(dá)到最終目的的。因此,評(píng)價(jià)一個(gè)金融結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理,更科學(xué)的角度是從功能入手,以金融功能的完善程度及發(fā)揮程度作為判斷金融結(jié)構(gòu)合理性的一個(gè)定性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
考慮金融各個(gè)要素及其組合后所提供的功能以及研究的便利,我們將金融功能大致概括為三個(gè),即投融資功能、金融服務(wù)功能和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理功能。投融資功能是金融業(yè)最基本的功能?,F(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)中,資金供需雙方在融資數(shù)量和期限上的不匹配增加了資金融通的困難,降低了投融資的效率。金融機(jī)構(gòu)通過(guò)負(fù)債業(yè)務(wù)吸收社會(huì)閑散資金聚少為多、續(xù)短為長(zhǎng),通過(guò)資產(chǎn)業(yè)務(wù)滿足不同數(shù)量、不同期限的籌資者的資金需求;金融市場(chǎng)通過(guò)金融工具的多樣化和集中交易機(jī)制,同時(shí)滿足各種投資者和籌資者在時(shí)間、空間、數(shù)量、品質(zhì)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、價(jià)格等方面的不同要求。金融機(jī)構(gòu)和金融市場(chǎng)不僅便金融結(jié)構(gòu)的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與分析指標(biāo)研究利了資金融通,而且降低了交易成本,促使儲(chǔ)蓄最大限度地轉(zhuǎn)化為投資。因此,評(píng)判一個(gè)金融結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理,首先應(yīng)該看金融的投融資功能是否具備、是否強(qiáng)大。
金融服務(wù)功能是金融業(yè)最早具備的功能,也是金融越來(lái)越重要的功能。在商品經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的低級(jí)階段,只有簡(jiǎn)單的金融需求,金融機(jī)構(gòu)的經(jīng)營(yíng)范圍狹窄,金融服務(wù)局限于簡(jiǎn)單的投融資和支付結(jié)算。伴隨著商品經(jīng)濟(jì)逐步發(fā)展到高級(jí)階段,不僅傳統(tǒng)的支付清算服務(wù)越來(lái)越重要,許多復(fù)雜的金融新需求也相應(yīng)而生,金融業(yè)通過(guò)機(jī)構(gòu)
創(chuàng)新、業(yè)務(wù)創(chuàng)新、市場(chǎng)創(chuàng)新、工具創(chuàng)新、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新等多種途徑向社會(huì)提供各種所需的金融產(chǎn)品與服務(wù),所以,金融業(yè)能否提供便利的支付清算、能否提供各種代理(代收代付、代客買賣)、信托、現(xiàn)金管理、保管箱、信息、咨詢、理財(cái)、代理融通、銀行卡等業(yè)務(wù)滿足社會(huì)各種金融需求,能否提高經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的質(zhì)量并增加社會(huì)總福利,也成為評(píng)判金融結(jié)構(gòu)合理性的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理功能是金融業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中逐漸具有的獨(dú)特功能,在現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下,這一功能已成為社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行中不可或缺的重要內(nèi)容。在金融交易中,存在著信息不對(duì)稱,從客觀上來(lái)講,在交易之前資金供給者可能出現(xiàn)“逆向選擇”,而在交易之后資金借入者則可能出現(xiàn)不履行約定的“道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”,這兩種可能性都增加了融資和金融交易的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。金融機(jī)構(gòu)通過(guò)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)配置和管理,在降低資金融通或金融交易的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。此外,金融衍生產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展為投資者利用期貨、期權(quán)、互換等衍生金融工具規(guī)避利率、匯率和其他市場(chǎng)價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提供了條件,保險(xiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)通過(guò)自身的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理技術(shù)為人們生活中的各種不確定性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提供了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)補(bǔ)償和保障。這樣,金融業(yè)是否具備有效地分散、控制、減輕經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)活動(dòng)中的各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn),能否保持自身的穩(wěn)定性,能否為人們生活中的各種不確定性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提供保險(xiǎn)和保障就成為評(píng)價(jià)金融結(jié)構(gòu)合理性的另一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
第四篇:臨床研究總結(jié)報(bào)告結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)容
兆科藥業(yè)(合肥)有限公司
文件編號(hào):
版本號(hào):V4.0 SOP-MW-006 Relevant File NO.1 Structure and Content of Clinical Study Summary Report
Structure and Content of Clinical Study Summary Report:
? Page 1(the contents of each title in page 1 should be listed in separate page)1.Title Page Title page should includes:Generic name of investigation product, drug registration applicant(with seal), research type, research number, study initiation date, study termination date, principal investigator(with signature), study site(with seal), signature of responsible leader of statistics and seal of statistical company, contact information of application, report date, source information retaining site.2.Table of Contents Present the table of contents and corresponding page number of clinical trial summary report.3.Synopsis of Study Report Briefly introduce the accomplished study, and describe the results with meaningful data rather than written description and P-value.4.Ethics-related Information Declare that this completed clinical trial is conducted in compliance with the ethical principles of medical research of human that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki, and that has received independent ethics committee/institutional review board approval, as well as the revision application.The approval document of ethics committee, the clinical trial information which is provided to subjects and the sample of subjects’ informed consent form should be provided.5.Clinical Investigators The clinical trial principal investigator’s name, site, duty in this study and CV(is given in appendix)should be provided, as well as the principal investigators, participants, director of statistical analysis and the writer of clinical study final report.6.Abbreviations The full names of abbreviations in study final report.? Main text 1.Introduction
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文件編號(hào):
版本號(hào):V4.0 Introduce the background, foundation, appropriateness, target population of the investigational product, along with the current therapies and therapeutic efficacy.To document the basic of the conduct of this study, and the cooperation between declarer and clinical study site.2.Trial Objectives The objectives to achieve of this clinical study.3.Trial Management Description of the management structure, management process and the status of conducting in accordance with GCP, should include the information of the training for the participants as well as monitoring/audit, regulations of reporting adverse events, quality control of laboratories, statistics/data management, appropriate action for the problems occur during this study.4.Trial Design
4.1 Description of the Trial Design and Protocol
The description should be concise and clear, if required, relevant graphs can be used to describe directly.A description of the trial design should include: treatment(drug, dose and use), subjects and the sample size, blinding(un-blinded, single-blinded, double-blinded), control types, trial design(parallel and crossover),methods of assigning(random, stratified), duration of the trial and the sequence(the time period between pre-randomization to termination of treatment;the time of treatment interrupting., single-blinding or double-blinding, randomization;to illustrate time arrangement directly by schematic diagram as possible), processing plan and interim analysis for data auditing, problems of safety or special cases.4.2 Consideration of Trial Design and Choosing Control Group d To describe the deterministic accordance and rationality of setting the control group.If control group has not been set, an explanation should be provided;detailed explanations for overcoming selection bias should be provided if without using randomization.To declare the rational consideration of trial-related drug washout period and dose interval.4.3 Selection of Subjects
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兆科藥業(yè)(合肥)有限公司
文件編號(hào):
版本號(hào):V4.0 Illustrate the indications, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria and deletion criteria.4.4 Trial Process Describe the applicable process and related information of the investigational product in detail.The name, specification, dosage form, source(s), batch number(should record each batch number of the investigational product(s)if more than one batch number is used), date of expiration and preservation condition of the investigational product should be provided, as well as the detailed description for the investigational product administration(includes reference(s)for dose determination, route of administration, dosage and administration time).Provide detailed description of the method and procedure of random assignment.To describe the procedure of blinding(label, blind table, emergency document, double-dummy technique), situation of emergent unblinding.Appropriate measures should be taken to prevent distinguishing the investigational product and comparator, and to insure blinding could be administrated during data auditing or interim analysis.A specific statement of control bias should be provided, if blinding is inappropriate or permitted.In addition to the investigational product, information of the other drug should be provided, including administration, prohibition, record and guidelines, as well as the evaluation for the regarding results of any effects on investigational product.Provide the details of actions to secure compliance of the subjects, such as investigational products accountability, subjects’ diaries.4.5 Parameters of Efficacy and Safety Detailed information should be provided about the parameters of efficacy and safety, laboratory examination, examination scheduling, examination methods, responsible staffs, flow chart, notes, definition of parameters and the tests results(including ECG, EEG, imaging tests and laboratory tests).The way of receiving adverse events data, criteria and handling of adverse events, should be provided.The primary criteria of endpoint for evaluating therapeutic effect should be illustrated clearly, the
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兆科藥業(yè)(合肥)有限公司
文件編號(hào):
版本號(hào):V4.0 relevant evidence for determination(such as literatures, guidelines)should be provided, also, relevant evidence should be provided if substituted criteria is use,When measuring drug concentration, should specifies the sampling time of biological samples and the interval administration time, and the possible influence of diet, drug combination, cigarette, alcohol, coffee during the time the subjects receiving investigational product and sampling.Sample processing and measurement should be gone through by method validation, and explanation for special cases should be provided.4.6 Quality Assurance for Data Brief description of quality assurance procedure for guaranteeing the data is accurate and reliable should be provided, including the condition of monitoring/auditing, consistency of entered data, range of the values, logical checking, and the procedure of blind reviewing.When necessary, quality-control-related document should be provided, such as the source documents of consistency checking, range of values, rationality checking, blind reviewing, and the record of the communication of investigator(s)and monitor(s).4.7 Proposal of Statistics Handling and Sample Size Determination
Should clearly describe the definition of analysis set(including Fully Analysis Set, Per Protocol Set(PPS), Safety Database Set, which are all determined by Intention To Treat Principle), types of trial(superiority, equivalence or non-inferiority), definition of primary indicator and secondary indicator, statistical analysis method for all kinds of parameters(the method and software should be recognized worldwide), the methods of evaluating therapeutic effects and safety.Should provide description which is focused on the way of analysis, comparison and statistical tests, and the handling of outliers and missing data, including descriptive analysis, parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, analysis of covariate(including the handling of central effect during multicentre trials).Should describe for the hypothesis of testing and treatment effect to be estimated, methods of statistical analysis and relevant statistical model.Treatment effect estimating should be provided with confidence interval along with calculation method.About the hypothesis testing, should specify to use whether one-side test or two-side test, the reasons for using one-side test should be provide.4 / 10
兆科藥業(yè)(合肥)有限公司
文件編號(hào):
版本號(hào):V4.0 The definition of all kinds of primary and secondary indicators should be described clearly as well as the exclusion of some cases, along with reasons and detailed description.Calculation method of sample size, calculation procedure, the estimated value of statistics during calculating and its source.4.8 Amendment during Study Trial It is inadvisable to amend study protocol, if amendment is required, any amendments(such as changes of treatment groups, inclusion criteria, dosage, sample size), should be explained and has the approval of ethics committee.The amending time, reasons, procedure and whether it has filed should be described in detailed, as well as to demonstrate the effects for the evaluation for the results of the study.4.9
Interim Analysis To illustrate whether it has interim analysis, if has, should conduct in accordance with the definite study protocol and explain the calculation method of alpha spending function.5.Results 5.1 Subjects 5.1.1 Inclusion of Subjects The number of the subjects involved could be described by chart, including the number of screening, randomization, subject completion and subject incompletion(including those withdraw, be removed, interrupt, and drop out).For the reasons of exclusion, incompletion(including visit missing, adverse effect, poor compliance), whether continue to visit after withdrawing, whether to conduct unblinding when withdrawing, should be analyzed and described.Meanwhile, subjects’ demographic information and the other situation of drug combination should be described.5.1.2 Deviations From the Study Protocol Should describe all the deviations from inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, subject management, subject evaluation and study procedure.Below should be listed in the report, summarized and analyzed: ? ?
The subject(s)who is/are involved but not be eligible for inclusion in this study.The subject(s)who is/are eligible for the exclusion criteria but not yet to be excluded.5 / 10 兆科藥業(yè)(合肥)有限公司
文件編號(hào):
版本號(hào):V4.0
? ? The subject(s)who has/have received incorrect treatment or dosage.The subject(s)who take(s)prohibited medication(s)contemporarily.5.2 Evaluation of Efficacy 5.2.1 Effects Analysis Data Set
Should provide specific definition for the subjects who are involved in effects analysis, including the subjects who have received investigational product, completed the study in accordance with study protocol,or all the subjects who have specific compliance.Should analyze the fully analysis set in general.Should provide detailed description for those subjects who have received investigational product but not yet to be involved to effects analysis data set.5.2.2 Demography and the other Baseline Data To conduct comparable analysis between the trial group by demographic parameter and baseline characteristic data, in general, including the analysis of the fully analysis set which is confirmed by Intention to Treat Principle, and the analysis which is in accordance with protocol set.In multicentre trial, the comparability of each center should be compared.The analysis should includes, age, gender, human race, target disease inclusion criteria, disease progress, severity, clinical specific symptoms, laboratory examination, important prognostic indicator, diseases combined, past history, the other trial-influent factors(such as weight, antibody level)and the other relevant index(such as smoking, alcohol, special diet and menstruation).5.2.3 Compliance To summarize and analyze the measured compliance of each subject(對(duì)每個(gè)受試者依從性測(cè)量的總結(jié)及分析。)Should describe the methods/parameters of assurance and recording compliance, such as calculation of medication administration, daily diary card.5.2.4 Analysis of Effects To compare the difference by comparing primary effect index, secondary effect index, pharmacokinetic parameter.Should conduct benefit/risk assessment on each subject when necessary.6 / 10
兆科藥業(yè)(合肥)有限公司
文件編號(hào):
版本號(hào):V4.0 To perform FAS analysis and PP analysis according to the protocol as stipulated in trial design.Should analyze the classification indicator and numerical index of protocol, provide description of definition basic for newly-setting classification indicator, and if possible, time process which is produced by effect also should be provided.Each branch center of multicentre trial should provide descriptive analysis results(brief summary of branch center), and hypothesis testing may not need to conduct if the sample size is limited.Branch center brief summary should be written by its principal investigator, along with the seal of that branch center and writer’s signature in the title page.The contents should include the relevant information of that center, situation of subject inclusion, deviations from trial protocol, baseline of e.g., demography, descriptive analysis of data, statistical description of primary therapeutic effect index and secondary therapeutic effect index, handling and descriptive statistics of generated adverse effects, comments for the clinical trial of the principal investigator from corresponding branch center.5.2.5 Brief Summary of Efficacy Briefly summarize the efficacy and clinical significance of investigation product by analyzing the primary and secondary therapeutic effect index.5.3 Evaluation of Safety
The subject, who has received investigational products at least once, should be included into safety analytic set.Evaluation of safety has three parts, Part 1: subjects’ level of administering investigational product/exposure, which refers to the dosage, treatment period(s), and number of receiving investigational product;Part 2: to classify the common adverse event and laboratory index in a rational way, compare the difference between each group by using appropriate statistical analysis method, and analyze the possible factors(such as time dependence, dosage, concentration, demographic characteristics)of affecting the frequency of adverse effects/events;Part 3, serious adverse events and the other important adverse event(refer to those adverse events which need clinical procedure, such as stop to receive investigation product, reduce dosage and the other medical treatment)are determined by analyzing the subject(s)who withdraw the trial because of adverse event(s).The causal relationship between all the adverse events and investigational
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兆科藥業(yè)(合肥)有限公司
文件編號(hào):
版本號(hào):V4.0 product should be specified.The present adverse event can be summarized by chart, for the adverse events that need to focus on, should provide detailed description.The adverse events of investigational product and control drug should be reported.5.3.1 Level of Administering Investigational Product/Exposure Administering investigational product/exposure time may be described by mean and median, and the number of subjects in some specific period, meanwhile the number of subjects of each sub-group may be listed by the items, such as age, gender, disease, etc.Dose of administering investigational product/exposure may be described by mean and median, also can be expressed as the number of subjects of daily average dose.Administering investigational product/exposure time and dose may be described conjunctively(e.g., the number of subjects in a dose group if the administering investigational product time is at least one month), in the mean time the number of subjects of each sub-group should be listed by the items, such as age, gender, disease.The drug concentration which is related to adverse events or laboratory testing abnormalities should be provided.5.3.2 Analysis of Adverse Event Should analyze all the adverse events of investigational product and control drug, and be illustrated directly by using graphs and charts, which should reveal the frequency, severity of adverse events, also the causal relationship of adverse events and drug administration, adverse events of each system.To compare the frequency of adverse events of treatment group and control group, preferably to compare separately in combination with the severity and causal judgment, if necessary, should analyze the relevance between adverse events and dose of administration, time of administration, feature of baseline and demographic characteristic, respectively.Serious adverse event and the important adverse event that principal investigator consider need to be reported, should be reported and analyzed additionally and attached with case report..The attachment would provide the case report of each subject who has serious adverse event and important adverse event, including case number, demographic characteristic, details of the occurrence of adverse event(initiation time, duration, severity, treatment and the result)and judgment for causal relationship, etc.8 / 10
兆科藥業(yè)(合肥)有限公司
文件編號(hào):
版本號(hào):V4.0 5.3.3 Safety-related Laboratory Examination According to professional judgment, it would eliminate the non-significant abnormalities that have not relationship with safety, besides, description for significant abnormalities of laboratory examination will be provided.Also, it would supply abnormal items list and the form for the analysis and statistics of treatment group and control group, and the discussion of the changing clinical significance as well as the relationship with investigational product.5.3.4 Brief Summary of Safety Provide overall summary to safety of investigational product, and focus on the adverse event that results in dose adjustment, requiring other treatments, investigational product discontinuation or death.Would present the possible significance of safety for the widely use in clinic of investigational product.5.4 Discussion and Conclusion
Summarize the result of safety and efficacy of clinical study, also, discuss and measure the risk and benefit of investigation product.Briefly and repeatedly report the results are not permitted, as well as raise new result(s).The conclusion should provide evaluation of its significance and possible problems, description for the individual or population obtained benefits during treatment of and problems need to be noticed, and the significance for further study.5.5 Statistical Analysis Report Statistical analyses report, which is provided in appendices, includes, 1.Brief description for the information collection and arrangement of the procedure of the whole clinical trial, which includes objectives, study design, randomization, blinding, blinding review, definition of primary object and secondary objective, regulations of statistical analyses set, handling for missing values and outliers.2.Accurate and complete description of statistical model, which includes, choosing statistical analysis software(should provide the full name and version of the statistical analysis software), the contents of statistical description, regulation for significant level, the choice its reasons for conducting hypothesis testing and establishing confidential interval.If data transformation has been conducted during the process of statistical analyses, rationale of data transformation, and explanation for the assessment of treatment response(base on the transformational data), would be provided.3.Description of the characteristics of baseline for subject inclusion of each group, also the results of statistical tests.4.Statistical description for
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兆科藥業(yè)(合肥)有限公司
文件編號(hào):
版本號(hào):V4.0 each observation index(primary index, secondary index and composite index, index of comprehensive evaluation and substituted index)for each group and the results of hypothesis testing.Statistical description results of each observation time;also the test statistics and p-value of hypothesis testing would be provided;for instance, the results of t-test(which can be used to determine if two sets of data are significantly different form each other)should include the case number of each sample, mean value, minimum value, maximum value, t-value and p-value.When conducing analysis of variance for efficiently analyzing the primary index, at least should includes mean value and standard deviation of each site and analysis of covariance form(which would take each treatment, the factor of each site and baseline into analyzing).For the information of crossover design, including the information of treatment sequence and its number of subjects, each baseline at the beginning of each phase, washout period and its duration, the situation of drop-out in each phase and ANOVA table(for analyzing treatment, phase and the interaction of treatment and phase).5.The safety evaluation of each group is mainly described by statistical description, including situation of administrating medication(duration, dosage and medication concentration), adverse event rate, detailed description of adverse event, the changes of laboratory tests results before and after the trial, abnormal changes and its relationship with investigational product.The results above should be indicated by statistical table and chart as much as possible, and the conclusion of statistical analyses should be illustrated by accurate statistics glossary.All the statistical calculation procedure should be save as a file so as to audit.6.References Relevant references should be listed in accordance with Vancouver Style, and the copy of principal references should provide in appendix.10 / 10
第五篇:公文思路研究之一:思路與結(jié)構(gòu)
公文寫作構(gòu)思中確立了主旨和觀點(diǎn)、選取了材料,是解決了言之有理、言之有物的問(wèn)題。要解決言之有序的問(wèn)題則必須考慮結(jié)構(gòu)的安排。
有人說(shuō)學(xué)習(xí)公文寫作,主要是解決格式問(wèn)題,掌握了不同文種的格式,就可以依樣畫葫蘆了。誠(chéng)然,公文在長(zhǎng)期的發(fā)展過(guò)程中,已逐步形成了一套約定俗成的甚至統(tǒng)一規(guī)定的文面格式和結(jié)構(gòu)方法,掌握結(jié)構(gòu)的這些低層次方法是比較容易的。但這些決不是公文結(jié)構(gòu)的全部?jī)?nèi)容,公文的結(jié)構(gòu)還有其高層次的規(guī)律有待我們?nèi)パ芯?、學(xué)習(xí)。公文結(jié)構(gòu)的實(shí)質(zhì),是客觀事物的內(nèi)部規(guī)律和作者思維軌跡的高度統(tǒng)一。復(fù)雜的客觀事物千差萬(wàn)別,不同作者的思維也會(huì)大相徑庭,因此,公文的結(jié)構(gòu)決不可能只是千篇一律、一成不變的。我們探究公文的結(jié)構(gòu),就不能只停留在格式這個(gè)淺層面上,而要深入到思路這個(gè)深層次領(lǐng)域中去,在思維上下功夫。本文正是要從思路與結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系出發(fā),研究公文結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)容、形式、方法和藝術(shù)。
一、結(jié)構(gòu)的涵義和作用
結(jié)構(gòu)指文章內(nèi)部的組織結(jié)構(gòu),以及這種內(nèi)部構(gòu)造所反映出的外部形態(tài)。劉勰在《文心雕龍·附會(huì)》中說(shuō):“何謂附會(huì)?謂總文理,統(tǒng)首尾,定與奪,合涯際,彌綸一篇,使雜而不越者也。”他說(shuō)的“附會(huì)”,指的就是謀篇布局、安排結(jié)構(gòu),具體說(shuō)就是要使主旨清晰地、有條有理地貫穿全文,連綴成篇,做到首尾呼應(yīng),取舍得當(dāng),考慮好各部分的分合接榫,使全篇文章完整嚴(yán)密,使文章內(nèi)容充實(shí)豐滿而不零亂。在構(gòu)思的過(guò)程中,安排結(jié)構(gòu)和確立主旨、選擇材料同等重要,結(jié)構(gòu)和主旨、材料必須密切配合、相互依存,才能實(shí)現(xiàn)文章的構(gòu)思。主旨是文章的靈魂,材料是文章的血肉,結(jié)構(gòu)則是文章的骨架。離開(kāi)了結(jié)構(gòu),主旨、材料就失去組成文章的依托了。在構(gòu)思、寫作的過(guò)程中,精心安排好結(jié)構(gòu),就能使文章準(zhǔn)確、充分、清晰地表現(xiàn)主旨、表達(dá)內(nèi)容,就能激發(fā)起閱讀者的接受興趣,使他們閱后能迅速地按作者的思路,準(zhǔn)確、完整地領(lǐng)會(huì)到文章的寫作意圖和主要內(nèi)容。針對(duì)同樣的工作,寫出同樣文種的文章,有的頭頭是道、條理清晰,有的雜亂無(wú)章,前言不搭后語(yǔ),原因之一就在于安排結(jié)構(gòu)本領(lǐng)的高下不同。有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人寫應(yīng)用文時(shí)不貿(mào)然動(dòng)筆。不是臨文覓意,想一句寫一句,想一段寫一段,而是先把結(jié)構(gòu)考慮成熟才動(dòng)手,一氣呵成。這就像修建房屋之前,必須先搞好總體設(shè)計(jì),畫出藍(lán)圖一樣,按圖施工,質(zhì)量才能得到保證。
二、思路的涵義
思路是思維活動(dòng)的運(yùn)行軌跡。文章的思路,就是構(gòu)思文章時(shí),作者有規(guī)律、有條理、有方向、連貫的思維過(guò)程的“路線”。思路是作者整體思維、系統(tǒng)思考的結(jié)果。正如張志公先生在《怎樣鍛煉思路》中剖析的:“作者的思路是他對(duì)客觀事物怎樣觀察、理解、認(rèn)識(shí)的反映。思路不是憑空產(chǎn)生的,而是以客觀事物為基礎(chǔ)的??陀^事物反映在作者頭腦里,經(jīng)過(guò)觀察、理解、認(rèn)識(shí)的過(guò)程,形成了他對(duì)這件事物的印象、看法、態(tài)度或感情。把這些印象、看法、態(tài)度或感情理出一個(gè)頭緒來(lái),就是所謂思路?!?/p>
文章思路的發(fā)展和推進(jìn)是有一定走向的,不同文體,可分別沿著時(shí)空線、邏輯線、情感線或意識(shí)流線展開(kāi)思路。公文主要沿邏輯線和時(shí)空線展開(kāi)思路。
三、思路與結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系
文章的結(jié)構(gòu),和作者對(duì)客觀事物的觀察、理解、認(rèn)識(shí)以及思想脈絡(luò)是緊密相關(guān)的。因此,結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)質(zhì)上就是作者認(rèn)識(shí)客觀事物的思想脈絡(luò)在文章構(gòu)造上的反映,是作者思路的體現(xiàn)。只是不同的文體這種反映和體現(xiàn)的程度是不同的:文藝作品的這種反映和體現(xiàn)是曲折迂回的、深藏含蓄的;而公文的結(jié)構(gòu),通常是作者思路的直接體現(xiàn)。葉圣陶說(shuō):“作者思有路,遵路識(shí)斯真。”(葉圣陶:《語(yǔ)文教學(xué)二十韻》)如果說(shuō)結(jié)構(gòu)是文章的骨架的話,思路則是文章的脈絡(luò)。文章的結(jié)構(gòu),總是沿著思路展開(kāi)主旨、組織材料、謀篇布局的。思路是結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)核和基礎(chǔ),結(jié)構(gòu)是思路的外在表現(xiàn),有了結(jié)構(gòu),思路就可以物化了。文章的結(jié)構(gòu)提綱,就是作者用文字把自己的思路反映出來(lái)。可見(jiàn)思路和結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系是十分密切的。文章結(jié)構(gòu)是否嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)清楚,取決于思路是否嚴(yán)密清晰。有的文章結(jié)構(gòu)雜亂無(wú)章,主要原因就是思路不清。所以“思路,這是關(guān)乎文章結(jié)構(gòu)的最根本的東西”(張志公:《怎樣鍛煉思路》)。為了完整、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、條理清晰地組織結(jié)構(gòu),為了寫出通順流暢的文章,準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)思想,就要先把思路理清、理順。
(選自葉黔達(dá)、柯世華《現(xiàn)代公文寫作技巧》四川人民出版社版)