第一篇:“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”的繼承與發(fā)展研究
摘要二
“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”的繼承與發(fā)展研究
--以遼寧省為例
一、“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”的形成與歷史沿革
1954年,中央體委改成國(guó)家體委。自此,各種業(yè)余體校和專業(yè)隊(duì)逐漸取代了從群眾中層層選拔的方式,三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)也逐步建立。
1965年6月召開(kāi)的全國(guó)群眾體育工作會(huì)議上,提出了“各地都應(yīng)集中力量辦好重點(diǎn)青少年業(yè)余體校,一定要源源不斷地培養(yǎng)出一些優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員,向?qū)I(yè)隊(duì)輸送。有條件的省、市、自治區(qū)可以建一所半天讀書(shū)、半天訓(xùn)練的中心青少年業(yè)余體校,作為專業(yè)隊(duì)的預(yù)備隊(duì)”。至此,逐漸形成了一個(gè)從基層單位業(yè)余體校,到重點(diǎn)業(yè)余體校、中心業(yè)余體校和專業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)的,有廣泛的普及面、層層銜接的業(yè)余訓(xùn)練三級(jí)人才培養(yǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和體系。
1980年,在《國(guó)家體委關(guān)于加速提高體育運(yùn)動(dòng)技術(shù)水平的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題的請(qǐng)示報(bào)告》中,國(guó)家體委按照“以?shī)W運(yùn)會(huì)為重點(diǎn),兼顧一般”的原則,對(duì)競(jìng)技體育工作的重點(diǎn)做出如下部署:??。第三,改革完善訓(xùn)練體制,調(diào)整好一、二、三線隊(duì)伍,即優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)(國(guó)家隊(duì)與省隊(duì))、市縣級(jí)重點(diǎn)與業(yè)余體校、學(xué)校運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)。按照“思想一盤(pán)棋,組織一條龍,訓(xùn)練一貫制”的要求,從項(xiàng)目、選材、訓(xùn)練各方面建立層層銜接的訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)。經(jīng)過(guò)這些調(diào)整,初步形成了以競(jìng)技體育為先導(dǎo)、奧運(yùn)會(huì)為重點(diǎn)帶動(dòng)體育事業(yè)全面發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略布局。
二、“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”的定義 我們認(rèn)為,“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”的概念具有有狹義與廣義之分。狹義的“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”是以“思想一盤(pán)棋,組織一條龍,訓(xùn)練一貫制”為指導(dǎo)方針,包括以體育傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校和中小學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)為代表的初級(jí)訓(xùn)練形式,以體育運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)校和業(yè)余運(yùn)動(dòng)體校為代表的中級(jí)訓(xùn)練形式,以國(guó)家集訓(xùn)隊(duì)和各省專業(yè)隊(duì)為代表的高級(jí)訓(xùn)練形式,建立的一種層層銜接的運(yùn)動(dòng)員培養(yǎng)體制。廣義的“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”等同于我國(guó)的訓(xùn)練體系,它不僅包括以體校為中心的傳統(tǒng)三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng),還包括現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)的各種訓(xùn)練形式,比如學(xué)校辦的高水平隊(duì)和俱樂(lè)部辦的各種訓(xùn)練梯隊(duì)。
本課題在研究過(guò)程中采用狹義的提法。其原因有二:一是,本課題認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)以各級(jí)各類體校為中心的三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)不能拋棄,在新的形勢(shì)下應(yīng)能發(fā)揮其中堅(jiān)力量的作用;二是,目前探討整體訓(xùn)練體系改革的研究較多,而偏重于傳統(tǒng)三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)在新形勢(shì)下如何生存與發(fā)展的較少。故而,本研究將研究重心立于傳統(tǒng)三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)在新形勢(shì)下的繼承、變革與發(fā)展問(wèn)題,以期為我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”煥發(fā)新的青春提供思路。
三、遼寧體育“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”的特點(diǎn)
(一)遼寧省體育后備人才數(shù)量大 遼寧擁有省、市、縣區(qū)“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”,為培養(yǎng)后備人才,發(fā)展競(jìng)技體育事業(yè)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。國(guó)家設(shè)在遼寧的體育后備人才訓(xùn)練基地共有39個(gè)。遼寧省少年業(yè)余體育學(xué)校學(xué)生人數(shù)增長(zhǎng),由1979的16692人,發(fā)展到2000年的42698人,增長(zhǎng)了3倍。體育運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)校(競(jìng)技體校)在校學(xué)生由1979年的349人,發(fā)展到2000年的4900人,增加了14倍。教練員由1984年的719人,發(fā)展到2000年的1724人,增加了2.4倍。
(二)遼寧省的三級(jí)訓(xùn)練體制抓的實(shí),“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”牢固
原遼寧體委副主任康起曾說(shuō)過(guò),遼寧競(jìng)技體育崛起的秘訣毫無(wú)特殊之處——就是全國(guó)都在搞的“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”,抓的更狠、更細(xì)。從1960年起,至1983年第五屆全運(yùn)會(huì)遼寧首次進(jìn)入三甲止,三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)歷了23年才初見(jiàn)成效,并形成了輸送渠道暢通、對(duì)口銜接、寶塔式的人才結(jié)構(gòu),為遼寧競(jìng)技體育的持續(xù)發(fā)展奠定了雄厚的基礎(chǔ)。
遼寧現(xiàn)實(shí)的“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”:是以青少年訓(xùn)練管理中心為龍頭、以市地體校為樞紐、以縣區(qū)級(jí)體校、訓(xùn)練基地為基礎(chǔ),以青少年俱樂(lè)部為輻射陣地的一條龍管理。
四、遼寧體育“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)” 現(xiàn)存的主要問(wèn)題
(一)基層建設(shè)缺少經(jīng)費(fèi)支持
經(jīng)調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),訓(xùn)練經(jīng)費(fèi)嚴(yán)重短缺是制約遼寧省業(yè)余訓(xùn)練的主要因素之一。目前各市多數(shù)訓(xùn)練單位靠自籌、創(chuàng)收資金來(lái)維持業(yè)余訓(xùn)練,這是造成招生難、選材難以及人才外流的客觀原因。各市每年用于業(yè)余體育訓(xùn)練經(jīng)費(fèi)的數(shù)量極不平衡。以2002年為例,國(guó)家投入經(jīng)費(fèi)最多的是大連市,達(dá)3400多萬(wàn)元;國(guó)家投入最少的是葫蘆島市,僅有10萬(wàn)元;縣、區(qū)業(yè)余訓(xùn)練經(jīng)費(fèi)投入情況就更差,僅能保證人員工資。
(二)基層教練水平逐年下降
從調(diào)查結(jié)果來(lái)看,目前遼寧省基層業(yè)余訓(xùn)練教練員隊(duì)伍不容樂(lè)觀,各市和區(qū)、縣教練員的學(xué)歷普遍偏低,擁有本科學(xué)歷者僅占教練員隊(duì)伍總數(shù)的32.5%,大專學(xué)歷者占56.3%,中專學(xué)歷者占11.2%。調(diào)查還發(fā)現(xiàn)遼寧省存在忽視對(duì)業(yè)余訓(xùn)練教練員隊(duì)伍的經(jīng)常性培訓(xùn)工作。
(三)“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”人才輸送渠道混亂
許多家長(zhǎng)急功近利希望孩子可以實(shí)現(xiàn)“跨越式發(fā)展”,想盡辦法將孩子直接送往省市等地方隊(duì),減少了業(yè)余體校這個(gè)訓(xùn)練環(huán)節(jié)。社會(huì)上,諸如此類的做法比比皆是,長(zhǎng)此以往形成惡性循環(huán)人才輸送的渠道遭到破壞,基層訓(xùn)練名不副實(shí),失去了原有存在的意義。
(四)受訓(xùn)人才逐年下降持續(xù)發(fā)展能力不足
在體育中找到前程和出路是許多家長(zhǎng)家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難和運(yùn)動(dòng)員的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)。因此,早期三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)人才輸入源源不斷與經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)有著直接的關(guān)系。
隨著改革開(kāi)放,人均GDP逐年增長(zhǎng),將孩子送去訓(xùn)練開(kāi)減少家庭開(kāi)資維持生計(jì)持有這種觀念的人越來(lái)越少,是遼寧省受訓(xùn)人群逐漸下降的原因所在。
五、影響遼寧體育“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”發(fā)展的因素
本研究認(rèn)為,目前影響遼寧體育“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”發(fā)展的因素有以下幾個(gè)。
(一)獨(dú)生子女化
目前我國(guó)社會(huì)已進(jìn)入獨(dú)生子女化時(shí)期。家長(zhǎng)對(duì)獨(dú)生子女的期望值高于非獨(dú)生子女。在此現(xiàn)實(shí)情況下,家長(zhǎng)不想讓自己的孩子參與體育訓(xùn)練,更希望自己的孩子接受學(xué)校教育,考上大學(xué),獲得一個(gè)較好的前程。
(二)大學(xué)擴(kuò)招
過(guò)去部分家長(zhǎng)送孩子進(jìn)體校是怕孩子考不上大學(xué),以期望通過(guò)上體校謀得另一種出路?,F(xiàn)在讓孩子上各級(jí)各類業(yè)余體校的機(jī)會(huì)成本已遠(yuǎn)大于上普通學(xué)校,因此考大學(xué)成為更多替在能學(xué)體育的家長(zhǎng)與青少年的第一選擇。
(三)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的變化
經(jīng)過(guò)30年的改革開(kāi)放,社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速,就業(yè)渠道也極大豐富,除了上大學(xué)和成為專業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員外,或許有更好的道路。也就是說(shuō)因?yàn)樨毨Ф秃⒆由象w校的動(dòng)機(jī)趨弱了。
(四)成材率偏低與市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)不相適宜
目前,我國(guó)在職注冊(cè)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員約為2萬(wàn)。2008年國(guó)家集訓(xùn)隊(duì)隊(duì)員人數(shù)為3222人,同年奧運(yùn)會(huì)金牌總數(shù)為28枚。那么,粗略的統(tǒng)計(jì)得出,中國(guó)奧運(yùn)金牌培養(yǎng)的比例約為1000:1。這樣夸張的成材比例與目前中國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)及其的不相適應(yīng)。
(五)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練與文化教育失衡
目前多數(shù)市、縣體育管理部門(mén)忽視對(duì)業(yè)余運(yùn)動(dòng)員的文化教育工作,造成運(yùn)動(dòng)員文化素質(zhì)偏低的普遍現(xiàn)象,給退役安置帶來(lái)很大困難。嚴(yán)酷的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)使相當(dāng)一部分家長(zhǎng)放棄了以體育培養(yǎng)孩子的愿望,這是現(xiàn)階段業(yè)余訓(xùn)練選材難的原因之一。
(六)傳媒的發(fā)展 現(xiàn)代社會(huì)是傳媒極度發(fā)達(dá)的社會(huì),傳媒的發(fā)達(dá)給三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)帶來(lái)正面影響的同時(shí),也帶來(lái)負(fù)面影響,尤其是將我國(guó)競(jìng)技體育非人性的一面暴露在世人面前。嚴(yán)重的影響了讓孩子參加專業(yè)體育訓(xùn)練的積極性。
(七)青少年主體意識(shí)的成長(zhǎng)
時(shí)代的進(jìn)步,促使青少年主體意識(shí)進(jìn)一步成長(zhǎng)。遼寧體育“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的大部分教練訓(xùn)練方式強(qiáng)調(diào)服從,對(duì)青少年的主體意識(shí)采取壓制的辦法。此種情況產(chǎn)生了青少年主體意識(shí)與教練員壓制的對(duì)立,部分青少年不滿于這種對(duì)立,退出了訓(xùn)練體系。
(八)其它訓(xùn)練形式的沖擊 上世紀(jì)90年代,我國(guó)的訓(xùn)練體制開(kāi)始改革,到目前已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)了多種訓(xùn)練形式并存的局面。其它訓(xùn)練形式與各級(jí)各類業(yè)余體校在生源上存在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
六、完善遼寧體育“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”的建議
(一)堅(jiān)持以人為本的培養(yǎng)理念,對(duì)學(xué)生實(shí)施素質(zhì)訓(xùn)練
遼寧省各級(jí)各類體校應(yīng)樹(shù)立全人訓(xùn)練觀,以促進(jìn)學(xué)生的全面發(fā)展為己任。只有這樣,才能轉(zhuǎn)變社會(huì)對(duì)體育人才的看法,家長(zhǎng)才能愿意自己的孩子從事專業(yè)體育訓(xùn)練。
(二)進(jìn)一步研究青少年運(yùn)動(dòng)員學(xué)習(xí)特點(diǎn)的研究,探討適合于青少年運(yùn)動(dòng)員的教育教學(xué)模式。
傳統(tǒng)教育學(xué)并不能解決體校學(xué)生的教育問(wèn)題,教育界與體育界都應(yīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn),應(yīng)共同努力研討體校學(xué)生教育課題,為體校學(xué)生的教育提供理論支撐。
(三)加強(qiáng)制度建設(shè),確保運(yùn)動(dòng)員與教練員的權(quán)益
制度建設(shè)是遼寧體育“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的保障。有了相應(yīng)制度保障,家長(zhǎng)就不再會(huì)擔(dān)心自己孩子受到傷害,而樂(lè)于送孩子到體校參加訓(xùn)練;教練員也不再會(huì)因運(yùn)動(dòng)員的流動(dòng)而感到無(wú)所適從。
(四)加大訓(xùn)練器材的研發(fā)力度,力??茖W(xué)訓(xùn)練
訓(xùn)練器材的豐富化,可以豐富訓(xùn)練手段,提高訓(xùn)練效果,從而也能為學(xué)生進(jìn)行文化課學(xué)習(xí)節(jié)省時(shí)間,部分解決訓(xùn)讀二難問(wèn)題。
(五)修改現(xiàn)行選材標(biāo)準(zhǔn),實(shí)施綜合評(píng)價(jià)
在體校是理論上重視文化教育,實(shí)踐上忽視文化教育,這都是應(yīng)該改正的。只有修改現(xiàn)行選材標(biāo)準(zhǔn),實(shí)施綜合評(píng)價(jià),才能培養(yǎng)全面發(fā)展的體育人才,才能解決、體校學(xué)生文化素質(zhì)差、再就業(yè)困難、社會(huì)適應(yīng)能力弱問(wèn)題。
(六)拓展教練員培訓(xùn)方式,強(qiáng)化教練員培訓(xùn)工作
遼寧省對(duì)教練員的培訓(xùn)一直比較重視,但也一直沒(méi)有很好的解決這一問(wèn)題,尤其是基層教練員的水平一直較低。
七、“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”的改革與創(chuàng)新
我們應(yīng)該看到舉國(guó)體制下的三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)成績(jī)顯著,在新的歷史條件下如何繼承和發(fā)揚(yáng)這種優(yōu)秀的管理體制使其可以不斷培養(yǎng)出一批批優(yōu)秀的體育人才是我們要解決的課題。
(一)走體教結(jié)合培養(yǎng)人才之路 “體教結(jié)合”的培養(yǎng)模式應(yīng)該是我國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)員培養(yǎng)的一種重要模式和途徑。清華模式是體教結(jié)合的一種啟迪,是成功的一個(gè)范例。
(二)建立市場(chǎng)化培養(yǎng)機(jī)制 市場(chǎng)化的培養(yǎng)體制,是指從政府主導(dǎo)下的后備人才培養(yǎng)體制向以市場(chǎng)需求為導(dǎo)向的市場(chǎng)化的培養(yǎng)體制的轉(zhuǎn)變。但是,實(shí)行市場(chǎng)化的競(jìng)技后備人才培養(yǎng)體制不是無(wú)序的、完全放任自流的,而是由法律、規(guī)則及規(guī)范制約和調(diào)節(jié)的體制。政府應(yīng)適度介入,合理把握行政功能的限度,實(shí)施有效和適度的行政干預(yù),實(shí)現(xiàn)競(jìng)技后備人才培養(yǎng)全社會(huì)效用滿足的最大化。
(三)提高競(jìng)技體育投入與產(chǎn)出比降低社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 競(jìng)技體育若要依然保持其獨(dú)有的生存過(guò)方式,必須加強(qiáng)競(jìng)技體育人才投入與產(chǎn)出的比例。比例過(guò)低與市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)不相適應(yīng),必將會(huì)走到其歷史的盡頭。所以,加強(qiáng)競(jìng)技體育人才的成材率,降低社會(huì)責(zé)任風(fēng)險(xiǎn)才是“三級(jí)訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)”在現(xiàn)有經(jīng)濟(jì)體制社會(huì)制度下的必由之路。
第二篇:傳統(tǒng)文化的繼承與發(fā)展
傳統(tǒng)文化的繼承與發(fā)展,和諧社會(huì)的創(chuàng)建,是社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化的要求,是實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的需要。種種社會(huì)系統(tǒng)的變遷——經(jīng)濟(jì)的、文化的、社會(huì)的、政治的——都構(gòu)成了傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)與當(dāng)代中國(guó)的不同圖景,這也就是人們常說(shuō)的中國(guó)社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型的現(xiàn)實(shí),我們的社會(huì)和每一個(gè)人的生活都經(jīng)歷著前所未有的變遷。在這種背景下,傳統(tǒng)文化教育既要傳承中華民族悠久燦爛的文明成果,又要結(jié)合現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的客觀情況。大學(xué)生是社會(huì)上極其特殊的一個(gè)群體,傳統(tǒng)文化的繼承和發(fā)展離不開(kāi)大學(xué)生的積極參與。傳統(tǒng)文化的內(nèi)容極其豐富,并隨著當(dāng)代社會(huì)的發(fā)展而不斷延伸,傳統(tǒng)文化教育和大學(xué)生認(rèn)知的關(guān)系也必然是豐富的,復(fù)雜的,不斷變化發(fā)展的。
二、中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化教育和當(dāng)代大學(xué)生認(rèn)知的現(xiàn)狀
中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化博大精深,在對(duì)國(guó)民進(jìn)行思想道德教育的過(guò)程中擔(dān)負(fù)著重要的角色,而大學(xué)生作為社會(huì)上最富有朝氣、創(chuàng)造性和生命力的群體,他們對(duì)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解程度,往往影響著社會(huì)民眾對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的關(guān)注。在進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義精神文明建設(shè)的過(guò)程中,要求當(dāng)代大學(xué)生要具有先進(jìn)的思想理念和較高的道德素質(zhì),這就要求大學(xué)生要不斷地接受傳統(tǒng)文化的教育,以增強(qiáng)民族自尊心和自豪感。通過(guò)調(diào)查,從總體上來(lái)看,大學(xué)生都肯定傳統(tǒng)文化在社會(huì)的影響力,對(duì)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的未來(lái)充滿信心。但是,也存在一些需要解決的問(wèn)題。
(一)大學(xué)生肯定傳統(tǒng)文化在社會(huì)上的影響力,對(duì)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的未來(lái)充滿信心
當(dāng)代大學(xué)生,基本上成長(zhǎng)于改革開(kāi)放的過(guò)程中。從整體上看,他們較之父輩擁有相對(duì)充裕的物質(zhì)條件、多元的價(jià)值取向和多種可供選擇的生活方式,現(xiàn)代化在他們的成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了重要的作用,傳統(tǒng)文化在他們的認(rèn)識(shí)和觀念中也逐漸被淡化。但是,總體上大學(xué)生還是肯定傳統(tǒng)文化在社會(huì)上的影響力,對(duì)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的未來(lái)充滿信心。
大學(xué)生認(rèn)為,傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)教育在社會(huì)上有一定的認(rèn)知程度及影響力。數(shù)據(jù)顯示,認(rèn)為認(rèn)知程度“很高”的有14.1%;認(rèn)為“一般”的最多,有30%;而認(rèn)為“很低”的只有6%。在對(duì)“傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)在社會(huì)上的影響力”進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)時(shí),選擇“比較大”的比例(37%)最多。
調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),大學(xué)生普遍認(rèn)為有必要學(xué)習(xí)和了解中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí),其中,認(rèn)為“十分必要”的占41%,位居第一位;認(rèn)為“有必要”的占39%,位居第二位。在“大學(xué)生是否會(huì)主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)和了解中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)”的問(wèn)題上,有50%的同學(xué)表示“肯定會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)”傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí),有30%的同學(xué)表示“也許會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)”。
在現(xiàn)代文明的沖擊和洗滌下,中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)文化將走向何方?為此,我們調(diào)查了大學(xué)生對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化與全球化關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)。結(jié)果顯示,大學(xué)生總體上對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化的未來(lái)是充滿信心的,選擇“全球化與傳統(tǒng)文化并行不?!钡挠?2.7%,位居第一位,他們認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)文化會(huì)保持自身的內(nèi)涵,與全球化的發(fā)展并不矛盾。還有20%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為“傳統(tǒng)文化在全球化洗禮下將會(huì)完成轉(zhuǎn)變”,他們認(rèn)為中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)文化應(yīng)該適應(yīng)全球化的形勢(shì),吸取百家之長(zhǎng),去其糟粕,實(shí)現(xiàn)合理的轉(zhuǎn)變。但是,我們也注意到,有31.4%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為“全球化將導(dǎo)致傳統(tǒng)文化衰微”。
(二)課堂教育是大學(xué)生獲得傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)的主要途徑,但效果不盡如人意
大學(xué)生獲得傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)的途徑和方式很多,如課堂教育、課外閱讀、媒體、課外輔導(dǎo)和課外活動(dòng)等。但最主要的途徑還是課堂教育,獲選率高達(dá)98.1%。我們認(rèn)為,這與中學(xué)教育有很大關(guān)系。在中學(xué)時(shí)代,作為承載對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)教育的語(yǔ)文課和歷史課是學(xué)生的必修課,因此許多學(xué)生通過(guò)學(xué)校的課堂教育獲得了大量的此類知識(shí)。調(diào)查同時(shí)顯示,課外閱讀、媒體等選項(xiàng)也占了一定的比例,這與近年來(lái)進(jìn)行的教育體制改革和課堂教育改革有很大的關(guān)系。在新一輪的課堂教學(xué)改革中,加大了對(duì)學(xué)生課外閱讀的時(shí)間,使學(xué)生能有充分的時(shí)間來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)自己感興趣的知識(shí)。另外,隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,廣大學(xué)生的視野也有了很大的開(kāi)闊,他們可以在網(wǎng)上獲得相關(guān)知識(shí)。不過(guò)值得注意的是,選擇“課外輔導(dǎo)”的比例很低,這可能與現(xiàn)行的考試制度有很大的關(guān)系,許多學(xué)生會(huì)把大量的時(shí)間和精力來(lái)用在語(yǔ)文、數(shù)學(xué)、英語(yǔ)等主課的學(xué)習(xí)中,還會(huì)請(qǐng)家教老師進(jìn)行課外輔導(dǎo),但對(duì)歷史課等其它課程的學(xué)習(xí)卻是忽視的。
雖然課堂教育是獲取傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)的主要途徑,但從調(diào)查結(jié)果看,這種方式的效果卻不盡人意。我們選取了三個(gè)歷史典故——“聞雞起舞”、“投筆從戎”、“三顧茅廬”進(jìn)行調(diào)查,有67.5%的同學(xué)僅僅是“了解一些”,還有16.%的同學(xué)甚至“不了解”。
我們還就大學(xué)生對(duì)歷史事件和歷史人物的評(píng)價(jià)進(jìn)行了調(diào)查。以“對(duì)武則天評(píng)價(jià)”為例),選擇“沒(méi)考慮過(guò)此問(wèn)題”和“不清楚的”分別為15%和17%,“完全否定”的占16%,“完全肯定”的占20%,而選擇“功過(guò)參半”的占31%。由此可以看出,在對(duì)重要的歷史人物和重大的歷史事件評(píng)價(jià)方面,大學(xué)生主觀性比較明顯,客觀性和理性化有待提高,這是思維和認(rèn)知不成熟的表現(xiàn),同時(shí)與大學(xué)生的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)也有關(guān)系。社會(huì)環(huán)境日益多元化,尤其是網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)使他們對(duì)歷史的關(guān)注越來(lái)越少,再加上一些以歷史題材為主的影視劇對(duì)歷史真相敘述的誤差,也對(duì)大學(xué)生產(chǎn)生了一定的消極影響。
(三)大學(xué)生對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化的興趣沒(méi)有與自身發(fā)展的需求結(jié)合起來(lái)
調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),大多數(shù)大學(xué)生對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)感興趣,只有11.5%的人“不感興趣”或者“完全沒(méi)有興趣”。這就為對(duì)大學(xué)生更好地開(kāi)展傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)的教育奠定了重要的基礎(chǔ),現(xiàn)在的關(guān)鍵是如何引導(dǎo)大學(xué)生將這種興趣化作動(dòng)力,去自覺(jué)地接受傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)教育,以提高自身的人文素質(zhì)。
中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)文化內(nèi)涵豐富,博大精深,包羅萬(wàn)象,我們選擇了傳統(tǒng)文化典籍(以四大文學(xué)名著為例)、傳統(tǒng)禮儀道德和傳統(tǒng)文化藝術(shù)(以戲曲為例)等三個(gè)方面來(lái)了解大學(xué)生對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)的興趣。
對(duì)四大文學(xué)名著,“都沒(méi)有看過(guò)”和“沒(méi)有看過(guò)并且也不打算看”的受訪者共計(jì)5%,而“多次看過(guò)”、“都看過(guò)”和“看過(guò)其中一兩部”的比例分別有20.7%、31.5%、42.8%。這說(shuō)明大學(xué)生對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化典籍還是有較大興趣,這很大程度上與大學(xué)生所接受的語(yǔ)文教育有很大的關(guān)系,在語(yǔ)文教育中,有許多課文都出自中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的文化典籍中。
在大學(xué)生對(duì)傳統(tǒng)禮儀道德認(rèn)知的調(diào)查中,“自小耳濡目染”和“課外書(shū)上看過(guò)”的受訪者分別占38%和40%,這一方面與他們所生活的環(huán)境有很大的關(guān)系,在日常交往中時(shí)時(shí)處處都受到中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)禮儀道德的影響;另一方面,他們所接受的教育對(duì)形成這種觀念也有很大的作用。但也有7%的人認(rèn)為這是過(guò)時(shí)的東西,還有15%的人對(duì)其難以判斷。這從一個(gè)側(cè)面說(shuō)明,中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的禮儀道德也需要取其精華、去其糟粕,在繼承中創(chuàng)新。
在對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化藝術(shù)(以戲曲為例)的調(diào)查中,有81.2%的大學(xué)生對(duì)戲曲不感興趣,非常喜歡和非常討厭的人都不多,分別占4.0%和4.5。這一現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)可能有以下幾方面的原因:一是隨著社會(huì)的迅速發(fā)展,時(shí)代的急劇變遷,人們生活節(jié)奏的加快,表現(xiàn)形式和手法較慢的戲曲已經(jīng)難以與此相適應(yīng);二是文藝創(chuàng)作的形式和空間不斷擴(kuò)大,新的時(shí)尚藝術(shù)形式尤其是流行歌曲、舞蹈等更為廣大青年人所喜愛(ài),更適合他們的口味;三是社會(huì)的多元化使廣大的大學(xué)生心理需求也呈現(xiàn)了多元化的趨勢(shì),這也會(huì)使他們對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的戲曲藝術(shù)有一定的排斥心理。
總體來(lái)看,大學(xué)生對(duì)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)是有興趣的,但這種興趣沒(méi)有與自身發(fā)展的需求結(jié)合起來(lái),沒(méi)有把興趣內(nèi)化為行動(dòng)。調(diào)查顯示,40%的大學(xué)生認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)文化對(duì)自己的“幫助一般”,認(rèn)為“幫助很大”和“幫助比較大”的分別只有5.6%和9.4%,這種狀況令人擔(dān)憂,與國(guó)家提倡對(duì)大學(xué)生開(kāi)展人文教育,提高其自身的內(nèi)在素質(zhì)的初衷不相符。
三、對(duì)策建議
當(dāng)代思想家任繼愈先生認(rèn)為一個(gè)民族的歷史和文化是“國(guó)家興亡之學(xué),民族盛衰之學(xué)”,必須重視傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)的普及和教育工作,發(fā)揮其在政治文明和精神文明建設(shè)中的積極作用。我們認(rèn)為,加強(qiáng)傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)的大眾化教育是提高全民歷史意識(shí),弘揚(yáng)傳統(tǒng)文化精髓的重要舉措,也是現(xiàn)代化教育不可推卸的責(zé)任。
第一,要改變?nèi)鐣?huì)輕視傳統(tǒng)文化的風(fēng)氣
一種文化形式得以保存不能離開(kāi)人民大眾這片廣闊而厚重的土壤,在民眾的關(guān)注下形成的文化環(huán)境是傳統(tǒng)文化得以薪火傳承的最重要因素。建設(shè)社會(huì)主義先進(jìn)文化,離不開(kāi)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化的批判繼承。首先,傳
統(tǒng)文化教育與實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化、實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族的偉大復(fù)興密不可分。要實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化,必須兩個(gè)文明一起抓,共同發(fā)展,而歷史感、歷史知識(shí)、歷史智慧是精神文明非常重要的部分。因此,師承文化傳統(tǒng),創(chuàng)造民族文化的現(xiàn)代形態(tài),并傳承給民族的將來(lái),這是教育的使命,責(zé)無(wú)旁貸。其次,培育民族精神離不開(kāi)加強(qiáng)傳統(tǒng)文化教育。中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)文化是人們從長(zhǎng)期實(shí)際生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)中概括出來(lái)的,深深地影響著我們民族精神的形成,是中華民族能幾千年生存發(fā)展、沒(méi)有中斷而在今天又能重新復(fù)興的重要原因,要培養(yǎng)國(guó)民對(duì)歷史文化的認(rèn)同感,就必須藉由歷史教育。再次,綜合國(guó)力的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也與歷史教育有關(guān)。文化不僅僅是一個(gè)民族的靈魂,也是一個(gè)國(guó)家綜合國(guó)力的重要組成部分。在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化時(shí)代,我們應(yīng)當(dāng)注意保持并努力發(fā)展文化的民族性,尊重自己民族的傳統(tǒng)文化,合理利用傳統(tǒng)文化這個(gè)重要資源,輕視傳統(tǒng)文化,勢(shì)必難以培養(yǎng)和增強(qiáng)民族凝聚力。因此,我們要理直氣壯地宣傳歷史文化教育,使公眾充分認(rèn)識(shí)到傳統(tǒng)文化的重要性,并在全社會(huì)形成重視傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)的風(fēng)氣。
第二,傳統(tǒng)文化教育和歷史教育的形式亟待改革
從目前我國(guó)的歷史教育教學(xué)形式來(lái)看,缺乏大眾化的歷史教育是導(dǎo)致社會(huì)文化氛圍薄弱的重要原因,目前歷史教育的研究狀況是:學(xué)校歷史教育談得多,社會(huì)歷史教育談得少;中小學(xué)歷史教育談得多,其他層面的歷史教育談得少;實(shí)踐問(wèn)題談得多,理論問(wèn)題談得少;提出批評(píng)的問(wèn)題多,提出有效解決問(wèn)題的辦法少。因此有必要加快歷史教學(xué)改革的步伐,推動(dòng)歷史教育的大眾化水平。首先應(yīng)加快中學(xué)歷史教材編寫(xiě)改革,增加能激起學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣、緊密結(jié)合社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的內(nèi)容,盡量呈現(xiàn)生動(dòng)的史實(shí),避免過(guò)多的結(jié)論,避免將中學(xué)歷史教材變成大學(xué)歷史教材的壓縮本,使之更適合學(xué)生的思維特點(diǎn)、學(xué)習(xí)特點(diǎn)和時(shí)代要求。其次教學(xué)方式多樣化,充分利用現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和歷史實(shí)物材料,將理論環(huán)節(jié)和實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)結(jié)合起來(lái),并改革考試方式,使之與歷史教育的育人目的結(jié)合起來(lái)。此外,還可以設(shè)立歷史教育專項(xiàng)課題研究項(xiàng)目,并對(duì)有關(guān)研究成果的出版發(fā)行、推廣應(yīng)用提供必要的條件,重視學(xué)校教育系統(tǒng)與社會(huì)教育系統(tǒng)之間的分工與合作,推動(dòng)歷史教育工作的制度化建設(shè)。
第三,注重傳統(tǒng)文化和歷史知識(shí)普及工作的制度建設(shè)
從制度上對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化加以保護(hù)有助于增強(qiáng)公民和政府部門(mén)在這一問(wèn)題上的責(zé)任感,能夠提高傳統(tǒng)文化的影響力,促進(jìn)傳統(tǒng)文化的延續(xù)和發(fā)展。在我國(guó),長(zhǎng)期存在著對(duì)自然科學(xué)成果和人文科學(xué)成果的重視程度不一,對(duì)人文知識(shí)的普及貢獻(xiàn)更是缺乏相應(yīng)的提倡和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),這嚴(yán)重挫傷了許多人文工作者的積極性和創(chuàng)造性,不利于社會(huì)文化氛圍的形成和發(fā)展。因此,可以考慮設(shè)立專項(xiàng)基金給予傳統(tǒng)文化普及成果以恰當(dāng)?shù)脑u(píng)價(jià),并將其與其他科研成果等同視之,使普及工作者的努力得到承認(rèn),從而激發(fā)他們做好工作的積極性。為保證普及成果的質(zhì)量,應(yīng)將其評(píng)估事宜交由科研部門(mén)管理。此外,還應(yīng)當(dāng)重視傳統(tǒng)文化在民間的生存狀態(tài),給予民間文化藝術(shù)表演者以物質(zhì)上的保障,同時(shí)通過(guò)適度市場(chǎng)化的運(yùn)作使他們獲得一定回報(bào)。物質(zhì)生活提高了,將有助于他們安心堅(jiān)守這塊陣地并吸引新生力量的加入,進(jìn)行傳統(tǒng)文化的創(chuàng)新,為傳統(tǒng)文化注入新的活力。
第四,重視傳媒在弘揚(yáng)優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)文化、傳播歷史知識(shí)中的作用
在社會(huì)公共輿論的領(lǐng)域內(nèi),要鼓勵(lì)電視、電影、報(bào)紙等傳媒嚴(yán)肅地、有責(zé)任感地負(fù)起推進(jìn)傳統(tǒng)文化教育、提高民族文化素質(zhì)的責(zé)任。為避免媒體單純追求經(jīng)濟(jì)利益而不顧社會(huì)責(zé)任,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)文化界對(duì)它們的批評(píng)和監(jiān)督機(jī)制。
第五,大學(xué)生應(yīng)更加全面地塑造自己成才
時(shí)代和社會(huì)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)表明,單純的技術(shù)型、經(jīng)濟(jì)型人才已經(jīng)不是適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展的綜合型人才,文明的前進(jìn)呼吁更多不僅具有專項(xiàng)技能,同時(shí)更具備良好的道德、文化修養(yǎng)的高素質(zhì)人才,如果連最基本的歷史常識(shí)都不知道,不僅僅會(huì)鬧笑話和犯簡(jiǎn)單的錯(cuò)誤,甚至對(duì)國(guó)家的榮譽(yù)及形象也會(huì)帶來(lái)?yè)p失。清末文人龔自珍曾說(shuō):“滅其國(guó)不如先滅其史?!笨梢?jiàn)歷史對(duì)一個(gè)國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)有多么重要。大學(xué)生是國(guó)家和民族的希望,應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)人文知識(shí),自覺(jué)吸收傳統(tǒng)文化精髓,不斷提高自身的人文素養(yǎng)和綜合素質(zhì),更加全面地塑造自己成才。
第三篇:大學(xué)英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文與訓(xùn)練
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文范文與訓(xùn)練模板
英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文句型模板:My college life
1)進(jìn)入大學(xué)一切都那么新鮮
2)大學(xué)生活與中學(xué)生活完全不同
3)大學(xué)生活是我們?nèi)松械囊粋€(gè)重要階段。
Everything seems fresh to me when I entered the college.My college life is entirely different from the the life in high school.College life is an important stage in my life.The campus looked very large and there were so many buildings.I was very excited and curious when the first class began.I have a great number of new schoolmates who came from different parts of the country.In the library, there were so many books and several bright reading-rooms.I was determined to study hard.I lived at the dormitory, not at home, as did in high school.The great difference, I feel, is that at college I should study all by myself.It is in college that I began to live and study by myself, even plan further for myself.Meanwhile, in college I will change and become matured and fully grown up, both physically and mentally
True friends
1)朋友在人們生活中有重要作用。
2)有些人為了利益而交朋友。
3)患難中的朋友才是整整的朋友。
Friends play an important part in everyone’s life.Some people make friends for their own benefits.A friend in need is a friend in deed.1)Friends influence your development, maturity and sense of responsibility.2)These people are not reallyfriends.They only want to be your friends if it is to their advantage.By this time you should know who are your true friends.3)A true friend is eager to help you whenever necessary.You can consider yourself very lucky if you have one true friend.You and your true friend have a good understanding of each other
英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文句型模板:Sports and health
Sports and health
1)健康是非常重要的 2)運(yùn)動(dòng)讓我們保持健康。
3)我們應(yīng)該參加運(yùn)動(dòng)。
Everyone knows how important health is.Sports help everyone to keep healthy.A healthy person can always be energetic, challenge all hardships and enjoy life to its best.Poor in health, a person can not achieve much success though he is well educated.Physical exercise can not only increase our appetite, strengthen our body but also make us sound.Leaving your TV and computer aside and come out.In winter,?..And swimming may become your favorite in summer.In one word, good health relies on sports.英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文句型模板:Hobbies
愛(ài)好是我們生活中的一個(gè)重要部分。
我們?cè)谌粘I钪杏懈鞣N各樣的愛(ài)好。
在我家中每個(gè)人都有自己的愛(ài)好。
Hobbies play an important part in our life.They provide a change from routine life and are usually relaxing, enjoyable, and interesting.They help one to maintain a mental and emotional balance.In our lives we enjoy many hobbies.Music is very popular.Many people play musical instruments for fun in their free hours.Sports provide other favorite hobbies.Cycling, running, tennis and ping-pong are all popular hobbies people value much.The members of my family all have different hobbies.I have always taken photography as an interesting hobby, but my sister finds stamp collecting relaxing and it takes her mind off her work.On weekends my father likes to get his mind off his work by reading good book.And my mother often plays the piano for her own enjoyment.We all have own hobbies.2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)議論型作文范文:大學(xué)生與父母道謝
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Say “Thank You” to Parents.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
1.很多的大學(xué)生從未跟父母道過(guò)謝
2.請(qǐng)說(shuō)明原因
3.你的建議
According to a recent survey involving over 3000 undergraduates, 35% of university students have never said “Thank you” to their parents.Their parents have done all they could to bring them up in the past score of years, but have never been rewarded with gratitude.The subjects claim such reasons as follows.First and foremost, a quarter of the interviewed students regard it as parents’ duty to support them spiritually and financially.And it is not necessary to express appreciation to their parents.However, the majority of youngsters are aware of their parents’ tender love but are not accustomed to saying “Thank you”.Some even find a generation gap between themselves and their parents, thus feeling reluctant to express their affection for their parents.In my opinion, extending thankfulness to our parents is a way of respecting them and their love.We should express our feelings directly and bravely, but what’s more important is, we should do all that we can to reward them.2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)議論型作文范文:大學(xué)寢室自私自利現(xiàn)象
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Selfishness in Dormitory Life.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
1.大學(xué)寢室里自私自利的現(xiàn)象比較普遍
2.分析出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因
3.呼吁大學(xué)生改變這種不智之舉
Selfishness is a bit prevailing in university dormitories.Some never care about others’ needs or offer help to their roommates.Some even interrupt others’ normal daily life by speaking loudly, turning on the loudspeakers and telephoning at midnight.As the only children in their families, most of them are the apples of their parents’ eye.They have been spoiled and are used to being satisfied.Therefore, they hardly pay any attention to others’ feelings initiatively.What they care about is how to meet their own demands and how to get what they need from others.Moreover, selfish people do not know mutual respect and mutual help are keys to harmonious dormitory life.Selfishness erodes youngsters’ mind and may well undermine their all-round development.Only when we become respectful and helpful to each other, can we create a healthy atmosphere for dormitory life.2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文范文:My First Day on the Campus
My First Day on the Campus
I still remember the day when I first came to the college.Being a boy of 17, I was longing for a new life as a college student;but, at the same time, I had no idea what college life would be like.That morning when the bus carried me to the gate of the college.I was so excited that my heart was beating very fast as if it would leap out of my mouth.From now on, I would be a student of this college.After registration, we were led by an instructor to the dormitory, where, for the first time, we were going to live without parents but roommates.I was so clumsy that I did not know how to make the bed and fix the mosquito net.In the afternoon, I took a walk around the campus together with my roommates.To think of studying in such a beautiful place made me feel quite proud of myself.As we were walking along, talking and laughing, a voice came into our ears, “Oh, look at these freshmen!” It was our middle-school-students’ looking that gave us away.We continued our tour of the college, inspecting every building and every garden until the sun began to set.In the evening, we sat together, talking about the past and the future.We were so excited that no one wanted to go to bed.2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文范文:Studying Abroad
Studying Abroad
Attending schools abroad has many advantages.In the first place, by looking at our own country from outside, we can best see the strong points and weak points of our nation and therefore widen our vision and broaden our minds.Second, while studying in a foreign country, we can travel widely, visiting famous scenic spots and making friends with the local people.Thirdly we can use the foreign language in our daily life so that our ability in the second language may be improved quickly.But the most important thing in attending a foreign university is to get acquainted with the latest knowledge in science and technology and make use of the first-rate facilities available.For all these advantages, it is really worthwhile to go abroad for education.However, as everything has two sides, there are also some disadvantages in attending a foreign university.The most serious problem is the language barrier.Most of the students who are ready to go abroad do not adequate knowledge of the language spoken there.As a result, on arriving there, they will find it difficult to understand what the instructors are saying.Besides, for lack of knowledge of the customs and way of life of the local people, they may run into trouble in dealing with various situations.Therefore, misunderstandings often arise.Furthermore, the cost of living is much higher than that in our country, so most students have to find part-tine jobs in order to help support themselves.Faced with these difficulties, many students find themselves unable to pay full attention to their studies and some students may even fail in their courses and learn little.Therefore, given an opportunity to attend a school abroad, one must consider both sides of the factors carefully before making up his mind.On the whole, it is a good thing to go and study abroad particularly when the subject is very weak or not available in our country.But on the other hand, one must not lose sight of the disadvantages.2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文范文:大學(xué)擴(kuò)招
Is the Expansion of Enrollment a Good Thing?
Many colleges and universities have expanded their enrollment since 1998.The reasons for the expansion are as follows.Firstly, they want to keep up with the need of the job market to produce more qualified people to take up the jobs.Secondly, the expansion has entitled many high school graduates to the right of receiving higher education.Last but not least, it can raise the intellectual standards of our nation.However, studies show that the trend to expand has brought about many problems.For instance, the teaching facilities and accommodation capacities of many colleges and universities are limited and are unable to meet the demand of an ever-increasing number of the newly enrolled students.On the other hand, the average quality of the freshmen is declining.In the long run, hunting for a job will be a tough thing for the graduates and that will inevitably exert much pressure on the prospects of employment.In spite of all this, I am still confident that the expansion of enrollment is of great benefit to our society ?and is a good thing.With the development of our national economy, the problem as mentioned above will be solved if proper measures are taken.2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文范文:假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品
假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品
1.目前社會(huì)上有不少假冒偽劣商品(fake commodities)。為什么會(huì)有這種現(xiàn)象?
2.舉例說(shuō)明假冒偽劣商品對(duì)消費(fèi)個(gè)人、社會(huì)等的危害。
Harmfulness of Fake Commodities
Nowadays in the society, there are enormous fake commodities.When you go to the supermarket, you may buy some fake food commodities.When you go to the pharmacist’s, you may buy some fake medicine.The deep root of this phenomenon lies in someone’s greed for money.In order to get a large amount of money in a short time, they try every means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other people’s benefit and health.Fake commodities can do great harm to both consumers and society.For example, when a person bought fake medicine, it was useless in curing his disease and really a waste of money.Sometimes fake medicine can even cause death.Fake commodities are usually sold in a lower price.It causes unfair competition in the market economy and puts the whole society in disorder.2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文范文:Don’t Hesitate to Say “No”
Don’t Hesitate to Say “No”
1.別人請(qǐng)求幫助時(shí),在什么情況下我們會(huì)說(shuō)“不”
2.為什么有些人在該說(shuō)“不”的時(shí)候不說(shuō)“不”
3.該說(shuō)“不”時(shí)不說(shuō)“不”的壞處
To help those who are in need is always regarded as a traditional Chinese moral.However people have to know well what the need is before the help is offered.When the need is just for some minority’s benefit and against most people’s interests, or when it is immoral or unlawful, people should not hesitate to say No.Otherwise they will put themselves into trouble.Unfortunately, there are so many such examples around us that people end up their leadership in jail or bury their glory in shame simply because they don’t’ say “No” while they should.Some people are reluctant to say “No” in front of all kinds of briberies as they want to swamp their power for money.They can’t resist the temptations of accumulating wealth in a fast but illegal way.For their own good and their friend’s favor, these people would sacrifice millions of RMB Yuan for an unproportional commission and therefore stake there future on scales of law.Other people don’t say No because of misinterpreted friendship and lack of sense of law.They never hesitate to do whatever their friends ask them to do.They believe they are helping their friends even when they are actually violating the law or local regulations.Such people will also be punished according to the degree of their misbehavior.Therefore, to help is not always doing good.People should learn to say a No when the help might hurt other people’s interests.2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文訓(xùn)練模板:文憑越高越吃香
Knowledge and Diploma
1.目前社會(huì)上存在這樣一種說(shuō)法:文憑越高越吃香
2.而有些人則認(rèn)為文憑不等于知識(shí)
3.你的觀點(diǎn)
● 審題概述●
這是一篇論述高文憑與知識(shí)關(guān)系的文章。第一段,概述社會(huì)上文憑越高越吃香的看法。第二段,主要論述有些人文憑不等于知識(shí)的觀點(diǎn)。第三段,重點(diǎn)闡述你對(duì)此的看法。
【范文】:Knowledge and Diploma
It is generally believed that a high diploma guarantees a promising future.Some people identify high diplomas with profound knowledge and exceptional competence.Companies also tend to emphasize the academic achievement of a job candidate.Like it or not, there does exist a social reality – the higher diplomas one gets, the more popular he becomes.On the contrary, other people claim that a high diploma doesn’t automatically translate into knowledge.A diploma, in their eyes, is only the acknowledgment of one’s educational experience rather than a guarantee of one’s ability.Therefore, we can never measure the depth of one’s knowledge by the grade of one’s diploma.Besides, many knowledgeable people don’t have a high diploma.Take Bill Gates for example.His dropping out of college cannot deny the fact that he is one of the world’s most learned men.So I must say no one should ever equate a diploma with knowledge, because a diploma is nothing but a proof of a short-term study while genuine knowledge needs one’s lifelong devotion.◇第一段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):先陳述人們對(duì)高文憑高能力的看法,再點(diǎn)出這是一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
job candidate求職者、應(yīng)聘者
◇第二段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):詳細(xì)論述文憑并不等于能力。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
Acknowledgment承認(rèn)、致謝、感謝、答謝
◇第三段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):使用一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句闡述了你對(duì)文憑與知識(shí)辯證關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
(1)equate a diploma with knowledge 把文憑與知識(shí)劃等號(hào)
(2)nothing but a proof of a short-term study只是短期學(xué)習(xí)的證明
2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文訓(xùn)練模板:盜版軟件
It’s Time to Stop Software Piracy
1.盜版軟件比比皆是
2.盜版軟件猖獗的原因
3.如何打擊盜版軟件
● 審題概述●
這是一篇主要論述盜版軟件猖獗原因和打擊盜版軟件的措施的文章。第一段,概述中國(guó)盜版軟件泛濫的情況。第二段,重點(diǎn)分析盜版軟件猖獗的主要原因。第三段,側(cè)重闡述打擊盜版軟件的措施。
【范文】
It’s Time to Stop Software Piracy
China has often been criticized for the rampant practice of software piracy.Take a look around.We operate on pirated Windows systems, defend PC security with pirated Kaspersky anti-virus programmes, process files with pirated Microsoft Office, draft 3D designs with pirated AutoCAD, refine pictures with pirated Adobe Photoshop, and study English with pirated Kingsoft’s electronic dictionaries and translators.It’s no exaggeration that pirated software is everywhere.The logic behind the phenomenon is simple and clear: if a pirated copy is available for just a tiny fraction of the normal price, not to speak of many of the free downloads online, who would pay for an authentic copy? Cheaper prices aside, easy access is another important factor.With such a large gathering of pirated upgrades around, who would bother to spend time and money searching the stores for an authorized yet outdated version?
Despite these apparent benefits, the practice of software piracy should be banned, because it represents unfair competition and by nature it’s a no-win situation.But how? Two approaches are to be taken at the same time: Technically, software developers should enhance their antipiracy engineering, so that cracking the software should be virtually impossible.And legally, the government should also tighten its antipiracy laws and toughen up the penalties, so that violations should be costly.◇第一段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):概述中國(guó)盜版軟件泛濫的現(xiàn)狀。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
the rampant practice of software piracy猖獗的盜版軟件
◇第二段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):論述盜版軟件猖獗的原因。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
(1)downloads online 在線下載
(2)authentic copy正版
◇第三段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):闡述打擊盜版軟件的具體做法,包括軟件商和政府采取的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
tighten its antipiracy laws and toughen up the penalties加強(qiáng)反盜版立法和盜版懲罰
2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文訓(xùn)練模板:金融危機(jī)影響
Effects of Financial Crisis on College Students
1.金融危機(jī)給各行各業(yè)都造成了一定影響
2.金融危機(jī)對(duì)大學(xué)生造成何種影響
3.作為大學(xué)生,應(yīng)怎樣應(yīng)對(duì)這種影響
● 審題概述●
這是一篇主要論述金融危機(jī)與大學(xué)生關(guān)系的文章。第一段,概述金融危機(jī)給世界造成的影響。第二段,論述金融危機(jī)給大學(xué)生帶來(lái)的就業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)等影響。第三段,闡述大學(xué)生面對(duì)金融危機(jī)帶來(lái)的影響應(yīng)提高專業(yè)技能等。
【范文】
Effects of Financial Crisis on College Students
Since the financial crisis swept the world, the global economy has sunk into a severe recession.It’s hard to get through a day without hearing or reading news about the devastating effects of the crisis: A world of companies go bankrupt, millions of employees are laid off, high-return investment bubbles burst, and huge sums of loans can never be retrieved.Its impact on our daily life can be felt in all walks of life.College students inevitably fall victim to this pervasive slump as well.On top of that, internships and job vacancies are reduced to the minimum as companies keep shrinking.New graduates find themselves hard to get a job, not to speak of a satisfactory one.What comes next? Poor students will be hard-pressed if they find student loans unavailable any more.As a result, some even cannot afford to continue their studies.Lastly, more students are probably out there anxiously looking for part-time jobs now that they have to help cover their expenses in this gloomy economy.Their innocence and eagerness might be taken advantage of by some malicious businesspeople, or even criminal gang.In response to these threats, we students must act promptly and wisely.Since we definitely will be facing a competitive job market, it’s crucial that we submit high quality resumes.Therefore, we must commit more to our professional studies.Even do better, master more relevant job skills as a double security.Furthermore, apply for scholarships and grants, as these are still available and we don’t have to pay them back.As for the safety issues, trust our instinct – there’s no free lunch in this world.Anything that promises quick returns without much work is a sure trap.Stay alert and protect ourselves.◇第一段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):概述金融危機(jī)給各行各業(yè)造成的影響。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
(1)severe recession嚴(yán)重衰退
(2)devastating effects毀滅性的后果
(3)go bankrupt破產(chǎn)
(4)high-return investment bubbles高回報(bào)投資泡沫
(5)retrieved追回、挽回
◇第二段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):主要論述金融危機(jī)給大學(xué)生帶來(lái)影響。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
(1)slump 經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條、不景氣、經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退
(2)internships 實(shí)習(xí)
(3)fall victim to 被降服、屈服于
(4)malicious惡毒的、惡意的 ◇第三段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):
闡述大學(xué)生如何應(yīng)對(duì)金融危機(jī)的影響。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
注意since, therefore, furthermore等關(guān)聯(lián)詞的使用,使句間關(guān)系更加緊密。
2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文訓(xùn)練模板:校園盜竊案
Enhance Awareness to Guard against Campus Thefts
1.校園盜竊案件時(shí)有發(fā)生
2.物品被盜的原因
3.學(xué)生如何加強(qiáng)防盜意識(shí)
●審題概述●
這是一篇論述校園物品被盜和加強(qiáng)防盜意識(shí)的文章。第一段,主要陳述校園盜竊案件發(fā)生的情況。第二段,主要分析校園物品被盜的原因。第三段,主要闡述學(xué)生怎樣增強(qiáng)防盜意識(shí)。
【范文】
Enhance Awareness to Guard against Campus Thefts
“If you don’t want to wake up and find you have no pants to wear, you’d better put them on in sleep,” goes a popular joke among students.Obviously, campus thefts have become increasingly annoying as they occur far more often than before.And it seems that the thieves are less choosy these days, with their targets ranging widely from bikes, cell phones, purses, pre-paid IC cards to sunglasses, bags, and even underwear.In short, anything that worth a dime is likely to be stolen.What makes students the easy targets? The reasons are not hard to find.But I believe of all these reasons, the lack of anti-theft alertness is the most important.For lack of alertness, the students tend to leave the doors and windows wide open during sleep at noon or at night in summer.For the same reason, they’ll also leave their bikes unlocked before a store or by a road, or forget to take away their personal stuff before they go out of the classroom to make a phone call.These acts undoubtedly have increased their exposure to the light-fingered monsters.In order to minimize possible losses, the students must stay on guard in the first place, as awareness of the thefts around often makes a big difference.To be more specific, the students should not hide any tempting amount of cash in the dorm.Put it in the bank instead.Besides, do not leave any valuable items unattended.Take them wherever you go.In addition, it’s advisable to develop a neighbourhood watch programme with other students in the dorm and neighbouring dorms.◇第一段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):陳述校園盜竊案件發(fā)生的情況
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:it seems that此句型表示一種可能性
◇第二段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):說(shuō)明被盜原因
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
(1)What makes students the easy targets?此句引出下文
(2)anti-theft alertness防盜意識(shí)
(3)lack of alertness缺乏警惕
(4)light-fingered小偷小摸的、慣行扒竊的 ◇第三段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):闡述如何加強(qiáng)防盜意識(shí)
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:注意關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)in the first place,Besides,In addition的使用可使行文更富邏輯性。
2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文訓(xùn)練模板:校園火災(zāi)
Fire Prevention on Campus
1.前段時(shí)間校園火災(zāi)頻發(fā),造成生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失
2.分析火災(zāi)發(fā)生的原因
3.作為學(xué)生,如何預(yù)防校園火災(zāi)發(fā)生
●審題概述●
這是一分析火災(zāi)原因和如何預(yù)防火災(zāi)為中心的文章,撰寫(xiě)時(shí)重點(diǎn)即在于此。開(kāi)篇綜述校園火災(zāi)頻發(fā)情形及造成的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失,然后說(shuō)明火災(zāi)原因,最后提出可能的火災(zāi)預(yù)防措施。第一段,主要概述;第二段,說(shuō)明原因;第三段,詳細(xì)論述措施。
【范文】
Fire Prevention on Campus
People are alarmed by the succession of campus fires in recent years.In each of these accidents, heavy casualties were reported – houses were burned down, students lost their lives, and properties were damaged.Faced with such a chilling fact, people keep asking, “What on earth results in these repeated tragedies?”
A brief survey of them reveals that human factors still prove to be the leading causes.For example, three of these fires were caused by the students’ use of electric water-heaters.As students often leave the heaters unattended, the risks are rather high should the water in the bottle boil dry while no one is around to turn off the power.In other cases, fires were also caused by stoves, candles, cigarette butts, etc.Since most of these disasters could have been prevented if proper precautions had been taken, students should be better educated on the importance and measures of fire control.The following three reminders are of particular importance for us students: First, learn how to use a fire extinguisher.Second, double-check candles, heaters, stoves and other electric appliances, and make sure there are no open flames before leaving rooms.Lastly, do not smoke in the dorm.◇第一段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):概述并引入下文
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
(1)此句What on earth results in these repeated tragedies? ??勺鳛檫^(guò)渡句,引出下文
(2)注意描述有關(guān)火災(zāi)客觀事實(shí),多使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),如are alarmed by,were reported,were burned down,were damaged,F(xiàn)aced with。
◇第二段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):論述火災(zāi)的主要原因是使用電熱水器,還有造成火災(zāi)的次要原因是實(shí)用電爐、蠟燭和亂扔煙蒂◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:electric water-heaters電熱水器
◇第三段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):詳述預(yù)防火災(zāi)的三點(diǎn)措施,注意使用連接詞語(yǔ)first, second, lastly。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
take precautions采取預(yù)防措施
fire extinguisher滅火器
2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文訓(xùn)練模板:大學(xué)生追求名牌
University Students’ Pursuit of Famous Brands
1.現(xiàn)在很多大學(xué)生都追求穿名牌,用名牌
2.你對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象的看法
● 審題概述●
這是一篇論述對(duì)大學(xué)生追求和使用名牌看法的文章。第一段,詳述大學(xué)生熱衷追求、使用名牌的情形以及人們的看法。第二段,重點(diǎn)談你對(duì)此的看法。
【范文】University Students’ Pursuit of Famous Brands
“What perfumes are you wearing?” “Aren’t your shoes Nike’s latest release?” “I like the Mickey bag you bought yesterday.” “I hear the Jack &Jones store is on sale this week.Do you wanna come along?” Don’t feel surprised if you hear them coming out of the mouth of college students.It’s quite common to hear and see college students swapping information about the brands they like and the products they use.In fact, discussions about brand names have become one of the college students’ favourite pastimes.They learn about the latest fashion from each other, exchange tips about when and where to get the item, and buy it at their earliest convenience.“Keeping up with the Joneses” is their conviction – “If the Joneses have it, how could I have not?”
About this current mindset of the college students, many people may hasten to show their disapproval.They’ll probably take it to be a reflection of the students’ vanity and superficiality.And they may lecture them on the virtue of being thrifty.However, I beg to differ.For one thing, name-brand products are usually quality products.As such, they are something beautiful, endurable, and reliable.“The love of beauty is common to all,” goes the proverb;therefore, there’s nothing to blame about the pursuit of famous brands.For the other, college students are old enough to make their own decisions.Likewise, they must abide by the consequences if they make an ill-advised one.If they let their pursuit of brands eat into their budget for other more important issues, they should be able to correct their mistakes and keep everything in moderation.So this becomes no other than a good chance to learn management, isn’t it?
◇第一段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):本段分為兩個(gè)部分,即詳細(xì)陳述大學(xué)生追求和使用名牌的情況,以及人們對(duì)此的看法。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
(1)keeping up with the Joneses要在地位和物質(zhì)上比得上周圍的人
(2)conviction堅(jiān)定的信仰、看法
2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)作文訓(xùn)練模板:課外培訓(xùn)班
Is it Necessary to Attend Training Classes?
1.現(xiàn)在社會(huì)上有各種各樣的培訓(xùn)班
2.有些人認(rèn)為有必要參加課外培訓(xùn)班,有些人則認(rèn)為沒(méi)有必要
3.你的觀點(diǎn)
● 審題概述●
這是一篇主要論述人們和你對(duì)社會(huì)上各類培訓(xùn)班看法的文章。第一段,概述各種各樣培訓(xùn)班的狀況。第二段,論述人們對(duì)參加課外培訓(xùn)班的不同看法。第三段,重點(diǎn)闡述你對(duì)此的看法。
【范文】Is it Necessary to Attend Training Classes?
All across the country a great diversity of custom-made classes are mushrooming, in which special training is provided concerning computer skills, arts, sports, and other extracurricular specialties like maths and writing.Among them language crash courses for various tests, such as CET, BEC, TOFEL, IELTS, GRE and so forth, are especially noticeable for its wide range and high attendance rate.Some consider it advisable to attend such classes while others believe it unnecessary.The former argues that it’s far more effective to command these special skills with the help of an experienced trainer than to work at them on their own.They are convinced that these training classes can make up for what is not taught in school, hence, more competitive edge over their peers.The latter group of people, nonetheless, criticize it as a sheer waste of resources.They warn that the quality of most training courses is questionable, as they are marketed to get money out of our pocket rather than get knowledge into our head.As far as I am concerned, a little bit of such special training does us no harm, but too much of it can only prove to be counter-productive.Anyhow, the deprived free time can be better invested in recreation at weekends, talking to an old friend, or simply enjoying a long-overdue vacation.◇第一段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):第一句綜述社會(huì)上提供知識(shí)、技能服務(wù)的各類培訓(xùn)班雨后春筍般興起,第二句例舉語(yǔ)言速成課程特別火爆。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
(1)a great diversity of各種各樣的(2)mushrooming迅速擴(kuò)散、增加
(3)language crash courses語(yǔ)言速成課程
◇第二段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):先用一句對(duì)比式地?cái)[出兩種不同的觀點(diǎn),再分別詳述他們的看法。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:注意連接詞語(yǔ)while,The former,They,The latter group of people等的使用,強(qiáng)化了上下文之間的連貫性。
◇第三段思路點(diǎn)評(píng):辯證地論述你對(duì)參加各類培訓(xùn)班的看法。
◇語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)提示:
(1)as far as I am concerned我認(rèn)為,就我而言
(2)counter-productive適得其反的、事與愿違的
2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)議論型作文范文:宿舍or校外
議論型作文
1.Should College Students Live on Campus
a.有些人喜歡住在學(xué)校的宿舍,因?yàn)??
b.有些人喜歡住在校外,因?yàn)??
c.我的看法
There are an increasing number of students who choose to live off campus.Parents and university administrations understandably reacted differently.They voiced concerns about security and the threat of off-campus lifestyles getting out of control.However, college students have their own reasons for their choices.Some students prefer to live on campus for the following reasons.First, campus residents are closer to classes, the library, and other resources, so they are more likely to succeed in college and complete their bachelor’s degree in four years.Furthermore, Living in a dorm is a great opportunity to meet all kinds of new people and develop relationships with them, so students living on campus are more sociable.Last but not the least, living on campus is cheaper and more convenient.Often times, off-campus housing is more expensive than on-campus housing and while living on campus, you don’t have to worry about monthly rent payments and utility bills.Some others choose to live off campus because they believe living off campus they are more independent, with more privacy and a lot more quiet time.Living off campus gives them freedom from those dorm rules and allow them to set their own.The extra space also means that one can probably find a quiet place to study in the convenience of his own home.As for me, I’m a faithful supporter of the former group because I, living on campus myself, have witnessed and enjoyed all the convenience and happiness of doing so.To me, living on campus undoubtedly adds an important element to the complete college experience.2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)議論型作文范文:大學(xué)寢室自私自利現(xiàn)象
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Selfishness in Dormitory Life.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
1.大學(xué)寢室里自私自利的現(xiàn)象比較普遍
2.分析出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因
3.呼吁大學(xué)生改變這種不智之舉
Selfishness is a bit prevailing in university dormitories.Some never care about others’ needs or offer help to their roommates.Some even interrupt others’ normal daily life by speaking loudly, turning on the loudspeakers and telephoning at midnight.As the only children in their families, most of them are the apples of their parents’ eye.They have been spoiled and are used to being satisfied.Therefore, they hardly pay any attention to others’ feelings initiatively.What they care about is how to meet their own demands and how to get what they need from others.Moreover, selfish people do not know mutual respect and mutual help are keys to harmonious dormitory life.Selfishness erodes youngsters’ mind and may well undermine their all-round development.Only when we become respectful and helpful to each other, can we create a healthy atmosphere for dormitory life.2013年英語(yǔ)三級(jí)議論型作文范文:大學(xué)生與父母道謝
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Say “Thank You” to Parents.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
1.很多的大學(xué)生從未跟父母道過(guò)謝
2.請(qǐng)說(shuō)明原因
3.你的建議
According to a recent survey involving over 3000 undergraduates, 35% of university students have never said “Thank you” to their parents.Their parents have done all they could to bring them up in the past score of years, but have never been rewarded with gratitude.The subjects claim such reasons as follows.First and foremost, a quarter of the interviewed students regard it as parents’ duty to support them spiritually and financially.And it is not necessary to express appreciation to their parents.However, the majority of youngsters are aware of their parents’ tender love but are not accustomed to saying “Thank you”.Some even find a generation gap between themselves and their parents, thus feeling reluctant to express their affection for their parents.In my opinion, extending thankfulness to our parents is a way of respecting them and their love.We should express our feelings directly and bravely, but what’s more important is, we should do all that we can to reward them.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)三級(jí)考試必備作文范文:個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷
個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷
RESUME
Li Ming
P.O.Box 237, Beijing University
5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871
Tel: 62768888 Email: Liming@163.com
Career Objective: A position with management potential in the banking business specializing in international corporate financing
Educational Background:
Sept 2003 to Beijing University
July 2007 Major in International Business Management
Main courses include English, Computer, Business
Management, Accounting, International Commercial Law
Work Experience:
July 2006 to Bank of China
June 2007 Internship, Secretary to Deputy Manager of Marketing
Draft business correspondence
Schedule deputy manager’s appointments
Qualifications: University graduation certificate and bachelor degree to be conferred upon graduation(2007)
College English Test Band 4 June 2005
Honors & Awards: Twice awarded scholarship by Beijing University
2005& 2006
Special Skills: Familiarity with Microsoft Word, Excel
Ability to work independently
Outstanding Organizational skills
Experience: President of Student Union 2003-present
Personal Data: Date of Birth: 9/17/1984
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Unmarried
第四篇:集合與邏輯用語(yǔ)三級(jí)訓(xùn)練
西鄉(xiāng)中學(xué)高三數(shù)學(xué)班級(jí):姓名:教師: 易里豪 7/13/201
4集合與邏輯用語(yǔ)三級(jí)訓(xùn)練
一、基本訓(xùn)練
1.【2012山東文2】已知全集U?{0,1,2,3,4},集合A?{1,2,3},B?{2,4},則(CUA)?B為()
(A){1,2,4}(B){2,3,4}(C){0,2,4}(D){0,2,3,4}
2.(2009廣東1)已知全集U=R,則正確表示集合M={—1,0,1}和N={xx?1?0}關(guān)系的韋恩(Venn)圖是()
23.【2012湖北文4】命題“存在一個(gè)無(wú)理數(shù),它的平方是有理數(shù)”的否定是()
A.任意一個(gè)有理數(shù),它的平方是有理數(shù)B.任意一個(gè)無(wú)理數(shù),它的平方不是有理數(shù)
C.存在一個(gè)有理數(shù),它的平方是有理數(shù)D.存在一個(gè)無(wú)理數(shù),它的平方不是有理數(shù)
4.(09北京6.“???
6”是“cos2??
1”的()2B.必要而不充分條件 D.既不充分也不必要條件 A. 充分而不必要條件
C. 充分必要條件5.【2012上海文2】若集合A?xlg(2x)?0,B?xx?1,則A?B=
二、能力訓(xùn)練
1.(2011湖北2)已知U??y|y?log2x,x?1?,P??y|y??????
?1?,x?2?,則CUP=()x?
A.[,??)B.?0,12??11?(??,0][,??)0,??C.D.???22?
2(2013上海(文))設(shè)常數(shù)a?R,集合A?x|?x?1??x?a??0,B??x|x?a?1?.若??
AB?R,則a的取值范圍為()B.???,22A.???,2? ?C.?2,??? D.2,??? ?3.【2012湖北文1】已知集合A{x| x-3x +2=0,x∈R },B={x|0<x<5,x∈N },則滿足條件A
?C ?B 的集合C的個(gè)數(shù)為()
A 1B 2C3D
44.(08陜西2.已知全集U?{1集合A?{x|x?3x?2?0},2,3,4,5},B?{x|x?2a,a?A},則集合eU(AA.1
2B)中元素的個(gè)數(shù)為()B.2C.3D.41
5.(07安徽5.若A?{x?Z2≤22?x?8},B?{x?Rlog2x?1},則A
為()
A.0B.1C.2D.3(eRB)的元素個(gè)數(shù)
6.(2012 年全國(guó))已知集合 A={1,3},B={1,m},A ∪B=A,則 m=()
A.0或3B.0或3C.1或3D.1或3
7.已知集合A?{x?R|y?lg(?x2?x?2)},B?{x?R|y?,則A ∩ B 等于()
A.(?1,2)B.[?1,2]C.(?1,1)D.(?1,1]
8.(07福建4.“x?2”是“x2?x?6?0”的()
A.充分而不必要條件
C.充要條件B.必要而不充分條件 D.既不充分也不必要條件
9.(2013課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷(文))已知命題p:?x?R,2x?3x;命題q:?x?R,x3?1?x2,則下列命
題中為真命題的是:()
A.p?q B.?p?q C.p??q D.?p??q
10.(2012年高考(福建理))下列命題中,真命題是()
A.?x0?R,ex0?0 B. ?x?R,2x?x2
C.a(chǎn)?b?0的充要條件是a??1 bD.a(chǎn)?1,b?1是ab?1的充分條件
x2y2
??1},B?{(x,y)|y?3x},則A?B的子集11.(2010湖北理2).設(shè)集合A?{?x,y?|416的個(gè)數(shù)是()
A.4B.3C .2D.1
12.(2011全國(guó)(5))下面四個(gè)條件中,使a?b成立的充分而不必要的條件是()
(A)a>b?1(B)a>b?1(C)a>b(D)a>b
13.(09江蘇11.已知集合A?2233?x|log2x?2?,B?(??,a),若A?B則實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范
2圍是(c,??),其中c?.14.下列命題中:①“b?0”是函數(shù)f(x)?ax?bx?c是偶函數(shù)的充分必要條件;
② 若函數(shù)y?logax是(0,??)的增函數(shù),則a?12; ③ ?x?R,x?2x?1?0; 2
④ 若集合A,B滿足A?B?B,則A?B。其中正確命題的序號(hào)是________________
15.已知命題甲:a+b≠4,命題乙:a≠1且b≠3,則命題甲是命題乙的________條件.
三、拓展訓(xùn)練
1.【2012四川文7】設(shè)a、下列四個(gè)條件中,使b都是非零向量,ab成立的充分條件是()?|a||b|
A、|a|?|b|且a//bB、a??bC、a//bD、a?2b
2.(08江西:A?B?zz?xy,x?A,y?B.設(shè)A??1,2?,B??0,2?,則集合A?B 的所有元素之和為()
A.0B.2C.3D.6
3.(2011湖北10).若實(shí)數(shù)a,b滿足a?0,b?0,且ab?0,則稱
a與b互補(bǔ),記
?(a,b)a?b,那么?(a,b)?0是a與b互補(bǔ)的()??
A.必要不充分條件B.充分不必要條件C.充要條件D.既不充分也不必要條件
4:(2012 年安徽)設(shè)平面α與平面β相交于直線 m,直線a在平面α內(nèi),直線 b 在平面β內(nèi),且 b⊥m,則“α⊥β”是“a⊥b”的 _____________________________條件.5.(2010四川文數(shù))(16)設(shè)S為復(fù)數(shù)集C的非空子集.若對(duì)任意x,y?S,都有x?y,x?y,xy?S,則稱S為封閉集。下列命題:①集合S={a+bi|(a,b為整數(shù),i為虛數(shù)單位)}為封閉集; ②若S為封閉集,則一定有0?S;
③封閉集一定是無(wú)限集;
④若S為封閉集,則滿足S?T?C的任意集合T也是封閉集.其中真命題是(寫(xiě)出所有真命題的序號(hào))
四、綜合解答訓(xùn)練
1:已知 a>0,設(shè)命題 p:函數(shù)y?ax 在 R 上單調(diào)遞增;命題 q:不等式 ax-ax+1>0 對(duì)2
?x∈R 恒成立.若 p∧q 為假,p∨q 為真,求 a 的取值范圍。
2.已知p:?x?1?p是?q的必要非充分條件,22 q: x-2x+1-m ≤0(m>0),若求實(shí)數(shù)m?2;3的取值范圍。
解:
3.設(shè)所有可表示為兩整數(shù)的平方差的整數(shù)組成的集合為M。
(1)證明所有奇數(shù)都屬于M;
(2)若偶數(shù)2t?M,t應(yīng)滿足什么條件?
(3)證明屬于M的兩個(gè)整數(shù)之積仍屬于M。
第五篇:繼承 發(fā)展 創(chuàng)新
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1.教師要善于發(fā)掘歷史教材的情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀因素,來(lái)對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行思想教育
中華文明上下五千年,蘊(yùn)藏著極為豐富的人文底蘊(yùn)和知識(shí)素養(yǎng)。在教學(xué)過(guò)程中,語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的生動(dòng)性、形象性和趣味性顯得尤為突出重要。生動(dòng)形象有趣的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)不僅可以活躍課堂氣氛,陶冶學(xué)生情操,還可以激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣和求知欲望。例:火的使用過(guò)程:天然火的出現(xiàn)或許是因?yàn)檠谉岣稍锏募竟?jié)里雷擊引燃了森林中堆積的枯枝,或許是林中的一只小鹿為逃避猛獸的追逐而碰下懸崖的一塊石頭撞擊到另一塊石頭的火星引燃了森林中千年的枯葉,或許是其它千年等一回才出現(xiàn)一次的偶然因素。我們可以想象一下:當(dāng)森林中燃起大火時(shí),原始人類肯定和其他野獸一樣驚慌的逃竄。大火過(guò)后,那些僥幸逃得性命的人面對(duì)滿目的灰燼悲痛欲絕、一籌莫展,也許他們會(huì)遠(yuǎn)走他鄉(xiāng),結(jié)局是死于路途中或找到新的家園。也許他們會(huì)留下來(lái),由于饑餓揀起燒焦的動(dòng)物或同伴的尸體――那一定是難以下咽的食物。也許——當(dāng)他們終于習(xí)慣這種食物時(shí),下次再吃要等不知多少萬(wàn)年。在經(jīng)過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)次數(shù)代人同樣的經(jīng)歷才認(rèn)識(shí)到火能給他們美味。從恐懼到認(rèn)識(shí),從認(rèn)識(shí)到利用,這其間從逃竄到揀起燒焦的食物恐怕要經(jīng)歷上百萬(wàn)年的歷程。我們的祖先在人類進(jìn)化的過(guò)程中經(jīng)歷了多么漫長(zhǎng)而艱辛的過(guò)程。從猿進(jìn)化成人,從古代人進(jìn)化成現(xiàn)代人,人類每前進(jìn)一步都須付出巨大的努力才終于進(jìn)化成我們今天的樣子。所以,我們一定要意識(shí)到現(xiàn)在的你我都是人類進(jìn)化的結(jié)晶,我們的祖先經(jīng)歷了千辛萬(wàn)苦才進(jìn)化成我們今天的樣子。我們沒(méi)有理由不好好做人。
又如,教學(xué)《民族團(tuán)結(jié)》一課時(shí)(八年級(jí)下冊(cè)11課),發(fā)掘了時(shí)政熱點(diǎn)“別斯蘭人質(zhì)事件”和“中國(guó)青年志愿者接力計(jì)劃”,通過(guò)比較,說(shuō)明了民族團(tuán)結(jié)的對(duì)國(guó)家繁榮穩(wěn)定的重要大貢獻(xiàn),同時(shí)也引導(dǎo)學(xué)生怎樣為國(guó)家,民族的發(fā)展作貢獻(xiàn)。
2.教師善于組織開(kāi)展課堂活動(dòng),創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀
中學(xué)生普遍具有貪玩好動(dòng)、情感豐富、愛(ài)憎分明性格,而學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)不是太明確。要把他們培養(yǎng)有高尚的道德品質(zhì)和對(duì)社會(huì)有責(zé)任感的人,靠空洞的說(shuō)教是不能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)的。
我們關(guān)注學(xué)生的情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀,每每學(xué)校例行的升國(guó)旗、唱國(guó)歌的儀式時(shí),學(xué)生的熱情似乎并不高。學(xué)生的國(guó)家意識(shí)在缺乏情景的創(chuàng)設(shè)時(shí),是無(wú)法調(diào)動(dòng)起來(lái)的,他們的愛(ài)國(guó)主義情感被隱藏起來(lái)了。在教學(xué)“抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”時(shí),為了突出“愛(ài)國(guó)主義”的主題,激發(fā)學(xué)生的愛(ài)國(guó)主義情感,我們這樣做:選擇“九·一八”這個(gè)特殊的日子,這個(gè)國(guó)人心中的“國(guó)恥日”,舉行全年級(jí)師生共同參與的紀(jì)念儀式,通過(guò)步步為營(yíng)、層層深入,創(chuàng)設(shè)“知恥而后勇”的歷史情境,培養(yǎng)、樹(shù)立學(xué)生的情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀,突出愛(ài)國(guó)主義教育這一主題。
我們首先學(xué)習(xí)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上廣為流傳的用水均益的名義發(fā)表的《日本,聽(tīng)我對(duì)你說(shuō)》把學(xué)生的情緒調(diào)動(dòng)起來(lái),然后和學(xué)生一起上網(wǎng)查資料,將自己收集的圖片、文字資料設(shè)計(jì)成展板展示出來(lái),用豐富的資料表現(xiàn)一個(gè)主題:“9.18”是日本人強(qiáng)加給中國(guó)的災(zāi)難,生活在淪陷區(qū)的中國(guó)人命運(yùn)慘不忍睹。學(xué)生全景式的掌握了日本侵華戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)過(guò)程,尤其是學(xué)生下載的南京大屠殺和萬(wàn)人坑的照片:日本人把香煙插在被砍下中國(guó)人頭顱嘴里取樂(lè);大大的泥坑里滿是衣衫不整的尸體,而尸體的旁邊是啼哭的嬰兒,使得學(xué)生產(chǎn)生了悲憤壓抑的情緒。這時(shí)我們向?qū)W生提出了要舉行全年級(jí)上千名同學(xué)集會(huì),聽(tīng)演講、齊唱抗日歌曲來(lái)紀(jì)念9.18,得到了他們的響應(yīng)。為了更好的讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)歷史,我們又專門(mén)利用課堂教唱了《松花江上》、《大刀進(jìn)行曲》這些抗日歌曲,繼續(xù)利用情景體驗(yàn)醞釀學(xué)生的悲憤情緒。在9.18這天,集會(huì)開(kāi)始,教師和學(xué)生共同主持儀式,當(dāng)主持人說(shuō)道:“看看我們同學(xué)們收集的資料吧!在山西大同,有一個(gè)中國(guó)人白骨填滿的“萬(wàn)人坑”;有一個(gè)嬰兒在尸體堆里哭喊著找媽媽。在河北潘家峪,有一個(gè)中國(guó)人尸體壘成的“肉墳丘”,有一個(gè)六歲的女孩被鬼子活生生的撕成兩半?”駭人聽(tīng)聞的情景和學(xué)生查找到的資料相互印證,主持人悲傖的語(yǔ)調(diào),悲憤的表情,成功的創(chuàng)造一種悲涼的氣氛籠罩全場(chǎng)。抓住了學(xué)生的心,調(diào)動(dòng)了學(xué)生的情感。學(xué)生演講開(kāi)始,當(dāng)學(xué)生演講到“蓄意的屠殺,慘絕人寰??!魔鬼!魔鬼呀!蹂躪我國(guó)土、屠殺我同胞?”那充滿激憤,發(fā)自肺腑的語(yǔ)言把全場(chǎng)的悲痛達(dá)到高潮!有的學(xué)生再也忍受不住奪眶而下的眼淚,他們的情感需要在這是得到宣泄。學(xué)生又演講到“如果我們的肩膀柔弱得連學(xué)習(xí)的擔(dān)子都扛不起,那么一切都是空談。同學(xué)們、同學(xué)們!快拿出力量,擔(dān)負(fù)起天下的興亡”突出了活動(dòng)的宗旨,使學(xué)生明確了目前的責(zé)任。最后安排齊唱國(guó)歌,主持人用激勵(lì)的語(yǔ)言說(shuō)到:“同學(xué)們,每當(dāng)《義勇軍進(jìn)行曲》響起的時(shí)候,請(qǐng)高唱《國(guó)歌》。讓它不斷提醒我們:祖國(guó)需要強(qiáng)大,民族需要尊嚴(yán),我們需要肩負(fù)祖國(guó)和民族的未來(lái)”。從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到學(xué)生如此整齊,嘹亮和充滿感情地歌聲。這不就是我們企盼已久的齊唱國(guó)歌的效果嗎?我們欣慰的感覺(jué)到,學(xué)生通過(guò)活動(dòng)對(duì)國(guó)歌,對(duì)自己肩負(fù)的使命已有深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。
整個(gè)集會(huì)過(guò)程把學(xué)生帶回那個(gè)特殊年代,體驗(yàn)到了民族的苦難,侵略者的毒辣,反抗者的頑強(qiáng)。喚醒他“勿忘國(guó)恥,振興中華”的認(rèn)同感。我們感到這些生活在舒適和安逸當(dāng)中的很多同學(xué)的內(nèi)心已凝聚起一種自強(qiáng)不息、振興中華的民族精神。國(guó)家的概念在學(xué)生的頭腦里更加清晰了。
說(shuō)到再現(xiàn)歷史場(chǎng)景,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀,我們?cè)谥袊?guó)現(xiàn)代史的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí),又做過(guò)這樣的嘗試。為了讓學(xué)生更好的學(xué)習(xí)半個(gè)世紀(jì)前發(fā)生的抗美援朝戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),我們把一位經(jīng)歷過(guò)這一歷史事件仍然健在的老人請(qǐng)到學(xué)校,以老人的經(jīng)歷作為學(xué)生體驗(yàn)歷史的活教材。模仿中央電視臺(tái)《實(shí)話實(shí)說(shuō)》節(jié)目,由志愿軍老人和宜賓二中的學(xué)生主持人共同合作,以談話、聊天的方式進(jìn)行祖孫之間的交流。學(xué)生主持人充當(dāng)活動(dòng)串聯(lián),營(yíng)造親切氣氛,以調(diào)動(dòng)老戰(zhàn)士講述歷史的激情為主。通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)學(xué)生的參與,同時(shí)用視頻傳輸手段面向全體初二同學(xué)。這種情景體驗(yàn)的手段,符合學(xué)生喜歡聽(tīng)故事的性格特點(diǎn)。在聽(tīng)取故事的同時(shí),讓學(xué)生產(chǎn)生學(xué)習(xí)老人身上體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的我們民族平凡且崇高的人格的動(dòng)力,對(duì)學(xué)生的人格進(jìn)行塑造,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)活動(dòng)目的?;顒?dòng)前,教師多次到老人家和老人談心,在老人陳舊的相冊(cè)里,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了這樣的一首自題的詩(shī)句:“缺衣少食的歲月,血肉橫飛的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。經(jīng)歷了人生磨難,鑄就了民族脊梁”。樸實(shí)無(wú)華的詩(shī)句,既是老人崇高的人格品質(zhì)的體現(xiàn),又是歷史與現(xiàn)實(shí)的橋梁。通過(guò)它,我們可以了解到志愿軍戰(zhàn)士生動(dòng)細(xì)致的精神風(fēng)貌和生存狀態(tài)。于是教師把它作為了活動(dòng)連接的線索?;顒?dòng)中,我們首先播放了歌曲《我的祖國(guó)》來(lái)調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的情感,然后播放《志愿軍軍歌》來(lái)調(diào)動(dòng)老人的情感。老人把他和戰(zhàn)友在抗美援朝戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的工作、生活的經(jīng)歷作了詳細(xì)具體的講述。在學(xué)生的提問(wèn)下老人描述了自己參軍的原因、經(jīng)歷和志愿軍戰(zhàn)士貧乏的物質(zhì)條件。讓生活在和平年代的學(xué)生回到了那個(gè)曾經(jīng)慷慨激昂、金戈鐵馬的年代,他們從老人怎樣參軍的歷史里,感受到了50年代新中國(guó)年輕人的愛(ài)國(guó)熱情,祖國(guó)正在經(jīng)歷著“抗美援朝、保家衛(wèi)國(guó)”偉大的事業(yè)。當(dāng)老人講述到志愿軍戰(zhàn)士面對(duì)物質(zhì)困難用簡(jiǎn)陋的武器裝備與美國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化裝備作戰(zhàn),最后保全了自己,戰(zhàn)勝敵人的經(jīng)歷時(shí),學(xué)生從老人的表情和語(yǔ)言中,感受到了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的慘烈程度。事后學(xué)生對(duì)我們說(shuō):“那些場(chǎng)景是我們這些只看過(guò)電影《上甘嶺》和《英雄兒女》難以想像的。真實(shí)感人的志愿軍戰(zhàn)士事跡,體現(xiàn)了堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志,巨大的犧牲,無(wú)私無(wú)畏的愛(ài)國(guó)熱情。更加深了我們對(duì)課本上所說(shuō)的‘志愿軍戰(zhàn)士是最可愛(ài)的人的認(rèn)識(shí)’”。以這樣一種課堂體驗(yàn)的方式,老人獨(dú)特的人格魅力感染了學(xué)生的情感,熏陶學(xué)生的心靈。老人對(duì)人生的感悟?qū)ψ鎳?guó)真摯的熱愛(ài),也帶給學(xué)生做什么樣的人,以什么樣的方式去學(xué)習(xí)、生活的思考。有意識(shí)的對(duì)學(xué)生的情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀進(jìn)行塑造,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)活動(dòng)目的。
3.教學(xué)活動(dòng)中,針對(duì)學(xué)生表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的情感價(jià)值觀,要善于引導(dǎo),并為學(xué)生展示自己提供舞臺(tái)
作為學(xué)生,在歷史學(xué)習(xí)中經(jīng)常有表現(xiàn)自己能力和情感的欲望。教師應(yīng)該敏銳的發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)形成的能力、情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀,為學(xué)生展示自己提供舞臺(tái)、指引方向。
例如在二戰(zhàn)知識(shí)的教學(xué)過(guò)程中,我們發(fā)覺(jué)部分男同學(xué)非常欣賞二戰(zhàn)的頭號(hào)戰(zhàn)犯希特勒,他們津津樂(lè)道希特勒的《我的奮斗》,認(rèn)為希特勒敢想敢為,做了那么多別人不敢做,也不可能做成的事跡。非常有個(gè)性,值得崇拜。而其余學(xué)生雖然有反駁的愿望,又苦于找不到有說(shuō)服力的證據(jù)。這種沖突膠著的狀態(tài),為老師創(chuàng)設(shè)了良好的教學(xué)情景,給老師的教學(xué)提出了新問(wèn)題。教師設(shè)計(jì)了幾個(gè)啟發(fā)性的問(wèn)題:1.希特勒為什么要寫(xiě)《我的奮斗》?2.希特勒掌權(quán)以后在德國(guó)做了些什么?在世界其它國(guó)家做了什么?你是怎樣評(píng)價(jià)希特勒的種種行為的?這三個(gè)問(wèn)題,相互關(guān)聯(lián),環(huán)環(huán)緊扣,既可以訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的歷史思維能力,同時(shí)學(xué)生朦朧的想法、新奇的見(jiàn)解、在閱讀課文和相互討論中得到驗(yàn)證。一個(gè)同學(xué)的發(fā)言圍繞著課文知識(shí)“法西斯的暴行”十分精彩的說(shuō)到:“我非常反感希特勒的所作所為,為了自己的需要,他可以隨意的踐踏他人的生命。生命是人立足的根本,是寶貴和唯一的財(cái)產(chǎn),何況希特勒殘害生靈的方式又是那樣的令人發(fā)指?!边@位學(xué)生的發(fā)言蘊(yùn)含著初步的人道主義和人權(quán)的理念。也許她并不知道這兩個(gè)概念的名稱,可是在老師的問(wèn)題情境里,通過(guò)積極的思考,她對(duì)這兩個(gè)理念的具體運(yùn)用,給老師一種情理之中,意料之外的驚喜。那些只根據(jù)自己個(gè)人需要,片面強(qiáng)調(diào)希特勒是英雄的學(xué)生,在課堂學(xué)習(xí)后,冷靜了下來(lái),感到了自己想法的幼稚和錯(cuò)誤。學(xué)生們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)關(guān)于日本的侵華戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的歷史和開(kāi)展9、18活動(dòng)中,對(duì)比今天日本對(duì)歷史的態(tài)度,響應(yīng)網(wǎng)上廣為流傳的抵制日貨的潮流,有學(xué)生甚至質(zhì)問(wèn)歷史老師有沒(méi)有參加網(wǎng)上發(fā)起的反對(duì)日本加入常任理事國(guó)的簽名活動(dòng),有學(xué)生自發(fā)組織同學(xué)印發(fā)抵制日貨的宣傳單,在家長(zhǎng)和社會(huì)上產(chǎn)生了比較大的影響,學(xué)生的行為讓老師始料不及。理智的說(shuō)這是一種過(guò)于的偏激的愛(ài)國(guó)的行為,但是,作為一個(gè)有良心的中國(guó)人,在了解歷史后,誰(shuí)產(chǎn)生這樣的行為都是正常的。何況,日本本身沒(méi)有正確的反省戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪行,正是他們的這種態(tài)度,激發(fā)了中國(guó)人所謂“反日”的愛(ài)國(guó)行為。作為政府,作為正式的教科書(shū)肯定不能旗幟鮮明號(hào)召抵制日貨,但是,我們肯定了學(xué)生的愛(ài)國(guó)行為--任何歷史教師都有責(zé)任激發(fā)、保護(hù)、引導(dǎo)學(xué)生的任何形式愛(ài)國(guó)行為。
有的學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)了世界史九年級(jí)下冊(cè)關(guān)于美國(guó)、西歐和日本戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,認(rèn)識(shí)到其中共同的原因中關(guān)于重視發(fā)展教育的因素時(shí),也非常關(guān)心中國(guó)的教育,主動(dòng)積極收聽(tīng)今年的兩會(huì)報(bào)告,第一時(shí)間把今年中國(guó)教育改革的消息告訴班上的每個(gè)同學(xué),這種關(guān)心社會(huì)發(fā)展、國(guó)家進(jìn)步的情感、態(tài)度實(shí)在是難能可貴。它讓我們意識(shí)到,學(xué)生需要教師在教學(xué)中為學(xué)生建構(gòu)一個(gè)表現(xiàn)自己的舞臺(tái),需要有一個(gè)與生活的世界相聯(lián)系的舞臺(tái)。
有了這樣一個(gè)舞臺(tái)就能夠更好的激發(fā)學(xué)生的情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀。有一個(gè)真實(shí)的事情:一位平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)不努力的學(xué)生在“9.18”集會(huì)后,對(duì)他的班長(zhǎng)說(shuō)“原來(lái)都想徹底放棄學(xué)習(xí)的念頭了,‘9.18’集會(huì)以后,覺(jué)得自己身上似乎有了一種責(zé)任感,應(yīng)該堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)?!爆F(xiàn)在回想起來(lái)“9.18”集會(huì)活動(dòng)之所以成功,就在于集會(huì)為學(xué)生提供了一個(gè)展示自己情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀的舞臺(tái);集會(huì)后又出版了校報(bào)增刊,發(fā)表了大量的學(xué)生文章,為學(xué)生提供了更多展示自己的機(jī)會(huì)。學(xué)生紛紛向各種報(bào)刊投稿,例如《日本,聽(tīng)我對(duì)你說(shuō)》、《寫(xiě)給日本同學(xué)的信》等刊登在《宜賓晚報(bào)》上。除發(fā)表文章外,學(xué)生在書(shū)寫(xiě)畢業(yè)留言的時(shí)候,受歷史責(zé)任感的影響,部分同學(xué)在填寫(xiě)以后的志愿一欄里,男同學(xué)這樣寫(xiě):首先好好念書(shū),鍛煉身體,在國(guó)家需要的時(shí)候,就去當(dāng)兵。女同學(xué)這樣寫(xiě):學(xué)好知識(shí),到西部當(dāng)志愿者,從事教育工作(明顯的是受到了教師教學(xué)“別斯蘭人質(zhì)事件”和“中國(guó)青年志愿者接力計(jì)劃”的影響。)。這些學(xué)生特有的表達(dá)方式,并不一定會(huì)真的在學(xué)生以后的生活中實(shí)現(xiàn),可是它反映了學(xué)生的一種良好的心愿。“天下興亡、匹夫有責(zé)”的信念通過(guò)歷史教學(xué)在學(xué)生心目中樹(shù)立起來(lái)。
以上實(shí)例是我們?cè)谡n程改革方面關(guān)注學(xué)生的需要,關(guān)注學(xué)生的發(fā)展,不刻意的追求歷史學(xué)科的完整性。增加貼近學(xué)生生活、貼近社會(huì)的內(nèi)容。通過(guò)歷史課程的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生獲得歷史基本知識(shí)和技能,增強(qiáng)愛(ài)國(guó)主義情感,繼承和發(fā)揚(yáng)中華民族的優(yōu)秀文化傳統(tǒng),樹(shù)立民族自尊心和自信心;學(xué)習(xí)和繼承人類的傳統(tǒng)美德,從人類社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展的曲折歷程中理解人生的價(jià)值和意義,逐漸形成了正確的世界觀、人生觀和價(jià)值觀。