第一篇:高中英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作一句多譯法
一句多譯:
前述:在英寫(xiě)作中,合理的結(jié)構(gòu)、鮮明的主題固然是一篇好文章所必需的,恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x詞和靈活多樣的句子也是寫(xiě)好文章必不可缺的。句子的一句多譯是語(yǔ)言靈活運(yùn)用的最佳途徑,也為文章的暢通另辟了蹊徑。英語(yǔ)文章的寫(xiě)作一向重視一義多詞的表達(dá),這是由于英美國(guó)家的文化,風(fēng)俗和習(xí)慣所造就的。這樣的表達(dá)讓整個(gè)文章色彩鮮明,不落俗套,避免了單調(diào),枯燥和乏味。
1、運(yùn)用同義詞語(yǔ)。如:“他上星期生病了”可譯為:
(1)He got ill last week.(2)He was ill last week.(3)He fell ill last week.(4)He became ill last week.(5)He was in bad health last week.2、運(yùn)用同一詞語(yǔ)的不同句式結(jié)構(gòu).如:“他寫(xiě)那篇文章花了三個(gè)星期”可譯為:
(1)It took him three weeks to write the article.(2)He took three weeks to write the article.(3)The article took him three weeks.(4)To write the article took him three weeks.(5)It took three weeks for him to write the article.(6)Writing the article took him three weeks.3、運(yùn)用簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句的相互轉(zhuǎn)換理論。如:
The man standing there is a policeman.→
The man who is standing there is a policeman.What we should do next is unknown.→
What to do next is unknown.We are thinking of how we can finish the work in time.→
We are thinking of how to finish the work in time.4、綜合運(yùn)用同義詞語(yǔ)與不同句式。如:“他做完練習(xí)后,便出去了”可譯為:
(1)After he had finished the exercises, he went out.(2)After he finished the exercises, he went out.(3)Having finished the exercises, he went out.(4)Finishing the exercises, he went out.(5)After finishing the exercises, he went out.(6)The exercises being finished, he went out.(7)The exercises finished, he went out.(8)The exercises having been done, he went out.另外,還可采用修辭等方法,以增進(jìn)多種表達(dá)的本領(lǐng)。
第二篇:數(shù)詞倍數(shù)譯法
第一部分:數(shù)詞的譯法
一、數(shù)字增減的譯法:
1.句式特征:by+名詞+比較級(jí)+than The wire is by three inches longer than that one.這根導(dǎo)線(xiàn)比那根長(zhǎng)3英寸。2.句式特征:表示增減意義的動(dòng)詞+to+n.譯為:增加到。?;驕p少到。。
Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金屬切割機(jī)已經(jīng)減少到50臺(tái)。
二、百分?jǐn)?shù)增減的表示法與譯法
1.句式特征:表示增減意義的動(dòng)詞+%
The output value has increased 35%.產(chǎn)值增加了35% 2.句式特征:表示增減意義的動(dòng)詞+by+%
Retail salses should rise by 8% 商品零售額應(yīng)增加3% The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本減少60% 3.句式特征:表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+to+%表示減少后剩余的數(shù)量
By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用這種新工藝,鐵的損失量減少到20%
4.句式特征:%+ 比較級(jí) +than表示凈增減的數(shù)量
Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售額與去年相比,有望增加9%。5.句式特征:% + 比較級(jí) + 名詞表示凈減數(shù)
The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied.新型機(jī)械能耗量?jī)魷p10% 6.句式特征:a + % + increase表示凈增數(shù)
There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.與去年相比,今年鋼產(chǎn)量?jī)粼?0%
7.句式特征:%+(of)名詞(代詞)表示凈減數(shù),數(shù)字n照譯
The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年產(chǎn)值僅為去年的60% 8.句式特征:%+up on 或over表示凈增數(shù)
The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年糧食產(chǎn)量比1978年凈增20%。
第二部分 倍數(shù)增加的表示法及譯法
漢語(yǔ)表示“增加了幾倍”時(shí),英語(yǔ)的倍數(shù)表示倍數(shù)需減一,譯成“增加了n-1倍”以表示凈增加數(shù)。如果譯成“增加到n倍”或“為原來(lái)的n倍”,則照譯不誤。
1.句式特點(diǎn):表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+n times“表示成倍地增長(zhǎng),譯成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“
注:1倍 once;2倍twice(或double);3倍thrice(或three times)2 表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+by+ n times,該句式與上述相同 表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+to+ n times表示增加到N倍,譯成”增加了n-1倍“ 4.表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+by a factor of + n times 5.表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+比較級(jí)+by a factor of + n times表示增加以后達(dá)到的倍數(shù),譯成”比。。。大(長(zhǎng)、寬。。)N-1倍“
6.表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+ n times+比較級(jí)+than。。。7.表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+ n times +adj./adv.+as....8.表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+a + n times(或n-fold)+increase.......表示增加到N倍,譯成”增加了N-1倍“
9.表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。大(長(zhǎng)、寬。。倍)“
例子: Line A is as long again as line B.A線(xiàn)比B線(xiàn)長(zhǎng)1倍。
This machine turns half as fast again as that one.這臺(tái)機(jī)器轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)比那臺(tái)機(jī)器快半倍。
10.表示增加意義的動(dòng)詞+half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。大(長(zhǎng)、寬。。半倍)“
11.用double表示倍數(shù),譯成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“ 12 用treble表示倍數(shù)增加,譯成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“ 13.用quadruple表示倍數(shù)增加,譯成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“
第三部分 倍數(shù)減少的表示方法
倍數(shù)減少在英譯時(shí),需把倍數(shù)換算成分?jǐn)?shù)。成幾倍減少,可以改譯成”減少到1/N“或減少了”N-1/N“。而減少了N倍,可改譯成”減少到1/N+1“或”減少了N/N+1“。
1.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+N times表示成N倍減少,譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“ The length of laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的長(zhǎng)度縮短了十分之九。2.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+by+N times表示成N倍減少,譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“ The bandwith was reduced by two times.帶寬減少了二分之一。
3.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+by a factor of + N times表示成N倍減少,譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
4.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+a-N times(N-fold)+ reduction譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
The principal advantage over the old-fashioned machine is a four-fold reduction in weight.與舊式機(jī)器比,主要特點(diǎn)是重量減少了四分之三。
5.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+N times+as + adj./adv......譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
6.句式特點(diǎn):表示減少意義的動(dòng)詞+N times+ 比較級(jí)+ than表示減少了N倍,譯成”減少到1/N+1”或“減少了1/N+1“
The plastic container is five times lighter than that glass one.這個(gè)塑料容器比那個(gè)玻璃容器輕六分之五。
英語(yǔ)倍數(shù)句型及其譯法
英語(yǔ)表示倍數(shù)增減或倍數(shù)對(duì)比的句型多種多樣,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12)等,見(jiàn)圈碼)很容易譯錯(cuò)——其主要原因在于:英漢兩語(yǔ)在
表述或?qū)Ρ缺稊?shù)方面存在著語(yǔ)言與思維差異。現(xiàn)將常 用的英語(yǔ)倍數(shù)句型及其正確譯法歸納如下: 倍數(shù)增加
(一)A is n times as great(long,much,?)as B.(①)A is n times greater(longer,more,?)than B.(②)A is n times the size(length,amount,?)of B.(③)
以上三句都應(yīng)譯為;A的大?。ㄩL(zhǎng)度,數(shù)量,??)是B的n倍[或A比B大(長(zhǎng),多,??)n-1倍].Eg.This book is three times as long as(three times longer than,three times the length of)that one.這本書(shū)的篇幅是那本書(shū)的3倍(即長(zhǎng)兩倍)。
注:當(dāng)相比的對(duì)象B很明顯時(shí),than(as,of)B常被省去。
(二)increase to n times(④)increase n times/n-fold(⑤)increase by n times(⑥)
increase by a factor of n(⑦)
以上四式均應(yīng)譯為:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。
Eg.The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.集成電路的產(chǎn)量比去年增加了兩倍。
Eg.The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.
化肥產(chǎn)量比1986年增加了4倍。
Eg.That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.那可使代謝率提高到原來(lái)的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。
Eg.The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏電壓增加了3借(即增加到原來(lái)的4倍)。
注:在這類(lèi)句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等詞所替代。
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth?(⑧)
應(yīng)譯為:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。這個(gè)句型還有其它一些形式:
Eg.A record high increase in value of four times was reported.據(jù)報(bào)道,價(jià)值破記錄地增長(zhǎng)了3倍。
(四)double(增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨)Eg.The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. 這些機(jī)器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
(五)此外,英語(yǔ)中還有一種用again而不用倍數(shù)詞來(lái)比較倍數(shù)的方法,如:
A is as much(large,long,?)again as B.(= A is twice as much(large,long,?)as B.(⑩)
應(yīng)譯為:A比B多(大,長(zhǎng),??)1倍。
A is half as much(large,1ong,?)again as B.【= A is one and a half times as much(large,1ong,?)as B.】(11)應(yīng)譯為:A比B多(大,長(zhǎng)??)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。
倍數(shù)減少
(一)A is n times as small(light,slow,?)as B.(12)A is n times smaller(lighter,slower,?)than B.(13)
以上兩句均應(yīng)譯為:A的大小(重量,速度,??)是B的1/n[或A比B小(輕,慢,??)(n-1)/n]。Eg.The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.氫原子的重量約為氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子約輕15/16)。
Eg.This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.這種薄膜比普通紙張要薄一半(即是普通紙厚度的1/2)。注:當(dāng)相比的對(duì)象B很明顯時(shí),than/as B常被省去。
(二)decrease n times/n--fold(14)decrease by n times(15)
decrease by a factor of n(16)
以上三式均譯為:減少到1/n[或:減少(n-1)/n]。
decrease常被reduce,shorten,go/slow down等詞替代。
Eg.Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶體管的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了1/3(即縮短到2/3)。
Eg.When the voltage is stepped up by ten times,the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.電壓升高9倍,電流強(qiáng)度便降低9/10(即90%)。
Eg.The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.該設(shè)備誤差概率降低了4/5。
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction? 應(yīng)譯為:減至1/n [或:減少(n一1)/n]。(17)這個(gè)句型還有其它一些形式,Eg.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. 發(fā)現(xiàn)迅速減少到1/7。
Eg.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.這些產(chǎn)品的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是重量減輕了1/2。
從上列倍數(shù)增減句型及其譯法中不難看出:與漢語(yǔ)不 同的是,英語(yǔ)在表述或比較倍數(shù)時(shí),無(wú)論使用什么句 型(除了不含倍數(shù)詞的again句型外)都包括基礎(chǔ)倍
數(shù)在內(nèi),因此都不是凈增或凈減n倍,而是凈增或 凈減n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍數(shù)增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍數(shù)比差=句型12,且decrease(by)3 times應(yīng)譯為“減少2/3”,而不是“減少3/4”。
第四部分 動(dòng)詞的使動(dòng)用法
動(dòng)詞是英語(yǔ)中詞類(lèi)中最為活躍的成分,現(xiàn)介紹一些使動(dòng)用法共勉。1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地帶馬上山。2.The ran the ship aground.他們把船開(kāi)到灘上去了。
3.The swam their horses in the river.他們使馬泅水渡河。
4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下來(lái)好讓疲憊的腿休息一下。5.They rode out the storm.他們安然渡過(guò)風(fēng)暴
其實(shí),研究動(dòng)詞個(gè)人認(rèn)為,要把握后面有無(wú)賓語(yǔ);賓語(yǔ)是人還是物;是什么樣的賓語(yǔ)。歡迎網(wǎng)友探討,動(dòng)詞的學(xué)習(xí)研討方法。
第五部分 同系賓語(yǔ)
1.I dreamed a strange dream.2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.3.I have fought a good fight.一、在同系賓語(yǔ)上附有修飾形容詞時(shí),通常可換成態(tài)度副詞。live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a national death = die nationally;die a violent death = die by violence
二、有的賓語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞不同語(yǔ)源,但意義相通,也可以視為同類(lèi)。run a race;run a course;run one's career;fight a battle;blow a gale;strike a blow;ring a peal;wreak one's vengeance
三、以it構(gòu)成的類(lèi)型:
I am determined to fight it out。我決心奮斗到底。He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。
We had to walk it in the rain.我們不得不冒雨而行。Can't you swim it?你游不過(guò)去嗎?
四、在某些熟語(yǔ)中可將同系賓語(yǔ)省略,如look thanks = look a look of thanks He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中現(xiàn)出言語(yǔ)無(wú)法表達(dá)的感謝。
She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短劍相刺的目光望著我,走出了房間。
五、最高級(jí)形容詞后,可以省略同系賓語(yǔ)。The lady was looking her best(look).She sang her sweest(song)to please him.第六部分 一組詞組
1.all+抽象名詞/抽象名詞+itself = very + adj.He was all gentleness to her.他對(duì)她非常溫存。
To his superiors, he is humility itself。對(duì)于長(zhǎng)輩,他極為謙遜。
分析:該結(jié)構(gòu)原來(lái)是表示某種性質(zhì)達(dá)到極點(diǎn)的一種說(shuō)法,有“非常”、“盡管”、“一味”、“盡” 的含義,有時(shí)甚至可以譯為“。。的化身”、“。。的具體化”。普通復(fù)數(shù)名詞用于“all”之后,也是表達(dá)這種概念。
He is all smiles.他一味地笑。She is all eyes.她盯著看。I am all anxiety.我真擔(dān)心。
He is all attention.他全神貫注地聽(tīng)著。2.Something(much)of / nothing(little)of Mr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲學(xué)家風(fēng)范。Mr.Wu is nothing of a musician.吳先生全無(wú)音樂(lè)家的風(fēng)味。Mr.Lu is very much of a poet.陸先生大有詩(shī)人氣派。Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.劉先生幾無(wú)學(xué)者風(fēng)度。
分析:此為表示“程度”的形容詞短語(yǔ),有時(shí)可以當(dāng)作副詞翻譯。Something of =to some extent(某程度),在問(wèn)句和條件句中則用anyting of(略有、多少)。nothing of譯作“全無(wú)、毫無(wú)”。相類(lèi)似的情況:
to be something of = to have something of + 名詞+in +代名詞
He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫無(wú)演說(shuō)家的才能。
這類(lèi)名詞的用法,可以處理為副詞。
He has seen something of life.他略具閱歷。他稍閱世。Something of 與something like區(qū)別:程度上有差異。something like = something approximateing in character or amount指數(shù)量或性質(zhì)略同的事物,又 作somewhat(似乎、略微)解釋。
This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。It shaped something like a cigar.其形狀略似雪茄
第三篇:英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的譯法
英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的譯法
對(duì)于每一個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子的口譯, 并不只是使用一種口譯方法, 而是多種口譯方法的綜合運(yùn)用, 這在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的口譯中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出。長(zhǎng)句在科技性的文體中的出現(xiàn)極為頻繁, 因此也就成為研究生入學(xué)考試的重點(diǎn), 通過(guò)對(duì)近年來(lái)試題的分析我們可以看出, 所考查的絕大多數(shù)劃線(xiàn)的部分都是長(zhǎng)句。在口譯長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 首先,不要因?yàn)榫渥犹L(zhǎng)而產(chǎn)生畏懼心理,因?yàn)椋瑹o(wú)論是多么復(fù)雜的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分組成的。其次要弄清英語(yǔ)原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu), 找出整個(gè)句子的中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思, 然后分析幾層意思之間的相互邏輯關(guān)系, 再按照漢語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式, 正確地譯出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。
一、英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的分析
一般來(lái)說(shuō), 造成長(zhǎng)句的原因有三方面:(1)修飾語(yǔ)過(guò)多;(2)并列成分多;(3)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ), 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。
(3)分析從句和短語(yǔ)的功能, 例如, 是否為主語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句, 表語(yǔ)從句等,若是狀語(yǔ), 它是表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、還是表示條件等等)。
(4)分析詞、短語(yǔ)和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 例如, 定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)等。
(5)注意插入語(yǔ)等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。
下面我們結(jié)合一些實(shí)例來(lái)進(jìn)行分析:
例1.behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)該句的主語(yǔ)為behaviorists, 謂語(yǔ)為suggest, 賓語(yǔ)為一個(gè)從句, 因此整個(gè)句子為behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)該句共有五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 這五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系為: behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)為主句;who is raised in an environment為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為child;where there are many stimuli為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses為定語(yǔ)從句, 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli;在suggest的賓語(yǔ)從句中, 主語(yǔ)為child, 謂語(yǔ)為experience, 賓語(yǔ)為greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我們就會(huì)對(duì)該句具有了一個(gè)較為透徹的理解, 然后根據(jù)我們上面所講述的各種口譯方法, 就可以把該句口譯成漢語(yǔ)為:
行為主義者認(rèn)為, 如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。
例2.for a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.分析:(1)該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu), 而且是在兩個(gè)不定式之間進(jìn)行比較。
(2)該句中共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 它們之間的關(guān)系為: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 為主體結(jié)構(gòu), 但it是形式主語(yǔ), 真正的主語(yǔ)為第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu): to sit comfortably at home, 并與第三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。
(3)句首的for a family of four作狀語(yǔ), 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ): for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ), 修飾to sit comfortably at home.綜合上述口譯方法,這個(gè)句子我們可以口譯為:
譬如, 對(duì)于一個(gè)四口之家來(lái)說(shuō), 舒舒服服地在家中看電視, 就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂(lè)節(jié)目, 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、長(zhǎng)句的口譯
英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣于用長(zhǎng)的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念, 而漢語(yǔ)則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí), 要特別注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)之間的差異, 將英語(yǔ)的長(zhǎng)句分解, 口譯成漢語(yǔ)的短句。在英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的口譯過(guò)程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。
(1)順序法。當(dāng)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)基本一致時(shí), 可以按照英語(yǔ)原文的順序口譯成漢語(yǔ)。例如:
例1.even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.分析: 該句子由一個(gè)主句, 三個(gè)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句組成, 共有五層意思: a.既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí);b.電仍在為我們工作;c.幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱;d.加熱水;e.或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語(yǔ)完全一致, 因此, 我們可以通過(guò)順序法, 把該句口譯成:
即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí), 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
例2.but now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.分析: 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“it is realized that…”, it為形式主語(yǔ), that引導(dǎo)著主語(yǔ)從句以及并列的it is even possible to …結(jié)構(gòu), 其中, 不定式作主語(yǔ), the time …是“expectation of life”的同位語(yǔ), 進(jìn)一步解釋其含義, 而time后面的句子是它的定語(yǔ)從句。五個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 表達(dá)了四個(gè)層次的意義: a.可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到;b.其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的;c.人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”;d.將這些已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡的時(shí)間。根據(jù)同位語(yǔ)從句的口譯方法, 把第四層意義的表達(dá)作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整, 整個(gè)句子就口譯為:
可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到, 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說(shuō), 經(jīng)過(guò)若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡。
下面我們?cè)倭信e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:
例3.prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世紀(jì)以前, 小說(shuō)中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒(méi)有任何特點(diǎn), 因而無(wú)法成為具有個(gè)性的人;他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。
例4.this method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
這種使用參照物的方法可以應(yīng)用于許多種情況, 也能用來(lái)找到很不相同的各種問(wèn)題的答案, 從“鐵生銹, 是否必須有一定的濕度才行?”到“哪種豆類(lèi)一季的產(chǎn)量最高?”
例5.it begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我們對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好起源于我們最初僅對(duì)一些歷史上的宏偉場(chǎng)面和激動(dòng)人心的事件感到孩童般的興趣;其后, 這種愛(ài)好變得成熟起來(lái), 我們開(kāi)始對(duì)歷史這出“戲劇”的多樣性和復(fù)雜性, 對(duì)歷史上的輝煌成就和悲壯失敗也感興趣;對(duì)歷史的愛(ài)好, 最終以我們對(duì)人類(lèi)生命的一種深沉的神秘感而告結(jié)束。對(duì)死去的, 無(wú)論是偉大與平凡, 所有在這個(gè)地球上走過(guò)而已逝的人,都有能取得偉大奇跡或制造可怕事件的潛力。
例6.if parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的對(duì)這種青少年的反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備, 而且認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)顯示出孩子正在成長(zhǎng), 正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力的標(biāo)志, 他們就不會(huì)感到如此傷心, 所以也就不會(huì)因?qū)Υ擞袘嵑藓头磳?duì)的情緒而把孩子推到對(duì)立面去。
(2)逆序法。英語(yǔ)有些長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時(shí)必須從原文后面開(kāi)始口譯。例如:
例1.aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 這個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句, 兩個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, “鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有四個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 共有五層意思: a.鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn);b.由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁;c.由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起;d.最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;e.鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力。按照漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣通常因在前, 果在后, 這樣, 我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句口譯成:
鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力, 由于這個(gè)原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。
例2.it therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 該句由一個(gè)主句, 一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句和一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句組成, “……變得越來(lái)越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 包含三層含義: a.……變的越來(lái)越重要;b.如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們的機(jī)會(huì);c.得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。為了使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 我們也采用逆序法, 口譯成:
因此, 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們(上大學(xué))的機(jī)會(huì), 就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導(dǎo)。這個(gè)問(wèn)題顯得越來(lái)越重要了。
下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)實(shí)例:
例3.it is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning english seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英語(yǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型, 再往下學(xué)似乎就越來(lái)越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解。
例4.they(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.對(duì)于以往幾代人來(lái)說(shuō), 舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴(lài)以為生的體力勞動(dòng), 因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。
例5.a great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美國(guó)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)任何人都不可能視而不見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象, 窮知識(shí)分子以“跨掉的一代”這種頗為浪漫的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)而成為美國(guó)典型的窮人, 正是這個(gè)時(shí)候大批大學(xué)生被趕進(jìn)了知識(shí)分子的貧民窟。
例6.such is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位, 這在西方倒是人之常情。
例7.insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如沒(méi)有那些以昆蟲(chóng)為食的動(dòng)物保護(hù)我們, 昆蟲(chóng)將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜, 使我們不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有時(shí)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句中主語(yǔ)或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 口譯時(shí)可以按照漢語(yǔ)多用短句的習(xí)慣, 把長(zhǎng)句的從句或短語(yǔ)化成句子, 分開(kāi)來(lái)敘述,為了使語(yǔ)意連貫, 有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語(yǔ)。例如:
例1.the number of the young people in the united states who can`t read is incredible about one in four.上句在英語(yǔ)中是一個(gè)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的句子, 但是如果我們按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)死譯, 就可能被口譯成:
沒(méi)有閱讀能力的美國(guó)青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。
這樣, 就使得譯文極為不通順, 不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣, 因此, 我們應(yīng)該把它譯為:
大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒(méi)有閱讀能力, 這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。
例2.television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.分析: 在此長(zhǎng)句中, 有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)“it is often said”, 三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 還有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句, 這三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上同屬于同一個(gè)句子,但都有獨(dú)立的意義, 因此在口譯時(shí), 可以采用分句法, 按照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣把整個(gè)句子分解成幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句, 結(jié)果為:
人們常說(shuō), 通過(guò)電視可以了解時(shí)事, 掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂(lè)性的新節(jié)目。
下面我們?cè)倥e一個(gè)例子:
例3.all they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.他們所必須做的只是按一下開(kāi)關(guān)。開(kāi)關(guān)一開(kāi), 就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇, 以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問(wèn)題的辯論、最近的激動(dòng)人心的足球賽更是不在話(huà)下。
例4.although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.雖然在某處已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會(huì)發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個(gè)天然組成部分。
(4)綜合法。上面我們講述了英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實(shí)上,在口譯一個(gè)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 并不只是單純地使用一種口譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細(xì)分析, 或按照時(shí)間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合, 主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,以便把英語(yǔ)原文口譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語(yǔ)句子。例如:
例1.people were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 該句共有三層含義: a: 人們不敢出門(mén);b: 盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況;c: 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無(wú)能為力。在這三層含義中, b表示讓步, c表示原因, 而a則表示結(jié)果, 按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣順序, 我們作如下的安排:
盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況, 但人們不敢出門(mén), 因?yàn)榫煲埠推渌艘粯硬恢牒蜔o(wú)能為力。
下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)例子:
例2.modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.對(duì)于現(xiàn)代書(shū)籍, 特別是教科書(shū)來(lái)說(shuō), 要是作者希望自己書(shū)中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實(shí)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話(huà), 那么就應(yīng)該每隔較短的時(shí)間, 將書(shū)中的內(nèi)容重新修改。
例3.taking his cue from ibsen`s a doll`s house, in which the heroine, nora, leaves home because she resents her husband`s treating her like a child, the writer lu xun warned that nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走, 因?yàn)樗鲪核恼煞蛳駥?duì)待孩子一樣來(lái)對(duì)待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示, 從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢(qián)來(lái)養(yǎng)活自己, 她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的權(quán)利。
例4.up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前為止, 經(jīng)歷了18和19兩個(gè)世紀(jì), 這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)、商業(yè)往來(lái)、政府部門(mén)以及娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所都集中在城市的中心地區(qū)。
第四篇:常用外交詞匯英文譯法
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 外交部 Protocol Department 禮賓司 Information Department 新聞司 diplomatic mission 外交代表機(jī)構(gòu) embassy 大使館 legation 公使館
consulate-general 總領(lǐng)事館 consulate 領(lǐng)事館
office of the chargé d'affaires, 代辦處 military attaché's office, 武官處
commercial counsellor's office 商務(wù)處 press section, information service 新聞處 liaison office 聯(lián)絡(luò)處
diplomat 外交家, 外交官 diplomatic rank 外交官銜
diplomatic representative 外交代表
members of the administrative and technical staff 行政技術(shù)人員 ambassador 大使
ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary 特命全權(quán)大使 nuncio 教廷大使 internuncio 教廷公使
counsellor withthe rank of minister, minister-counsellor 公使銜參贊 chargé d'affaires, 代辦
chargé d'affasiread interim, 臨時(shí)代辦 counsellor 參贊
first secretary 一等秘書(shū) second secretary 二等秘書(shū) third secretary 三等秘書(shū) attaché, 隨員
commercial secretary 商務(wù)參贊 cultural secretary 文化參贊 commercial attaché, 商務(wù)專(zhuān)員 cultural attaché, 文化專(zhuān)員 military attaché, 武官 naval attaché, 海軍武官 air attaché, 空軍武官 consul-general 總領(lǐng)事 consul 領(lǐng)事
doyen of the diplomatic corps, dean of the diplomatic corps 外交使團(tuán)團(tuán)長(zhǎng) roving ambassador 巡回大使 ambassador-at-large 無(wú)任所大使 special envoy 特使
accredited to...向?派遣的 foreign affairs 外交
memorandum, aidememoire 備忘錄 persona non-grat 不受歡迎的人 de jure recognition 法律承認(rèn) commnique 公報(bào)
announcement 公告, 通告
letter of credence, credentials 國(guó)書(shū) mutual recognition 互相承認(rèn)
establishment of diplomatic relations 建立外交關(guān)系
letter of introduction 介紹書(shū) during one's absence 離任期間 identification card 身份證 statement 聲明
de facto recognition 事實(shí)上承認(rèn) persona grata 受歡迎的人 diplomatic practice 外交慣例 diplomatic immunities 外交豁免 diplomatic privileges 外交特權(quán) diplomatic channels 外交途徑 diplomatic courier 外交信使
diplomatic bag, diplomatic pouch 外交郵袋 letter of appointment 委任書(shū)
certificate of appointment 委任證書(shū) exequatur 許可證書(shū)
declaration, manifesto 宣揚(yáng) letter of recall 召回公文 note 照會(huì)
verbal note 普通照會(huì) circular note 通知照會(huì) formal note 正式照會(huì) normalization 正?;?/p>
be appointed ambassador to...被任命為駐?大使
to express regret 表示遺憾
to sever diplomatic relations 斷絕外交關(guān)系 to resume charge of the office, to return to one's post 返任
to proceed to take up one's post 赴任 to present one's credentials 遞交國(guó)書(shū) to exchange ambassadors 互派大使 to resume diplomatic relations 恢復(fù)外交關(guān)系 private visit 私人訪(fǎng)問(wèn) to establish diplomatic relations at state visit 國(guó)事訪(fǎng)問(wèn) ambassadorial level 建立大使級(jí)外交關(guān)系 obituary 訃告
questions of common interest;question of to establish consular relations 建立領(lǐng)事關(guān)系
to assume one's post 就任 common concern 共同關(guān)心的問(wèn)題 to take exception to;to object to 提出異議 state banquet 國(guó)宴
message of greeting, message of to upgrade diplomatic relations 外交關(guān)系升格 congratulation 賀電 to make representations to, to take up a(the)speech of welcome 歡迎詞 matter with 向?交涉 welcoming banquet 歡迎宴會(huì) to lodge a protest with 向?提出抗議 cocktail party 雞尾酒會(huì) to request the consent of...征求?的同意 good health and a long life 健康長(zhǎng)壽 to suspend diplomatic relations 中斷外交關(guān)profound condolence 深切哀悼 系 tea party 茶會(huì) cordial hospitality 盛情接待 an atmosphere of cordiality and friendship 誠(chéng)the two sides, the two parties 雙方 摯友好的氣氛 luncheon 午宴 reciprocal banquet 答謝宴會(huì) message of condolence 唁電 delegation 代表團(tuán) reception 招待會(huì) head of the delegation, leader of the toast 祝酒詞 delegation 團(tuán)長(zhǎng) memorial meeting 追悼會(huì) deputy head of the delegation, deputy leader to convey one's sympathy 表示慰問(wèn) of the delegation 副團(tuán)長(zhǎng) to meet with 會(huì)見(jiàn) member of the delegation 代表團(tuán)成員 to review the guard of honour 檢閱儀仗隊(duì) memorial speech 悼詞 to exchange views 交換意見(jiàn) to develop the relations offriendship and to receive 接見(jiàn) cooperation 發(fā)展友好合作關(guān)系 to be shocked to learn of 驚悉
be of the opinion, to hold, to consider, to prosperity and strength 繁榮富強(qiáng)
visit 訪(fǎng)問(wèn) maintain 認(rèn)為 friendly visit, goodwill visit 友好訪(fǎng)問(wèn) to propose a toast to...提議為?干杯 informal visit 非正式訪(fǎng)問(wèn) on the happy occasion of 欣逢 official visit 正式訪(fǎng)問(wèn) on learning with great joy 欣悉 to give a banquet in honour of...宴請(qǐng)? on invitation, upon invitation 應(yīng)邀 at the invitation of...應(yīng)?邀請(qǐng)
in the company of..., accompanied by...在?陪同下
to express one's sincere congratulations and best wishes 致以衷心的祝賀和最好的愿望 to wish prosperity to a country and well-being to its people 祝(某國(guó))國(guó)家繁榮人民幸福 to take note of...注意到
His(Her, Your)Majesty 陛下
His(Her, Your)Royal Highness 殿下 His(Her, Your)Excellency 閣下
His excellency Mr.President and Mme...?總統(tǒng)先生閣下和夫人 to be shocked to learn of 驚悉
be of the opinion, to hold, to consider, to maintain 認(rèn)為 to propose a toast to...提議為?干杯r on the happy occasion of 欣逢r on learning with great joy 欣悉
to give a banquet in honour of...宴請(qǐng)?r on invitation, upon invitation 應(yīng)邀 at the invitation of...應(yīng)?邀請(qǐng)r in the company of..., accompanied by...在?陪同下
to express one's sincere congratulations and best wishes 致以衷心的祝賀和最好的愿望
to wish prosperity to a country and well-being to its people 祝(某國(guó))國(guó)家繁榮人民幸福r to take note of...注意到r His(Her, Your)Majesty 陛下 His(Her, Your)Royal Highness 殿下 His(Her, Your)Excellency 閣下
His excellency Mr.President and Mme...?總統(tǒng)先生閣下和夫人
Least developed country(LDC)最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 Hegemonism 帝國(guó)主義 Multilateralism 多邊主義 Unilateralism 單邊主義 Extradition 引渡 Denuclearization 無(wú)核化 Status quo 現(xiàn)狀 Normalization of relations 關(guān)系正?;?Multipolarity / multipolarization 多極化 International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)
International Labor Organization(ILO)國(guó)際勞工組織 廢統(tǒng)(即“國(guó)統(tǒng)會(huì)”和“國(guó)統(tǒng)綱領(lǐng)”)Abolishment of the National Unification Council and the National Unification Guidelines 兩會(huì)(全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議)
National People’s Congress and People’s Political Consultative Conference(NPC & CPPCC)獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策
Independent foreign policy of peace 達(dá)成一致 To reach a consensus 訴諸武力 To resort to the use of armed forces 求同存異 Seeking common ground while reserving differences 用和平手段解決爭(zhēng)端 To solve disputes by peaceful means 通過(guò)外交途徑進(jìn)行談判 To negotiate through diplomatic channels 中國(guó)堅(jiān)持奉行獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策,高舉和平、發(fā)展、合作的旗幟。
China adheres to its independent foreign policy of peace, holding high the banner of peace, development and cooperation.中國(guó)積極參與全球和區(qū)域合作,在一系列重大國(guó)際問(wèn)題及地區(qū)安全和發(fā)展問(wèn)題上發(fā)揮了建設(shè)性作用。
China actively participates in global and regional cooperation, plays a constructive role in solving a series of major international issues concerning regional security and development.國(guó)家不分大小,應(yīng)該一律平等。
All countries, big or small, should be equal.臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)領(lǐng)土不可分割的一部分。
Taiwan is an inalienable part of China’s territory.祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一是不可阻擋的歷史潮流,臺(tái)灣問(wèn)題是一定能夠解決的。
The reunification of the motherland is an irreversible historical trend.The Taiwan question will surely be resolved.盡管?chē)?guó)際社會(huì)還面臨許多問(wèn)題,和平和發(fā)展的時(shí)代潮流不可逆轉(zhuǎn),各國(guó)人民追求美好生活的愿望沒(méi)有改變。
Despite the numerous problems facing the international community, the historical trend of peace and development cannot be reversed, nor will the people of all countries change their aspiration for a better life.My proposal gives equal weight and attention to the three great purposes of UN: development, security and human rights, all of which must be underpinned by the rule of law.我的建議對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)的三大目標(biāo)——發(fā)展、安全和人權(quán)——予以同樣重視和關(guān)注,而這三大目標(biāo)都必須以法治為基礎(chǔ)。
I argue in the report, and I am profoundly convinced, that the threats which face us are of equal concern to all.我在報(bào)告中主張并深信,人人都同樣關(guān)切我們面臨的種種威脅。
Member states are called upon to establish a Peacebuilding Commission, within the United Nations, to help countries make the transition from war to lasting peace.我們還要求各成員國(guó),在聯(lián)合國(guó)內(nèi)設(shè)立和平委員會(huì),以幫助各國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)到持久和平的過(guò)渡。The legitimacy and authority of the Security Council must be regained.我們必須重新恢復(fù)聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)的合法性和權(quán)威。
第五篇:關(guān)于漢譯英的譯法總結(jié)
關(guān)于漢譯英的譯法總結(jié)
英譯漢與漢譯英有兩個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題:增詞/減詞;詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。我們知道學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)翻譯首先要搞清英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言差異,這與中西方文化的差異有很大的關(guān)系,我們沒(méi)有太多時(shí)間去完全掌握西方的文化背景,在這里總結(jié)了一下在漢譯英時(shí)所 翻譯出來(lái)的英語(yǔ)應(yīng)具備的特點(diǎn):
1、句式結(jié)構(gòu)為:廢話(huà)+主語(yǔ)+主要的話(huà)+廢話(huà),所以在漢譯英時(shí),當(dāng)多個(gè)分句進(jìn)行組合時(shí)需要找出主要矛盾,次要矛盾;
2、善用長(zhǎng)句,不用標(biāo)點(diǎn)。在進(jìn)行漢譯英是多為合譯,中文短句通過(guò)一定的介詞連詞進(jìn)行句子組合;
3、善用連詞,英語(yǔ)為形合式語(yǔ)言,句與句之間善用連詞連接,句子多為長(zhǎng)句;
4、善用名詞、形容詞。英文屬弱勢(shì)語(yǔ)言,善用弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞,因此漢譯英的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在于找出最重要的動(dòng)詞,將中文中的強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡,一個(gè)地道的英文句子中動(dòng)詞越少越好;
5、善用代詞。中文中善用名詞或者名詞省略,而英文中多用代詞指代;
6、常用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào):“;:-”
7、評(píng)論性語(yǔ)句順序?yàn)橄仍u(píng)論再事實(shí);
8、語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)為先總后分;
9、善用表語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句,而中文善用賓語(yǔ)從句。如,我記得:the memory of….(表語(yǔ)從句);what I remembered is that…(主語(yǔ)從句)漢譯英翻譯步驟:
1、斷句。中文句子較短,首先判斷哪些句子應(yīng)該放在一起翻譯。
2、找動(dòng)詞(核心謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)。判斷句子中哪個(gè)動(dòng)詞重要,哪個(gè)不重要。
3、找連詞(在多個(gè)分句同時(shí)存在時(shí)使用);
4、翻譯;
5、重讀。
英文句式特點(diǎn):
1.主謂搭配問(wèn)題(平衡)
中文由于強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的某個(gè)成分主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)較短,而英文的主謂賓分配比較均勻,沒(méi)有固定的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。我們也稱(chēng)中文為“非平衡性語(yǔ)言”,英文為“平衡性語(yǔ)言”。
如,中國(guó)的海洋資源十分豐富。譯為:China is rich in marine resource.而不是譯為:China’s marine resource are very rich.2.評(píng)論與事實(shí)(先評(píng)論后事實(shí))翻譯時(shí),英文是先評(píng)論后事實(shí)。
如,中國(guó)要在短時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到糧食高產(chǎn)國(guó)家的水平難度較大。其中難度較大是評(píng)論,前面是事實(shí)。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)為:it will be difficult for China to reach the level of countries with high grain yield in the short period of time.如何找核心謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞? 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的層次性。如,我進(jìn)去看了。1找核心謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:進(jìn) 2找非謂語(yǔ)或從句:看 3介詞:去
4還有動(dòng)詞則不譯 翻譯為:I came in to have a look.如,我只記得門(mén)警是瑞士的兵士,穿著黃色的制服。1核心謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:記得 2非謂語(yǔ)或從句:是 3介詞:穿著
翻譯為:I remembered that the guards at the gate were swiss solder in yellow unionforms.如何判斷主次?
答:一般來(lái)說(shuō),先發(fā)生的動(dòng)詞更加重要,而后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作不是那么重要,可以把前面的動(dòng)詞翻譯為核心謂語(yǔ),后面的翻譯為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。我們把句子中最主要的動(dòng)詞作為句子的“核心謂語(yǔ)”,其次重要的是“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或從句”,再次重要的是“介詞”,最不重要的“不翻譯”。一.連詞的使用:
1、句與句沒(méi)關(guān)系用and
2、句與句并列用while。
二.動(dòng)詞的使用原則(動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡):
中文中的強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞在英文中常找一個(gè)弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行過(guò)渡。如,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡。
我支持你:I give you a support.我買(mǎi)了一輛車(chē):I made a purchase of a car.如,中國(guó)政府愿借此機(jī)會(huì)介紹中國(guó)海洋事業(yè)的發(fā)展?!敖榻B”的直接翻譯為“introduce”,而我們?cè)诜g時(shí),翻譯為“make an introduction of”,用弱勢(shì)動(dòng)詞“make”來(lái)過(guò)渡,把強(qiáng)勢(shì)動(dòng)詞introduce變成了抽象名詞。三.代詞/物主代詞: 中文善用省略代詞,而英文的每個(gè)名詞前都需要有代詞或冠詞,所以漢譯英時(shí)一定不要忘記名詞前代詞的存在。如,出口產(chǎn)品可由合營(yíng)企業(yè)直接或與其有關(guān)的委托機(jī)構(gòu)向國(guó)外市場(chǎng)出售,也可通過(guò)中國(guó)的外資機(jī)構(gòu)出售。譯為:An equity joint venture sells its foreign products to foreign markets directly through associated agency or foreign trade agency of China.其its不要忘記。四.定語(yǔ)的處理原則:
中文中幾乎所有定語(yǔ)都是前置的,只有一種是后置的是由“之”引起的定語(yǔ)后置。英語(yǔ)句式:
1、詞+詞的情況下,前置多,后置少。后置的情況有:
1形容詞+不定代詞:something important;
2過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)可以后置:a children adopted; 3以“a”開(kāi)頭的形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)后置:a cat alive。
2、詞組或句子修飾詞時(shí)后置。五.譯人名、代詞原則
1、譯英文姓與名之間要有.2、英文名出現(xiàn)第一次譯全稱(chēng),第二次只譯姓。
3、總體來(lái)說(shuō),一般先使用全稱(chēng),第二次使用半稱(chēng),第三次使用代詞,第四次不譯,第五次用全稱(chēng)。
六.專(zhuān)有名詞:
筆譯中即使有專(zhuān)有名詞,我們也要用全稱(chēng),而不是縮寫(xiě)。如,聯(lián)合國(guó),the United Nations.中國(guó)政府,the Chinese Government.七.古文的翻譯
古文的翻譯不可直接使用中文拼音,要用解釋的方法來(lái)闡述。如,親仁善鄰,國(guó)之寶也。意思是熱愛(ài)自己的人民和對(duì)待自己的鄰居很好,這些對(duì)一個(gè)國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)是非常珍貴的。所以翻譯為:loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country.方法: 一.定主語(yǔ)
1、中文主語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí),同時(shí)出現(xiàn)偏正短語(yǔ),則取偏作主語(yǔ)。如,合營(yíng)企業(yè)的形式為有限責(zé)任公司。
An equity joint venture takes the forms of a limited liability company.而如果譯為:the form of an equity joint venture is a limited liability company.則主賓過(guò)長(zhǎng)而謂語(yǔ)過(guò)短。
漢譯英時(shí),將中文的句子變成“中文的英文句式”,然后字對(duì)字翻譯。如,合營(yíng)企業(yè)的資本如果轉(zhuǎn)讓必須經(jīng)過(guò)各方同意。
轉(zhuǎn)變成:如果合營(yíng)者轉(zhuǎn)讓注冊(cè)資本,那么這件事情必須經(jīng)過(guò)合營(yíng)各方同意。
譯為:if one side wishes to assign its registered capital, it must obtain the consent of each party to the venture.wishes to 是動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡。
如,合營(yíng)企業(yè)的有關(guān)外匯事宜應(yīng)遵照中華人民共和國(guó)外匯管理?xiàng)l例辦理。譯為:…h(huán)olds its foregin exchange transactions, according to …
如,合營(yíng)企業(yè)的一切活動(dòng)應(yīng)遵守中華人民共和國(guó)法律法令和條例的規(guī)定。
譯為:an equity joint venture engages in all activities according to the provisions of laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People’s Republic of China.2、無(wú)主語(yǔ)句用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(或增主語(yǔ))/隱形被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
如,鼓勵(lì)合營(yíng)企業(yè)向中國(guó)境外銷(xiāo)售產(chǎn)品(離動(dòng)詞最近的名詞作主語(yǔ))譯為:…is encouraged to sell its products outside China.如,19981年時(shí)聯(lián)合國(guó)確定的國(guó)際海洋年。是。。確定的,即為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如。。,但是經(jīng)過(guò)努力是完全可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。是。??梢詫?shí)現(xiàn)的。屬于隱形被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。譯為:but the goal can be achieved through earnest efforts.3、尋找隱藏主語(yǔ)。
如,合營(yíng)企業(yè)的總經(jīng)理副總經(jīng)理(的職務(wù))分別由合營(yíng)各方分別擔(dān)任:the positions of …are assumed by …
找主語(yǔ)方法:由謂語(yǔ)來(lái)決定主語(yǔ)是誰(shuí)。
4、句首主語(yǔ)過(guò)多。
句首如果出現(xiàn)很多名詞而判斷不出主語(yǔ)時(shí),可根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)來(lái)判斷主語(yǔ)。
如,合營(yíng)各方發(fā)生糾紛,董事會(huì)不能解決時(shí),由中國(guó)的仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行調(diào)解或仲裁,也可由合營(yíng)各方協(xié)議在其他仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)仲裁。由“調(diào)解或仲裁”以及“仲裁”可知主語(yǔ)為“糾紛”。
譯為:Disputes arising from each party to the venture, which board of directors cannot settle may be settled through arbitration or conciliation by China’s arbitration agency or through arbitration by another arbitration agency agreed upon by each party to the venture.本句將“合營(yíng)各方發(fā)生的”譯為現(xiàn)在分詞。將時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句“董事會(huì)不能解決時(shí)”譯為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句?!罢{(diào)節(jié)和仲裁”進(jìn)行了動(dòng)詞的過(guò)渡,譯為“may be settled through arbitration or conciliation”.5、就近原則(把離動(dòng)詞最近的作為主語(yǔ))
如,鼓勵(lì)合營(yíng)企業(yè)向中國(guó)境外銷(xiāo)售產(chǎn)品。譯為:An equity joint venture is encouraged to sell its products outside China.將合營(yíng)企業(yè)作為主語(yǔ)。如,鼓勵(lì)外國(guó)合營(yíng)者將可匯出的外匯存入中國(guó)銀行。譯為:A foreign side is encouraged to deposit its foreign exchange which was entitled to remit abroad in Bank of China.其中將外國(guó)合營(yíng)者作為主語(yǔ)?!翱蓞R出的”譯為定語(yǔ)從句。二.增詞與減詞(一般來(lái)說(shuō)漢譯英常減詞)1增減對(duì)象詞或范圍詞。
如,我國(guó)先秦思想家:our Chinese thinkers in Pre-Qin days about 2000 years ago.2增減范疇詞。如,中國(guó)陸地自然資源人均占有量低于世界平均水平:China’s land resources percapita is lower than world average.將范疇詞“水平”減掉。
如,我有五百元錢(qián)。譯為:I have five hundred yuan.如,在播種面積相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的前提下。譯為:given the relatively stable sowing area.范疇詞“前提”不譯。
附六個(gè)經(jīng)典范疇詞:方式、方法、水平、問(wèn)題、情況、途徑。3增減動(dòng)詞。
三.本位詞與外位語(yǔ)的譯法
1、用…, which…
2、用the fact that…was…。。這一切。。:前面省略部分為外位語(yǔ),后面省略部分為本位詞,中間用非限定性定語(yǔ)從句翻譯。
四.條件狀語(yǔ)從句
句子長(zhǎng)可以放在句末翻譯。
如,只要1996年到2010年糧食單產(chǎn)年均遞增1%,2011年到2030年年均遞增0.7%,就可以達(dá)到預(yù)期的糧食總產(chǎn)量目標(biāo)。譯為:the predicted total output target of grain can be reached, if the annual average increase rate of per unit area yield of grain is 1% from 1996 to 2010 and 0.7% from 2011 to 2030.五.倍數(shù)表達(dá)法
倍數(shù)+as+原級(jí)+as+比較對(duì)象 倍數(shù)+比較級(jí)+than+比較對(duì)象