第一篇：專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯的重要性

專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯公司

1、定義

翻譯公司是指以盈利為目的，從事商業(yè)的翻譯經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)并為客戶(hù)提供翻譯服務(wù)的企業(yè)或者實(shí)業(yè)，其主要形式為有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司兩種形式。翻譯公司是一種從事為各企事業(yè)單位或個(gè)人等提供各種語(yǔ)言翻譯服務(wù)的商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)。

2、專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯的重要性

能將某個(gè)領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)和技能稱(chēng)為“專(zhuān)業(yè)“。好的專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯都是“術(shù)業(yè)有專(zhuān)攻”。一個(gè)好的專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯翻譯不是一定要上知天文，下知地理，精通生物醫(yī)藥，還要懂得詩(shī)詞歌賦。他有擅長(zhǎng)的幾個(gè)領(lǐng)域，也有不了解的領(lǐng)域，這是很正常的。人的精力有限，能夠深入鉆研的領(lǐng)域也很有限。好翻譯都能夠自信的說(shuō)出自己擅長(zhǎng)的行業(yè)，也能夠直言自己不接觸的行業(yè)。其實(shí)，碰到一個(gè)翻譯說(shuō)，我什么行業(yè)都能翻，才是最可怕的。作為福州專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯公司，福州快譯典翻譯公司的專(zhuān)業(yè)性體現(xiàn)在：通過(guò)明確、細(xì)化的專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域分工，分別設(shè)有金融財(cái)務(wù)專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯小組、機(jī)械專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯小組、工程專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯小組、法律專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯小組、證件專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯小組、專(zhuān)利專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯小組、醫(yī)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯小組、合同協(xié)議專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯小組等翻譯小組，各小組均有三名以上的專(zhuān)業(yè)審核校對(duì)人員，負(fù)責(zé)本小組譯文質(zhì)量的把關(guān)控制。

3、專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯公司“速度與質(zhì)量的完美結(jié)合”

好翻譯都是“從不遲到的”。對(duì)于好翻譯來(lái)說(shuō)，約定好的時(shí)間，比什么都重要。在開(kāi)始翻譯之前，他都能充分的估計(jì)好自己的工作時(shí)間，給出一個(gè)確切的完成時(shí)間和時(shí)間誤差范圍。在給出這個(gè)時(shí)間范圍之后，他都會(huì)盡全力遵守承諾。一旦情況超出了他的控制范圍，他會(huì)及時(shí)通知，再次估計(jì)時(shí)間，盡量溝通協(xié)商。這樣的翻譯，才讓人放心，覺(jué)得可靠。最害怕的就是那些不通知，不溝通，無(wú)法確定時(shí)間的翻譯，讓人坐立不安，無(wú)法估計(jì)。

好翻譯是“速度與質(zhì)量的完美結(jié)合”。翻譯是人不是機(jī)器，人只有24個(gè)小時(shí)，每天的翻譯量也一定會(huì)有一個(gè)上限。如何做到在有限的是時(shí)間里做出最好的質(zhì)量，是每個(gè)翻譯者需要從不斷的翻譯工作中，找到的一個(gè)平衡點(diǎn)?？焖俣鴥?yōu)質(zhì)，是一個(gè)好翻譯追求的目標(biāo)。一味追求速度，而不重視翻譯質(zhì)量的提高，雖然表面上看是高效率，高產(chǎn)出的做法，但其實(shí)也是不負(fù)責(zé)任的做法。而一味追求質(zhì)量，字字推敲，反復(fù)琢磨，雖然是盡心盡責(zé)的做法，但也會(huì)被快節(jié)奏的市場(chǎng)淘汰。所以，好翻譯會(huì)找到兩者的平衡，使他能夠一直在翻譯的市場(chǎng)上具有不敗的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

本文出自:福州快譯典翻譯公司 http:///

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第二篇：法律專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯

10, to begin with,the legal system has structure.the structure of a legal system consists of this kind:the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.structure also means how the legislature is organized,what a president can(legally)do or not do,what procedures the police department follows,and so on.another aspect of the legal system is its substance.by this it meant the actual rules,norms,and behavior patterns of people inside the system.首先，法律制度有結(jié)構(gòu)。一個(gè)法律制度的結(jié)構(gòu)由這類(lèi)的數(shù)量和大小的法院；管轄；和訴求方式從一個(gè)法院another.structure也意味著如何立法組織，什么總統(tǒng)（法律）做或不做，什么程序，警察部門(mén)如下，等等。法律制度的另一個(gè)方面是它的實(shí)質(zhì)。這意味著系統(tǒng)中的人的實(shí)際規(guī)則、規(guī)范和行為模式。, the law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations.contractuai liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact form the acts of the parties.in some circumstances,however,the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.合同法與履行義務(wù)有關(guān)。contractuai責(zé)任通常是基于同意的情況下隨意的形式給出一個(gè)表示承諾或一個(gè)事實(shí)默示形式當(dāng)事人的行為。然而，在某些情況下，法院將意味著一個(gè)承諾（通常被稱(chēng)為隱含在法律或準(zhǔn)合同），以避免不公正的豐富，盡管缺乏同意由黨誰(shuí)被約束。12 , paragraph 1 of article 153 of the criminal law is amended as:"whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in article 151 ,article 152 and article 347 herein shall,depending on the severity of the circumstances,be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:

1、if he smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.2、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years,and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.3、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property.刑法第153條1款修改為：走私本法第一百五十一條、第一百五十二條、第三百四十七條規(guī)定以外的貨物、物品的,根據(jù)情節(jié)輕重,分別依照下列規(guī)定處罰:

1、他走私貨物、物品逃避或回避應(yīng)繳稅額數(shù)額較大或構(gòu)成走私再次被給予行政處罰后一年內(nèi)兩次打擊走私，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金。

2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私貨物、物品巨大或者有其他嚴(yán)重情節(jié)的，,處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并處偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金;

3、如果應(yīng)付偷逃走私貨物、物品數(shù)額特別巨大或者有其他特別嚴(yán)重情節(jié)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)處十年以上有期徒刑或者無(wú)期徒刑,并處偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金或者沒(méi)收財(cái)產(chǎn)。

13、one article is added after article 276 of the criminal law as article 267 : 文章276條后增加了一條，作為刑法第267條：

以轉(zhuǎn)移財(cái)產(chǎn)、逃匿等方法逃避支付勞動(dòng)者的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬或者有能力支付而不支付勞動(dòng)者的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬，數(shù)額較大，經(jīng)政府有關(guān)部門(mén)責(zé)令支付仍不支付的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處罰金；造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處罰金。

單位犯前款罪的，對(duì)單位判處罰金，并對(duì)其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員，依照前款的規(guī)定處罰。

有前兩款行為，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果，在提起公訴前支付勞動(dòng)者的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬，并依法承擔(dān)相應(yīng)賠償責(zé)任的，可以減輕或者免除處罰。

14、私法 private law involves the various relationship that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves.the area is concerned with rules and principes pertaining to private ownership

and

use

of

property,contracts

between individuals,family relationships,and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one personby another.historically, government involvement was usually minimal.private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law,such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.私法涉及到人與人之間的各種關(guān)系，以及確定自己的法律權(quán)利和義務(wù)的規(guī)則。該地區(qū)是有關(guān)規(guī)則和有關(guān)私有財(cái)產(chǎn)和使用原則，合同之間的個(gè)人，家庭，和補(bǔ)償?shù)难a(bǔ)償方式傷害造成一人以另一個(gè)。從歷史上看，政府的參與通常是微乎其微的。私人法律也為私人安排和相互作用提供了一般的指導(dǎo)和保障，這些方法與道德和習(xí)俗是相輔相成的，但在法庭上不一定能強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行，比如私人私人的合同承諾和協(xié)議。the relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times.public law dominates in government-controlled societies;democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law.the private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of groups,associations,organizations,and special legal entities such as corporations.they compete with one another and with government for control of resources,wealth,power,and the communication of ideas and values.special fields of law,such as labor law,facilitate and control this competition.much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas.the formerly purely private law of property and contracts,for example,is now overlaid with legislation,regulationg,and judicial dicisions reflecting the competition.the public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the u.s.thus,manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products.the mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public.純粹私法的相對(duì)意義在近代有所下降。公共法律在政府控制的社會(huì)中占主導(dǎo)地位；民主社會(huì)日益具有公共性和私法性的混合性。私人領(lǐng)域包括個(gè)人和一個(gè)龐大的群體，協(xié)會(huì)，組織和特殊的法律實(shí)體，如企業(yè)。它們相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，與政府控制資源、財(cái)富、權(quán)力、思想和價(jià)值觀(guān)的交流。法的特殊領(lǐng)域，如勞動(dòng)法，促進(jìn)和控制這一競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這類(lèi)法律中的大部分都是在商業(yè)和企業(yè)領(lǐng)域中的。以前純粹的私有財(cái)產(chǎn)法和契約，例如，現(xiàn)在用立法，規(guī)定，和司法決定反映了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。稅收的公法化對(duì)整個(gè)私人領(lǐng)域有著重要的影響。法院越來(lái)越多地將看似私人糾紛的解決視為應(yīng)對(duì)不斷變化的社會(huì)環(huán)境和價(jià)值觀(guān)的車(chē)輛，尤其是在美國(guó)，制造商們已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)擴(kuò)展的責(zé)任，在他們的產(chǎn)品缺陷造成的身體傷害。保險(xiǎn)機(jī)制使得生產(chǎn)商能夠在普通消費(fèi)大眾中傳播這種成本。

15、self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor's imminent use of unlawful force.such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant ang the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.自衛(wèi)權(quán)意味著一個(gè)人是有道理的武力侵略時(shí)使用，似乎她的程度和她有理由認(rèn)為，這種行為保護(hù)自己反對(duì)這樣的侵略即將使用非法暴力是必要的。這樣的理由要求對(duì)被告的一部分的信念，以及是否存在的事實(shí)，將說(shuō)服一個(gè)合理的人，相信。

where self-defense is asserted,expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant's belie that she was in imminent danger.在自衛(wèi)是斷言，在受虐婦女綜合癥的專(zhuān)家證言可以提供證明被告的合理性，相信她在迫在眉睫的危險(xiǎn)。

the interests in human dignity and privacy which the fourth amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained.in the absence of a clear indich.ation that in fact such evidence will be found,these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate searc 第四修正案保護(hù)的人的尊嚴(yán)和隱私的利益，不允許任何此類(lèi)侵犯，只要有可能獲得的水果或犯罪證據(jù)的機(jī)會(huì)。在一個(gè)明確的indich.ation缺位，事實(shí)上這樣的證據(jù)會(huì)被發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些人的基本利益要求執(zhí)法人員遭受這樣的證據(jù)可能會(huì)消失，除非有一個(gè)即時(shí)搜索的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide,he must do everything in his power,consistent with his safety,to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.在一個(gè)人可以利用自己的抗辯，對(duì)殺人的指控，他必須盡一切力量，符合他的安全，以避免危險(xiǎn)，避免采取生活的必要性。

第三篇：英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯論文

On Training Methods of Short Term Memory in Consecutive Interpreting 交替?zhèn)髯g中短時(shí)記憶的訓(xùn)練方法

Name: Li, Lingling

Class: 2007English Education Class 2 January 4, 2010

目錄

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................3 1.Introduction..................................................................................................5 2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting.............................................................5 2.1 Background information......................................................................5 2.2 Interpreting...........................................................................................6 3.Memory System..........................................................................................8 3.1 Short term memory..............................................................................8 3.2 Short term and long term memory.......................................................9 3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile......................................................10 4.Characters of short term memory..............................................................12 4.1 Input of information...........................................................................12 4.2 Capacity.............................................................................................12 4.3 Modality.............................................................................................12 4.4 Information Loss................................................................................13 4.5 Retrieval.............................................................................................13 5.Memory Training.......................................................................................14 5.1 Visualizing materials:........................................................................15 5.2 Retelling in the Source Language......................................................15 5.3Mnemonic to Memory........................................................................16 5.4 Grouping information together..........................................................17 5.5 Association.........................................................................................17 6.Conclusion.................................................................................................18 Bibliography..................................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

ABSTRACT Interpreting is important and popular nowadays owing to its communicative function in fields of politics, economy, culture, education and so on.However, it’s not easy to be a qualified interpreter because the training methods are not systematically completed.This thesis is mainly dealing with the methods of training short-term memory in consecutive interpreting(CI).According to Effort Model from Daniel Gile, the short term memory is an essential part in the process of interpreting.In order to be a qualified interpreter, student interpreters need large quantity of practice and skills.Considering of this, the author makes some research about the training of short term memory and hopes this training can help student interpreters improve short term memory.Key words: consecutive interpreting(CI);short term memory;Effort Model;training methods

口譯因其在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、教育等方面有著重要的交際功能，因此在當(dāng)今社會(huì)越來(lái)越顯示出其重要性并且逐漸受到人們的重視。然而，由于目前口譯訓(xùn)練方法仍然不夠系統(tǒng)和完整，因此想成為一名合格的口譯人員實(shí)屬不易。本論文主要介紹了交替?zhèn)髯g中短時(shí)記憶的訓(xùn)練方法。根據(jù)Daniel Gile 的精力分配模式，短時(shí)記憶在口譯過(guò)程中起到舉足輕重的地位。為了成為一名合格的譯員，訓(xùn)練者需要進(jìn)行大量的練習(xí)并且掌握口譯技巧?？紤]到這個(gè)問(wèn)題，筆者通過(guò)搜集整理和自己的親身經(jīng)歷總結(jié)了短時(shí)記憶 的訓(xùn)練方法，希望能夠幫助訓(xùn)練者提高短時(shí)記憶。

1.Introduction There are three kinds of memory system and short term memory is the essential part in interpreting, so in this paper the author mainly does research about the short term memory.Chapter 1 is an introduction about planning of this paper.In Chapter 2, it shows a general introduction about interpreting and its current situation in China.This helps us to get a more clear understanding about advantages and disadvantages of CI in order to find the weaknesses.According to the analysis in Chapter 2, the author believes that the memory training is a big obstacle encountered by the student interpreters.Considering of this, the author decides to start with the memory system, so in Chapter 3, it mainly shows three types of memory systems as well as how they work and what functions they have and the illustration is focused on the concrete connections between the short term memory and CI.In Chapter 4, the author shows the characters of short term memory and the problems interpreters meet due to the characters.In Chapter 5, according to all above and research, the author finds some methods dealing with the problems.Finally is the conclusion and some suggestions in future research.2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting 2.1 Background information Interpreting becomes a very popular job nowadays due to the world globalization in fields of economy, politics, culture and s on.With the rising position of China, especially hosting of 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo as well as entering WTO, China plays more and more important role in the world, so international communication become more frequently.This brings large requirement of interpreting which is considered responsive and practical, both quality and quantity.However, interpreting industry is facing serious situation: lacking of systematical training methods and high quantity of teachers.2.2 Definition of Interpreting Interpreting is the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between users of different languages.The process is described by both the words interpreting and interpretation.Professional Interpreting can be mainly classified into simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting in terms of the way of interpreting.In consecutive interpreting(CI), the interpreter speaks after the source-language speaker has finished speaking.The speech is divided into segments, and the interpreter sits or stands beside the source-language speaker, listening and taking notes as the speaker progresses through the message.When the speaker pauses or finishes speaking, the interpreter then renders a portion of the message or the entire message in the target language.A qualified interpreter is required to cover various fields of knowledge and possesses good psychological quality as well as a strong memory.Due to this requirement, interpreting is a challengeable work.2.3 Quality of a good interpreter 2.3.1 Profound knowledge As a good interpreter, the basic quality is to master the source language and target language.Moreover, an interpreter should have a good knowledge of the culture of both countries, such as the customs, the history, the humorous expressions as well as the current event and popular tendency.For example, when interpreter heard “Baudelaire’s translation of Poe may be “better” poems than those Poe wrote;but those who read them have read Baudelaire's version of Poe;not Poe.” In this sentence, there are two names Baudelaire and Poe.Baudelaire is a French writer, who is famous for translating the works by American writer Edgar Allan Poe and is acknowledged better than the original works.If the interpreter knows this, it is not difficult to translate it as波德來(lái)爾所譯的愛(ài)倫坡的詩(shī)，也許比愛(ài)倫坡自己所寫(xiě)的更好；但讀那些詩(shī)的人只是讀了波德來(lái)爾所譯的愛(ài)倫坡；而不是真正的愛(ài)倫坡.Therefore, a good interpreter should self enriching greatly and improving continuously.2.3.1 Strong memory Owing to the special characteristics of interpreting, interpreter should have a strong memory.On the one hand, interpreter has to master a large amount of vocabulary and idioms, such as畫(huà)蛇添足 to paint the lily；用小蝦釣大魚(yú) to throw a sprat to catch a whale.Besides, for some Chinese idioms, interpreters should remember the original story, such as東施效顰Tung Shih imitates Hsi Shih.Hsi Shih was a famous beauty in the ancient kindgdom of Yueh.Tung Shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her ways.The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a distorted way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes even worse.On the other hand, interpreters should have a good memory to express the meaning speakers said.Owing to the limited time, note-taking can only write down the main point and the whole meaning can only be expressed though the strong memory.3.Memory System 3.1 Short term memory Short-term memory(or “primary” or “active memory”)is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.The duration of short-term memory(when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented)is believed to be in the order of seconds.In an early and highly influential article, The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, the psychologist George Miller suggested that human short-term memory has a forward memory span of approximately seven items plus or minus two and that was well known at the time.David A.Sousa, in his book ,how the brain works refers to the term short term memory as all of the early steps of temporary memory leads to long term memory.According to his idea, short term memory can be divided into sensory memory and working memory.Sensory memory is the very first step for the source information coming into one’s brain with the shortest duration and can hold a certain amount of information, but these information can only lasts 0.25-2 seconds and disappears rapidly.Working memory refers to information stored for further processing.Working memory boasts both storage and processing functions.The two functions are interrelated with each other.When encountered with new or difficult tasks, then more processing capacity is required, thus leaving less capacity for storage function(David W.Carroll, 2000.49).During the researching, the authors doubts that decay causes forgetting from short-term memory often offer as an alternative some form of interference: When several elements(such as digits, words, or pictures)are held in short term memory simultaneously, their representations compete with each other for recall, or degrade each other.Thereby, new content gradually pushes out older content, unless the older content is actively protected against interference by rehearsal or by directing attention to it.3.2 Short term and long term memory Psychological studies of human memory make a distinction between short term memory and long term memory.The idea of short term memory simply means that you are retaining information for a short period of time without creating the neural mechanisms for later recall.Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later.To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later.Long-term memory is a learning process.And it is essentially an important part of the interpreter's acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in long term memory may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life.The duration of short term memory is very short.It is up to 30 seconds.Peterson(1959)found it to be 6-12 seconds, while Atkinson and Schifrin(1968)and Herb(1949)state it is 30 seconds.Memory in CI only lasts for a short time.Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers.Therefore, the memory skills which need to be imparted to trainee interpreters are short term memory skills.Another difference is that short term memory is processed largely in terms of speech sounds, while long term memory depends mostly on meaning.In the early 1960s, Conrad, in connection with work for the British Post Office, conducted experiments on memory for letter codes.Conrad’s subjects were presented visually with sequences of unrelated consonants and were required to write them down immediately afterwards.He noticed that the short term memory errors made were not random, but similar in the sound to the correct item.Subjects mistakenly remember the words as words with similar pronunciation more than similar spelling.This indicates that the material is more easily remembered in terms of their sound rather than their visual appearance.Since the interpreters deal with the vocal materials, short term memory can do well to training.3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile(1)C = KL + ELK + A Comprehension =Knowledge for language+ Extra-linguistic Language + Analysis(2)CI =L + N + M + C Consecutive Interpreting =Listening Analysis+ Note-taking+ Short-term Memory+ Coordination In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter takes notes while the speaker speaks, then delivers speech to the listener in the target language according to his or her memory and notes.Consecutive interpretation is performed in two phases, the listening and note-taking phase, and the speech production phase.(3)CI = Rem + Read + P Consecutive Interpreting=Remembering+ Note-reading+ Speech Production

In phase two, high capacity in taking notes is beneficial to the Rem component, since good note-taking reduces the capacity requirements for Rem.Besides, mastering a certain amount of linguistic and extra-linguistic knowledge will lead to successful transferring form source language to target language.Since short term memory plays an important role in CI, the author decides to take a further step on short term memory.4.Characters of short term memory 4.1 Input of information It is generally held that information enters the short term memory as a result of applying attention to the stimulus, which is about a quarter of a second according to the findings of both Sperling(1960)and Crowden(1982).However, McKay's(1973, in Radford and Govier, 1991: 382)findings do not fully support this, asserting that unattended information may enter the short term memory.4.2 Capacity As mentioned in the previous section, the capacity of short term memory is limited and small.Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968)propose that it is seven items of information(give or take two).Miller(1956)says it is seven “chunks.” Another possibility may be that the limiting factor is not the short term memory's storage capacity, but its processing capacity(Gross: 1990:55).4.3 Modality To store information in short term memory, it must be encoded, and there is a variety of possibilities as to how this operates.There are three main possibilities in short term memory:(1)Acoustic(Phonemic)coding is rehearsing through sub-vocal sounds(Conrad, 1964 and Baddeley: 1966).(2)Visual coding is, as implied, storing information as pictures rather than sounds.This applies especially to nonverbal items, particularly if they are difficult to describe using words.In very rare cases some people may have a “photographic memory,” but for the vast majority, the visual code is much less effective than this(Posner and Keele: 1967).(3)Semantic coding is applying meaning to information, relating it to something abstract(Baddeley: 1990, Goodhead: 1999)4.4 Information Loss There are three main theories as to why we forget from our short term memory:(1)Displacement—existing information is replaced by newly received information when the storage capacity is full(Waugh and Norman: 1965)(2)Decay—information decays over time(Baddeley, Thompson and Buchanan, 1975).(3)Interference—other information present in the storage at the same time distorts the original information(Keppel and Underwood: 1962).4.5 Retrieval There are modes of retrieval of information from short term memory:(1)Serial search—items in short term memory are examined one at a time until the desired information is retrieved(Sternberg: 1966).(2)Activation—dependence on activation of the particular item reaching a critical point 5.Memory Training The purpose of short term memory training in CI is to achieve a better understanding of the source language, which will lead to adequate interpreting.As Lin Yuru et al.put it, “Memory in consecutive interpreting consists of nothing more than understanding the meaning, which is conveyed by the words”(Lin et al., 1999:9).Understanding is the first step in successful interpreting;therefore, memory training is to be provided in the early stage of interpreter training.Memory functions differently in consecutive and simultaneous interpreting because the duration of memory is longer in CI than in SI.There are different methods of training short term memory for CI and SI respectively.Interpreting starts with the encoding of the information from the original speaker.According to Gile's Effort Model, interpreting is short term memory-centered activity;the process of interpreting could be re-postulated into: Encoding of information from the Source Language + Storing Information + Retrieval of Information + Decoding Information into the Target language In Consecutive Interpreting, there is probably up to 15 minutes(depending on the speaker's segments)for the interpreter to encode and then store the information.This is the first phase of Gile's Effort Model for CI.In the second phase of Gile's Model, the interpreter starts to retrieve information and decode it into the target language.According to the previous description, there are three main possibilities of storing information in short term memory:(1)Acoustic Coding;(2)Visual Coding and(3)Semantic Coding.Visual coding may be used by interpreters in conference situations with multimedia.Notes in interpreting are to assist in such visual coding of information.But in most interpreting contexts, interpreters will depend on acoustic and semantic coding.Therefore, exercises should be designed for this purpose.The following methods are recommended: 5.1 Visualizing materials: Visualizing means that to visualize what the speaker is speaking, for instance, to form a scene to strengthen the short term memory of the interpreter.A British psychologist named Frederic C.Bartlett(1998:279)regarded memory as the reconstruction of an image.The conclusion of the study showed that the capacity of memory of pictures viewed and images is easier to remember than vocabulary and expressions This kind of exercise aims to promote the ability of an interpreter to actualize and visualize the information he listened, which is designed to sensibility of human’s brain to image of language resources.5.2 Retelling in the Source Language The instructor either reads or plays a recording of a text of about 200 words for the trainees to retell in the same language.The trainees should not be allowed to take any notes.In the first instance, trainees should be encouraged to retell the text in the same words of the original to the largest possible extent.The following tactics should be used by the trainees after a certain time of training on retelling: Categorization: Grouping items of the same properties;Generalization: Drawing general conclusions from particular examples or message from the provided text;Comparison: Noticing the differences and similarities between different things, facts and events;Description: Describing a scene, a shape, or size of an object, etc.Trainees are encouraged to describe, summarize, and abstract the original to a large extent in their own words in exercises.5.3 Mnemonic to Memory Mnemonic is a device, such as a formula or rhyme, used as an aid in remembering.Mnemonics are methods for remembering information that is otherwise quite difficult to recall.A very simple example of a mnemonic is the '30 days hath September' rhyme.The basic principle of Mnemonics is to use as many of the best functions of the human brain as possible to encode information.The human brain has evolved to encode and interpret complex stimuli—images, color, structure, sounds, smells, tastes, touch, spatial awareness, emotion, and language—using them to make sophisticated interpretations of the environment.Human memory is made up of all these features.Typically, however, information presented to be remembered is from one source—normally words on a page.While reading words on a page reflects one of the most important aspects of human evolution, it is only one of the many skills and resources available to the human mind.Mnemonics seek to use all of these resources.By encoding language and numbers in sophisticated, striking images which flow into other strong images, we can accurately and reliably encode both information and the structure of information to be easily recalled later(Manktelow:2003).5.4 Grouping information together Random lists of things(a shopping list, for example)can be especially difficult to remember.To make it easier, try categorizing the individual things from the list.If a person can remember that, among other things, he wanted to buy four different kinds of vegetables, he’ll find it easier to remember all four.Another example: probably ***818651898 won't be easily remembered, but try putting a space after every fourth number.Now those numbers are years, and they can be easily remembered by picking key events from each year(e.g., Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Civil War, and Spanish-American War).5.5 Association

The reason that most of people can't remember their friend's phone number is because 535-3473 just a string of numbers that have no obvious connection to their friend.In order to use one’s memory efficiently, the best way is to actively create an association for things one is trying to remember.For example, write out a phone number: five three five three four seven three.Now try to create a clever phrase that starts with the first letter of those words: fairy tales feel true for some time.Now that phone number can be much more easily remembered.Alternatively, one could create a story that involves 5 characters buying 3 things and doing 5 more things with them by using imagination.The point is that one wants to connect the phone number to something else.6.Conclusion Keeping a good short term memory in consecutive interpreting is a significant aspect, which the train interpreters need to grasp.From the above analysis, we can conclude that short term memory skills in consecutive interpreting could be acquired by effectively designed training methods.With a well-'trained' short-term memory, interpreters are actually equipped with an effective tool for the encoding and decoding information.Even though the author has found and summarized some training methods, these methods are not suitable for every trainee.In the future research, the author believes that every student interpreter needs to explore practical training methods for themselves, which can lead a better result for their future career and be transformed into theories.

第四篇：英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告

實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告

-----英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告

在結(jié)束大學(xué)的三年生活之后，為了能充分將所學(xué)的知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為工作能力，為了能更好地了解自我，鍛煉自身的社會(huì)活動(dòng)能力，了解社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，為明年畢業(yè)、就業(yè)做好準(zhǔn)備。今年暑期我在昆明風(fēng)動(dòng)新科技集團(tuán)發(fā)展有限公司進(jìn)行了為期半個(gè)月的實(shí)習(xí)。

昆明風(fēng)動(dòng)新科技集團(tuán)發(fā)展有限公司位于昆明市昆明民族高新科技工業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)，科泰路M-12。昆明風(fēng)動(dòng)新技術(shù)集團(tuán)發(fā)展有限公司，是中國(guó)煙草機(jī)械總公司專(zhuān)業(yè)生產(chǎn)大型煙草預(yù)壓打包機(jī)、氣力式煙絲輸送分配系統(tǒng)的國(guó)內(nèi)定點(diǎn)廠(chǎng)，是昆明市人民政府扶優(yōu)扶強(qiáng)重點(diǎn)扶持的骨干企業(yè)，是云南省科技廳認(rèn)定的高新技術(shù)企業(yè)，是國(guó)家制糖機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造的重點(diǎn)企業(yè)。經(jīng)過(guò)近幾年的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整以及公司整體的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革，現(xiàn)已發(fā)展成為以煙草機(jī)械為主體，機(jī)械立體物流倉(cāng)庫(kù)（立體車(chē)庫(kù)）、制糖機(jī)械、蜂窩紙板生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)及蜂窩紙制品、金屬屋面系統(tǒng)等業(yè)務(wù)多元化發(fā)展的現(xiàn)代股份制企業(yè)。

從6月16日到7月8日，我進(jìn)行了為其3周的實(shí)習(xí)，每天早上8點(diǎn)鐘上班，開(kāi)始了一天忙碌的工作，中午有一個(gè)小時(shí)的午休，下午5點(diǎn)整下班。實(shí)習(xí)期間主要負(fù)責(zé)翻譯資料填寫(xiě)表格。

我與其他兩位同學(xué)一起來(lái)到公司實(shí)習(xí)，我們?nèi)私M每天早上基本上都能夠提前10分鐘到達(dá)公司。在工作時(shí)間認(rèn)真完成工作；在休息時(shí)間與公司的人員多溝通交流，通過(guò)一周的實(shí)習(xí)，我基本上適應(yīng)了公司的環(huán)境。而公司人員都非常支持我們的工作，提供了忠實(shí)的意見(jiàn)與寶貴的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)提升鍛煉我們的能力，而正是這些信任給了我們進(jìn)步的壓力與動(dòng)力，讓我們有了緊迫感。

我被分到了人力資源部，第一天就接到了翻譯“SGS的焊工資格認(rèn)證書(shū)的任務(wù)”，這對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)艱巨的任務(wù)，因?yàn)槔锩娴膶?zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)太多，而且很多是縮略語(yǔ)，需要到網(wǎng)上查閱大量的資料才能確定如何翻譯。而且有些詞是有兩種意義的，例如：NA，它一方面可以表示“無(wú)”，另外也可以表示“國(guó)家級(jí)的”，兩種意思差別巨大，而且無(wú)上下文可以聯(lián)系進(jìn)行判斷。最終，在翻閱大量資料后，我確定NA是無(wú)的意思。所以我覺(jué)得要更優(yōu)質(zhì)、更高效地完成工作必要的工具書(shū)是不可或缺的。

因此我充分意識(shí)到了，雖然在學(xué)校里學(xué)了很多英語(yǔ)單詞掌握了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法與常用術(shù)語(yǔ)，但是對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯以及用法卻知之甚少，所以工作之余要下很大的功夫熟悉這方面的術(shù)語(yǔ)并且向朋友借了一本專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯詞典。

我們工作的時(shí)候應(yīng)該認(rèn)真仔細(xì)，要知道稍微的疏忽可能會(huì)給公司帶來(lái)巨大的損失。所以工作的時(shí)候盡量與別人合作。例如，翻譯工作，難免會(huì)發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤，所以我會(huì)請(qǐng)別人校正，以保證準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的完成工作。

作為一名實(shí)習(xí)生我們首先要端正心態(tài)，心態(tài)決定這我們的工作狀態(tài)，不要認(rèn)為“我們還是學(xué)校的學(xué)生”，就可以做好做壞無(wú)所謂，上班可以遲到，有事沒(méi)事可以經(jīng)常請(qǐng)假。應(yīng)該把自己看成該單位的試用期員工，這樣有利于我們未來(lái)的就業(yè)，達(dá)到實(shí)習(xí)目的。

我覺(jué)得做事應(yīng)當(dāng)先學(xué)會(huì)做人。我們應(yīng)該與同事形成一種良好的關(guān)系，互幫互助。當(dāng)在地上發(fā)現(xiàn)垃圾，或者有誰(shuí)的東西掉到地上時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)主動(dòng)地?fù)炱鹄病Ｉ舷掳嗟臅r(shí)候幫助同事們開(kāi)關(guān)門(mén)窗，檢查用電情況，這都是我們實(shí)習(xí)生應(yīng)當(dāng)做的。不論實(shí)習(xí)工作是否對(duì)口，我們都應(yīng)當(dāng)努力去做，我想任何的工作都會(huì)是我們將來(lái)工作的一部分，去填寫(xiě)表格文件，處理文字資料我們都應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)真對(duì)待。在實(shí)習(xí)中，我經(jīng)常幫助大家做些電腦方面的事情。這或許就是一種主動(dòng)積極的做事方法。

作為單位的新人，我們對(duì)業(yè)務(wù)往往不熟，甚至還會(huì)出錯(cuò)。例如：一次填寫(xiě)表格，我的確是按要求把“居住在公司宿舍的人”的居住地址寫(xiě)成科泰路，但我卻沒(méi)有注意居住在其他宿舍的不能寫(xiě)成科泰路，犯了一次小錯(cuò)誤。所以我們一定要虛心請(qǐng)教，避免犯些錯(cuò)誤。向人請(qǐng)教還有一點(diǎn)好處，就是他們的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)會(huì)是你少走很多彎路，例如我在做一個(gè)表格的時(shí)候，欣欣自喜，因?yàn)槲矣X(jué)得我年輕，做那種表格會(huì)比別人快很多，結(jié)果我累了一上午，終于把表格做好，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他們?cè)趯忛喌臅r(shí)候用了另外一種方法。我一直在旁邊看著，我覺(jué)得這是工作中的一種學(xué)習(xí)與收獲。

我第一天就因?yàn)樽镁昧嘶蛘卟涣?xí)慣這里的生活而感到疲倦，有點(diǎn)坐著不耐煩。但是過(guò)了幾天，我慢慢的開(kāi)始習(xí)慣了這種辦公室的生活。現(xiàn)在在辦公室，有閑的時(shí)候就會(huì)看一些英語(yǔ)方面的資料，有時(shí)候和大家談?wù)劊惺苻k公室的生活，積累工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。我覺(jué)得這次實(shí)習(xí)對(duì)我影響最大的就是讓我在工作實(shí)踐中領(lǐng)悟到了工作作風(fēng)以及在工作過(guò)程中專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)對(duì)工作的重要性，以及讓我體會(huì)到了工作的生活。

半個(gè)月的實(shí)習(xí)生活，使我真正體會(huì)到作為一名辦公室工作人員的忙碌生活。雖然我的事情并不多，但我的同事們不停地在工作，中午只有一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間休息，有時(shí)候還要主動(dòng)加班。甚至有一天公司停電，同事們還要處理、裝訂文件。辦公室的生活其實(shí)是很忙碌的，并不像我以前想的那樣悠然自得，不用去做什么累人的體力活。

這次實(shí)習(xí)是我人生中的一次重要的經(jīng)歷，對(duì)將來(lái)走上工作崗位產(chǎn)生積極地影響。我體會(huì)到了專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)與工作閱歷對(duì)工作的技巧與工作效率的深刻影響。我充分明白了理論結(jié)合實(shí)際的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。在工作中提升自我，與不斷提升自己的素質(zhì)的重要性。

第五篇：英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)翻譯實(shí)踐報(bào)告

實(shí)踐報(bào)告

這周是英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的翻譯實(shí)踐周，這次的專(zhuān)業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)讓我受益匪淺，收獲頗多。專(zhuān)業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)的主要目的是要培養(yǎng)我們理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、基本理論和技能，獨(dú)立分析、解決問(wèn)題的能力。在大學(xué)的第三學(xué)年，實(shí)習(xí)是一個(gè)很重要的環(huán)節(jié)，對(duì)我們以后的工作實(shí)習(xí)也有一定的幫助。所以，我們要端正態(tài)度，認(rèn)真對(duì)待這次的專(zhuān)業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)。

我們的主要任務(wù)是進(jìn)行英譯漢和漢譯英的翻譯實(shí)踐，為此在實(shí)踐的過(guò)程中，我總結(jié)了四種必備的翻譯工具：一是靈格斯翻譯工具，里面可安裝各式的詞典；二是百度搜索工具；三是有道詞典；四是英漢詞典；五是漢英詞典。翻譯的過(guò)程如下：首先可以現(xiàn)在靈格斯里查詢(xún)不懂的單詞和詞組，尋找最符合原文的解釋。然后采取同時(shí)在百度和有道詞典搜索的做法，并對(duì)同種搜索工具搜索結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。他們有著各自的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。所以我們最后用到的就是英漢和漢英辭典，可以對(duì)我們翻譯之中的詞匯，進(jìn)行最后的確認(rèn)，確定出最最準(zhǔn)確的譯法。

在翻譯過(guò)程中也遇到到了一些困難，這說(shuō)明在漫漫的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中我還要繼續(xù)努力。學(xué)如逆水行舟，不進(jìn)則退，只要每天我認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)，那就是一種進(jìn)步。人生總歸會(huì)有許多挫折，但我們?nèi)舨豢邕^(guò)這道坎，就不會(huì)有進(jìn)步，滯留不前。我們要用有限的生命創(chuàng)造無(wú)限的價(jià)值，勇敢面對(duì)每一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。

翻譯是運(yùn)用一種語(yǔ)言把另一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的思維內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確而完整地表達(dá)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言行為。當(dāng)然紙上談兵是無(wú)稽之談，光有理論知識(shí)而不實(shí)踐操作也是沒(méi)有用的。有位翻譯家這么說(shuō)過(guò)，“學(xué)翻譯猶如學(xué)游泳。只在岸邊看別人游，或只聽(tīng)教練講解，是學(xué)不會(huì)的。”所以要想提高自己的翻譯能力，一定要通過(guò)實(shí)踐。實(shí)踐可以分為兩類(lèi)，直接的實(shí)踐和間接的實(shí)踐。

所謂直接的實(shí)踐，就是自己親身參加的實(shí)踐，也就是自己動(dòng)手翻譯。一回生，二回熟，日積月累，第一手經(jīng)驗(yàn)多了，做起來(lái)得心應(yīng)手，翻譯能力有所提高。所謂“熟能生巧”，就是這個(gè)道理。但自己能譯的東西是有限的，從這種實(shí)踐中得出的經(jīng)驗(yàn)也是有限的。因此，還需要借助于間接的實(shí)踐。

所謂間接的實(shí)踐，就是研究別人的譯文。比如，一篇文章在手，準(zhǔn)備翻譯，這時(shí)先找一些有關(guān)的資料或同類(lèi)文章的譯文看一看，在詞語(yǔ)和風(fēng)格方面定會(huì)有所借鑒。別人的譯文是別人直接實(shí)踐的產(chǎn)物，看了別人的譯文，就是從事間接實(shí)踐。從總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的角度來(lái)看，直接實(shí)踐和間接實(shí)踐具有同等的價(jià)值。因此，有空的時(shí)候，找一些譯文來(lái)，尤其是好的譯文，加以研究，總結(jié)出一些規(guī)律性的東西，對(duì)于提高自己的翻譯能力是大有好處的。

經(jīng)過(guò)這幾天的翻譯實(shí)踐，心里感觸良多，收獲也頗多，從中也學(xué)到了很多東西，總結(jié)出了幾點(diǎn)體會(huì)：

一、翻譯的工作性質(zhì)需要我們仔細(xì)、認(rèn)真并且耐心。翻譯是一項(xiàng)慢中出細(xì)活的工作，要坐得住，穩(wěn)得住，要一絲不茍地對(duì)待，字字斟酌，句句思量，嚴(yán)格遵守“信、雅、達(dá)”的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，力求把譯文翻譯得通順準(zhǔn)確，忠實(shí)原文。

二、英語(yǔ)和其他學(xué)科知識(shí)的積累。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，要想成為一個(gè)出色的翻譯工作者，就必須同時(shí)具有高水平的語(yǔ)言能力和某一領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)。這一次的翻譯實(shí)踐大大拓寬了我的視野，積累了不少專(zhuān)業(yè)的英語(yǔ)詞匯，也逐漸認(rèn)清科技英語(yǔ)文章的翻譯特點(diǎn)。

三、計(jì)算機(jī)操作能力需要提高，尤其是中英文打字的水平?，F(xiàn)在翻譯文章無(wú)不需要借助于電腦，翻譯的過(guò)程中直接考驗(yàn)了一個(gè)人的打字水平，現(xiàn)在我的中文打字速度還不是很快，所以，我要多多加強(qiáng)我的打字能力。

四、為成為一個(gè)合格的翻譯者打下了基礎(chǔ)。在這次的翻譯過(guò)程中，我學(xué)到了很多的翻譯技巧，這對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)很大的收獲。我相信自己的能力，對(duì)自己的翻譯生涯充滿(mǎn)了熱切的期待。也許我不是天才，不能一下子就成為優(yōu)秀的翻譯者，但我愿意先從一個(gè)合格的翻譯者做起，從合格到優(yōu)秀，一直努力，一直在進(jìn)步，這才是我一生所應(yīng)該追求的夢(mèng)想。

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟。在這幾天的專(zhuān)業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)的翻譯實(shí)訓(xùn)中，我學(xué)習(xí)到了很多東西，也發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的翻譯水平更待提高。在以后的日子里，要多多練習(xí)英語(yǔ)翻譯，努力提高英語(yǔ)翻譯水平，為迎接往后的挑戰(zhàn)做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。