第一篇：專業(yè)翻譯的流程管理

專業(yè)翻譯的流程管理

“專業(yè)翻譯”主要指的是那些專業(yè)性強、難度較大的稿件，比如藥品類、法律類、軍事類等等。365翻譯認為處理這些專業(yè)性強的稿件，必須要有科學的流程管理體系。

步驟一：與客戶溝通交流

客服人員/項目經(jīng)理與客戶充分溝通，了解稿件的要求和用途。步驟二：譯員團隊的安排

項目經(jīng)理按照客戶要求和稿件特點，選定譯員，組建項目小組。結(jié)合每位譯員的優(yōu)勢和譯稿速度，合理安排任務(wù)。

步驟三：控制翻譯流程

在翻譯過程中，項目經(jīng)理注意檢查每位譯員的稿件翻譯情況，實時與譯員溝通，協(xié)助解決工作過程中的問題。根據(jù)譯稿的質(zhì)量和速度，在必要的時候應(yīng)該做出調(diào)整，以保證按時按質(zhì)的完成專業(yè)翻譯工作。

步驟四：翻譯小組內(nèi)部交流

這個環(huán)節(jié)是譯者的自我檢查與相互檢查，檢查的內(nèi)容主要是：文體風格、專業(yè)名詞、語法、拼寫、漏譯、錯譯等。

步驟五：專業(yè)翻譯稿件的審校與排版

審校人員總覽全文，考察是否符合客戶的要求、內(nèi)容是否完整、格式是否正確等。發(fā)現(xiàn)問題先做標記，并把修改意見返給譯員。在定稿后，排版人員根據(jù)客戶的要求進行排版處理。質(zhì)檢人員確定無誤后，給客戶返稿。

與傳統(tǒng)的“譯、審、校”一齊進行不同，科學、細分的流程管理能夠更好的保證專業(yè)翻譯的質(zhì)量。

第二篇：法律專業(yè)翻譯

10, to begin with,the legal system has structure.the structure of a legal system consists of this kind:the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.structure also means how the legislature is organized,what a president can(legally)do or not do,what procedures the police department follows,and so on.another aspect of the legal system is its substance.by this it meant the actual rules,norms,and behavior patterns of people inside the system.首先，法律制度有結(jié)構(gòu)。一個法律制度的結(jié)構(gòu)由這類的數(shù)量和大小的法院；管轄；和訴求方式從一個法院another.structure也意味著如何立法組織，什么總統(tǒng)（法律）做或不做，什么程序，警察部門如下，等等。法律制度的另一個方面是它的實質(zhì)。這意味著系統(tǒng)中的人的實際規(guī)則、規(guī)范和行為模式。, the law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations.contractuai liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact form the acts of the parties.in some circumstances,however,the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.合同法與履行義務(wù)有關(guān)。contractuai責任通常是基于同意的情況下隨意的形式給出一個表示承諾或一個事實默示形式當事人的行為。然而，在某些情況下，法院將意味著一個承諾（通常被稱為隱含在法律或準合同），以避免不公正的豐富，盡管缺乏同意由黨誰被約束。12 , paragraph 1 of article 153 of the criminal law is amended as:"whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in article 151 ,article 152 and article 347 herein shall,depending on the severity of the circumstances,be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:

1、if he smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.2、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years,and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.3、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property.刑法第153條1款修改為：走私本法第一百五十一條、第一百五十二條、第三百四十七條規(guī)定以外的貨物、物品的,根據(jù)情節(jié)輕重,分別依照下列規(guī)定處罰:

1、他走私貨物、物品逃避或回避應(yīng)繳稅額數(shù)額較大或構(gòu)成走私再次被給予行政處罰后一年內(nèi)兩次打擊走私，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金。

2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私貨物、物品巨大或者有其他嚴重情節(jié)的，,處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并處偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金;

3、如果應(yīng)付偷逃走私貨物、物品數(shù)額特別巨大或者有其他特別嚴重情節(jié)的，應(yīng)當處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑,并處偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金或者沒收財產(chǎn)。

13、one article is added after article 276 of the criminal law as article 267 : 文章276條后增加了一條，作為刑法第267條：

以轉(zhuǎn)移財產(chǎn)、逃匿等方法逃避支付勞動者的勞動報酬或者有能力支付而不支付勞動者的勞動報酬，數(shù)額較大，經(jīng)政府有關(guān)部門責令支付仍不支付的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處罰金；造成嚴重后果的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處罰金。

單位犯前款罪的，對單位判處罰金，并對其直接負責的主管人員和其他直接責任人員，依照前款的規(guī)定處罰。

有前兩款行為，尚未造成嚴重后果，在提起公訴前支付勞動者的勞動報酬，并依法承擔相應(yīng)賠償責任的，可以減輕或者免除處罰。

14、私法 private law involves the various relationship that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves.the area is concerned with rules and principes pertaining to private ownership

and

use

of

property,contracts

between individuals,family relationships,and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one personby another.historically, government involvement was usually minimal.private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law,such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.私法涉及到人與人之間的各種關(guān)系，以及確定自己的法律權(quán)利和義務(wù)的規(guī)則。該地區(qū)是有關(guān)規(guī)則和有關(guān)私有財產(chǎn)和使用原則，合同之間的個人，家庭，和補償?shù)难a償方式傷害造成一人以另一個。從歷史上看，政府的參與通常是微乎其微的。私人法律也為私人安排和相互作用提供了一般的指導和保障，這些方法與道德和習俗是相輔相成的，但在法庭上不一定能強制執(zhí)行，比如私人私人的合同承諾和協(xié)議。the relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times.public law dominates in government-controlled societies;democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law.the private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of groups,associations,organizations,and special legal entities such as corporations.they compete with one another and with government for control of resources,wealth,power,and the communication of ideas and values.special fields of law,such as labor law,facilitate and control this competition.much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas.the formerly purely private law of property and contracts,for example,is now overlaid with legislation,regulationg,and judicial dicisions reflecting the competition.the public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the u.s.thus,manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products.the mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public.純粹私法的相對意義在近代有所下降。公共法律在政府控制的社會中占主導地位；民主社會日益具有公共性和私法性的混合性。私人領(lǐng)域包括個人和一個龐大的群體，協(xié)會，組織和特殊的法律實體，如企業(yè)。它們相互競爭，與政府控制資源、財富、權(quán)力、思想和價值觀的交流。法的特殊領(lǐng)域，如勞動法，促進和控制這一競爭。這類法律中的大部分都是在商業(yè)和企業(yè)領(lǐng)域中的。以前純粹的私有財產(chǎn)法和契約，例如，現(xiàn)在用立法，規(guī)定，和司法決定反映了競爭。稅收的公法化對整個私人領(lǐng)域有著重要的影響。法院越來越多地將看似私人糾紛的解決視為應(yīng)對不斷變化的社會環(huán)境和價值觀的車輛，尤其是在美國，制造商們已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了一個擴展的責任，在他們的產(chǎn)品缺陷造成的身體傷害。保險機制使得生產(chǎn)商能夠在普通消費大眾中傳播這種成本。

15、self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor's imminent use of unlawful force.such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant ang the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.自衛(wèi)權(quán)意味著一個人是有道理的武力侵略時使用，似乎她的程度和她有理由認為，這種行為保護自己反對這樣的侵略即將使用非法暴力是必要的。這樣的理由要求對被告的一部分的信念，以及是否存在的事實，將說服一個合理的人，相信。

where self-defense is asserted,expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant's belie that she was in imminent danger.在自衛(wèi)是斷言，在受虐婦女綜合癥的專家證言可以提供證明被告的合理性，相信她在迫在眉睫的危險。

the interests in human dignity and privacy which the fourth amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained.in the absence of a clear indich.ation that in fact such evidence will be found,these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate searc 第四修正案保護的人的尊嚴和隱私的利益，不允許任何此類侵犯，只要有可能獲得的水果或犯罪證據(jù)的機會。在一個明確的indich.ation缺位，事實上這樣的證據(jù)會被發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些人的基本利益要求執(zhí)法人員遭受這樣的證據(jù)可能會消失，除非有一個即時搜索的風險

before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide,he must do everything in his power,consistent with his safety,to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.在一個人可以利用自己的抗辯，對殺人的指控，他必須盡一切力量，符合他的安全，以避免危險，避免采取生活的必要性。

第三篇：專業(yè)翻譯的重要性

專業(yè)翻譯公司

1、定義

翻譯公司是指以盈利為目的，從事商業(yè)的翻譯經(jīng)營活動并為客戶提供翻譯服務(wù)的企業(yè)或者實業(yè)，其主要形式為有限責任公司和股份有限公司兩種形式。翻譯公司是一種從事為各企事業(yè)單位或個人等提供各種語言翻譯服務(wù)的商業(yè)機構(gòu)。

2、專業(yè)翻譯的重要性

能將某個領(lǐng)域的知識和技能稱為“專業(yè)“。好的專業(yè)翻譯都是“術(shù)業(yè)有專攻”。一個好的專業(yè)翻譯翻譯不是一定要上知天文，下知地理，精通生物醫(yī)藥，還要懂得詩詞歌賦。他有擅長的幾個領(lǐng)域，也有不了解的領(lǐng)域，這是很正常的。人的精力有限，能夠深入鉆研的領(lǐng)域也很有限。好翻譯都能夠自信的說出自己擅長的行業(yè)，也能夠直言自己不接觸的行業(yè)。其實，碰到一個翻譯說，我什么行業(yè)都能翻，才是最可怕的。作為福州專業(yè)翻譯公司，福州快譯典翻譯公司的專業(yè)性體現(xiàn)在：通過明確、細化的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域分工，分別設(shè)有金融財務(wù)專業(yè)翻譯小組、機械專業(yè)翻譯小組、工程專業(yè)翻譯小組、法律專業(yè)翻譯小組、證件專業(yè)翻譯小組、專利專業(yè)翻譯小組、醫(yī)學專業(yè)翻譯小組、合同協(xié)議專業(yè)翻譯小組等翻譯小組，各小組均有三名以上的專業(yè)審核校對人員，負責本小組譯文質(zhì)量的把關(guān)控制。

3、專業(yè)翻譯公司“速度與質(zhì)量的完美結(jié)合”

好翻譯都是“從不遲到的”。對于好翻譯來說，約定好的時間，比什么都重要。在開始翻譯之前，他都能充分的估計好自己的工作時間，給出一個確切的完成時間和時間誤差范圍。在給出這個時間范圍之后，他都會盡全力遵守承諾。一旦情況超出了他的控制范圍，他會及時通知，再次估計時間，盡量溝通協(xié)商。這樣的翻譯，才讓人放心，覺得可靠。最害怕的就是那些不通知，不溝通，無法確定時間的翻譯，讓人坐立不安，無法估計。

好翻譯是“速度與質(zhì)量的完美結(jié)合”。翻譯是人不是機器，人只有24個小時，每天的翻譯量也一定會有一個上限。如何做到在有限的是時間里做出最好的質(zhì)量，是每個翻譯者需要從不斷的翻譯工作中，找到的一個平衡點?？焖俣鴥?yōu)質(zhì)，是一個好翻譯追求的目標。一味追求速度，而不重視翻譯質(zhì)量的提高，雖然表面上看是高效率，高產(chǎn)出的做法，但其實也是不負責任的做法。而一味追求質(zhì)量，字字推敲，反復琢磨，雖然是盡心盡責的做法，但也會被快節(jié)奏的市場淘汰。所以，好翻譯會找到兩者的平衡，使他能夠一直在翻譯的市場上具有不敗的競爭力。

本文出自:福州快譯典翻譯公司 http:///

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第四篇：英語專業(yè)翻譯論文

On Training Methods of Short Term Memory in Consecutive Interpreting 交替?zhèn)髯g中短時記憶的訓練方法

Name: Li, Lingling

Class: 2007English Education Class 2 January 4, 2010

目錄

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................3 1.Introduction..................................................................................................5 2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting.............................................................5 2.1 Background information......................................................................5 2.2 Interpreting...........................................................................................6 3.Memory System..........................................................................................8 3.1 Short term memory..............................................................................8 3.2 Short term and long term memory.......................................................9 3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile......................................................10 4.Characters of short term memory..............................................................12 4.1 Input of information...........................................................................12 4.2 Capacity.............................................................................................12 4.3 Modality.............................................................................................12 4.4 Information Loss................................................................................13 4.5 Retrieval.............................................................................................13 5.Memory Training.......................................................................................14 5.1 Visualizing materials:........................................................................15 5.2 Retelling in the Source Language......................................................15 5.3Mnemonic to Memory........................................................................16 5.4 Grouping information together..........................................................17 5.5 Association.........................................................................................17 6.Conclusion.................................................................................................18 Bibliography..................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

ABSTRACT Interpreting is important and popular nowadays owing to its communicative function in fields of politics, economy, culture, education and so on.However, it’s not easy to be a qualified interpreter because the training methods are not systematically completed.This thesis is mainly dealing with the methods of training short-term memory in consecutive interpreting(CI).According to Effort Model from Daniel Gile, the short term memory is an essential part in the process of interpreting.In order to be a qualified interpreter, student interpreters need large quantity of practice and skills.Considering of this, the author makes some research about the training of short term memory and hopes this training can help student interpreters improve short term memory.Key words: consecutive interpreting(CI);short term memory;Effort Model;training methods

口譯因其在政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、教育等方面有著重要的交際功能，因此在當今社會越來越顯示出其重要性并且逐漸受到人們的重視。然而，由于目前口譯訓練方法仍然不夠系統(tǒng)和完整，因此想成為一名合格的口譯人員實屬不易。本論文主要介紹了交替?zhèn)髯g中短時記憶的訓練方法。根據(jù)Daniel Gile 的精力分配模式，短時記憶在口譯過程中起到舉足輕重的地位。為了成為一名合格的譯員，訓練者需要進行大量的練習并且掌握口譯技巧?？紤]到這個問題，筆者通過搜集整理和自己的親身經(jīng)歷總結(jié)了短時記憶 的訓練方法，希望能夠幫助訓練者提高短時記憶。

1.Introduction There are three kinds of memory system and short term memory is the essential part in interpreting, so in this paper the author mainly does research about the short term memory.Chapter 1 is an introduction about planning of this paper.In Chapter 2, it shows a general introduction about interpreting and its current situation in China.This helps us to get a more clear understanding about advantages and disadvantages of CI in order to find the weaknesses.According to the analysis in Chapter 2, the author believes that the memory training is a big obstacle encountered by the student interpreters.Considering of this, the author decides to start with the memory system, so in Chapter 3, it mainly shows three types of memory systems as well as how they work and what functions they have and the illustration is focused on the concrete connections between the short term memory and CI.In Chapter 4, the author shows the characters of short term memory and the problems interpreters meet due to the characters.In Chapter 5, according to all above and research, the author finds some methods dealing with the problems.Finally is the conclusion and some suggestions in future research.2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting 2.1 Background information Interpreting becomes a very popular job nowadays due to the world globalization in fields of economy, politics, culture and s on.With the rising position of China, especially hosting of 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo as well as entering WTO, China plays more and more important role in the world, so international communication become more frequently.This brings large requirement of interpreting which is considered responsive and practical, both quality and quantity.However, interpreting industry is facing serious situation: lacking of systematical training methods and high quantity of teachers.2.2 Definition of Interpreting Interpreting is the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between users of different languages.The process is described by both the words interpreting and interpretation.Professional Interpreting can be mainly classified into simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting in terms of the way of interpreting.In consecutive interpreting(CI), the interpreter speaks after the source-language speaker has finished speaking.The speech is divided into segments, and the interpreter sits or stands beside the source-language speaker, listening and taking notes as the speaker progresses through the message.When the speaker pauses or finishes speaking, the interpreter then renders a portion of the message or the entire message in the target language.A qualified interpreter is required to cover various fields of knowledge and possesses good psychological quality as well as a strong memory.Due to this requirement, interpreting is a challengeable work.2.3 Quality of a good interpreter 2.3.1 Profound knowledge As a good interpreter, the basic quality is to master the source language and target language.Moreover, an interpreter should have a good knowledge of the culture of both countries, such as the customs, the history, the humorous expressions as well as the current event and popular tendency.For example, when interpreter heard “Baudelaire’s translation of Poe may be “better” poems than those Poe wrote;but those who read them have read Baudelaire's version of Poe;not Poe.” In this sentence, there are two names Baudelaire and Poe.Baudelaire is a French writer, who is famous for translating the works by American writer Edgar Allan Poe and is acknowledged better than the original works.If the interpreter knows this, it is not difficult to translate it as波德來爾所譯的愛倫坡的詩，也許比愛倫坡自己所寫的更好；但讀那些詩的人只是讀了波德來爾所譯的愛倫坡；而不是真正的愛倫坡.Therefore, a good interpreter should self enriching greatly and improving continuously.2.3.1 Strong memory Owing to the special characteristics of interpreting, interpreter should have a strong memory.On the one hand, interpreter has to master a large amount of vocabulary and idioms, such as畫蛇添足 to paint the lily；用小蝦釣大魚 to throw a sprat to catch a whale.Besides, for some Chinese idioms, interpreters should remember the original story, such as東施效顰Tung Shih imitates Hsi Shih.Hsi Shih was a famous beauty in the ancient kindgdom of Yueh.Tung Shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her ways.The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a distorted way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes even worse.On the other hand, interpreters should have a good memory to express the meaning speakers said.Owing to the limited time, note-taking can only write down the main point and the whole meaning can only be expressed though the strong memory.3.Memory System 3.1 Short term memory Short-term memory(or “primary” or “active memory”)is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.The duration of short-term memory(when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented)is believed to be in the order of seconds.In an early and highly influential article, The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, the psychologist George Miller suggested that human short-term memory has a forward memory span of approximately seven items plus or minus two and that was well known at the time.David A.Sousa, in his book ,how the brain works refers to the term short term memory as all of the early steps of temporary memory leads to long term memory.According to his idea, short term memory can be divided into sensory memory and working memory.Sensory memory is the very first step for the source information coming into one’s brain with the shortest duration and can hold a certain amount of information, but these information can only lasts 0.25-2 seconds and disappears rapidly.Working memory refers to information stored for further processing.Working memory boasts both storage and processing functions.The two functions are interrelated with each other.When encountered with new or difficult tasks, then more processing capacity is required, thus leaving less capacity for storage function(David W.Carroll, 2000.49).During the researching, the authors doubts that decay causes forgetting from short-term memory often offer as an alternative some form of interference: When several elements(such as digits, words, or pictures)are held in short term memory simultaneously, their representations compete with each other for recall, or degrade each other.Thereby, new content gradually pushes out older content, unless the older content is actively protected against interference by rehearsal or by directing attention to it.3.2 Short term and long term memory Psychological studies of human memory make a distinction between short term memory and long term memory.The idea of short term memory simply means that you are retaining information for a short period of time without creating the neural mechanisms for later recall.Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later.To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later.Long-term memory is a learning process.And it is essentially an important part of the interpreter's acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in long term memory may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life.The duration of short term memory is very short.It is up to 30 seconds.Peterson(1959)found it to be 6-12 seconds, while Atkinson and Schifrin(1968)and Herb(1949)state it is 30 seconds.Memory in CI only lasts for a short time.Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers.Therefore, the memory skills which need to be imparted to trainee interpreters are short term memory skills.Another difference is that short term memory is processed largely in terms of speech sounds, while long term memory depends mostly on meaning.In the early 1960s, Conrad, in connection with work for the British Post Office, conducted experiments on memory for letter codes.Conrad’s subjects were presented visually with sequences of unrelated consonants and were required to write them down immediately afterwards.He noticed that the short term memory errors made were not random, but similar in the sound to the correct item.Subjects mistakenly remember the words as words with similar pronunciation more than similar spelling.This indicates that the material is more easily remembered in terms of their sound rather than their visual appearance.Since the interpreters deal with the vocal materials, short term memory can do well to training.3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile(1)C = KL + ELK + A Comprehension =Knowledge for language+ Extra-linguistic Language + Analysis(2)CI =L + N + M + C Consecutive Interpreting =Listening Analysis+ Note-taking+ Short-term Memory+ Coordination In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter takes notes while the speaker speaks, then delivers speech to the listener in the target language according to his or her memory and notes.Consecutive interpretation is performed in two phases, the listening and note-taking phase, and the speech production phase.(3)CI = Rem + Read + P Consecutive Interpreting=Remembering+ Note-reading+ Speech Production

In phase two, high capacity in taking notes is beneficial to the Rem component, since good note-taking reduces the capacity requirements for Rem.Besides, mastering a certain amount of linguistic and extra-linguistic knowledge will lead to successful transferring form source language to target language.Since short term memory plays an important role in CI, the author decides to take a further step on short term memory.4.Characters of short term memory 4.1 Input of information It is generally held that information enters the short term memory as a result of applying attention to the stimulus, which is about a quarter of a second according to the findings of both Sperling(1960)and Crowden(1982).However, McKay's(1973, in Radford and Govier, 1991: 382)findings do not fully support this, asserting that unattended information may enter the short term memory.4.2 Capacity As mentioned in the previous section, the capacity of short term memory is limited and small.Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968)propose that it is seven items of information(give or take two).Miller(1956)says it is seven “chunks.” Another possibility may be that the limiting factor is not the short term memory's storage capacity, but its processing capacity(Gross: 1990:55).4.3 Modality To store information in short term memory, it must be encoded, and there is a variety of possibilities as to how this operates.There are three main possibilities in short term memory:(1)Acoustic(Phonemic)coding is rehearsing through sub-vocal sounds(Conrad, 1964 and Baddeley: 1966).(2)Visual coding is, as implied, storing information as pictures rather than sounds.This applies especially to nonverbal items, particularly if they are difficult to describe using words.In very rare cases some people may have a “photographic memory,” but for the vast majority, the visual code is much less effective than this(Posner and Keele: 1967).(3)Semantic coding is applying meaning to information, relating it to something abstract(Baddeley: 1990, Goodhead: 1999)4.4 Information Loss There are three main theories as to why we forget from our short term memory:(1)Displacement—existing information is replaced by newly received information when the storage capacity is full(Waugh and Norman: 1965)(2)Decay—information decays over time(Baddeley, Thompson and Buchanan, 1975).(3)Interference—other information present in the storage at the same time distorts the original information(Keppel and Underwood: 1962).4.5 Retrieval There are modes of retrieval of information from short term memory:(1)Serial search—items in short term memory are examined one at a time until the desired information is retrieved(Sternberg: 1966).(2)Activation—dependence on activation of the particular item reaching a critical point 5.Memory Training The purpose of short term memory training in CI is to achieve a better understanding of the source language, which will lead to adequate interpreting.As Lin Yuru et al.put it, “Memory in consecutive interpreting consists of nothing more than understanding the meaning, which is conveyed by the words”(Lin et al., 1999:9).Understanding is the first step in successful interpreting;therefore, memory training is to be provided in the early stage of interpreter training.Memory functions differently in consecutive and simultaneous interpreting because the duration of memory is longer in CI than in SI.There are different methods of training short term memory for CI and SI respectively.Interpreting starts with the encoding of the information from the original speaker.According to Gile's Effort Model, interpreting is short term memory-centered activity;the process of interpreting could be re-postulated into: Encoding of information from the Source Language + Storing Information + Retrieval of Information + Decoding Information into the Target language In Consecutive Interpreting, there is probably up to 15 minutes(depending on the speaker's segments)for the interpreter to encode and then store the information.This is the first phase of Gile's Effort Model for CI.In the second phase of Gile's Model, the interpreter starts to retrieve information and decode it into the target language.According to the previous description, there are three main possibilities of storing information in short term memory:(1)Acoustic Coding;(2)Visual Coding and(3)Semantic Coding.Visual coding may be used by interpreters in conference situations with multimedia.Notes in interpreting are to assist in such visual coding of information.But in most interpreting contexts, interpreters will depend on acoustic and semantic coding.Therefore, exercises should be designed for this purpose.The following methods are recommended: 5.1 Visualizing materials: Visualizing means that to visualize what the speaker is speaking, for instance, to form a scene to strengthen the short term memory of the interpreter.A British psychologist named Frederic C.Bartlett(1998:279)regarded memory as the reconstruction of an image.The conclusion of the study showed that the capacity of memory of pictures viewed and images is easier to remember than vocabulary and expressions This kind of exercise aims to promote the ability of an interpreter to actualize and visualize the information he listened, which is designed to sensibility of human’s brain to image of language resources.5.2 Retelling in the Source Language The instructor either reads or plays a recording of a text of about 200 words for the trainees to retell in the same language.The trainees should not be allowed to take any notes.In the first instance, trainees should be encouraged to retell the text in the same words of the original to the largest possible extent.The following tactics should be used by the trainees after a certain time of training on retelling: Categorization: Grouping items of the same properties;Generalization: Drawing general conclusions from particular examples or message from the provided text;Comparison: Noticing the differences and similarities between different things, facts and events;Description: Describing a scene, a shape, or size of an object, etc.Trainees are encouraged to describe, summarize, and abstract the original to a large extent in their own words in exercises.5.3 Mnemonic to Memory Mnemonic is a device, such as a formula or rhyme, used as an aid in remembering.Mnemonics are methods for remembering information that is otherwise quite difficult to recall.A very simple example of a mnemonic is the '30 days hath September' rhyme.The basic principle of Mnemonics is to use as many of the best functions of the human brain as possible to encode information.The human brain has evolved to encode and interpret complex stimuli—images, color, structure, sounds, smells, tastes, touch, spatial awareness, emotion, and language—using them to make sophisticated interpretations of the environment.Human memory is made up of all these features.Typically, however, information presented to be remembered is from one source—normally words on a page.While reading words on a page reflects one of the most important aspects of human evolution, it is only one of the many skills and resources available to the human mind.Mnemonics seek to use all of these resources.By encoding language and numbers in sophisticated, striking images which flow into other strong images, we can accurately and reliably encode both information and the structure of information to be easily recalled later(Manktelow:2003).5.4 Grouping information together Random lists of things(a shopping list, for example)can be especially difficult to remember.To make it easier, try categorizing the individual things from the list.If a person can remember that, among other things, he wanted to buy four different kinds of vegetables, he’ll find it easier to remember all four.Another example: probably ***818651898 won't be easily remembered, but try putting a space after every fourth number.Now those numbers are years, and they can be easily remembered by picking key events from each year(e.g., Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Civil War, and Spanish-American War).5.5 Association

The reason that most of people can't remember their friend's phone number is because 535-3473 just a string of numbers that have no obvious connection to their friend.In order to use one’s memory efficiently, the best way is to actively create an association for things one is trying to remember.For example, write out a phone number: five three five three four seven three.Now try to create a clever phrase that starts with the first letter of those words: fairy tales feel true for some time.Now that phone number can be much more easily remembered.Alternatively, one could create a story that involves 5 characters buying 3 things and doing 5 more things with them by using imagination.The point is that one wants to connect the phone number to something else.6.Conclusion Keeping a good short term memory in consecutive interpreting is a significant aspect, which the train interpreters need to grasp.From the above analysis, we can conclude that short term memory skills in consecutive interpreting could be acquired by effectively designed training methods.With a well-'trained' short-term memory, interpreters are actually equipped with an effective tool for the encoding and decoding information.Even though the author has found and summarized some training methods, these methods are not suitable for every trainee.In the future research, the author believes that every student interpreter needs to explore practical training methods for themselves, which can lead a better result for their future career and be transformed into theories.

第五篇：2013專業(yè)翻譯公司管理概況

2013專業(yè)翻譯公司管理概況

我國翻譯公司的總體情況比較混亂，規(guī)模、質(zhì)量的差異性很大，今天365翻譯來與大家談?wù)動嘘P(guān)經(jīng)營專業(yè)翻譯公司的體會。

大家都知道翻譯項目的管理內(nèi)容是：接到業(yè)務(wù)→分給合適的譯員→檢查合格→返稿。由此可以看出，經(jīng)營的好壞是與業(yè)務(wù)和人才有很大關(guān)系的。

任何公司必須靠業(yè)務(wù)生存，專業(yè)翻譯公司也不例外。雖然早在兩千多年以前就有了翻譯，但是我國翻譯服務(wù)市場化也不過是二、三十年的歷史。我認為，當前翻譯行業(yè)的工作重點應(yīng)該放在樹立企業(yè)形象，讓公眾更好的認識翻譯行業(yè)、了解翻譯行業(yè)，知道它的價值。

如果把企業(yè)看做摩天大樓，那么人才就是地基。人才是企業(yè)最寶貴的資源，是企業(yè)競爭力的保障。專業(yè)翻譯公司屬于知識型企業(yè)，相比一般的企業(yè)來說，知識型企業(yè)對人才的要求更高。

有了人才和業(yè)務(wù)，下面就需要解決如何把人才與業(yè)務(wù)有機的結(jié)合了。碳原子可以組合為石墨，也可以組成為金剛石。雖然都是碳原子，但是組織方式不同，結(jié)果也不同，可見人才的組織管理在專業(yè)翻譯公司中是多么重要。

我們都知道大規(guī)模的產(chǎn)品制造非常講究工藝和生產(chǎn)流程，那么翻譯工作是不是也需要標準的生產(chǎn)流程呢？回答是肯定的。傳統(tǒng)的翻譯流程是“翻譯-校對”，那么還有其他的流程嗎？我認為可以加一個步驟，就是“翻譯-校對-審?！?，這樣可以更好的保證稿件的質(zhì)量。

總之，各個專業(yè)翻譯公司的具體情況雖然不同，但是我建議大家能夠規(guī)范經(jīng)營，共同凈化目前混亂的翻譯市場。