第一篇：畢業(yè)論文摘要（模版）

武漢工業(yè)學院工商學院畢業(yè)論文（設計）專用稿紙

摘要

隨著社會的發(fā)展廚房設計也隨之發(fā)展，走入更先進的科技化時代。建筑室內設計業(yè)已經成為我國一大朝陽產業(yè)，成為國民經濟一個新的增長點，但是要將我國的整體櫥柜設計業(yè)走向國際化，當下我們最應該做的就是解決櫥柜設計發(fā)展過程中存在的問題。

目前我國普遍存在盲目追求“豪華”、“新穎”、“時髦”、“氣派”的噱頭，過于個性化設計改造、亂用昂貴的裝飾材料，以至于導致廚房環(huán)境的安全隱患；還有設計師在設計創(chuàng)作中缺乏潛心設計創(chuàng)作的心態(tài)，大多追求表象的形式美，很少顧及地域、歷史、文化，缺少對本土文化及審美取向的理解和把握，盲目的照抄照搬其他國家的設計風格等等這些現(xiàn)象都體現(xiàn)了人們對環(huán)境意識與社會意識的缺乏。

現(xiàn)我國室內廚衛(wèi)設計市場已經進入全面開放時期，國外的設計師進入了國內，此時室內設計業(yè)處于國內國際的雙重壓力之下，我們更應該學習國外設計師的設計理念、和設計材料，做到 “生存意識”、“社會意識”、“環(huán)境意識”三者共存。我認為在新的發(fā)展道路上更應該有新的發(fā)展創(chuàng)新精神，可歸納為三個發(fā)展趨勢：

（1）回歸自然綠色設計；(2)高科技技術科學化；(3)傳統(tǒng)藝術文化的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。關鍵詞:整體櫥柜設計；發(fā)展；趨勢；造型;色彩

Abstract

With the development of society, the interior design follows its steps, entering a more advanced information age.Moreover, the architectural interior design industry has become a major sunrise industry, which is a new growth point of national economy in China.However, there are many problems in the development of interior design.In order to bring Chinese architectural interior design to an international height, those problems should be solved properly.Nowadays, the blind pursuits of “l(fā)uxury”, “new”, “fashion” is commonly found in China.Whether too personalized design transformation or indiscriminate use of expensive decorative materials, they both will lead to safety hazards of indoor living environment.In addition, some designers lack in great concentration of mind in the creative design.Most of them are looking for representation of formal beauty;few take the geographical, historical and cultural into account.They haven’t understood or grasp local culture and aesthetic orientation;instead they blindly copy the design of other countries.All these phenomena reflect people's lack of environmental awareness and social consciousness.As the Chinese interior design markets entering a period of opening up, foreign designers have come to China and the interior design industry has been under domestic and international pressure.Therefore, we should learn from foreign designers’ ideas and materials, and attach more importance to “three coexistence”—— ”survival consciousness“ , ”social consciousness“, ”environmental awareness".All in all, we should have an innovative spirit in designing in the future.The future trends can be summarized in three aspects:(1)a return to natural green design;(2)high technology and scientific design;(3)the sustainable development of traditional arts and culture.Key words: interior design;development;trend

第二篇：畢業(yè)論文摘要

長效管理模式對聘用制護士職業(yè)狀況的影響

聘用制護士的積極性相關因素的調查報告資料：收入，特點是流動性強、專業(yè)思想不穩(wěn)定、缺乏職業(yè)發(fā)展目標，很大程度與聘用制護士和正式在編護士同工不同酬有關。

職業(yè)發(fā)展目標的不明確

考核細則和高效獎懲機制是長效管理模式的核心

聘用制護士的管理是護理人力資源研究的重要組成部分，只有建立規(guī)范的長效管理模式，制定完整的考核獎懲細則，建立健全保障聘用制護士個人利益的模式，才有利于充分、有效、持久地調動聘用制護士的工作積極性和創(chuàng)造性，穩(wěn)定護理隊伍，提高聘用制護士的綜合素質。

晨會提問在護士培訓中的應用

護士綜合素質，包括主動學習、護患溝通能力、對護理“三基”理論的掌握情況、緊急應變能力，比較合格率或正確率。

臨床工作中，如何督促護士更好地掌握理論聯(lián)系實際的學習方法，從而促進護士專業(yè)理論水平的提高，最終提高護理質量。護理技能，快速的判斷問題和處理的能力。在全院臨床護理單元中開展五分鐘晨會提問，對在職護理人員進行護理專業(yè)知識學習培訓。

提問的內容規(guī)定為：護理“三基”內容；危重患者的觀察及管理；?？苹颊叩淖o理和管理；危重疑難或大手術前病例討論；針對患者的心理活動變化實施的最佳護理措施及時機；最新的護理工作要求及動態(tài)信息；護理工作制度；護理服務禮儀規(guī)范；衛(wèi)生法律法規(guī)等。護理部督促護士長貫徹實施。② 各科護士長每天總結本科室的護理工作運轉情況、存在問題情況及當天護士在工作中暴露的專業(yè)知識不足等問題，圍繞護理基礎及專科護理常規(guī)，結合近期護理工作中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)及工作重點，聯(lián)系本病區(qū)的實際病例等進行評估，擬定第2天晨會提問的問題，并把問題寫在提問記錄本上，告知護士。護士獲知問題后，有目的地翻閱資料、查看病例或詢問病史，經過思考，整理答案。第2天晨會交班后，護士集中，由護士長提出問題，先指定1名年輕護士回答，回答不完善再請高年資護士補充，大家集思廣益，得出比較全面、科學的結果。最后護士長作簡單的總結，總時間控制在5 min內。每次提問有專人記錄。③ 護理部每天上午抽查各科晨會提問執(zhí)行落實情況，不定期對提問記錄本進行檢查。每月由護理質量管理與持續(xù)改進委員會對提問的情況進行督查，了解護士對所提問題掌握及實際應用情況。

創(chuàng)建學習型護理小組提升護士核心競爭力

創(chuàng)建“學習型組織”的東風，開展“五項修煉”— — 自我超越、改善心智模式、建立共同愿景、團隊學習和系統(tǒng)思考L1 宣傳活動。由護理部發(fā)出倡議，護士長及護士積極響應，營造“創(chuàng)建學習型小組，爭做知識型護士”的良好氛圍。

每個護理單元為1個“學習型小組”，以科室?？铺攸c命名，護理單元護士長任小組組長，全科護士參與

按學歷、年齡分層次培養(yǎng)護理人員，使人才成長形成梯隊。，內容包括小組愿景、小組計劃、個人愿景、個人規(guī)劃、科研論文、服務創(chuàng)新、獎懲情況和護理綜合質量，分為優(yōu)秀(≥95分)、良好(90～94分)、一般(85~89分)、差(≤84分)4檔。

高校校醫(yī)院聘用護士的培訓管理

強化崗前培訓對擇優(yōu)錄取的聘用護士，護理部統(tǒng)一組織學習規(guī)章制度、行為規(guī)范、職業(yè)道德、醫(yī)院現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展等，為聘用護士進入臨床奠定良好的基礎。

注重?？萍寄芘嘤栍勺o士長負責?？萍寄芘嘤?。① 帶教教師的選拔：指定責任心強、綜合素質好的高年資護士帶教，加強臨床實踐指導，以充分發(fā)揮聘用護士的作用，確保護理質量。② 指定自學內容：以《急救護理學》為藍本，讓聘用護士培訓期間及開始單獨工作時始終堅持學習，以適應醫(yī)院門診和急救的工作需要。增強聘用護士對知識點的學習和掌握，在自學和工作中領會每個知識點對促進患者健康的重大意義。③ 講授?？浦R及各種急救儀器的使用，如心電圖、心電監(jiān)護儀、呼吸機、除顫儀等。通過集中上課、隨機教學等形式對聘用護士進行?？萍寄芘嘤?，提高聘用護士的專科知識水平。④安

全教育和培訓：新聘人員因缺少工作經驗，缺乏鍛煉或責任心不強，很容易發(fā)生差錯，所以要進行安全教育和培訓，強化三基訓練，隨時進行安全教育，要求她們參加醫(yī)院或護理部組織的各種知識培訓。⑤ 護理操作技能培訓：對臨床常用護理操作進行逐項培訓考試，使她們掌握臨床常見的基本技能和應急處理技巧。主要采取護理部一護士長二級質量監(jiān)控，對聘用護士的工作質量進行檢查督促。護理部要求護士長把聘用護士作為重點培養(yǎng)對象，護士長定期進行跟班檢查，護理部在進行日常護理查房時也將其作為重點抽查考核的對象，對在工作中主動性差、服務態(tài)度生硬、技術水平欠缺的聘用護士或出現(xiàn)差錯者，護理部在進行教育的同時，根據(jù)醫(yī)院的規(guī)定對當事人在給予耐心教育指導后，必要時予以處罰或向醫(yī)院領導提出解聘的意見。

重視培訓處理緊急突發(fā)事件的能力 護理部對新聘用護士經?？己司o急突發(fā)事件的處理方式，講解各種專業(yè)技術的操作經驗和技巧，注重其實際工作能力的培養(yǎng)和提高。如醉酒患者意識障礙時的處理要點(指導陪護有效配合，始終讓患者去枕平臥，頭偏向一側，使患者保持呼吸道通暢，以免嘔吐物致患者窒息)，使聘用護士感覺到護士在臨床中既是護理者，又是管理者。

抓好繼續(xù)教育工作：加強職業(yè)素質教育（著重從醫(yī)德醫(yī)風、護理行為、服務質量、溝通技巧等方面進行職業(yè)教育）；注重知識更新：采取多種渠道、多種形式拓寬她們的知識面，如利用專題講座、請專家授課和培訓等形式組織她們學習新業(yè)務、新知識（“心臟按壓和人工呼吸；“抗生素的合理使用”，“常見心律失常的診斷與治療??）；發(fā)揮骨干作用 注重培養(yǎng)聘用護士中的骨干，尤其是對高學歷統(tǒng)招護士，注意充分發(fā)揮其作用；嚴格制度管理，做好思想教育工作堅持制度化管理，堅持領導帶頭，以身作則。教育聘用護士具備“如果自己今天不努力工作，明天將努力找工作”的觀點，以增強在編護士和聘用護士的競爭意識l2]。經常通過中午和下午交接班人員較多時，指出工作中的不足，有針對性地學習相關制度，揚長避短，獎優(yōu)罰劣。隨時了解聘用護士的思想動態(tài)、工作表現(xiàn)和要求等，做到管理者平時工作認真抓，有苗頭及時抓，出現(xiàn)問題下力抓，有效杜絕重大問題的發(fā)生[3]。對個別責任心不強、工作易出現(xiàn)護理安全隱患的聘用護士予以辭退。

討論：目前，國內各醫(yī)院護士短缺、編制不足、待遇低、流動性大，主要通過招聘臨時護士解決人力不足的問題。護理工作是醫(yī)院醫(yī)療服務工作的重要組成部分，對聘用護士管理水平的高低直接影響著醫(yī)院的整個醫(yī)療水平。因此，控制護理風險，提高護理質量是每位護理管理者的重要任務。

我院在聘用護士錄取和?？萍寄芘嘤栔?，主要特點是理論考試試題結合基層醫(yī)院特點，注重以基礎護理為主，輔以常見內外科疾病及急診急救知識相結合；其次是選拔資深護士、護士長親自帶教；在以《急救護理學》為藍本、以?？浦R為主要自學內容，培訓各種搶救儀器使用基礎上，高年資帶教教師自始至終進行指導和跟蹤培訓；護理部經常抽查，嚴格制度管理，注重實際能力的培養(yǎng)。使聘用護士很快適應工作，能獨擋一面完成工作任務。幾年來，我們運用這種跟蹤管理的辦法在臨床上已初見成效。當然，在管理中尚存在很多不足。對帶教教師提出更高的標準化和文字化的要求；對新人人員培訓形成制度化、內容文字化、管理精細化是我們今后努力的方向。

規(guī)范化培訓護士基礎護理能力評價分析

基礎護理能力是護理人員崗位勝任的關鍵能力。

測評工具以衛(wèi)生部護理技能評價標準及理論提問為依據(jù)，結合醫(yī)院“護理技術操作質量評分表”綜合形成。，主要測評項目包括：密閉式輸液、各種注射、靜脈采血、給氧、配藥、無菌技術、霧化吸入、口腔護理、生命體征監(jiān)測等，基礎護理能力測評方式采取對照測評標準進行行為觀察和效果評價。討論：提示護理管理人員在注重護理基礎專業(yè)能力的同時不要忽略新進護士的社會化教育，包括專業(yè)思想的鞏固、職業(yè)道德和價值觀的建立等。學歷；提示加強培訓護士護理基本技能培養(yǎng)，是保證臨床護理質量的關鍵，進一步證實衛(wèi)生部要求立足崗位，加強護理人員技能訓練的必要性。同時，也為護士規(guī)范化培訓內容及技能培訓的要求重點提供了進一步完善的依據(jù)；

存在問題包括：在操作過程中護士溝通能力較為薄弱，主動關心病人不夠，出操作過程中護患融洽溝通及對護理操作對象的有關解釋說明，對相關知識的宣傳指導方面在意識和能力上都顯示出欠缺。另

外，培訓護士在基礎護理操作方法的掌握和熟練程度方面還有待進一步加強；在護士職業(yè)安全保護方面意識不夠，操作過程中還暴露出無菌技術觀念較薄弱的現(xiàn)象。針對測評過程中存在的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，如溝通和健康指導能力、基礎護理操作技術的方法及熟練程度、操作過程中的職業(yè)防護意識和能力等采取針對性措施進行加強，使其符合臨床護理工作要求。提高培訓護士的基本護理專業(yè)水平和崗位勝任能力。

合同制護士管理實踐與體會

形成了一整套規(guī)范的管理模式，即規(guī)范準入、規(guī)范培訓、規(guī)范試用、規(guī)范考核管理。

規(guī)范準人管理，健全組織醫(yī)院成立招聘護士領導小組，下設辦公室具體負責。面試及考試考核，依照醫(yī)院人事管理制度，對新進人員均要進行崗前培訓，培訓內容為：一是相關醫(yī)療法律、法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章、醫(yī)院各項規(guī)章制度以及護理各項制度；二是醫(yī)德醫(yī)風、護士行為規(guī)范、安全防護知識、院感知識；三是由護理部組織基礎護理知識講座及基本技能操作培訓。最后對以上內容進行考試考核合格后，才能進人臨床試用期。

嚴格帶教嚴格崗位培訓 為了能盡快提高其業(yè)務水平和業(yè)務技能，除每月組織他們參加全院護士兩次業(yè)務學習、一次全院護理大查房、一次護理技能操作培訓外，還要求他們參加科內每月一次的?？浦R講座、?？萍寄芘嘤枴⒆o理業(yè)務查房和讀書報告會等。嚴格考核錄用綜合評定其綜合能力，科室進行?？评碚摽荚嚒⒓寄懿僮骺己?、民主測評均合格后進行日常考核，護理部每季進行抽查考核，內容為： “三基三嚴”、護理各項操作規(guī)程(三基理論，科內每季考試一次，護理部半年考試一次；護理技術操作，科內每月培訓考核一次，護理部每月組織抽考一次)、醫(yī)德醫(yī)風、行為規(guī)范、遵守各項規(guī)章制度等。每月考核結果與年終個人考核掛鉤，年終科內個人考核成績位居末位者，實行末位淘汰制，予以解聘。

護士分組層級管理在急診護理管理中的實施探討

分組分層方法根據(jù)護理人員職稱、學歷、工作經驗和專業(yè)技術水平能力進行護士分層分組管理；將急診組主管護師、護師、高年資護士、低年資(和見習)護士、輸液室護士分為5個層級梯隊，科護士長全面管理，實行護士長一組長一主管護士一護師一高年資護士一低年資(和見習)護士的分組層級管理框架。護士長對小組的管理 每月召開組長會議一次，向護士長匯報本組護理人員護士工作、學習、生活情況。每月科室培訓考核小組對護士進行抽查考核，了解培訓效果。

充分利用人力資源，增強了護士的自豪感；調動護理人員的積極性，保證急診護理隊伍的穩(wěn)定；有利于護理人才的培養(yǎng)，保證護理安全在排班上注意新老搭配，使年輕護士各班次均得到主管護士、護師的工作指導和心理支持，有利于工作能力的提高，利于護理人才綜合素質的培養(yǎng)，有利于護理安全。使護理管理更系統(tǒng)化實施分組層級護理管理，在原有護理部一科護士長一護士長三級管理體系基礎上，又形成了護理組長～高年資護士一低年資護士三級業(yè)務管理體系，完善了護理質量控制系統(tǒng)，護士長通過對組長的授權作用，發(fā)揮和培養(yǎng)組長管理能力，全面了解本科護理人員工作、學習、生活和技術培訓效果；同時根據(jù)各小組意見及時解決護理工作中的問題，不斷改進護理管理方法。密切了醫(yī)護關系，提高醫(yī)護配合的默契。

第三篇：畢業(yè)論文摘要、目錄

瓷器首飾的設計研究

摘要：本文力圖通過對目前世界首飾設計發(fā)展趨勢的分析，希望研究出能夠代表中國特色文化的瓷器首飾。

經濟的發(fā)展，科技的進步，生活水平的提高，人們對首飾的要求也跟著提高，等等一系列原因導致珠寶首飾傳統(tǒng)意義上的“ 保值 ”功能退居次要位置，代之而來的是審美、時尚、享受和健康。

盡管如此，全球化，統(tǒng)一化使得各國的生活方式和民族文化相互融合并逐漸趨于一致，最終導致了民族界限越來越小，民族特色首飾越來越少。面對這種情況，作為設計人員的我們唯一能做的就是宣傳愛國意識，傳播愛國情懷。而瓷器首飾本身就有很強烈的民族特征，在加上青花的效果和 “龍”圖紋的襯托，使得瓷器首飾的民族特征更加強烈，更加有利于宣傳愛國情懷的宣傳和表達。

雖然目前整個首飾行業(yè)發(fā)展已經邁入穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。但我相信瓷器首飾的出現(xiàn)將給首飾界帶來另一個無限的發(fā)展空間。

瓷器首飾它是當下最流行的“綠色產品”。它危害低,環(huán)保、節(jié)能、健康。它是你我最佳的選擇。

關鍵詞：瓷器首飾；時尚；中國文化；愛國情懷

中圖分類號：TB472

The Research on the Design of Porcelain Jewelry

Abstract: This paper tries to discuss eyewear design from the perspective of fun spirit by analyzing the present world development trend of eyewear design.We are familiar with eyewear as a product.Now，It is not only the use of correcting short-sightedness and astigmatism, but increasingly becoming a fashion carrier embodied the fun spirit as.For the consumers, the purchase of motivation is on fashion, on personality, on decoration.China's optical industry developed fast in recent years but the whole development of the industry has not been standardized, mature.China is the world's major production base of eyewear, the world's first production, but also can not be the forefront of the field.The lack of design capabilities, blindly follow the example is an important reason.China has a long history, which are rich in spiritual wealth is unique to us.In particular, the Chinese elements is more and more popular today, the using of the Chinese elements in eyewear design creativity is a practical sense.The interpretation of Chinese elements, of course, can not remain in superficial level.This paper wants to interpret the Chinese elements with fun spirit in eyewear design, make It has new content, in line with modern consumer and aesthetic needs.Keywords: Porcelain Jewelry ；Eyewear design ；Chinese elements

Classification: TB472

目次

摘要·······································································································································Ⅰ 目次·······································································································································Ⅲ 1緒論······································································································································1

1.1研究背景··························································································································1

1.2研究目的與意義··············································································································2 2瓷器概述······························································································································4

2.1瓷器的定義······················································································································4

2.2瓷器的發(fā)展及其現(xiàn)狀······································································································5

2.3瓷器產品的分析··············································································································6 3首飾設計概述······················································································································8

3.1首飾的定義及其分類······································································································8

3.1.1首飾的定義··················································································································8

3.1.1首飾的分類··················································································································8

3.2首飾設計的基本方法······································································································9

3.2.1點線面在首飾中的體現(xiàn)······························································································9

3.2.2色彩在首飾設計中的運用························································································10

3.2.3現(xiàn)代首飾的主要特征和形式美的法則···································································· 11

3.3首飾設計元素的選擇····································································································12

3.4首飾設計造型的演化····································································································13

3.5首飾設計圖案的選擇·································································································14

3.6套件首飾設計············································································································15

3.7現(xiàn)有首飾分析············································································································15 4瓷器首飾的設計················································································································16

4.1瓷器飾品的現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展前景····················································································16

4.2瓷器首飾的特點············································································································18

4.2.1瓷器首飾具有強烈的民族性····················································································18

4.2.2瓷器首飾是新型的“綠色首飾” ············································································183

4.2.3瓷器首飾具有的材質優(yōu)勢························································································19

4.2.4瓷器首飾具有無可替代的色彩優(yōu)勢········································································19

4.2.5瓷器首飾具有形式多樣性························································································20

4.2.6瓷器首飾具有獨特裝飾效果····················································································20

4.3瓷器首飾的加工工藝····································································································21 5瓷器首飾的設計理念及其運用························································································22

5.1碗造型及印章的寓意····································································································22

5.2青花圖案與現(xiàn)代亮麗的黃顏色分析對比····································································23

5.3龍文化的寓意················································································································24 6設計實踐部分····················································································································26

6.1產品構想························································································································26

6.1.1背景調查····················································································································26

6.1.2目標人群分析············································································································26

6.1.3材料選定····················································································································27

6.1.4產品定位····················································································································27

6.2設計初稿························································································································28

6.3產品分析························································································································28

6.4佩戴展示························································································································29

6.5設計效果圖····················································································································30

6.6設計版面························································································································31 7結論····································································································································32 參考文獻·······························································································································33 學位論文數(shù)據(jù)集···················································································································344

第四篇：碩士畢業(yè)論文摘要

摘要

風景區(qū)是我國旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的主要載體，但由于管理體制不健全，已導致了資源破壞、環(huán)境污染、利益分配不均、國有資產流失等問題。改革現(xiàn)有風景區(qū)管理體制，破解旅游業(yè)發(fā)展瓶頸，探討建立一個既有利于資源和生態(tài)保護又能兼顧旅游開發(fā)、既有助于推動經濟社會發(fā)展又有利于促進當?shù)厝罕娒撠氈赂坏捏w系，以風景區(qū)管理體制的革新帶動整個旅游產業(yè)的發(fā)展，已成為一個十分重要的課題。

本文以南灣湖風景區(qū)為實例，從我國風景區(qū)管理體制的建立和發(fā)展入手，對風景區(qū)的性質和功能、產權性質、產品屬性、經營和管理、開發(fā)和保護等要素進行剖析，分析現(xiàn)行管理體制的缺陷，提出了改革和完善風景區(qū)管理體制的方向。在探討南灣湖風景區(qū)管理體制問題上，一是把風景區(qū)的產權分解為所有權、管理權和經營權，實行“三權分立”；二是在分析南灣湖風景區(qū)利益相關者的基礎上，構建南灣湖風景區(qū)利益相關者圖譜，著重分析了核心層利益主體的利益訴求，為重構風景區(qū)管理體制框架奠定基礎；三是從投資融資、主導市場的角度，主張建立與南灣湖風景區(qū)不相隸屬的南灣湖旅游集團有限公司，實行門票專營，政企分開，管理與經營分開，使管理更加規(guī)范、運作更加順暢。在上述論述的基礎上，提出建立三個體系的構想：一是構建合理的行政管理體系，二是鼓勵以市場為主體的經營體系，三是探索以法律為基礎的監(jiān)管體系。

關鍵詞：風景區(qū)管理體制經營模式利益相關者信陽市南灣湖風景區(qū)

第五篇：畢業(yè)論文摘要、結論

畢業(yè)論文摘要與結論的寫作方法及樣例

一,怎樣寫畢業(yè)論文摘要

(一)什么是論文摘要

摘要也就是內容提要,是論文中不可缺少的一部分.它是建立在對論文進行總結的基礎之上,用簡單,明確,易懂,精辟的語言對全文內容加以概括,留主干去枝葉,提取論文的主要信息.作者的觀點,論文的主要內容,研究成果,獨到的見解,這些都應該在摘要中體現(xiàn)出來.為了便于索引與查找,易于收錄到大型資料庫中并為他人提供信息,論文摘要應以第三人稱寫作,應是一篇具有獨立性的短文.(二)

1.摘要的字數(shù)

摘要字數(shù)要求在300～400字之間.2.摘要的基本規(guī)范

(1)應以第三人稱寫作.摘要是完整的短文,具有獨立性,可以單獨使用.即使不看論文全文的內容,仍然可以理解論文的主要內容,作者的新觀點和想法以及論文所要實現(xiàn)的目的,采取的方法,研究的結果與結論.(2)敘述完整,突出邏輯性,短文結構要合理.(3)文字簡明扼要,不容贅言,采用直接表述的方法，做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量.(4)摘要中不使用特殊字符,圖表以及由特殊字符組成的數(shù)學表達式,不能列舉例證.3.摘要的內容構成要素

目的,方法,對象和結論稱為摘要的四要素.(1)目的:,目的,重要性.(2)方法:

(3)成果:.(4)(簡寫),(三)畢業(yè)論文摘要樣例

(:個人所得稅流失問題的探討)

摘 要

自1993年統(tǒng)一個人所得稅以來,個人所得稅隨著我國經濟的快速發(fā)展,個人收入的增加成為我國目前增長速度最快的稅種.但同時個人所得稅也是我國稅收流失比較嚴重的稅種之一,因此對個人所得稅稅收流失機理的探討,流失規(guī)模的測算顯得尤為重要.運用數(shù)量分析與規(guī)范分析相結合的方法,以黑龍江省為例初步測算個人所得稅流失的規(guī)模,證明稅收流失的嚴重性,解釋個人所得稅流失的主要原因是由于稅收制度的不完善,稅收法制建設滯后而造成的收入分配機制扭曲,加之信用制度缺失,傳統(tǒng)文化的慣性等諸多原因加劇了稅收流失的規(guī)模,并在此基礎上提出借鑒國外成功經驗提出盡快出臺稅收基本法,完善個人所得稅制度及建立個人信用制度的對策建議.二,怎樣寫畢業(yè)論文結論

(一)結論是一篇論文的收束部分,是以研究成果為前提,經過嚴密的邏輯推理和論證所得出的最后結論.在結論中應明確指出論文研究的成果或觀點,對其應用前景和社會,經濟價值等加以預測和評價,并指出今后進一步在本研究方向進行研究工作的展望與設想.結論應寫得簡明扼要,精練完整,邏輯嚴謹,措施得當,表達準確,有條理性.(二)

1.,不加章號.2.600-800字左右.3.,主要對策與建議,并簡要說明研究中所存在的不足,為他人繼續(xù)研究指明方向,提供線索.4.:,一般不要提出新的觀點或材料.(三)畢業(yè)論文結論樣例

(:個人所得稅流失問題的探討)

結 論 市場經濟的迅速發(fā)展,個人收入的不斷提高使個人所得稅成為增長潛力與空間最大的稅種,個人所得稅的流失也成為關注的熱點.本文以黑龍江省為例嘗試用稅收收入能力測算法估測黑龍江省個人所得稅稅收流失的規(guī)模,并與浙江省稅收流失規(guī)模作了比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然兩省的經濟發(fā)展速度不同,但稅收流失的相對規(guī)模趨同,從而證實了稅收流失的嚴重性.在此基礎上進一步探求稅收流失的原因,發(fā)現(xiàn)分類所得稅制強化了稅收的收入功能,削弱了調節(jié)功能,造成收入分配機制扭曲,將工薪階層推向個人所得稅納稅人主體,稅收相對負擔較重,這與個人所得稅的目標是相違背的.而信用制度缺失,傳統(tǒng)文化的慣性等因素加大了個人所得稅征管的難度增加了稅收成本,稅收流失進一步加劇.因此治理個人能所得稅稅收流失在我國是一項長期而艱巨的系統(tǒng)工程,本文認為從完善個人所得稅制度入手,減少工薪所得稅的累進級數(shù),以混合課征制為過渡,緩解收入分配機制的扭曲.同時迅速建立起以身份證號碼為基礎的三號統(tǒng)一(身份證號,納稅識別號,社會保障號)的個人信用平臺,配合稅收征管制度的強化提高征稅效率.加大稅法宣傳力度,借助新聞媒體的力量,使公民知法守法,從而逐步減少稅收流失.由于所學知識有限,本文只在粗淺的層面解釋個人所得稅稅收流失的原因,提出基本的對策建議.稅收流失的測算方法以及個人所得稅流失的深層根源還有待于深入研究,我會在今后的工作中繼續(xù)關注個人所得稅