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      美國FDA關于制劑藥廠cGMP的檢查指南-93-10

      時間:2019-05-12 19:29:41下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關的《美國FDA關于制劑藥廠cGMP的檢查指南-93-10》,但愿對你工作學習有幫助,當然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《美國FDA關于制劑藥廠cGMP的檢查指南-93-10》。

      第一篇:美國FDA關于制劑藥廠cGMP的檢查指南-93-10

      Dosage Form Drug Manufacturers cGMPs(10/93)GUIDE TO INSPECTIONS OF DOSAGE FORM DRUG MANUFACTURER'S-CGMPR'S

      Note: This document is reference material for investigators and other FDA personnel.The document does not bind FDA, and does no confer any rights, privileges, benefits, or immunities for or on any person(s).I.INTRODUCTION

      This document is intended to be a general guide to inspections of drug manufacturers to determine their compliance with the drug CGMPR's.This guide should be used with instructions in the IOM, other drug inspection guides, and compliance programs.A list of the inspection guides is referenced in Chapter 10 of the IOM.Some of these guides are:

      o Guide to Inspections of Bulk Pharmaceutical Chemicals.o Guide to Inspections of High Purity Water Systems.o Guide to Inspections of Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories.o Guide to Inspections of Microbiological Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories.o Guide to Inspections of Lyophilization of Parenterals.o Guide to Inspections of Validation of Cleaning Processes.o Guide to Inspections of Computerized Systems in Drug Processing.o Guideline on General Principles of Process Validation.II.CURRENT GOOD

      MANUFACTURING PRACTICE

      REGULATIONS

      Prescription vs.Non-prescription

      All drugs must be manufactured in accordance with the current good manufacturing practice regulations otherwise they are considered to be adulterated within the meaning of the FD&C Act, Section 501(a)(2)(B).Records relating to prescription drugs must be readily available for review in accordance with Sec.704(a)(1)(B)of the FD&C Act.If the product is an OTC drug which is covered by an NDA or ANDA, FDA may review, copy and verify the records under Sec.505(k)(2)of the FD&C Act.However, if the product is an OTC drug for which there is no application filed with FDA, the firm is not legally required to show these records to the investigator during an inspection being conducted under Section 704 of the FD&C Act.Nonetheless, all manufacturers of prescription and OTC drugs must comply with the drug CGMPR requirements, including those involving records.The investigator should review these records as part of the inspection in determining the firm's compliance with the CGMP regulations.On rare occasions, a firm may refuse to allow review of OTC records stating they are not legally required to.While the firm may be under no legal obligation to permit review of such records, this does not relieve the firm of its statutory requirement to comply with the good manufacturing practices under section 501(a)(2)(B)of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, including the requirements for maintaining records.If a firm refuses review of OTC records, the investigator should determine by other inspectional means the extent of the firm's compliance with CGMPR's.Inspectional observations and findings that CGMPR's are not being followed are to be cited on a List of Inspectional Observations, FDA-483, for both prescription and non-prescription drugs.Organization and Personnel [21 CFR 211 Subpart B]

      The firm must have a quality control department that has the responsibility and authority as described in the referenced CFR.The quality control department must maintain its independence from the production department, and its responsibilities must be in writing.Obtain the name, title and individual responsibilities of corporate officers and other key employees as indicated in the IOM.In the drug industry, an employee's education and training for their position has a significant impact on the production of a quality product.Report whether the firm has a formalized training program, and describe the type of training received.The training received by an employee should be documented.Quality control must do product annual review on each drug manufactured, and have written annual review procedures.Review these reports in detail.This report will quickly let you know if the manufacturing process is under control.The report should provide a summary all lots that failed in-process or finished product testing, and other critical factors.Investigate any failures.Quality control must validate the manufacturing process for each drug manufactured.Review and evaluate this data.Buildings and Facilities [21 CFR 211 Subpart C]

      Review the construction, size, and location of plant in relation to surroundings.There must be adequate lighting, ventilation, screening, and proper physical barriers for all operations including dust, temperature, humidity, and bacteriological controls.There must be adequate blueprints which describe the high purity water, HEPA, and compressed air systems.The site must have adequate locker, toilet, and hand washing facilities.The firm must provide adequate space for the placement of equipment and materials to prevent mix-ups in the following operations:

      o receiving, sampling, and storage of raw materials;

      o manufacturing or processing;

      o packaging and labeling;

      o storage for containers, packaging materials, labeling, and finished products;

      o production and control laboratories.Equipment [21 CFR 211 Subpart D]

      Review the design, capacity, construction, and location of equipment used in the manufacturing, processing, packaging, labeling, and laboratories.Describe the manufacturing equipment including brief descriptions of operating principles.Consider the use of photographs, flow charts, and diagrams to supplement written descriptions.New equipment must be properly installed, and operate as designed.Determine if the equipment change would require FDA pre-approval and/or revalidation of the manufacturing process.The equipment must be cleaned before use according to written procedures.The cleaning must be documented and validated.The equipment should not adversely effect the identity, strength, quality, or purity of the drug.The material used to manufacture the equipment must not react with the drug.Also, lubricants or coolants must not contaminate the drug.The equipment should be constructed and located to ease cleaning, adjustments, and maintenance.Also, it should prevent contamination from other or previous manufacturing operations.Equipment must be identified as to its cleaning status and content.The cleaning and maintenance of the equipment are usually documented in a log book maintained in the immediate area.Determine if the equipment is of suitable capacity and accuracy for use in measuring, weighing, or mixing operations.If the equipment requires calibration, they must have a written procedure for calibrating the equipment and document the calibration.Components and Product Containers [21 CFR 211 Subpart E]

      Inspect the warehouse and determine how components, drug product containers, and closures are received, identified, stored, handled, sampled, tested, and approved or rejected.They must have written procedures which describe how these operations are done.Challenge the system to decide if it is functioning correctly.If the handling and storage of components are computer controlled, the program must be validated.The receiving records must provide traceability to the component manufacturer and supplier.The receiving records for components should contain the name of the component, manufacturer, supplier if different from the manufacturer, and carrier.In addition, it should include the receiving date, manufacturer's lot number, quantity received, and control number assigned by the firm.Check sanitary conditions in the storage area, stock rotation practices, retest dates, and special storage conditions(protection from light, moisture, temperature, air, etc.).Inspect glandular and botanical components for insect infestation.Components or finished product adulterated by rodents, insects, or chemicals must be documented and submitted for seizure.Collect the evidence even if the firm plans to voluntarily destroy the product.Be alert for components, colors, and food additives that may be new drug substances, appear to have no use in the plant or appear to be from an unknown supplier.Check the colors against the Color Additives Status List in the IOM Determine if the color is approved for its intended use, and required statements are declared on the drug label.Components might be received at more than one location.Components must be handled in accordance with the drug CGMP's including components used in the research and development lab.Determine how components are identified after receipt and quarantined until released.Components must be identified so the status(quarantine, approved, or rejected)is known.Review the criteria for removing components from quarantine and challenge the system.Determine what records are maintained in the storage area to document the movement of components to other areas, and how rejected components handled.The component container has an identification code affixed to it.This unique code provides traceability from the component manufacturer to its use in the finished product.Review the sampling and testing procedures for components, and the process by which approved materials are released for use.Decide if these practices are adequate and followed.Determine the validity, and accuracy of the firm's inventory system for drug components, containers, closures and labeling.Challenge the component inventory records by weighing a lot and comparing the results against the quantity remaining on the inventory record.Significant discrepancies in these records should be investigated.Evaluate the following to determine whether the firm has shown that the containers and closures are compatible with the product, will provide adequate protection for the drug against deterioration or contamination, are not additive or absorptive, and are suitable for use:

      o Specifications for containers, closures, cotton filler, and desiccant, etc.o What tests or checks are made(cracks, glass particles, durability of material, metal particles in ointment tubes, compliance with compendium specifications, etc.).o Cleaning procedures and how containers are stored.o Handling of preprinted containers.Are these controlled as labeling, or as containers? The firm must review the labeling for accuracy.Production and Process Controls [21 CFR Subpart F]

      1.Critical Manufacturing Steps [21 CFR 211.101]

      Each critical step in the manufacturing process shall be done by a responsible individual and checked by a second responsible individual.If such steps in the processing are controlled by automatic mechanical or electronic equipment, its performance should be verified.Critical manufacturing steps include the selection, weighing, measuring and identifying of components, and addition of components during processing.It includes the recording of deviations from the batch record, mixing time and testing of in-process material, and the determination of actual yield and percent of theoretical yield.These manufacturing steps are documented when done, and not before or after the fact.2.Equipment Identification [21 CFR 211.105]

      All containers and equipment used in to manufacture a drug should be labeled at all times.The label should identify the contents of the container or equipment including the batch number, and stage of processing.Previous identification labels should be removed.The batch should be handled and stored to prevent mixups or contamination.3.In-Line and Bulk Testing [21 CFR 211.110]

      To ensure the uniformity and integrity of products, there shall be adequate in-process controls, such as checking the weights and disintegration time of tablets, the fill of liquids, the adequacy of mixing, the homogeneity of suspensions, and the clarity of solutions.Determine if in-process test equipment is on site and the specified tests are done.Be alert for prerecording of test results such as tablet weight determinations.The bulk drug is usually held in quarantine until all tests are completed before it is released to the packaging and labeling department.However, the testing might be done after packaging.product.4.Actual Yield [21 CFR 211.103]

      Determine if personnel check the actual against the theoretical yield of each batch of drug manufactured.In the event of any significant unexplained discrepancies, determine if there is a procedure to prevent distribution of the batch in question, and related batches.5.Personnel Habits

      Observe the work habits of plant personnel.Determine:

      Their attitudes and actions involving the jobs they perform.(Careless, lackadaisical, disgruntled, etc.).Their dress.(Clean dresses, coats, shirts and pants, head coverings, etc.If proper equipment is used for a given job or whether short cuts are taken(i.e.use of hands and arms to mix or empty trays of drug components).If there are significant written or verbal language barriers that could affect their job performance.Tablet and Capsule Products

      Become familiar with the type of equipment and its location in the tableting operation.The equipment may include rotary tableting machines, coating and polishing pans, punches and dies, etc.The equipment should be constructed and located to facilitate maintenance and cleaning at the end of each batch or at suitable intervals in the case of a continuous batch operation.If possible, observe the cleaning and determine if the cleaning procedure is followed.The ingredients in a tablet are the active ingredient, binders, disintegrators, bases, and lubricants.The binder is added to the batch to keep the tablet together.Excess binder will make the tablet too hard for use.The disintegrator is used to help disintegration of the tablet after administration.The base should be an inert substance which is compatible with the active ingredient and is added to provide size and weight.The lubricant helps in the flow of granulated material, prevents adhesion of the tablet material to the surface of punches and dies, and helps in tablet ejection from the machine.Tablets and capsules are susceptible to airborne contamination because of the manipulation of large quantities of dry ingredients.To prevent cross-contamination in the tableting department, pay close attention to the maintenance, cleaning, and location of equipment, and the storage of granulations and tablets.To prevent cross-contamination, the mixing, granulation, drying and/or tableting operation should be segregated in enclosed areas with its own air handling system.Determine what precautions are taken to prevent cross-contamination.When cross-contamination is suspect, investigate the problem and collect in-line samples(INV)and official samples of the suspect product.Determine what temperature, humidity, and dust collecting controls are used by the firm in manufacturing operations.Lack of temperature and humidity controls can affect the quality of the tablet.Observe the actual operation of the equipment and determine whether powders or granulations are processed according to the firm's specifications.The mixing process must be validated.The drying ovens should have their own air handling system which will prevent cross-contamination.Does the firm record drying time/temperature and maintain recording charts including loss on drying test results? Review the in-line tests performed by production and/or quality control.Some in-process tests are tablet weight, thickness, hardness, disintegration , and friability.Evaluate the disposition of in-process samples.Capsules may be either hard, or soft type.They are filled with powder, beads, or liquid by machine.The manufacturing operation of powders for capsules should follow the same practice as for tablets.Determine manufacturing controls used, in-line testing, and basis for evaluating test results for the filling operations.Sterile Products

      Typically, a sterile drug contains no viable microorganisms and is non-pyrogenic.Drugs for intravenous injection, irrigation, and as ophthalmic preparations, etc., meet this criteria.In addition, other dosage forms might be labeled as sterile.For instance, an ointment applied to a puncture wound or skin abrasion.Parenteral drugs must be non-pyrogenic, because the presence of pyrogens can cause a febrile reaction in human beings.Pyrogens are the products of the growth of microorganisms.Therefore, any condition that permits bacterial growth should be avoided in the manufacturing process.Pyrogens may develop in water located in stills, storage tanks, dead legs, and piping, or from surface contamination of containers, closures, or other equipment.Parenterals may also contain chemical contaminants that will produce a pyretic response in humans or animals although there are no pyrogens present.There are many excellent reference materials which should be reviewed before the inspection.Some of these are the “Guideline on Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing,” and chapter 84 on pyrogens in the Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.Determine and evaluate the procedures used to minimize the hazard of contamination with microorganisms and particulates of sterile drugs.o Personnel

      Review the training program to ensure that personnel performing production and control procedures have experience and training commensurate with their intended duties.It is important that personnel be trained in aseptic procedures.The employees must be properly gowned and use good aseptic techniques.o Buildings

      The non-sterile preparation areas for sterile drugs should be controlled.Refer to Subpart C of the proposed CGMPR's for LVP's;however, deviations from these proposed regulations are not necessarily deviations from the CGMPR's.Evaluate the air cleanliness classification of the area.For guidance in this area, review Federal Standard #209E entitled “Airborne Particulate Cleanliness Classes in Cleanrooms and Clean Zones.” Observe the formulation practices or procedures used in the preparation areas.Be alert for routes of contamination.Determine how the firm minimizes traffic and unnecessary activity in the preparation area.Determine if filling rooms and other aseptic areas are constructed to eliminate possible areas for microbiological/particulate contamination.For instance, dust-collecting ledges, porous surfaces, etc.Determine how aseptic areas are cleaned and maintained.1.Air

      Air supplied to the non-sterile preparation or formulation area for manufacturing solutions prior to sterilization should be filtered as necessary to control particulates.Air being supplied to product exposure areas where sterile drugs are processed and handled should be high efficiency particulate air(HEPA)filtered under positive pressure.Review the firm's system for HEPA filters, determine if they are certified and/or Dioctyl Phthalate(DOP)tested and frequency of testing.Review the compressed air system and determine if it is filtered at the point of use to control particulates.Diagrams of the HEPA filtered and compressed air systems should be reviewed and evaluated.2.Environmental Controls

      Specifications for viable and non-viable particulates must be established.Specifications for viable particulates must include provisions for both air and surface sampling of aseptic processing areas and equipment.Review the firm's environmental control program, specifications, and test data.Determine if the firm follows its procedure for reviewing out-of-limit test results.Also, determine if review of environmental test data is included as a part of the firm's release procedures.Note: In the preparation of media for environmental air and surface sampling, suitable inactivating agents should be added.For example, the addition of penicillinase to media used for monitoring sterile penicillin operations and cephalosporin products.o Equipment

      Determine how the equipment operates including the cleaning and maintenance practices.Determine how equipment used in the filling room is sterilized, and if the sterilization cycle has been validated.Determine the practice of re-sterilizing equipment if sterility has been compromised.Determine the type of filters used.Determine the purpose of the filters, how they are assembled, cleaned, and inspected for damage.Determine if a microbial retentive filter, and integrity testing is required.o Water for Injection

      Water used in the production of sterile drugs must be controlled to assure that it meets U.S.P.specifications.Review the firm's water for injection production, storage, and delivery system.Determine that the stills, filters, storage tanks, and pipes are installed and operated in a manner that will not contaminate the water.Evaluate the firm's procedures and specifications that assure the quality of the water for injection.As reference material, review the “FDA Guide to Inspecteons of High Purity Water Systems” before initiating an inspection.o Containers and Closures

      Determine how containers and closures are handled and stored.Decide if the cleaning, sterilization, and depyrogenization are adequate, and have been validated.o Sterilization

      1.Methods

      Determine what method of sterilization is used.A good source of reference material on validation of various sterilization processes is the Parenteral Drug Association Technical Reports.For instance, Technical Report #1 covers “Validation of Steam Sterilization Cycles.” Review and evaluate the validation data whatever the method employed.If steam under pressure is used, an essential control is a mercury thermometer and a recording thermometer installed in the exhaust line.The time required to heat the center of the largest container to the desired temperature must be known.Steam must expel all air from the sterilizer chamber to eliminate cold spots.The drain lines should be connected to the sewer by means of an air break to prevent back siphoning.The use of paper layers or liners and other practices which might block the flow of steam should be avoided.Charts of time, temperature, and pressure should be filed for each sterilizer load.If sterile filtration is used, determine the firm's criteria for selecting the filter and the frequency of changing.Review the filter validation data.Determine if the firm knows the bioburden of the drug, and examine their procedures for filter integrity testing.Filters might not be changed after each batch is sterilized.Determine if there is data to justify the integrity of the filters for the time used and that “grow through” has not occurred.If ethylene oxide sterilization is used, determine what tests are made for residues and degradation.Review the ETO sterilization cycle including preconditioning of the product, ETO concentration, gas exposure time, chamber and product temperature, and chamber humidity.2.Indicators

      Determine the type of indicator used to assure sterility.Such as, lag thermometers, peak controls, Steam Klox, test cultures, biological indicators, etc.Caution: When spore test strips are used to test the effectiveness of ethylene oxide sterilization, be aware that refrigeration may cause condensation on removal to room temperature.Moisture on the strips converts the spore to the more susceptible vegetative forms of the organism which may affect the reliability of the sterilization test.The spore strips should not be stored where they could be exposed to low levels of ethylene oxide.If biological indicators are used, review the current U.S.P.on sterilization and biological indicators.In some cases, testing biological indicators may become all or part of the sterility testing.Biological indicators are of two forms, each of which incorporates a viable culture of a single species of microorganism.In one form, the culture is added to representative units of the lot to be sterilized or to a simulated product that offers no less resistance to sterilization than the product to be sterilized.The second form is used when the first form is not practical as in the case of solids.In the second form, the culture is added to disks or strips of filter paper, or metal, glass, or plastic beads.During the inspection of a firm which relies on biological indicators, review background data complied by the firm to include:

      o Surveys of the types and numbers of organisms in the product before sterilization.o Data on the resistance of the organism to the specific sterilization process.o Data used for selecting the most resistant organism and its form(spore or vegetative cell).o Studies of the stability and resistance of the selected organism to the specific sterilization process.o Studies on the recovery of the organism used to inoculate the product.o If a simulated product or surface similar to the solid product is used, validation of the simulation or similarity.The simulated product or similar surface must not affect the recovery of the numbers of indicator organisms applied.o Validation of the number of organisms used to inoculate the product, simulated product, or similar surface, to include stability of the inoculum during the sterilization process.Since qualified personnel are crucial to the selection and application of these indicators, review their qualifications including experience dealing with the process, expected contaminants, testing of resistance of organisms, and technique.Review the firm's instructions regarding use, control and testing, of the biological indicator by product including a description of the method used to demonstrate presence or absence of viable indicator in or on the product.Review the data used to support the use of the indicator each time it is used.Include the counts of the inoculum used;recovery data to control the method used to demonstrate the sterilization of the indicator organism;counts on unprocessed, inoculated material to

      indicate the stability of the inoculum for the process time;and

      results of sterility testing specifically designed to demonstrate the presence or absence of the indicator organism for each batch or filling operation.In using indicators, you must assure yourself that the organisms are handled so they don't contaminate the drug manufacturing area and product.3.Filled Containers

      Evaluate how the filled vials or ampules leave the filling room.Is the capping or sealing done in the sterile fill area? If not, how is sterility maintained until capped?

      Review the tests done on finished vials, ampules, or other containers, to assure proper fill and seal.For instance, leak and torque tests.Review examinations made for particulcte contamination.You can quickly check for suspected particulate matter by using a polariscope.Employees doing visual examinations on line must be properly trained.If particle counts are done by machine, this operation must be validated.4.Personnel Practices

      Check how the employees sterilize and operate the equipment used in the filling area.Observe filling room personnel practices.Are the employees properly dressed in sterile gowns, masks, caps, and shoe coverings? Observe and evaluate the gowning procedures, and determine if good aseptic technique is maintained in the dressing and filling rooms.Check on the practices after lunch and other absences.Is fresh sterile garb supplied, or are soiled garments reused?

      Determine if the dressing room is next to the filling area and how employees and supplies enter the sterile area.o Laboratory Controls

      For guidance on how to inspect micro and chemistry labs, review the “FDA Guide to Inspections of Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories” and “FDA Guide to Inspections of Microbiological Pharmaceutical Quality Control Laboratories.”

      1.Retesting for Sterility See the USP for guidance on sterility testing.Sterility retesting is acceptable provided the cause of the initial non-sterility is known, and thereby invalidates the original results.It cannot be assumed that the initial sterility test failure is a false positive.This conclusion must be justified by sufficient documented investigation.Additionally, spotty or low level contamination may not be identified by repeated sampling and testing.Review sterility test failures and determine the incidence, procedures for handling, and final disposition of the batches involved.2.Retesting for Pyrogens

      As with sterility, pyrogen retesting can be performed provided it is known that the test system was compromised.It cannot be assumed that the failure is a false positive without documented justification.Review any initial pyrogen test failures and determine the firm's justification for retesting.3.Particulate Matter Testing

      Particulate matter consists of extraneous, mobile, undissolved substances, other than gas bubbles, unintentionally present in parenteral solutions.Cleanliness specifications or levels of non-viable particulate contamination must be established.Limits are usually based on the history of the process.The particulate matter test procedure and limits for LVP's in the U.S.P.can be used as a general guideline.However, the levels of particulate contamination in sterile powders are generally greater than in LVP's.LVP solutions are filtered during the filling operation.However, sterile powders, except powders lyophilized in vials, cannot include filtration as a part of the filling operation.Considerable particulate contamination is also present in sterile powders which are spray dried due to charring during the process.Review the particulate matter test procedure and release criteria.Review production and control records of any batches for which complaints of particulate matter have been received.o Production Records

      Production records should be similar to those for other dosage forms.Critical steps, such as integrity testing of filters, should be signed and dated by a second responsible person.Review production records to ensure that directions for significant manufacturing steps are included and reflect a complete history of production.Ointments, Liquids, and Lotions

      Major factors in the preparation of these drugs are the selection of raw materials, manufacturing practices, equipment, controls, and laboratory testing.Following the basic drug inspection fundamentals, fully evaluate the production procedures.In addition, evaluate specific information regarding:

      o The selection and compatibility of ingredients.o Whether the drug is a homogeneous preparation free of extraneous matter.o The possibility of decomposition, separation, or crystallization of ingredients.o The adequacy of ultimate containers to hold and dispense contents.o Procedure for cleaning the containers before filling.o Maintenance of homogeneity during manufacturing and filling operations.The most common problem associated with the production of these dosage forms is microbiological contamination caused by faulty design and/or control of purified water systems.During inspections, evaluate the adequacy of the water system.Review and evaluate the micro/chemistry test results on the routine monitoring of the water system including validation of the water system.Review any microbiological tests done on the finished drug including in-process testing.Some of these drugs have preservatives added which protect them from microbial contamination.The preservatives are used primarily in multiple-dose containers to inhibit the growth of microorganisms introduced inadvertently during or after manufacturing.Evaluate the adequacy of preservative system.Preservative effectiveness testing for these products should be reviewed.For additional information, review the “Antimicrobial Preservatives-Effectiveness” section of the U.S.P..Equipment employed for manufacturing topical drugs is sometimes difficult to clean.This is especially true for those which contain insoluble active ingredients, such as the sulfa drugs.The firm's equipment cleaning procedures including cleaning validation data should be reviewed and evaluated.Packaging and Labeling [21 CFR Subpart G]

      Packaging and labeling operations must be controlled so only those drugs which meet the specifications established in the master formula records are distributed.Review in detail the packaging and labeling operations to decide if the system will prevent drug and label mix-ups.Approximately 25% of all drug recalls originate in this area.Evaluate what controls or procedures the firm has to provide positive assurance that all labels are correct.Determine if packaging and labeling operations include:

      o Adequate physical separation of labeling and packaging operations from manufacturing process.o Review of:

      1.Label copy before delivery to the printer.2.Printer's copy.3.Whether firm's representative inspects the printer.4.Whether or not gang printing is prohibited.5.Whether labels are checked against the master label before released to stock.Determine who is responsible for label review prior to release of the labels to production.Also, whether the labels are identical to the labeling specified in the batch production records.o Separate storage of each label(including package inserts)to avoid mixups.o Inventory of label stocks.Determine if the printer's count is accepted or if labels are counted upon receipt.o Designation of one individual to be responsible for storage and issuance of all labels.o Receipt by the packaging and labeling department of a batch record, or other record, showing the quantity of labels needed for a batch.Determine if the batch record is retained by the packaging supervisor or accompanies the labels to the actual packaging and labeling line.o Adequate controls of the quantities of labeling issued, used, and returned.Determine if excess labels are accounted for and if excess labels bearing specific control codes, and obsolete or changed labels are destroyed.o Inspection of the facilities before labeling to ensure that all previously used labeling and drugs have been removed.o Assurance that batch identification is maintained during packaging.o Control procedures to follow if a significant unexplained discrepancy occurs between quantity of drug packaged and the quantity of labeling issued.o Segregated facilities for labeling one batch of the drug at a time.If this is not practiced, determine what steps are taken to prevent mix-ups.o Methods for checking similar type labels of different drugs or potencies to prevent mixing.o Quarantine of finished packaged products to permit adequate examination or testing of a representative sample to safeguard against errors.Also, to prevent distribution of any batch until all specified tests have been met.o An individual who makes the final decision that the drug should go to the warehouse, or the shipping department.o Utilization of any outside firms, such as contract packers, and what controls are exercised over such operations.Special attention should be devoted to firms using “rolls” of pressure sensitive labels.Investigators have found instances where:

      o Paper chips cut from label backing to help running the labels through a coder interfered with the code printer causing digits in the lot number to be blocked out.o Some rolls contained spliced sections resulting in label changes in the roll.o Some labels shifted on the roll when the labels were printed resulting in omitting required information.The use of cut labels can cause a significant problem and should be evaluated in detail.Most firms are replacing their cut labels with roll labels.Review prescription drugs for which full disclosure information may be lacking.If such products are found, submit labels and other labeling as exhibits with the EIR See 21 CFR 201.56 for the recommended sequence in which full disclosure information should be presented.Review labels of OTC products for warnings required by 21 CFR 369.A control code must be used to identify the finished product with a lot, or control number that permits determination of the complete history of the manufacture and control of the batch.Determine:

      o The complete key(breakdown)to the code.o Whether the batch number is the same as the control number on the finished package.If not, determine how the finished package control number relates, and how it is used to find the identity of the original batch.Beginning August 3, 1994 the following new requirements will become effective:

      o Use of gang-printed labels will be prohibited unless they are adequately differentiated by size, shape or color.(211.122(f))o If cut labels are used one of the following special control procedures shall be used(211.122(g)):

      (1)Dedication of packaging lines.(2)Use of electronic or electromechanical equipment to conduct a 100-percent examination of finished product.(3)Use of visual inspection to examine 100-percent of the finished product for hand applied labeling.The visual examination will be conducted by one person and independently verified by a second person.o Labeling reconciliation required by 211.125 is waived for cut or roll labeling if a 100-percent examination is performed according to 211.22(g)(2).Holding and Distribution [21 CFR subpart H]

      Check the finished product storage and shipping areas for sanitary condition, stock rotation, and special storage conditions needed for specific drugs.Evaluate any drugs that have been rejected, or are on hold for other than routine reasons.Laboratory Controls [21 CFR Subpart I]

      Laboratory controls should include adequate specifications and test procedures to assure that components, in-process and finished products conform to appropriate standards of identity, strength, quality, and purity.In order to permit proper evaluation of the firm's laboratory controls, determine:

      o Whether the firm has established a master file of specifications for all raw materials used in drug manufacture.This master file should include sampling procedures, sample size, number of containers to be sampled, manner in which samples will be identified, tests to be performed, and retest dates for components subject to deterioration.o The firm's policies about protocols of assay.These reports are often furnished by raw material suppliers;however, the manufacturer is responsible for verifying the validity of the protocols by periodically performing their own complete testing and routinely conducting identity tests on all raw materials received.o Laboratory procedure for releasing raw materials, finished bulk drugs or packaged drugs from quarantine.Determine who is responsible for this decision.Raw material specifications should include approved suppliers.For NDA or ANDA drugs, the approved suppliers listed in their specifications should be the same as those approved in the NDA or ANDA.o If the laboratory is staffed and equipped to do all raw material, in-process, and finished product testing that is claimed.o Whether drug preparations are tested during processing.If so, determine what type of tests are made and whether a representative sample is obtained from various stages of processing.o Specifications and description of laboratory testing procedures for finished products.o Procedures for checking the identity and strength of all active ingredients including pyrogen and sterility testing, if applicable.o If the laboratory conducts pyrogen tests, safety tests, or bioassays;determine the number of laboratory animals and if they are adequately fed and housed.Determine what care is provided on weekends and holidays.o Sterility testing procedures.Entries should be permanently recorded and show all results, both positive and negative.Examine representative samples being tested and their records.When checking the sterility testing procedures, determine:

      1.Physical conditions of testing room.The facility used to conduct sterility testing should be similar to those used for manufacturing products.2.Laboratory procedures for handling sterile sample.3.Use of ultra-violet lights.4.Number of units tested per batch.5.Procedure for identifying test media with specific batches.6.Test media's ability to support growth of organisms.7.Length of incubation period.8.Procedure for diluting products to offset the effects of bacteriostatic agents.o Pyrogen testing procedures

      Determine if animals involved in positive pyrogen tests are withdrawn from use for the required period.If the L.A.L.Test is used, review the FDA “Guideline on Validation of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test ***.”

      o If any tests are made by outside laboratories, report the names of the laboratories and the tests they perform.Determine what precautions the firm takes to insure that the laboratories' work is bona fide.o Methods used to check the reliability, accuracy, and precision of laboratory test procedures and instrumentation.o How final acceptance or rejection of raw materials, intermediates, and finished products is determined.Review recent rejections and disposition of affected items.o The provisions for complete records of all data concerning laboratory tests performed, including dates and endorsements of individuals performing the tests, and traceability.o For components and finished product, the reserve sample program and procedures should be evaluated.Challenge the system and determine if the samples are maintained and can be retrieved.The storage container must maintain the integrity of the product.o Whether stability tests are performed on:

      1.The drug product in the container and closure system in which marketed.2.Solutions prepared as directed in the labeling at the time of dispensing.Determine if expiration dates, based on appropriate stability studies, are placed on labels.o If penicillin and non-penicillin products are manufactured on the same premises, whether non-penicillin products are tested for penicillin contamination.Obtain copies of laboratory records, batch records, and any other documents that show errors or other deficiencies.Control Records [21 CFR Subpart J]

      1.Master Production and Control Records [21 CFR 211.186]

      The various master production and control records are important because all phases of production and control are governed by them.Master records, if erroneous, may adversely affect the product.These records must be prepared according to the drug CGMPR's outlined in 21 CFR 211.186.These records might not be in one location, but should be readily available for review.2.Batch Production and Control Records [21 CFR 211.188]

      The batch production and control records must document each significant step in the manufacture, labeling, packaging, and control of specific batches of drugs.21 CFR 211.188 provides the basic information the batch records must provide.A complete production and control record may consist of several separate records which should be readily available to the investigator.Routinely check the batch record calculations against the master formula record.Give special attention to those products on which there have been complaints.Be alert for transcription errors from the master formula record to the batch record.Be alert for transcription or photocopying errors involving misinterpretation of symbols, abbreviations, and decimal points, etc.It is important that batch production records be specific in terms of equipment(v-blender vs.ribbon blender)and processing times(mixing time and speed).The equipment should have its own unique identification number.The manufacturing process for these products must be standardized, controlled, and validated.3.Distribution [21 CFR 211.196]

      Complete distribution records should be maintained per 21 CFR 211.196.Be alert for suspicious shipments of products subject to abuse or which have been targeted for high priority investigation by the agency.These include steroids, counterfeits, diverted drugs(i.e.;physician samples, clinical packs, etc.).Determine and evaluate if the firm checks on the authenticity of orders received.What references are used, e.g.current editions of the AMA Directory, Hays Directory, etc.4.Complaint Files [21 CFR 211.198] CFR 211.198 requires that records of all written and oral complaints be maintained.Although FDA has no authority to require a drug firm, except for prescription drugs, to open its complaint files, attempt to review the firm's files.The complaint files should be readily available for review.Do a follow-up investigation on all applicable consumer complaints in the firm's district factory jacket.Review and evaluate the firm's procedures for handling complaints.Determine if all complaints are handled as complaints and not inappropriately excluded.Review the complaints and determine if they were fully investigated.Evaluate the firm's conclusions of the investigation, and determine if appropriate corrective action was taken.Determine if the product should be recalled, or warrant a comprehensive investigation by FDA

      Returned Drug Products [21 CFR Subpart K]

      Returned drugs often serve as an indication that products may have decomposed during storage, are being recalled or discontinued.Determine how returned drug items are handled.For example, are they quarantined, destroyed after credit, or returned to storage?

      If an abnormally large amount of a specific drug item is on hand, determine why.Check if returned drug items are examined in the laboratory, and who makes the ultimate decision as to the use of the returned drugs.Note: Dumping salvage drugs in the trash is a potentially dangerous practice.Advise management to properly dispose of the drugs to preclude salvage.Drugs should be disposed of in accordance with E.P.A.regulations.

      第二篇:美國FDA清洗驗證檢查指南

      美國FDA清洗驗證檢查指南

      Ⅰ.簡介

      對于清洗程序的驗證的討論,已經在FDA原料藥檢查指南和生物制品檢查指南中有了簡要地解釋。這些官方文件明確表達了清洗驗證的期望。

      本指南通過討論一些可接受(或不可接受)的實例來建立檢查的連貫性和一致性。同時我們必須意識到清洗驗證同其他過程的驗證一樣,都有不止一種的方法進行驗證。最后驗證證明,是否有科學數據表明系統(tǒng)確實如預期穩(wěn)定,并滿足預設規(guī)定的結果。

      這個指南僅涉及對設備化學殘留物的清洗。

      Ⅱ.背景

      FDA對于設備使用前的清洗沒有什么新要求,1963GMP規(guī)范中(133.4部分)有以下陳述“設備***應保持清潔和有序的狀態(tài)***”。在1978cGMP規(guī)范的設備清潔中有非常類似的章節(jié)。當然,設備清洗的主要目的是為了防止藥品的污染和混淆。歷史上,FDA檢查員發(fā)現由于設備的清洗和維護的不充分及不良的灰塵控制系統(tǒng)帶來總體上的不衛(wèi)生。歷史上來說,FDA更關注非青霉素類受青霉素類的污染和高活性的類固醇或激素對藥物的交叉污染。過去的幾十年里,許多產品由于實際存在或潛在的青霉素交叉污染而召回。

      1998年消膽胺樹脂USP制劑的召回事件使FDA對由于不充分的清洗程序造成的潛在交叉污染更為重視。產品生產中用到的化學原料藥有低量的中間體和農業(yè)殺蟲劑的降解物污染。那個事件中交叉污染被認為來自回收溶劑的套用過程。回收溶劑的污染是由于缺少對溶劑罐重復使用的控制。殺蟲劑生產過程中存放回收溶劑的罐子隨后用于存放樹脂生產過程中的回收溶劑。公司對這些溶劑罐未嚴格管理,對存放的溶劑未充分檢測,對罐子的清洗程序未驗證。

      殺蟲劑污染了的原料藥運到另一個地方提供給第二個工廠最后加工。這對后一個工廠流化床干燥器上用到的捕塵袋造成殺蟲劑污染。這反過來導致在這里生產的多個批次交叉污染,而這里正常情況下沒有殺蟲劑生產。

      FDA在1992年對外國原料藥廠家發(fā)出進口警告,針對的是用普通設備生產高活性的類固醇和非類固醇類產品的廠家。這個公司是一個生產多種原料藥的廠家。FDA考慮到潛在交叉污染的嚴重性,可能對公眾造成嚴重的健康危害。這個公司僅僅在最近檢查的時候開始清洗驗證程序,而它被FDA認為是不合適的。認為他們做得不合適的理由之一是公司僅尋找無前期成份的化合物的證據。這個公司通過沖洗液的TLC測試證明存在反應副產物的殘留和前面過程的降解物。

      Ⅲ.常規(guī)要求

      FDA專家希望公司有SOP來詳細敘述設備不同部分的清洗過程。如果公司用一個清洗程序清

      洗不同批次的同一產品,用不同程序清洗不同的產品,應在SOP中予以說明。同樣的,如果公司有除去水溶性殘留物的程序和除去非水溶性殘留物的另一種程序,SOP中應強調說明使其在執(zhí)行時明確。原料藥廠可能采用特定設備用于一些特定的化學生產過程,這些化學過程能產生難以從設備上除去的焦油狀或膠質的殘留物。流化床干燥器的捕塵袋是設備的另一個例子,它們難以清洗并經常用于一種特定產品。清潔過程本身帶來的任何殘留物(洗滌劑,溶劑等)也必須從設備上除去。

      FDA希望公司有一個總的關于如何進行清洗驗證的書面計劃。

      總驗證計劃能明確誰負責執(zhí)行和批準驗證研究、可接受標準、再驗證周期等。

      FDA希望公司對每一個生產系統(tǒng)或設備預先準備專門的驗證方案,以明確取樣程序,運用的分析方法及其靈敏性等。

      FDA希望公司按驗證方案進行驗證,并將驗證結果進行歸檔。

      FDA希望由經理批準的最終驗證報告,闡明清洗程序是否有效。數據應能充分支持殘留物減少到可接受水平的結論。

      Ⅳ.清洗驗證評價

      第一步關注驗證過程的客觀性,我們發(fā)現一些公司難以做到這點。常見廠商按照清洗程序大范圍的抽樣和檢測而沒有真正地評價設備清洗步驟的有效性。在評價清洗程序時需要強調幾個問題。例如,怎樣才能說一臺設備或系統(tǒng)是干凈的?必須用手擦洗嗎?手洗比僅用溶劑清洗在什么方面有效?批與批之間,產品與產品之間手工清洗有何區(qū)別?由于要確定過程的總體效果,這些問題的答案對于檢查和評價清洗程序明顯是很重要的。這些問題的答案也能明確可去除的步驟,以提高效率、節(jié)省公司資源。

      確定每一臺設備清洗程序的數目。理想的情況下,一臺設備或一套系統(tǒng)有一個清洗程序,但是這將取決于生產的產品和清洗是否在同產品不同批之間(相對于一個較長的生產周期)或不同產品之間。當清洗程序僅用于相同產品不同批(或原料藥過程中相同中間體的不同批)之間時,公司僅需要滿足設備“目測干凈”的標準。這種在批之間的清洗程序不需要驗證。

      1.設備設計

      檢查設備的設計,尤其在那些運用半自動或全自動的在線清洗系統(tǒng)及關鍵的大型系統(tǒng)中。例如,可以使用無球閥的潔凈管線。當使用非衛(wèi)生球閥時,清洗很困難,這在原料藥企業(yè)中很普遍。檢查時如發(fā)現使用后一種設備,應了解操作者在清洗時是否知道這一設備的問題,針對這一系統(tǒng)及球閥是否進行專門培訓以及培訓的水平,是否有清洗經驗等是非常重要的。也要檢查書面和驗證過的清洗程序,以確定這類系統(tǒng)是否被專門說明和驗證。

      在大型系統(tǒng)中,如那些使用長管線的設備,要核對流程圖和管線圖以確定閥門和清潔SOP。管道和閥門應被標記,易被清洗操作員辨認。有時,由于圖上及現場閥門標識不清楚,不易識別,易導致不正確的清潔操作。

      要現場核對清洗程序文件中的一個重要問題,確定和控制操作結束和每個清潔步驟之間相距的時間。這對于外用藥、混懸劑、原料藥的操作尤其重要。殘留物干燥將直接影響清洗的效果。無論在線清洗系統(tǒng)是否用在過程設備的清潔,都應該考慮到設備清洗的微生物檢測。這包括大量的預防措施而不是在發(fā)生污染后再去清除。應該有一些證據證明日常清潔和設備貯存不會讓微生物繁殖。例如,設備應在貯存前干燥,清洗操作后不允許設備有淤水。

      當設備用作無菌工藝,或非無菌工藝,所生產的產品易滋生微生物時,設備清潔過程后須經滅菌或消毒程序。而這樣的滅菌或消毒程序超出這個指南范圍,必須指出,設備通過適當的清洗和貯存以控制生物負載,對于確保滅菌或消毒程序能取得必要的無菌保證是很重要的。從無菌工藝控制熱原的觀點來說,這尤其重要,因為設備滅菌程序可能未明顯的滅活或除去熱原。

      2.清洗SOP的撰寫

      程序和文件

      對于驗證過的清洗過程,應檢查程序的細節(jié)、特殊性及必備文件的數量。我們已經看過總的SOPs,并看過其它一些用于執(zhí)行每一步驟所需的專門文件類型,如批生產記錄及日志。執(zhí)行不同清洗步驟或程序所必需的文件數量,取決于系統(tǒng)和清洗過程的復雜性、操作者的能力和培訓程度。

      當需要較復雜的清洗程序時,制定關鍵的清洗步驟(像原料藥的合成過程)是重要的。在這方面,關于設備本身具體的文件包括誰清潔和何時清潔是必要的。但是,對于相對簡單的清潔操作,執(zhí)行總的清洗程序的文件就夠了。

      其他因素如清洗歷史、清洗后殘留物水平和測試結果的可變性都會決定要求的文件數量。例如,在執(zhí)行認為是可接受的清洗程序后殘留物檢測數據變化,則必須進一步建立更有效的程序且使操作者可執(zhí)行。適當評價是需要的,當操作者操作存在問題時,要求有更多的文件(指南)和培訓。

      3.分析方法

      應確定用來測定殘留或污染的分析方法的專屬性和靈敏性。隨著分析技術的進展,生產和清潔過程的殘留物能在很低的水平檢測出來。如果污染或殘留物的水平不能檢出,這并不意味著清潔后沒有殘留污染。這僅意味著樣品中污染水平比分析方式的靈敏度或檢測限低。公司應在取樣確實能覆蓋設備表面污染的情況下做挑戰(zhàn)分析,例如在50%回收率,90%回收率的水平分析。這在得出結論前是必要的。一種不好的取樣技術也可以導致反面的結果。(見下文)

      4.取樣

      通常有兩種取樣方法可被接受。最可取的是從設備表面直接取樣。另一種方法用沖洗溶液法。a.直接表面取樣-確定使用的取樣材料類型和對測試結果的影響。如用于刷條的粘合劑被發(fā)現能干擾樣品的分析。因此,在早期驗證時,要確保取樣媒介和溶劑(溶媒中提取用)是適當的及易使用的。

      直接取樣的優(yōu)點是能評價最難清洗和易接近的區(qū)域,從而建立每個給定表面區(qū)域上的污染物或殘留物的水平。此外,“干燥的”或不溶性的殘留物能通過這種物理方式取樣。

      b.沖洗溶液取樣-使用沖洗溶液取樣的兩個優(yōu)點是能在更大表面取樣,不易進入的系統(tǒng)或不能常規(guī)拆卸取樣的系統(tǒng)可以被取樣和評價。

      沖洗取樣的缺點是殘留物或污染不能被溶解或可能在設備里結垢時不能被評價。相似的情況也發(fā)生在“死角”。死角清洗的評價中,尤其對于有干燥殘留物,不能通過沖洗水去判斷是否干凈,而是應該用目測。

      檢查發(fā)現當清洗驗證時直接測沖洗水殘留物和污染情況。僅測試沖洗水的水質(在簡要測試中確實遇到)而不測試其中潛在的污染是不可接受的。

      c.常規(guī)生產過程控制

      監(jiān)測-間接取樣,當清洗程序被驗證過,這對常規(guī)檢測是有價值的,如電導率測試。對原料藥廠家尤其如此,其中反應器、離心機和大型設備間的管線只能沖洗液取樣。任何間接測試方法必須與設備情況相關。在驗證中,公司應對間接測試中不潔凈設備測試得出的不合格結果進行歸檔。

      V.限度的建立

      FDA不會去設定可接受的標準或方法來決定一個清洗程序是否被驗證。因為整個原料藥和制劑工業(yè)中使用的設備和產品具有廣泛的多樣性,這樣做尤其不現實。公司建立殘留物限度的標準應建立在廠商對涉及物料了解的邏輯基礎上,而且是實際的,可行的,可證實的。為了制定合理的限度,定義分析方法的靈敏性是重要的。工業(yè)界已在文獻提出一些限度要求,包括分析檢測水平如10ppm,生物活性水平如1/1000的普通治療劑量和感官水平如無可見殘留物。

      核對建立限度的方式。不像制劑的化學殘留鑒定是已知的(如活性物質,非活性物質,降解物質),原料藥過程有部分反應物和多余的副產物可能無法用化學鑒定。在建立殘留限度中,僅關注主要的反應物是不夠的,因為其他各種化學成分可能更難去除。除化學分析以外有些情況需要薄層掃描。在原料藥的生產工藝中,尤其是高活性的化學品如一些類固醇,如果設備不專用就要考慮副產物。檢查的目的是確保任何限度的基礎是科學公正的。

      VI.其他問題

      a.安慰劑產品

      為了評價和驗證清洗程序,一些廠家在設備中生產一批安慰劑產品,基本上是按照原藥物同樣的操作參數生產。安慰劑批次的取樣就為了測試殘留的污染物。但是,我們記錄幾個重要的問題,當使用安慰劑產品驗證清洗程序時這些是需要指出的。

      不能保證污染物在整個系統(tǒng)中分散的一致。例如,如果出口閥或攪拌機的槳被污染了,污染物可能不會均勻分散在安慰劑中,它最可能集中在批次的最開始排出的部分。此外,如果污染物或殘留物是大顆粒的,它可能不能均勻分散在安慰劑中。

      一些公司假設殘留污染物在設備表面均勻的逐漸減少,這也是錯誤的結論。最終,檢測效果也隨著污染物的稀釋極大的降低。因為這樣的問題,沖洗和擦拭取樣應與安慰劑的方法相結合進行。

      b.清潔劑

      如果清潔中使用清潔劑或肥皂試檢測殘留物時,判斷和分析將變得很困難。在清潔劑的使用中最常見問題是它的成分。許多清潔劑的供應商不能提供具體成分,這使用戶難以判斷殘留物。對于產品殘留,生產商評價清洗程序去除殘留的效果是重要的,也是能做到的。但是,不同于產品殘留,我們希望清潔后沒有清潔劑存在(或者嚴格分析方法-很低)。清潔劑不是生產過程的一個部分,僅在清洗過程中添加到清潔設備中。因此,它們應該容易被去除。否則,就要選擇另外一種不同的清潔劑。

      c.測試到清潔

      應檢查和評價測試水平與再測試結果,因為測試到清潔被一些廠商作為概念使用。他們測試,再取樣,再測試設備或系統(tǒng)直至達到可接受的殘留物水平。對于已做過清洗程序的系統(tǒng)或設備,不應該再取樣,這僅在很少的情況下被接受。連續(xù)的再測試和再取樣是能表明清洗程序沒有被驗證,因為這些再測試實際記錄了無效的清洗程序、不可接受的殘留物和污染物的存在。

      出處:浙江藥品認證中心

      作者:不詳

      注釋:這份文件是檢查員和其他FDA人員的參考資料。這份文件不約束FDA,不授予任何人任何權力、特權、利益或豁免權。僅供學習參考

      第三篇:FDA對原料藥廠檢查流程

      FDA對原料藥廠檢查流程

      一、概述

      “FDA”是美國食品藥物管理局(Food and Drug Administration)的英文縮寫,它是國際醫(yī)療審核權威機構,由美國國會即聯邦政府授權,專門從事食品與藥品管理的最高執(zhí)法機關。FDA是一個由醫(yī)生、律師、微生物學家、藥理學家、化學家和統(tǒng)計學家等專業(yè)人事組成的致力于保護、促進和提高國民健康的政府衛(wèi)生管制的監(jiān)控機構。就原料藥而言,FDA檢查目的是為了保證從國外進口的原料藥的質量充分符合USP的要求,美國政府規(guī)定外國的藥物生產商向美國出口藥物產品,除了要對該產品的樣品進行質量檢查之外,還要對藥物制造企業(yè)的相關設施進行檢查才能做出批準與否的決定,FDA現場檢查由此而生。FDA檢查主要分為三類:一是批準前的現場檢查(Pre—approval Inspection),即我們通常說的“FDA檢查”,對新藥和仿制藥品的生產采取的檢查行動;二是定期檢查(Biennial),對批準后的藥品進行定期的合規(guī)性檢查,通常兩年進行一次;三是基于投訴、召回或不良反應FDA臨時決定進行專門的檢查或監(jiān)督。

      FDA檢查的依據起源于是美國國會1938年頒發(fā)的聯邦食品、藥品和化妝品法案(??s寫為FFDCA,FDCA,或FD&C),該法案賦予美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)監(jiān)督監(jiān)管食品安全、藥品、及化妝品的權力。關于藥品方面,主要是受“食品、藥物及化妝品法案”第501款(a)(2)(b)的管制,即所有藥物的制造、加工和包裝,均要嚴格符合cGMP的要求。GMP制度在聯邦法規(guī)(code 0f Federal Regulations)中的第210和第211條款中有具體規(guī)定。不過,自發(fā)布以來的GMP主要是為制劑藥而制定的。在它的前言中說明:雖然它不是用于原料藥,但有許多實例說明對原料藥的GMP要求是與第211條款中所制定的要求很近似。因此,FDA就采用第2ll條款作為規(guī)范來對原料藥廠進行檢查。在這點上,FDA對原料藥與制劑藥的要求都是一樣的嚴格,沒有區(qū)別。1997年9月,國際協(xié)調會議(ICH:InternationalConference 0f Harmonization)公布了專為原料藥制定的GMP草案,更切合原料藥的生產實際。2001年8月,美國健康人類服務部食品藥物管理局藥物評價研究中心和生物制品評價研究中心與國際協(xié)調會議聯合發(fā)布了用于活性藥物成分(原料藥)生產的GMP指南:Guidance for Industry Q7A—Good Manufacturing Practice Guidance for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients),即Q7A GMP。此后,FDA宣布以這個指南文件為原料藥生產的GMP統(tǒng)一標準,并以此對原料藥廠進行符合性檢查。

      二.FDA檢查流程

      FDA檢查通常由一位檢查官和一位藥物審查化學家或微生物學家到藥廠進行4—5日的檢查,FDA到藥廠后,會和工廠人員先進行一個簡短的見面會,在見面會上FDA會首先說明一下檢查的背景及檢查安排,藥廠由負責人向對方介紹所有出席會議人員,出席人員一般包括總經理、質量授權人及各部門的負責人,然后由藥廠對工廠進行一個簡要的介紹,讓檢查官對工廠有一個初步的了解。檢查主要分為兩塊:現場視察與文件檢查。

      2.1 現場檢查

      原則上,FDA檢查官是按照原料藥的生產順序(物流走向),即從原料接受到成品包裝再到放行的順序來先進行現場檢查的,但根據環(huán)境條件和檢查官個人的專業(yè)背景、習慣與判斷方式的不同,也可能先檢查文件再看現場或中間穿插著去檢查現場。

      檢查官的第一站是倉庫,包括原料、成品及包材倉庫,倉庫的關注點物料的管理,FDA不僅要求進廠的起始物料符合預先建立的質量標準,進行良好的儲存,還需要能夠預防不同物料或不同批次的物料混淆或產生交叉污染的風險。檢查官通常會從以下幾點來評估:首先起始物料入庫前是否有適當檢查流程,是否有入庫臺帳,不同物料之間是否有物理隔離,倉庫的溫濕度是否有監(jiān)控并能夠達到物料所要求的存儲溫度,倉庫是否有防蟲和防鼠的措施(如窗戶或風扇進風口是否裝有紗窗,倉庫內是否有滅蚊蠅燈,粘鼠板或電貓),物料容器的標識(取樣證、合格證或不合格者),倉庫是否有專門的區(qū)域存放不合格品、退貨、召回產品,標簽發(fā)放與控制等。

      2.2 按照生產順序,檢查完倉庫后,檢查官將會去車間看生產,通常要求在檢查期間車間處于動態(tài)生產的狀態(tài),通常檢查官會對照著產品的生產工藝流程圖,一步一步地了解整個生產過程,以便對GMP的執(zhí)行過程進行深入的檢查。FDA官員會關注每個重點操作崗位SOP是否在現場,原始記錄是否與崗位SOP及實際運行情況一致以評估SOP的可操作性及員工的培訓是否到位。除外,檢查官會評估在整個生產過程中是否有物料污染或混淆的風險,如設備清洗是否足夠、設備及標示牌與管道上的物料標記是否清晰準確,各種設備是否有醒目的編碼便于操作,化學合成工藝中離心機濾袋的清洗及管理是否到位、不同房間及房間與走廊間的壓差是否正常。

      2.3 公用系統(tǒng)(純化水、空調系統(tǒng)、壓縮空氣)

      檢查官主要評估公用系統(tǒng)能否有效地運行并滿足產品生產所要求的條件,具體包括公用系統(tǒng)的日常維護保養(yǎng)、回顧與驗證、在線監(jiān)控,如純水電導率超標如何處理,是否有報警裝置及在線排放裝置,過濾器更換頻率,在線取樣等),壓縮空氣是否進行水油檢測、空調系統(tǒng)的過濾器更換等。

      2.4 實驗室

      現場檢查的重點之一是實驗室,FDA檢查至少會用半天甚至更多的時間檢查實驗室,通常由化學家或微生物學家進行。檢查官到實驗室時首先要了解的是樣品的流向及管理,即樣品接受、存放、分發(fā)及檢驗后的管理,是否有合理的臺帳確保樣品不會被混淆并可以追溯;空白檢驗記錄的管理與控制,其它包括實驗室儀器的合理使用及相應的記錄,如:HPLC設備與色譜柱的使用臺帳,二者是否可以相互追溯并;化學試劑的使用的管理(有效期,啟用日期等);配制試液的標簽(試液名稱,配制日期,配制人簽字、復標日期及復標人,試液的效期規(guī)定等)和設備與儀器。FDA對設備與儀器的校驗尤其重視,藥廠需要定期進行校驗的常用的測量儀表有溫度計(包括自動記錄溫度計),溫濕度計,壓差表,液體流速計,空氣流量計,液位計等;計量設備和器具如磅稱,粗天平,普通天平,分析天平以及高精密度天平等;工藝過程控制和質控試驗室用的pH計,滴定管,移液管等;儀器分析用的UV,IR,HPLC和GC等設備。FDA檢察官首先注意的是儀器設備上是否貼有校驗合格的標志,查看有關設備儀器校驗的SOP和使用與校驗的原始記錄。通常,我國的原料藥廠的度量衡儀器都是由藥廠專設的儀器計量室(大多是從屬設備管理部門)負責定期校驗并簽發(fā)校驗合格證。技術性高的儀器設備如UV,IR,HPLC和GC等設備則一般是委托地方政府的計量管理部門進行校驗。凡是發(fā)現重要的儀器設備沒有進行校驗,或提供不出完整的文件記錄說明,FDA檢察官都認為是嚴重的問題,因為未經過合理校驗的儀器無法確保其準確性,同樣用該儀器檢測所得數據的可靠性也無法保證。

      微生物實驗室包括培養(yǎng)基配制及適用性試驗、菌種傳代、工作服、工作鞋的清洗及器皿的滅菌等。

      三、文件檢查

      在FDA通過現場檢查之后,對工廠的布局及工藝流程有了一個具體的了解之后,便開始回到會議室集中看文件,通常兩個檢查官為分頭進行,化學家或微生物學家會集中檢查QC相關的文件。檢查的文件涵蓋生產系統(tǒng)、質量系統(tǒng)、廠房設施、實驗室等。

      3.1 生產系統(tǒng)

      檢查官在接到FDA對某個藥廠進行現場檢查的通知后,會從FDA文件管理處調出該藥廠提交的DMF文件提前準備。到現場后通常會隨機選一批或幾批完整的批記錄,然后對應DMF文件對應著檢查,對關鍵的操作步驟一條一條核對,這就要求提交的DMF文件必須與現場的操作完全一致。在這過程中檢查官會關注對關鍵的操作步驟的控制,涉及偏差時的相關調查記錄。

      3.2.質量體系

      質量體系是FDA檢查的核心,檢查會涵蓋關鍵的質量文件(偏差、投訴、OOS、召回、變更、自檢、驗證與確認、供應商管理等),通常檢查官會隨機選取其中一個投訴或偏差,然后查看相關的調查記錄及相應的SOP,一方面評估藥廠的SOP是否合理,另一方面評估工廠能否夠按照SOP對質量事件進行徹底的調查并采取有效的整改與預防措施(CAPA)以防止類似事件再次發(fā)生。

      3.3 廠房與設施

      這部分檢查官會關注工廠是否有良好的廠房與設施維護計劃并通過檢查相關的記錄來評估工廠能否按計劃對廠房與設施進行很好的日常維護,包括儀器的校準與確認、設備與設施(水系統(tǒng)與空調系統(tǒng)、壓縮空氣)的3Q確認等。

      3.4 實驗室

      QC文件檢查通常包括產品的質量標準與檢驗方法確認與驗證,檢測記錄、穩(wěn)定性試驗方案與相關記錄以及其它檢查官在現場檢查時臨時需要的文件。

      四、檢查的關鍵點

      對任何公司來說,通過FDA驗廠最重要的條件是自己要嚴格執(zhí)行已經確立的程序和操作流程以及記錄與數據的完整性與真實性,這兩點最能反映工廠的GMP質量管理水平,而質量體系正是FDA檢查的核心所在。這就要求記錄的填寫一定要規(guī)范可讀,不得隨意篡改記錄,寫錯更改需要保證原輸入的可讀性,一旦檢查官對記錄的真實性產生質疑,那對藥廠會非常的不利。另外,接待人員回答提問要有技巧,不清楚的事情切忌馬上回答或者是使用“我記得、好像”之類的詞匯,這樣會給檢查官留下很不專業(yè)的印象,不確定的可以先查文件,幾個人商量定下來之后再回答。

      五、總結會

      檢查官通常會留出一天時間來做總結,對整個檢查期間的發(fā)現進行匯總,即483表,并現場宣讀483上的每一條發(fā)現,并詢問工廠對各條發(fā)現是否有異議,如果工廠有需要解釋的地方,可以充分利用好此機會。如果FDA檢查官認為解釋有理,一般會對所提的問題進行修改或取消。如果對所發(fā)現的問題無異議,一般工廠代表人或公司總經理需要作出表態(tài)表示接受檢查過程中的發(fā)現,然后雙方在483表格上正式簽字。FDA要求藥廠對提出的問題盡快(一般在兩周到一個月,根據情況而定)做出書面答復,其中要求提供明確的較詳細的整改回復,在規(guī)定時間內遞交到FDA地區(qū)辦公室。FDA檢查官在回國后根據藥廠的整改報告寫出一份非常詳細的檢查報告送交FDA有關主管部門(如新藥評價中心,獸用藥評價中心等)。

      六、最后的決定——批準(或不批準)的通知函

      按FDA的規(guī)定,FDA檢查官無權對是否批準做出決定。FDA檢查官在檢查報告中非常客觀地說明一切情況和存在問題,藥廠的態(tài)度和整改措施,對該藥廠是否可以得到批準會提出個人的建議,它對FDA做出批準或不批準的決定是具有關鍵性的影響的。

      來源:HPC藥聞藥事/Joanna

      第四篇:FDA檢查指南

      美國FDA關注的問題

      1.原料

      2.工廠的每日衛(wèi)生檢查

      3.HACCP計劃

      4.HACCP計劃中列明的所有記錄

      5.對出口美國的途徑、方式、進口商的情況也很關心

      6.此外,FDA官員對培訓、加工過程中的溫度時間的控制等也表現出了相當的關注。

      FDA HACCP官方驗證的內容和方法

      1.進行初次訪談(具備一定資格的官方驗證人員要事先了解有關情況,必要時進行初次訪談。第一次初訪應表明你的身份,要確定在檢查期間所涉及的產品,時間盡可能短。)了解有關信息,主要包括:

      (1)企業(yè)生產加工的食品品種;

      (2)當天正在加工的產品情況;

      (3)HACCP小組成員及培訓情況;

      (4)被驗證企業(yè)制定和實施食品

      HACCP體系、SSOP的情況; 企業(yè)最近一次驗證或體系審核情況,特別是存在的問題和整改措施。

      2.官方驗證人員進行自己的危害分析

      官方驗證人員在對食品生產加工企業(yè)HACCP計劃驗證前本人首先應進行危害分析,通過比較,對企業(yè)危害分析的完整性和準確性做出判斷

      自己的危害分析最好在檢查工廠期間進行,檢驗檢疫機構的官方驗證人員要通過觀察和交談,盡可能多的收集有關加工過程和工廠控制方面的材料。

      官方驗證人員開展危害分析的前提條件:

      本人要有食品生產加工及檢驗的知識和工作經驗;

      深入生產實際,熟悉整個加工過程,能主動向企業(yè)管理人員和操作人員了解情況。

      ? 繪制或核查工廠提供的生產工藝流程圖,并對每一個工序的描述進行核查;

      ? 觀察生產加工過程;

      ? 可以向企業(yè)管理和操作人員了解有關的一些內容;

      ? 對生產加工過程每一工序存在的生物、化學、物理危害的可能性進行分析;

      ? 了解企業(yè)對生產加工中可能發(fā)生的危害是否采取了預防控制措施以控制危害的發(fā)生;

      ? 官方驗證人員進行危害分析時,要特別注意企業(yè)在安全衛(wèi)生方面存在的問題。

      ? 對生產加工過程中觀察和了解到的信息資料做出評價并將有關信息記錄于危害分析工作單中。

      ? 對在生產加工過程中觀察了了解過程中確認的危害及控制產生質疑時,應該查閱有關法規(guī)、技術資料或向有關專家咨詢。對食品生產加工中的顯著危害、預防控制措施和關鍵控制點做出判斷(可利用判斷樹進行),完成自己的危害分析工作單 3.審查評價企業(yè)的危害分析和控制措施

      將自己的危害分析與工廠的危害分析進行比較。要爭取看到工廠的書面的危害分析。工廠對顯著危害的判斷可能與自己不同。并需要討論你的判斷并審查工廠是基于何種情況做出此判斷。在這個階段,相互交流是關鍵 ? 比較生產工藝流程圖 ? 比較危害分析

      ? 危害分析存在差異的原因

      4.評價企業(yè)的HACCP計劃

      ? 當檢驗檢疫機構的官方驗證人員就顯著危害達成一致后,要評價工廠書面的HACCP計劃。評價期間,檢驗檢疫機構的官方驗證人員要就關鍵限值和監(jiān)控程序等是否適當做出判斷。

      ? 制定、重新評估和修改計劃的人員必須接受過HACCP原理應用方面的培訓,或是通過修完標準的課程,或者擁有相當的實踐經驗。

      官方驗證人員主要是審查生產加工企業(yè)是否正確的制定和實施HACCP計劃

      ? HACCP計劃的簽署和發(fā)布實施必須是企業(yè)的最高負責人或更高一級的職員。

      食品生產加工企業(yè)首次制定的HACCP計劃或計劃修改或每年審核后都應簽署發(fā)布

      ? HACCP計劃的簽署和發(fā)布實施必須是企業(yè)的最高負責人或更高一級的職員。

      食品生產加工企業(yè)首次制定的HACCP計劃或計劃修改或每年審核后都應簽署發(fā)布

      對HACCP計劃評價的技術要求 分析評價時應考慮以下內容 : ? 計劃是否將官方驗證企業(yè)危害分析時確定的關鍵控制點和顯著危害列入;

      ? 計劃是否對各關鍵控制點建立了關鍵限值;

      ? 計劃中建立的關鍵限值是否合理; 計劃中是否制定了對關鍵限值的監(jiān)控程序 ? 分析評價時應考慮以下內容 : ? 計劃中的監(jiān)控程序的方式和頻率是否合理;

      ? 計劃中對各關鍵限值是否建立了糾偏程序;

      ? 計劃中所列的糾偏程序是否適用;

      ? 分析評價時應考慮以下內容 : ? 計劃中對監(jiān)控設備是否有校準程序;

      ? 計劃中所列的監(jiān)控設備校準程序的方法和頻率是否合適;

      ? 計劃中是否將用于監(jiān)控、驗證的記錄列入; ? 計劃是否將支持HACCP計劃的有關文件列入。對HACCP計劃中的危害和關鍵控制點的審查

      ? 即使食品生產加工企業(yè)在HACCP計劃中未將官方驗證點人員認定的顯著危害和關鍵控制點列出,但還是應按照雙方預先確定的顯著危害和關鍵控制點進行審查。

      ? 審查監(jiān)控程序

      ? 審查記錄

      ? 審查糾偏措施

      ? 審查驗證程序

      5.確定HACCP計劃是否正確地執(zhí)行

      ? 檢驗檢疫機構的官方驗證人員將評價工廠HACCP計劃執(zhí)行的情況。這個評價最好通過觀察生產線上所發(fā)生的事情來完成。在一定程度上,這是最初巡查工廠的繼續(xù)。目的是看HACCP計劃中包含的監(jiān)控程序是否完成和這個計劃在執(zhí)行中是否走樣。

      ? 觀察 ? 詢問

      ? 詢問和觀察的目的不僅在于確定生產加工企業(yè)是否正確實施HACCP計劃,而且可以向驗證人員審查有關記錄時提供有價值的信息。

      HACCP計劃要素的驗證 包含以下內容: ? 監(jiān)測監(jiān)控是否按照計劃規(guī)定進行;

      ? 監(jiān)測監(jiān)控是否按規(guī)定頻率進行;

      ? 有無檢測監(jiān)控設備;

      ? 監(jiān)測監(jiān)控設備是否處于良好操作狀態(tài);

      ? 監(jiān)測監(jiān)控設備是否按計劃規(guī)定校準;

      ? 監(jiān)測監(jiān)控結果記錄是否及時準確。

      ? 關鍵限值偏離時是否采取了糾偏措施。糾偏措施應糾正偏離的原因,確保無不安全食品出售;

      ? 糾偏措施是否如實準確地記錄;

      ? 其它驗證程序,如:是否每周對成品按規(guī)定進行檢測; 如果需要,還應對企業(yè)的驗證程序是否有準確的記錄進行核查 ? 驗證人員抽取成品食品送檢驗檢疫機構認可的實驗室進行檢測,以驗證企業(yè)對HACCP體系實施的有效性。

      6.審查記錄

      ? 主要評價工廠的HACCP記錄,如監(jiān)控記錄、糾偏記錄、驗證記錄等。

      ? 官方驗證人員對HACCP體系驗證時必須審查相關記錄,記錄審查最好在驗證即將結束時進行,這可使驗證人員在生產加工中能親眼目睹記錄形成的過程。對記錄的審查意味著對HACCP審核工作的即將完成。

      ? 關鍵限值的監(jiān)控記錄 ? 糾偏行動記錄 ? 驗證記錄

      ? HACCP計劃的支持性文件資料等記錄 ? 監(jiān)控和糾正記錄

      ? 驗證活動的相關記錄

      審查記錄的選擇

      ? 官方驗證人員首先必須選擇足夠數量的監(jiān)控記錄、糾偏活動記錄和驗證記錄,對這些記錄按照以下要求做出評價:

      ? 記錄是否完整、準確;

      ? 操作是否符合關鍵限值;

      當關鍵限值偏離時,是否采取了糾偏行動

      ? 檢測監(jiān)控設備是否進行了校準并符合HACCP計劃的要求,是否對成品食品及其生產加工過程的中間品進行了檢測;

      ? 記錄是否按要求的時間進行審核。

      ? 官方驗證人員選擇某一生產日期的全套記錄包括衛(wèi)生監(jiān)控記錄進行審查。

      ? 官方驗證人員應當選擇當天正在生產加工食品的記錄進行審查,這樣會使驗證人員了解記錄形成的全過程。

      ? 審查記錄的選擇方法:

      ? 確定所選審查記錄的生產天數及具體日期,可從最后一次審查開始算起,也可從HACCP計劃開始執(zhí)行之日算起。

      ? 將所先生產日的天數開平方根,即得出驗證所需審查記錄的生產日天數,但所選天數不得少于12天。

      ? 將所選的天數分配到生產的各個月。

      ? 在同一個月內應選取最不良狀況下的生產日期。

      在開始審查記錄時,如果遇到重大問題,驗證人員應從發(fā)現問題的期間大量選取記錄,一直到確定了問題所涉及的范圍及問題得到解決時為止。在審查記錄中要對出現的問題加以分析,從而對問題發(fā)生的偶然性或屬違法事件做出判斷 ? 監(jiān)控記錄的審查 ? 糾偏記錄的審查

      ? 驗證記錄的審查

      ? 虛假記錄的審查

      ? 復印記錄

      7.審查企業(yè)的衛(wèi)生監(jiān)控

      ? 官方驗證人員在審查評價被驗證食品生產加工企業(yè)的衛(wèi)生標準操作程序(SSOP)時,主要對衛(wèi)生監(jiān)控、衛(wèi)生糾正、監(jiān)控和糾正的記錄保持等進行核查,核查的內容至少包括前面講到的SSOP的八個方面。

      8.違反HACCP的報告

      ? 主要對涉及安全衛(wèi)生和HACCP計劃方面的問題應特別注意。

      ? 美國FDA海產品HACCP法規(guī)(21CFR 123)等。填寫不符合項的要求

      ? 屬實,即實際觀察到的。不受個人意見和假設影響。報告實際的結論,不能報告未經本人證實的不可靠的結論。

      ? 以簡明和直接的方式書寫,書寫應使接收表格的人員容易理解。

      ? 與觀察到的潛在問題有顯著關聯,潛在問題應有 理由可能發(fā)生。

      ? 簡潔,歸納相似的現象以防累贅,重要的是事項(不符合項)的顯著性而非數量。對不是顯著的缺陷,可以以口頭方式建議,不必記入報告。

      ? 不要寫入相關法規(guī)、規(guī)定的內容。

      ? 當觀察記錄特別長的時候,應首先將缺陷或問題放在觀察記錄的開頭部分。這樣可以直接突出問題而不是把它放在長篇累牘之中。

      如何判斷被驗證企業(yè)是否合格?

      ? 驗證中要樹立體系觀念??幢或炞C企業(yè)是否在體系上存在重大問題?

      ? 是否是嚴重地違反法規(guī)或安全衛(wèi)生問題?

      ? 驗證人員的經驗非常重要

      ? 小組討論的結果

      ? 為避免誤判、錯判,應盡可能地多收集證據,從各個方面、各個角度去論證

      第五篇:美國FDA藥品質量控制實驗室檢查指南1 9 9 3年

      美國FDA 藥品質量控制實驗室

      檢查指南 1 9 9 3年 1.導言

      藥品質量控制實驗室是藥品生產及管理的最重要的職能部門之一?,F行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范(21CFR211)中很多篇章均與質量控制實驗和產品檢驗有關。類似的概念也適用于原料藥。

      本檢查指南增補了—些含在其他機構檢查指南文件中的內容。例如要求新藥批準前進行的新藥申請或簡略的新藥申請檢查的7346·832號文件中,含有進行產品新藥申請或簡略的新藥申請檢查審計的—般指導,以衡量是否符合新藥申請和現行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范的要求。這些要求包括對半成品和成品檢驗實驗室的檢查。

      2.目的

      檢查之前應當講明該檢查的特別目的。對實驗室的檢查可以限定在—些特定的方面,也可以圍繞實驗室是否符合現行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范方面進行—次綜合評價。每個藥品質量控制實驗驗室至少第二年要進行一次這樣的綜合評價,以此作為法定檢查職責的一部分。

      ——般來說這些檢查包括:

      一—將用于新產品檢驗的特殊方法;

      —一實驗室是否符合藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范的全面評價;

      ——特定的實驗室操作。

      3.檢查前的準備

      FDA的檢查指南是建立在組隊檢查方式基礎上的。我們對實驗室的檢查也是如此。為了力求獲得相關—致的檢查結果,我們希望由—位具有專業(yè)知識并有實踐經驗的實驗室分析專家對復雜的、高技術的、專門的化驗設備、化驗程序、數據處理及科學化實驗室操作進行評價。檢查人員的委派由地區(qū)主管部門確定,然而我們希望,調查人員、分析人員和其他人員能組成—個檢查組,并在需要時為了完成—項有意義的檢查,可建議主管部門增加有關方面的專家。

      參加新藥審批前檢查的小組成員必須閱讀并熟悉7346·832號文件即審批前檢查或調查文件的內容。檢查前應當審查新藥申請或簡略的新藥申請的有關部分,如果該申請書不能從別的來源得到,可對由公司提供的副本進行審查。

      如果可能的話,小組成員在檢查之前就應當集中,以討論檢查方法,明確每位組員的角色,并確定目標以完成委派的任務。檢查前還要確定負責起草各報告,包括準備FDA483文件的責任。

      藥品評價和研究中心(CDER)可能已經發(fā)出有關缺陷信件,列舉出存在的各種問題。要求受檢企業(yè)必須在新藥申請或簡略的新藥申請和補充文件被批準前予以改正。希望檢查組審查這些已經在FDA地區(qū)辦公室歸檔的信件,并向藥廠要求了解這些信件的內容。檢查組還要評價藥廠對這些信件的答復,以確保數據的準確和真實。即使藥廠沒有對這些信件作出答復,或者認為藥廠的答復不充分,也應當完成這項檢查工作。

      4.檢查方法

      A.總則

      除了采用對藥品進行現行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范的—般檢查方法之外,對實驗室的檢查還要采用觀察實驗操作和檢查原始數據的方法,以評價其符合現行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范的情況,以及實現申請書中或者藥品工藝檔案中約定的義務。對實驗室進行綜合檢查時,應評價實驗室操作的各個方面。

      實驗室記錄和實驗記錄本是不可缺少的資料來源,從這些資料中可以全面了解從業(yè)人員的技術能力和全部質量控制程序。標準操作程序應當是全面而恰當的,實驗室的操作應當與書面的規(guī)程相—致。規(guī)格標準和分析程序應當合適,而且也符合申請中記載的內容及法定方法的要求。

      要評價原始實驗數據、實驗程序和方法、實驗室設備,包括設備的維護和校正,以及實驗方法的驗證數據,以確定實驗室操作的總體質量和符合現行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范的能力。檢查色譜和光譜圖譜以發(fā)現是否存在雜質、是否存在操作失當或者有儀器未校正的情況的證據。

      大多數生產企業(yè)具有對實驗室不合格檢驗結果進行調查的體系。通常這些調查結果記錄在某種實驗記錄本上。要求查看幾批不符合規(guī)格標準產品的測試結果。審查幾批被復檢、報廢或返工的產品的分析數據。對于某些批次的產品,當實驗室結果表明該產品不能滿足規(guī)格標準而被發(fā)放時,應當評價該發(fā)放決定并查明由準決定發(fā)放了這些批次的產品。

      B.審批前檢查

      有關產品處方、原料藥的合成、產品規(guī)格標準、產品分析和其他方面的文件在總部審查工藝過程時進行檢查。然而這些檢查和評價依賴那些能真正代表產品的準確而又真實的數據。

      審批前檢查是為了確定藥廠在申請中提供的數據是否真實和準確,以及申請中所列出的程序是否是實際上用來產生這些數據的程序。此外,審批前的檢查也是為了進—步證實藥廠(包括質量控制實驗室)是否符合現行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范的要求。

      藥物申請的分析部分通常只包含化驗結果和用來獲得這些結果的方法,并不要求負責人提交所有的化驗數據,因為這樣做會使提交的資料體積太大,并可導致提供過多不必要的資料。負責人可能有意無意地選擇并報告那些能顯示藥物安全有效并能得到批準的數據,而不報告那些證明該產品不能滿足預先制定的規(guī)格標準的數據。檢查組必須確定這樣做是否存在有效的、科學的解釋。

      企業(yè)總部與生產現場的協(xié)調一致對完成藥物申請和藥廠的全面審查是必不可少的。當發(fā)現有關規(guī)格和標準的問題時,有經驗的凋查人員和分析人員可以同參加審查的化學家聯系(由合適的主管人員協(xié)助)。

      檢查時應將提交的分析結果與所生產的其他批次的分析結果比較。評價這些方法并且注意實際使用的程序或設備與申請中所列的程序和設備有無例外,要進—步證實申請中所列的方法與實際用的方法是相同的。希望分析人員評價對參檢批次(小試與臨床試驗樣品)所檢驗

      得到的原始實驗數據,并將該原始數據與申請中的數據比較。

      5.不合格[不符合規(guī)格標準(Out—of—specification))的實驗室結果

      評價公司用來調查實驗室檢驗結果不合格的系統(tǒng)。這些調查對于決定一種產品是被發(fā)放或是報廢起著至關重要的作用,它也是復檢、重新取樣的基礎。

      在最近一次法院的裁決中,法官用術語“不符合規(guī)格標準(OOS)”的實驗室結果代替FDA調查人員和檢驗人員更習慣的術語“產品不合格”。法官裁定,—項不符合規(guī)格標準結果如經調查或者經outlier檢驗(系指一數據超出一般偏差,為決定是否可以不采用而做的檢驗),發(fā)現是由實驗室誤差所致,或復檢結果符合規(guī)定,則并不表示產品不合格。

      不符合規(guī)格標準結果可以分成三類:

      一——實驗室誤差;

      ——一非生產工藝性誤差或者稱為操作者誤差;

      ———和生產工藝有關的誤差或者稱為生產工藝誤差;

      A.實驗室誤差

      實驗室誤差產生于下列情況:化驗員未能正確地按分析方法操作;使用不正確的標準和(或)簡單地算錯了數據。實驗室誤差必須通過一項調查來確定,以便鑒定不符合規(guī)格標準的原因?!┎环弦?guī)格標準結果的性質被確定了,就可以把它歸入上述三類中的一類。由于調查的目的不一樣,查詢可能很不相同。

      B.實驗室調查

      要確定化驗員誤差或差錯的確切原因是困難的,同時希望化驗員誤差總能確定和記錄下來是不現實的。然而,一項實驗室調查并不僅限于進行復試,無法有把握地鑒別誤差原因會影響復檢的程序,而不影響對最初的不符合規(guī)格標準結果所要求的調查詢問。

      藥廠化驗員應當遵循書面的調查程序,如同完成分析過程—樣,核對每一操作步驟。

      我們希望實驗室檢驗數據能直接記在記錄本上,避免使用紙片或活頁紙。這些常識性方法可以增強數據的準確性和完整性。

      審查和評價實驗室用于進行產品不合格調查的標準操作程序,對單一和多個不符合規(guī)格標準結果的調查應遵循不同的程序。對單一不符合規(guī)格標準結果,調查應包括下列步驟,并且這些調查應當在該樣品被復檢之前進行:

      進行檢驗的化驗員應向主管人報告不符合規(guī)格標準結果;

      化驗員和主管人應進行一次非正式的實驗室調查。

      調查范圍如下:

      (1)討論檢驗程序;

      (2)討論汁算過程;

      (3)檢查儀器;

      (4)審查包含不符合規(guī)格標準結果的記錄本。

      如果對不合格結果的凋查不能查明原因,—種可以使最初的不符合規(guī)格標準結果歸于無效的變通方法是outliertest。但是使用這種檢驗應有特別的限制:

      (1)公司不能經常以此為基礎否定化驗結果;

      (2)美國藥典標準規(guī)定outlier test只用于特定的情況;

      (3)該檢驗不適用于化學分析結果”;

      (4)以統(tǒng)計為基礎的檢驗(如含量均勻度和溶出度檢驗)不能用outliertest。

      確定藥廠是否使用outliertest,并評價其不符合規(guī)格標準。

      確定對多個不符合規(guī)格標準結果是否做了全面的查詢,這種查詢不僅與實驗室工作人員有關,也涉及到質量控制和質量保證人員,以便確定誤差是否與生產工藝有關。

      當實驗室調查不能得出結論(誤差原因不明)時,該藥廠:

      (1)不得進行兩次復檢和根據三次化驗的平均值對產品進行發(fā)放;

      (2)不能用。outlinertest做化學檢驗;

      (3)不能用重復取樣的辦法假定取樣或制備過程誤差;

      (4)當確認可以復檢時(見另外的標準),可以取同一樣品中的不同藥片做復檢。

      C.正式調查

      超出廠實驗室范圍的正式調查,必須依照一個提綱進行,并要特別注意整改措施。

      公司應當:

      (1)闡明調查的理由;

      (2)提供可能引起問題的生產工藝的各個步驟;

      (3)提出必要的可保留該批藥品,并防止類似問題再發(fā)生的整改措施;

      (4)列出其他可能受影響的批次和產品,對這些批次和產品的調查結果及各項整改措施,特別是檢查由臨時工或代用機器生產的其他批次產品,檢查臨時加工或操作生產的其他產品;

      (5)保存好所有曾參加調查及批準使用再檢后返工物料的生產和質量控制人員的評語和簽字。

      D.調查記錄

      化驗員的差錯,如未被發(fā)現的計算誤差,應當詳細說明并提供證據。調查及取得的結論要以書面文件形式保存,文件中應列出調查的每一步。如有評估、結論和整改措施的話,應當保存在調查報告里,并存人中心檔案。

      E.調查時限

      全部對不合格結果的調查應當在問題產生起20個工作日內完成,并且要記錄和寫進對不合格結果的調查報告中去:

      6.產品不合格

      —個不符合規(guī)格標準實驗室結果如果被證明為實驗室誤差所致,就可以被認定為無效。然而,由于操作者的差錯、設備(實驗室設備除外)故障、欠缺的生產工藝(如不恰當的混合時間)等引起的與生產工藝無關和有關的誤差,則意味著產品不合格。用上述指南第五部分作指導,檢查調查結果,評估對產品的發(fā)放、復檢或返工的決定。

      7.復檢

      評價公司復檢的標準操作規(guī)程是否依照了科學上正確、合適的程序。最近的一次法庭判決所做出的重要裁決提供了一套程序用來指導復檢項目。這項地方法院的裁決為評價藥品實驗室的某些方面提供了出色的指導,但該裁決尚不能被視為法律、法規(guī)或有約束力的法律判例。法庭認為公司應具備一套預先確定的檢驗程序,應確定檢驗終止和產品評估的時間,如果結果不令人滿意,產品將被拒收。

      此外,公司應根據該產品一切記錄文件考慮所有復檢結果,包括該產品的歷史數據、所進行的檢驗類型、以及生產過程中檢驗的結果。不能單純因為藥品含量均勻度的結果可以接受,就無視不合格的含量測定結果。

      在藥廠得出結論,認為一項無法解釋的不符合規(guī)格標準結果無效或產品不能予以接受之所進行的復檢次數是個科學判斷的問題。復檢的目的是為了剔除不符合規(guī)格標準結果,但不能無限制地復檢。

      至于與生產工藝有關和無關的差錯,復檢值得懷疑。因為在這些情況下,最初的檢驗是真實的,附加檢驗本身無益于產品的質量。法庭承認某些復檢可能是在與生產工藝有關或無關的誤差發(fā)現之前進行的。盡管如此,以測定產品是否符合規(guī)格標準與目的的附加復檢是不能接受的。

      例如在為檢測混料或片劑的差異性而設計的含量均勻度檢驗中,合格和不合格的檢驗結果在本質上并非毫不相關,經過數次復檢而獲得過的結果并不排除一種可能性,即這批藥品不均勻。作為調查的—部分,藥廠應參照前幾個批次的記錄,因為不同批次中相似或相關的不合格結果也許是由同一原因所致。

      法庭認為對不符合規(guī)格標準結果進行的復檢只有在此種情況下才是適合的,即對不合格的調查正在進行且該調查部分地決定廠復檢是否合適。當調查發(fā)現不符合規(guī)格標準結果確由化驗員誤差所致或對化驗員工作的復查是“無結論性的(inconclusive)”情況下,復檢是合適的。而對于眾所周知,沒有爭議的與生產過程有關或無關的錯誤,復檢是不合適的。

      對于復檢,法庭規(guī)定:

      必須使用原樣品,不得用其他樣品;

      可以使用與第一等份式樣同一來源樣品中的第二等份試樣;

      可以使用以前為實驗目的而取的同—個樣品中的一部分。

      8.再取樣

      藥廠不得依賴再取樣來發(fā)放經檢驗和復檢均不合格的產品,除非對不合格結果的調查查出證據表明原樣品不具有代表性或準備不當。

      評價每次再取樣活動是否遵照廠本指南。

      9.平均分析結果

      當考察的對象是全批產品的含量測定時,平均法不失為一種合理的、有效的方法。但作為—般性原則,應避免使用平均法,因為平均數掩蓋廠每個測試結果的差異性。當檢驗既得出不符合規(guī)格標準結果,也有單個合格的結果,而平均結果又合乎規(guī)格標準時,這種現象特別麻煩,這里,不對單個不符合規(guī)格標準結果進行審查和解釋就信任平均數,極易造成誤導,而且是不能接受的。

      含量均勻度和溶出度結果不允許采用平均法以獲得通過。

      至于含量測定的微生物濁度分析法和培養(yǎng)皿分析法,美國藥典優(yōu)先采用平均值,在這種

      情況下,將不符合規(guī)格標準結果包括在平均數內較好,除非outliertest(微生物法含量測定)表明不符合規(guī)格標準結果異常。

      10.混料的取樣和檢驗

      實驗室極其重要的一項功能就是檢驗混料,在提高發(fā)現劣等產品批次的可能性方面,混料檢驗必不可少。不能因偏好于依賴對成品的檢驗而放棄對混料均勻度的檢驗,因為成品檢驗有其局限性。

      某法庭規(guī)定,因取樣量影響最終混料檢驗的結果,取樣量應與制劑取樣量相當,其他任何做法只會混淆混料各部分之間的區(qū)別,從而無法達到檢驗目的。如果樣品的首次取樣量必須大于使用的單位量,則應仔細取出與制劑取樣量相當的等份用于檢驗、復檢及留樣。顯然,最初的大用量樣品在等份被取出前不易另行攪拌或處理,否則會掩蓋樣品的非均勻性。用作混料均勻度測試的數個樣品,如果采自不同區(qū)域,則相互之間不得混合,除非在以含量測定為目的而不是為了考察其差異性的情況下,才允許混合。

      如果藥廠的樣品不是取自混合器,則應通過驗證證明其取樣技術能反映混料各個部分和總體的特征。也就是說,這些樣品必須能夠代表生產中可能發(fā)生問題的位點,如混料中的薄弱點或過熱點。

      11.微生物方面

      對制劑產品微生物學數據的審查最好由微生物學家(化驗員)完成。應審查的數據包括防腐劑的有效性測試、生物負荷數據以及特定產品的微生物檢驗及其方法。

      從細菌內毒素與無菌性兩方面審查過濾前和(或)滅菌前產品的生物負荷狀況。對于原料藥檢驗實驗室,要評價其方法驗證以及無菌性和細菌內毒素檢驗、環(huán)境監(jiān)測、濾器及過濾方法驗證的原始數據。此外,還要評價實驗室檢驗及確定生物負荷量所采用的方法。

      參考《微生物學檢驗指南》,以便獲取更多關于檢查微生物實驗室的資料。

      12.取樣

      在藥品審批前檢查時采集樣品。依照CP7346.832第三部分,第五、六頁上關于取樣的指導進行取樣。

      13.實驗室記錄和文件

      審查化驗員保存的實驗室個人分析記錄,并將其與工作單及總實驗室記錄比較。為廠準確與可靠起見,準備檢查所有記錄與工作單,核實確已保留下來的原始數據,以便保證從實驗室結果中得出的結論。

      參照生產日期的順序審查實驗室記錄的分析順序。檢驗的日期應與樣品確實存在于實驗室的日期相符合。如果使用電腦數據庫,應確定改變數據的方案,對數據變更應建立跟蹤審計程序。

      我們希望原始實驗數據能成冊保存(避免散亂或用零碎紙張記錄),或以書本、或以事先編號可以計數的化驗單的形式保存。大多數生產企業(yè)復印的多套記錄或“原始數據”中,不乏未標明頁碼的散紙片。一些公司使用磁盤或磁帶記錄并儲存原始數據,只要表述明確(原始數據予以標明),且經過驗證,這樣的系統(tǒng)是可以接受的。

      仔細檢查并評價實驗室工作記錄、工作單和其他記錄,其中包括諸如稱量、稀釋、儀器狀態(tài)、計算等原始數據。注意原始數據有無遺失,記錄是否經過改寫,是否使用廠涂改液來掩蓋失誤。結果變更必須有解釋。將被更改過的數據互相參照以證實其真實性。未經凋查得出科學的、有效的依據,不得隨意將不符合規(guī)格標準的實驗室結果貼上“實驗誤差”的標簽,產品不得以此種方式“被檢驗合乎要求”。

      不得只抄錄檢驗結果而不保留原記錄,也不得有選擇地記錄檢驗結果。例如有調查發(fā)現藥廠用散頁紙有選擇地抄錄理想數據代替化驗單和(或)工作記錄薄的作法,有的吸收度值和計算數字竟然寫在臺歷上。

      對沒有進針顯示的剪切下的圖表、在直接數據輸入系統(tǒng)中的對文件的刪除、未經驗證就間接輸入的數據以及無視程序特征而改變計算機程序的行為應仔細檢查。這些作法應引起對數據整體質量的懷疑。

      藥廠應對遺失的進針記錄,尤其是應對從正式的工作單或卷宗內遺失連續(xù)的進針記錄作出書面解釋。多次記錄下的進針記錄必須保存于連續(xù)的文件內,并具有連續(xù)記錄的時間。

      希望看到對各種文件的刪除作出的書面的正確解釋。

      確定藥廠的檢驗程序是否充分,是否能保證藥廠在原輔料的接受、生產過程、成品和保留的穩(wěn)定性樣品等方面已考慮過所有有效的實驗數據。對照實驗室工作記錄和文件可能會發(fā)現某些數據被藥廠刪除了,藥廠決定發(fā)放產品而對表明產品不符合規(guī)格標準的檢驗結果又不能做出任何令人滿意的解釋。對這種無視檢驗結果(表明產品不符合規(guī)格標準)的行為所作的解釋進行評價。

      14.實驗室標準溶液

      確定(實驗室)是否使用了適當的標準品,如在有效期內且保存適當。檢查是否未確定其穩(wěn)定性就再次使用儲備液。儲備液通常存放于實驗室冰箱內。檢查實驗室冰箱內的溶液,核對區(qū)別標記是否適當。審查制備標準溶液的記錄以確信文件完整而準確。任何藥廠幾乎都不可能“準確地、始終如一地稱量到”同樣的微克數。因此,反映這種水平的標準化或模式的數據值得懷疑,應予以仔細調查。

      15.檢驗方法的驗證

      對檢驗方法驗證資料的評價應仔細考察其完整性、準確性和可靠性。尤其是當有—種法定方法存在,而藥廠卻采用其他方法時,應將兩種方法進行比較,并證明所用內控方法與正式程序相比,其效果相當,甚至更佳。藥廠還應證明法定方法是在實際使用條件下使用的。

      有幾種途徑可以驗證檢驗方法。美國藥典中的方法被視為已經過驗證;被批準的簡略的新藥申請方法也視為經過驗證。藥廠也可以對他們的方法進行驗證研究,但系統(tǒng)適應性數據本身不足以也不構成對方法的驗證。

      在審查方法驗證數據時,希望復檢的數據具有一致性,受檢溶液的濃度變化應能夠得出線性結果。現在,許多含量分析和雜質檢驗都使用高效液相色譜儀,在系統(tǒng)適當性檢驗中,這些分析的精確性應等同于或低于RSD的精度,美國藥典第22章(1225頁)列舉的分析參數,標題為“法定方法的驗證”可以用作確定方法驗證中的分析參數(如準確性、精密度、線性、可靠性等)的指導。

      16.儀器設備

      檢查實驗室設備的使用、維護狀況、校正記錄、維修記錄及維護的標準操作規(guī)程。確認是否備有在分析方法中使用的專用設備,注意其狀況。核實當檢驗各批次產品時,所用儀器確實存在并處于良好的工作狀態(tài)。確定儀器是否使用正確。

      除此之外,如果某儀器參與了臨床試驗樣品或小試樣品的分析,則應核實該儀器在所有使用中是否均處于良好的工作狀態(tài),因為人們會懷疑從一臺失靈的儀器中得出的數據。所以,繼續(xù)使用該儀器并據此發(fā)放產品是對現行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范的嚴重違反。

      17.原料檢驗

      有的調查還包括原料藥生產廠。制劑的安全性與有效性在很大程度上取決于原料藥的純度與質量,考查原料藥分析的原始數據,其中包括純度檢驗、圖表等。核查用于小試和臨床試驗樣品的原料藥雜質分析結果,以確定其是否與生產整批產品所用的原料藥結果相同。確定生產廠家是否有審查原料藥分析證書的項目規(guī)程,如果有,考查這些檢驗結果。如發(fā)現雜質分析結果與其他檢測結果有實質上的區(qū)別,應給以報告。

      一些老的法定測試方法可能測不出產品的雜質含量,而雜質含量的分析又是控制生產過程所不可缺少的。已經研究出—些新測試法可以檢測這些產品。這些新方法必須經驗證以確保它們能滿足對控制和驗證原料藥生產過程進行分析的目的。藥品生產企業(yè)必須完全了解生產過程和最終產品中可能出現的潛在雜質。沒有一種適當的、經過驗證的方法就無法評價這些雜質。

      物理檢測,比如原料的粒徑、膏藥的粘連測試、注射劑擠壓測試等對于保證生產和控制系統(tǒng)的連續(xù)操作,保證產品的質量與藥效來說是必不可少的。這些檢測右的已列入新藥申請文件中,其他的可以通過藥品生產方案來建立。對這些檢測力法的驗證,與對藥物的化學特性的檢測同等重要。

      物理性能的檢測經常要求有專門的設備和方法規(guī)程,這些檢測在其他實驗室可能不能重復。因此,有必要進行現場評價。

      18.生產過程控制及規(guī)格標準

      評價在生產區(qū)域或實驗室內完成的生產過程檢測結果,看其是否符合制定的取樣、檢驗方案、分析方法和規(guī)格標準,例如評價重量差異、硬度和脆度。這些檢測可以在壓片或裝膠囊過程中每15或30分鐘進行一次。各項檢測應遵循現行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范的要求。

      藥品申請書中可能包括某些生產過程檢測計劃,其中包括檢測方法及規(guī)格標準。調查必須核實生產過程中的檢測已按計劃進行,且檢測結果符合規(guī)格標準。對較長時間檢測的實驗室工作也應予以審查。

      生產過程中檢測所用的方法可能不同于藥品發(fā)放檢測方法。一般說來,無論方法異同,生產過程中檢測的規(guī)格標準可能更嚴格些。如某產品發(fā)放的含量檢測標準90.0%-110.0%,而其生產過程中的混料規(guī)格標準可能需限制在95.0%-105.0%之間。生產過程中所做的檢驗也可能不同于發(fā)放檢驗。例如藥廠可以把崩解測試作為生產過程中檢測,而將溶出測試作為發(fā)放檢測。

      希望各批次內部和基于同一處方或生產工藝的不同批次之間(包括研制批次與樣品批次)的生產過程中檢測的結果具有一致性。如果檢測結果之間并無一致性,希望看到科學的數據對其中的差異能作出合理的解釋。

      19.穩(wěn)定性

      必須用一種能顯示穩(wěn)定性的方法來檢測產品的樣品,如果沒有顯示穩(wěn)定性的含量測定方法,則應采用其他方法,如薄層層析,作為一般含量測定方法的補充。應提供證據表明該方法可以顯示產品的穩(wěn)定性,法定方法也不例外。生產企業(yè)可能會被要求做產品的加速或強迫分解試驗,以表明該項測試可以顯示產品的穩(wěn)定性。在某些情況下,簡略的新藥申請的負責人可以查找文獻,找到關于某種特殊方法的背景數據。這方面的資料也可從原料藥供應商處得到,這樣驗證就變得相對簡單明了了。在美國藥典的第1225節(jié)還列出了驗證可應用的法定方法的典型參數。

      評價生產商關于穩(wěn)定性測試的驗證報告,同時還應復審原始實驗數據和在不同地方進行檢測所得出的結果,核實實際報告的數據是否與現場記錄的數據相符。

      評價用于審報文件的原始數據,從而了解所用檢測方法是否能顯示產品的穩(wěn)定性并廠解雜質含量。

      20.計算機實驗數據獲取系統(tǒng)

      使用計算機實驗數據獲取系統(tǒng)不是什么新事物,以下幾處現行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范指導文件中均有閘述。

      《政策遵循指南〉7132a.07”計算機化藥品生產:輸入與輸出檢驗”;

      《政策遵循指南》7132a.03“計算機化藥品生產:批生產與控制記錄中“人”的識別;

      《政策遵循指南》7132a.11“計算機化藥品生產:現行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范應用硬件和軟件”;

      《政策遵循指南≥7132a.12“計算機化藥品生產:供應商的責任”;

      《政策遵循指南》7132a.15“計劈:機化藥品生產:生產控制應用程序源碼”;

      《藥品生產過程計算機系統(tǒng)檢查指南》。

      對于計算機系統(tǒng)和非計算機系統(tǒng)來說,很重要的是要限定收集數據的范圍、收集程序和證明其準確性的方法。同樣重要的是審計數據和計劃以及糾正誤差的程序。評價計算機化實驗室系統(tǒng)時,應注意的事項包括數據收集、處理、數據的完整性和可靠性。

      只有在數據可靠、原始數據未遺失及數據不能被篡改的情況下,處理過程才被認為是充分的。該計算機系統(tǒng)必須確保原始數據得到儲存并切實地處理。

      制定規(guī)章,做到只有經過授權的人才能輸入數據;

      數據條目不得刪除,只能以修正的形式改動;

      數據庫應盡可能具有防篡改功能;

      標準操作程序應描述確保數據有效性的方法。

      對實驗室計算機化數據獲取系統(tǒng)進行驗證的一個基本方面,就是將由基本一分析儀器得到的數據與通過系統(tǒng)電子傳遞和打印機上顯示的同—數據進行比較。為保證計算機系統(tǒng)得出連貫的、有效的結果,應在足夠長的時間內進行數據比較,只有以此為前提,定期進行的數據比較才是充分的。

      21.實驗室管理

      對實驗室的工作和實驗室人員的全面管理及對分析結果的評價是評價質控實驗室的重要內容。主管人員的職責范圍、人員的素質、化驗貝的調整,以及實驗室的責任范圍等,都是決定全面管理和工作監(jiān)督質量所要考察的重要事項。只有在這些因素單獨或整體地致使現行藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范所要求的工作任務無法完成時,它們才可成為實驗室管理不合格的依據。

      審查實驗室日記,以確定分析順序和生產順序的符合情況。檢查實驗室記錄和日記,以了解有關職員的技術水平及實驗室質量控制程序的重要信息。

      觀察化驗員按照申請書中描述的操作演示,沒有其他方法能代替親眼觀看操作并注意化驗員是否技術良好。不應站在化驗員身旁,可以在稍遠處觀察并評價其操作。

      有時候,公司的職員因缺乏足夠的訓練或時間,意識不到實驗中存在需要進一步調查和解釋的問題。他們會不經努力去鑒別無法解釋的色譜峰就加以接受。他們也許會接受藥品穩(wěn)定性分析中,隨著時間的推移含量明顯遞增的檢測結果,卻不提出任何明確的疑問。同樣,在進行高效液相色譜分析時,當系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定幾小時后,重復能力衰減的現象也會被不加思索地接受。

      藥品生產質量管理規(guī)范要求有積極的培訓計劃及對化驗員培訓的書面評價。

      刪除文件的權力和越過計算機系統(tǒng)的權力應當被嚴格審查。評估對計算程序加以更改的歷史數據。有些更改可能要求管理者對已發(fā)放產品的數據進行重新審查。

      (美國食品藥物管理局

      法規(guī)事務辦公室

      地方業(yè)務辦公室

      現場調查部)

      (朱

      艷、朱世斌譯

      賴婉楓校)

      下載美國FDA關于制劑藥廠cGMP的檢查指南-93-10word格式文檔
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