第一篇:托福寫作的論證方法有哪些
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托福寫作的論證方法有哪些?
托福寫作的論證方法有哪些?寫作是需要考生提出觀點(diǎn)的,如果考生寫作內(nèi)容,看著文章很普通,考官很難給托福考生高分,所以和小編一起來看看這些論證方法吧。
第一、因果法
我們可以用一句話對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行因果的闡述。如同樣是剛才那句主題句,我們可以再附上一句話對(duì)它進(jìn)行原因的闡述,如因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代人的壓力很大,來自于各方面的壓力都很大,比如工作,學(xué)習(xí)的,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也很激烈,所以通過終身學(xué)習(xí)能夠給我們?cè)黾痈?jìng)爭(zhēng)力的砝碼,讓我們處于一個(gè)有利的低位。常用的引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的單詞有because,since,as 等等。Since modern people shoulder all kinds of knowledge , includingworking pressure and studying pressure,people who enjoy life-long practice could increasetheir competitiveness in the job market.第二、作比較
我們可以設(shè)置兩種截然相反的情況,對(duì)它們帶來的結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。比如我們可以說如果我們進(jìn)行終審教育,那么我們可以怎么樣,相反如果我們不這么做,會(huì)帶來哪些不良的后果。兩句話之間可以用conversely來進(jìn)行連接。
第三、列數(shù)字和引文獻(xiàn)可以放在一起使用
比如我們可以自己編一個(gè)權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu),如央視的英文頻道cctv news.我們可以編一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù),根據(jù)央視新聞?lì)l道發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)表明,百分之七十的人贊成終身教育。According todata released by CCTV news channel,there are 70 percent people in favor of
life-longeducation.常用的權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)大家可以有自己的喜好傾向,如維基百科,discovery channel 甚至大家用一些知名高校也是可以的。常用句型有如下可供選擇,如:
According to a recent survey
The latest surveys show that
An investigation shows that
A survey was carried out on , the results of which were surprising.According to an investigation,A recent survey revealed that ,第四、名人名言法
相關(guān),比如可以用老子。官方網(wǎng)站:名人名言法就是列舉一個(gè)名人,然后自己編一個(gè)名人名言,說是這個(gè)人說的,當(dāng)然一定要和文章主題
第二篇:公務(wù)員申論寫作常用論證方法
公務(wù)員申論寫作常用論證方法:論辯明理法
【閱讀提示】申論方案論證部分一般屬于議論文體,議論文體離不開論證,因此,公務(wù)員考試考生必須掌握例證說理法、引證說理法、分析說理法、論辯明理法和類比說理法幾種常用的論證方法。為助考生更好地理解這些常用的論證方法,國(guó)家公務(wù)員網(wǎng)解讀每一種論證方法并提供了寫作范文供考生參考。本文為論辯明理法論證方法的寫作范文。
論辯明理就是通過論辯和批駁,在辨明是非的基礎(chǔ)上講述道理的一種說理方法。無論是批駁性的文章或是正面立論性的評(píng)論,往往都離不開論辯。
為了樹立正確的觀點(diǎn),在分析論證的過程中,就得澄清與之有關(guān)的模糊觀點(diǎn),糾正與之有關(guān)的片面認(rèn)識(shí),批駁與之有關(guān)的錯(cuò)誤見解。而且有了對(duì)立面,自然就有思想交鋒,面對(duì)面地展開論辯和商榷,就要從正面提出充分的理由和論據(jù),論述也就能從事物的矛盾中層層展開,步步深入,有起有伏,善破善立,從而增強(qiáng)文章的思想性和鮮明性。
進(jìn)行論辯明理時(shí)要注意以下幾個(gè)問題:
首先,敢于和善于進(jìn)行思想交鋒。在具體操作時(shí),不外乎這樣三種方法:
一是通篇圍繞一個(gè)思想靶子進(jìn)行全面的說理交鋒;
二是在文章的必要處,為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一論點(diǎn),有意識(shí)地用泛指和設(shè)問的方式亮出一個(gè)思想靶子,由正面論述轉(zhuǎn)入思想交鋒,通過說理交鋒得出正確結(jié)論;
三是全文連續(xù)陳疑設(shè)靶,又連連交鋒進(jìn)而達(dá)到釋疑解惑、澄清是非的目的。
這種邊破邊立、又破又立多回合進(jìn)行的思想交鋒,猶如波瀾起伏,一波剛平,一波又起,在起伏破立之間澄清了種種片面認(rèn)識(shí),正確的思想和態(tài)度也就是在交鋒中樹立起來的。
其次,采用辯證的方法,即對(duì)片面的或偏頗的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)疑、商榷并提出不同的觀點(diǎn)與之論辯交鋒,旨在辨別是非曲直,糾正謬誤之見,這種論辯方法稱為辯證。這種方法,容易被人們理解與接受。
最后,要注意擺事實(shí),講道理,以理服人;嚴(yán)格區(qū)別兩類不同性質(zhì)的矛盾;注意政策界限,防止“左”與“右”的傾向和影響;原則上一定要堅(jiān)定,而策略上要靈活一些。
第三篇:托福寫作
Agree or disagree A university should focus more on its facilities, computers or laboratory, rather than on hiring famous teachers
Nowadays, highly education has been attached more important than before.A argue that school facilities should pay more attention than professor lecture.From my perspective, although such hardware like computer centers and science lab provide some benefits to university students, university depends on quality of stuff.Admittedly, a school equipped with great facilities is more appealing the applicants.The reason is that it can make study easier.A bright library offers such a quiet condition for knowledge absorption;a computer center provides a self-govern ways to study;a science lab make student get more practice about miracles.However, this factors become less considerate when it comes to the quality of the professors.For one thing, not only do famous teachers can impart the knowledge, but instill the angle that to solve the problem.To pass on knowledge, a human is no better than a machine or a high-tech tool.The difference lies in the
special ways to get the solutions and the potential inspiration by the former.Take my favorite teacher for example, she often shows us some different way to solve the difficulties.And then she tells us the angle to work out the problem.As for me, it was not until her explanation, that I know about the easier way to work the problem.That is something that high-tech can barely achieve.For another, universities with qualified teachers tend to have higher graduate employment.It is not hard to imagine that a teacher with connections can bring more opportunity to get internship.As an old saying goes, knowledge starts with practice.It is still true now.Students who swamped in labs, would never face the brutal fact that you need a window for people to see what you’ve got.In this way, a well-connect professor can open that for you, instead of lifeless labs.In conclusion, though facilities could promote learning, but it fail to generate more practical merits to students.Recruit more qualified teacher should be paid more attention and stress.
第四篇:托福寫作脫掉低分的方法
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托福寫作脫掉低分的方法
一、不準(zhǔn)字?jǐn)?shù)不夠
對(duì)于獨(dú)立寫作的字?jǐn)?shù)要求,官方的說法是:“An effective response is typically about 300 words long.If you write fewer than 300 words,you may still receive a top score,but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5.”.可見,若想得到高分,考生最好能將文章寫到300字以上,雖然有些文章字?jǐn)?shù)不足但仍可得到滿分,但是畢竟這種情況比較罕見,要充分對(duì)于考題展開論述,從而有利地支持文章觀點(diǎn),充足的字?jǐn)?shù)是必須的。
二、不準(zhǔn)文章模式化
文章的發(fā)展指的是運(yùn)用例子,細(xì)節(jié)和理由來支持你在文章中所闡述的觀點(diǎn)。閱卷者不希望看到考生為了湊字?jǐn)?shù)而過多使用一些 “模式化”的單詞或句子來發(fā)展文章,也不愿意看到考生過多抄襲或者沿用題目中的句子。他們會(huì)考察考生在用自己的話論述觀點(diǎn)上的能力。比如:
Some people say that advertising encourage us to buy things we really do not need.Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives.Yes,it is.I buyedmuch,because TV ads.顯然,這個(gè)考生除了增加幾個(gè)單詞外,只是完全抄襲了寫作題目,而且沒有關(guān)于文章話題的發(fā)展。并且出現(xiàn)了低級(jí)拼寫錯(cuò)誤和連詞使用錯(cuò)誤,因此屬于0分的文章。我們?cè)賮砜纯催@個(gè)例子:
The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement,namely creating a new holiday for people,can not be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society.As it stands,the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future.However,although the subject matter in general can not be dismissed lightheartedly,the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application.這個(gè)考生雖然寫了很多字,但是沒有發(fā)展出任何真正的主題,這個(gè)在獨(dú)立寫作中都是很忌諱的事情。
三、不準(zhǔn)文章邏輯不清
如果考生的文章是組織有序的,那么閱卷者從頭看到尾也不會(huì)感到糊涂。但是在此提醒考生,文章結(jié)構(gòu)的有序,并不是單純地使用了諸如 first,second之類的連詞就可以達(dá)成。文章中所有的句子必須服務(wù)于你的論述主題,一旦脫離了主題,那么再精辟的連詞也是徒勞的。此外,在獨(dú)立寫作的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)里提到了“unity”,“progression”,“coherence”,這就意味著考生需要將自己的觀點(diǎn)通過合理的句型表達(dá)出來,做到統(tǒng)一,層層遞進(jìn),連貫,以期讓閱卷者能夠“一目了然”文章的意圖。以下我們來看一個(gè)例子:
In any relationship of mine,I would wish that first of all,the person I am dealing with is honest.Even though he/she thinks that he/she did something wrong that I wouldn't like,he/she'd better tell me the truth and not lie about it.Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the
官方網(wǎng)站:004km.cn
truth from someone else,that'd be much more unpleasant.In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again? How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there.So if I cannot trust a person anymore,if the person doesn't think I can handle the truth,there is no point to continuing that relationship.在這個(gè)段落里,作者的語言流暢,準(zhǔn)確,豐富,前后銜接緊密,語意連貫,句式較多變,并且使用了反問這種修辭手法,因此很好的完成了“組織”句子的目的。盡管不能說十全十美,但是這樣的論述仍舊可以得到滿分。與之形成鮮明對(duì)比的是:
The people lining up in the embassy are applying for a variety of visas.Some applicants want student visas.Other applicants want resident visas.The other applicants want tourist visas.Applying for resident visas is very difficult;one has to meet a lot of requirements.According to a recent survey,the largest number of applicants are applying for tourist visas.The number of people applying for student visas comes in second.Among all the applicants,only a fraction want resident visas.這段話的主題句顯然是第一句,根據(jù)評(píng)分要求里對(duì)于段落一致性的要求,主題句后面的支持句都必須圍繞“不同的人在大使館里申請(qǐng)不同的簽證”這個(gè)話題展開論述。仔細(xì)分析后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)上面這段話里多了一個(gè)不相干的句子:“Applying for resident visas is very difficult;one has to meet a lot of requirement.”,這句話雖然也在談簽證,但是它談?wù)摰氖恰吧暾?qǐng)簽證很困難”這個(gè)論點(diǎn),這樣的話和段落主題就不相同了。因此考生在寫文章時(shí),一定要做到一個(gè)段落只講一個(gè)話題,主題句的論點(diǎn)必須貫穿這個(gè)段落,后面的每一個(gè)支持句都朝一個(gè)方向前進(jìn),只有這樣才能寫出條理分明的文章。
四、不準(zhǔn)語言過于簡(jiǎn)單
新托福的獨(dú)立寫作部分要求考生的語言使用恰當(dāng),不過即便考生的詞匯使用時(shí)有一些小錯(cuò)誤,他的文章也可以得到高分。但是如果同時(shí)還有一些語法錯(cuò)誤的話,那么就很難讓閱卷者準(zhǔn)確理解句子的意圖,這個(gè)時(shí)候文章的得分就會(huì)比較低。另外,經(jīng)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),若考生只是使用一些簡(jiǎn)單句和簡(jiǎn)單的詞匯,那么他是無法來闡述較為復(fù)雜的問題的,而當(dāng)文章的句子和單詞過于簡(jiǎn)單時(shí),得分往往不會(huì)超過3分。
Last month,I had a dispute with my parent.It started as a simple conversation that turned into an argument.I wanted to take a year off from school.Of course,my parents argued that I should stay in school.I tried to reason with them and I tried to persuade them that taking a year off from school and working would be valuable experience.My explanation fell on deaf ears,and they refused to let me continue the discussion.They felt I had not thoroughly examined the issue and saw no reason to debate the subject any longer.這段文字里劃線的幾處作者想要表達(dá)“討論”或者它的近義詞,通過巧妙地變換了詞匯,使整個(gè)段落不讓人感到乏味。這種語言表達(dá)的方式在獨(dú)立寫作里是非常實(shí)用的。我們?cè)賮砜纯匆韵逻@個(gè)例子:
He is rich.官方網(wǎng)站:004km.cn
這個(gè)句子的問題在于rich這個(gè)形容詞太含糊,他到底多有錢?從這個(gè)句子里我們無法看出。因此在獨(dú)立寫作中考生要盡量避免使用含糊的形容詞,能夠具體的盡量要具體些。比如上面的那個(gè)句子我們可以寫成:
He owns a large company and has an annual income of 20 million dollars.
第五篇:托福獨(dú)立寫作有哪些好方法
托福獨(dú)立寫作有哪些好方法
托福獨(dú)立寫作能取得高分都有哪些好方法呢?本文環(huán)球北美考試院為大家介紹托福寫作的備考方法,供大家參考閱讀。
把握好獨(dú)立作文重要的因素
托福獨(dú)立作文最重要的因素是什么?當(dāng)然是論點(diǎn)和論證。一篇好的作文,論點(diǎn)可以提綱挈領(lǐng),論證可以豐富文章內(nèi)容。
由于考試時(shí)間的限制,很多英語程度好的學(xué)生也會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些問題。比如說一個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)作文的論點(diǎn)言之鑿鑿,但就是寫不出東西,或是寫不出令自己滿意的句子。所以,上考場(chǎng)前,腦中一定要裝一些東西,好的例子,好的句子等。
這里強(qiáng)調(diào)論據(jù)的重要性,不是忽視邏輯和論點(diǎn)的重要性。相反,只要你能夠掌握一些萬能的論據(jù),對(duì)你謀劃全篇的結(jié)構(gòu),以及段落發(fā)展,是有好處的。
論據(jù)的準(zhǔn)備也可以稱為素材,這種素材可以是一個(gè)短語,一個(gè)人名,或是一個(gè)完整的例子。這種例子能夠輔佐你的亂點(diǎn),能夠畫龍點(diǎn)睛。
把握好文章寫作思路
怎樣發(fā)展成為一篇邏輯性很強(qiáng)的文章呢?下面為大家介紹一些實(shí)戰(zhàn)做法。
1.首先應(yīng)該審題,尤其關(guān)注作文題目中的絕對(duì)性詞匯。
比如:Improving school is most important factor to sucessful development of country.看到most,我們自然想到用他因法。
2.其次用20秒的時(shí)間,整理腦中所有能用的素材,讓這些素材稱為支持你段落的骨架,然后開始確定段落的論點(diǎn)。
3.盡量使你的語言句式豐富一些。
形式主語,主動(dòng),被動(dòng),動(dòng)名詞To do作主語,倒裝句,there be,以及強(qiáng)調(diào)句等等。特別強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn),為了使你文章的邏輯清晰可見,要使用邏輯連接詞。
4.把握好過渡詞的使用,和適當(dāng)?shù)恼撌龇椒ㄍ晟颇愕淖魑模怪蔀橐粋€(gè)邏輯整體。論述方法:條件(假設(shè))法,比如:if 我按照論點(diǎn)那樣做,就能cause siginificant effects,除了用if,還能有with, when, only through + 方式+倒裝等。
新托福獨(dú)立作文的寫作是有技巧可以講究的,只要我們把作文的條理理順,再用自己的語言組織論點(diǎn)和論據(jù),豐富文章內(nèi)容,然后再稍加注意一下措辭就可以了。
以上就是環(huán)球北美考試院為大家介紹的托福獨(dú)立寫作的相關(guān)知識(shí),希望考生們可以仔細(xì)閱讀,考出理想的成績(jī)!