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      拋錨式教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì).(5篇)

      時(shí)間:2019-05-13 00:26:14下載本文作者:會(huì)員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《拋錨式教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì).》,但愿對(duì)你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《拋錨式教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì).》。

      第一篇:拋錨式教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì).

      [53] 劉瓊.網(wǎng)絡(luò)模式下的拋錨式教學(xué)在大學(xué)英語視聽說課堂上的應(yīng)用[J].佳木斯教育學(xué) 院學(xué)報(bào),2010(2).[54] 馬利娟.中職英語拋錨式教學(xué)的思考與實(shí)踐[J].教育探索,2009(12).[55] 湯月明.英語課堂“自主學(xué)習(xí)”教學(xué)模式探討---建構(gòu)主義理論的實(shí)際應(yīng)用[J].文教資 料,2006(6).[56] 王文靜.賈斯珀系列概覽---建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式案例研究[J].全球教育展覽,2001(01).[57] 溫梅, 王瑞云.基于高職應(yīng)用寫作的拋錨式教學(xué)模式研究[J].河北科技師范學(xué)院學(xué) 報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版), 2005(4).[58] 徐斌艷.拋錨式教學(xué)模式在數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[J].教育發(fā)展研究, 2001(8).[59] 徐麗華.拋錨式教學(xué)模式在大學(xué)英語精讀教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用 [J].西安郵電學(xué)院學(xué) 報(bào),2009(11).[60] 楊曉娟.基于建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論的教學(xué)過程設(shè)計(jì)模式[D].濟(jì)南:山東師范大學(xué),2000.[61] 鄭琴,劉蓉.拋錨式教學(xué)模式在大學(xué)英語精讀教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用研究[J].吉林省教育學(xué)院 學(xué)報(bào),2009(10).1.2 研究目的

      本研究嘗試著將基于建構(gòu)主義理論下的拋錨式教學(xué)模式具體地運(yùn)用到對(duì)外漢 語聽力課堂教學(xué)中,并驗(yàn)證其效果,為對(duì)外漢語聽力教學(xué)提供更多的可操作的模 式。筆者以自身所教授的泰國法政大學(xué)大二學(xué)生赴重慶大學(xué) 2011 暑期強(qiáng)化培訓(xùn)班 為例,采用教案分析,將建構(gòu)主義理論中的其中一種較成熟的教學(xué)模式,即拋錨 式教學(xué)模式,運(yùn)用到筆者所教授的一堂聽力課中,筆者會(huì)在教學(xué)過程中嚴(yán)格按照 教學(xué)模式所申明的教學(xué)步驟操作,并論證其效果。1.3 研究意義

      本研究具有一定的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。對(duì)外漢語聽力教學(xué)研究是一直是熱點(diǎn)問題,本 文將建構(gòu)主義理論下的拋錨式教學(xué)模式與對(duì)外漢語聽力教學(xué)相結(jié)合,研究聽力教 學(xué)中面臨的實(shí)際問題,為今后的其它相關(guān)研究提供佐證,以期提高廣大將漢語作 為第二語言的學(xué)習(xí)者的漢語聽力水平。本研究還有較大的實(shí)踐意義,本研究為學(xué) 校開展對(duì)外漢語聽力教學(xué)改革提供一定的借鑒,本研究結(jié)合研究者自身的教學(xué)實(shí) 踐,探討對(duì)外漢語聽力教學(xué)的具體措施與教學(xué)策略,為對(duì)外漢語聽力課堂的教學(xué) 者和學(xué)習(xí)者提供參考

      2.3 建構(gòu)主義理論下的拋錨式教學(xué)模式

      “建構(gòu)主義理論”作為教學(xué)方面的主流,在各科的教學(xué)中都得到了廣泛的運(yùn)用,特別是在數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)這兩門學(xué)科?!敖?gòu)主義理論”可以追溯到皮亞杰的“孩童思維發(fā)展理論”(轉(zhuǎn)引自 Ormrod,2004)。自 1980 年代以來,盡管認(rèn)知心理學(xué)已經(jīng)取代了行為主義心理學(xué)在教學(xué)中處于主導(dǎo)地位,然而“建構(gòu)主義理論”卻并沒有對(duì)教學(xué)產(chǎn)生很大的影響。近年來,電腦和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)多媒體的技術(shù)發(fā)展迅速,有了這些先進(jìn)的技術(shù),教師們更愿意為學(xué)習(xí)者創(chuàng)造基于“建構(gòu)主義理論”的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,到此,建構(gòu)主義理論才越來越被廣泛應(yīng)用。建構(gòu)主義教育理念植根于認(rèn)知建構(gòu)論和社會(huì)建構(gòu)論。前者是建立在皮亞杰的觀點(diǎn)之上的(Lefrancois, 2004),后者通常被認(rèn)為是建立在維果斯基的觀點(diǎn)之上的。建構(gòu)主義作為一種教育和學(xué)習(xí)的方法,已經(jīng)從心理學(xué)和信息處理理論的基礎(chǔ)上得到了發(fā)展,近年來日益整合語言學(xué)、人類學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)等形成了自己特有的觀點(diǎn)(Lefrancois, 2004)。即建構(gòu)主義已形成了自己特有的知識(shí)觀、學(xué)習(xí)觀和教育觀。建構(gòu)主義者認(rèn)為,“知識(shí)不是被動(dòng)地接受,而是被認(rèn)知的主體所建立的”(vonGlasersfeld,1995)。他們將知識(shí)定義為“暫時(shí)性的,發(fā)展的,以社會(huì)和文化作為媒介的,因而是無目標(biāo)的”(von Glasersfeld,1995)。知識(shí)不是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的準(zhǔn)確論證;它是通過學(xué)生與世界之間的關(guān)系創(chuàng)造的。知識(shí)被看作是動(dòng)態(tài)的,隨著經(jīng)驗(yàn)不斷變化的,并且,在本質(zhì)上是主觀的、臨時(shí)的。同時(shí),建構(gòu)主義者認(rèn)為, “學(xué)習(xí)是一種基于已有知識(shí)的積極地建構(gòu)的過程”。學(xué)習(xí)需要產(chǎn)生新的想法,而不是機(jī)械地積累事實(shí)。有意義的學(xué)習(xí)是通過重新思考舊的概念,在與我們的舊觀點(diǎn)沖突的情形下,最終對(duì)新的概念產(chǎn)生了新的結(jié)論。由于學(xué)生不是知識(shí)的被動(dòng)接受者,教師也不能向?qū)W生傳遞知識(shí), 因此從建構(gòu)主義理論來看,“教學(xué)應(yīng)該是一個(gè)促進(jìn)學(xué)生構(gòu)建知識(shí)的過程”(von Glasersfeld,1995:56)。

      基于建構(gòu)主義理論,產(chǎn)生了多種教學(xué)模式,如支架式教學(xué)模式、拋錨式教學(xué)模式,和隨即通達(dá)式教學(xué)模式。本文重點(diǎn)使用的是拋錨式教學(xué)模式。2.3.1 拋錨式教學(xué)法 ①拋錨式教學(xué)的特點(diǎn)

      拋錨式教學(xué)模式的核心在于,學(xué)習(xí)者如果想獲得知識(shí),必須親自發(fā)現(xiàn)、處理和轉(zhuǎn)化復(fù)雜的知識(shí)信息。學(xué)習(xí)被視為不斷地檢查與舊規(guī)則對(duì)立的新信息,當(dāng)舊的規(guī)則不再起作用時(shí),修改舊的規(guī)則,形成新規(guī)則。因而,在課堂上向?qū)W生提出好的問題成為教師最重要的工作之一。在拋錨式教學(xué)模式的課堂上,教師和學(xué)生都認(rèn)為知識(shí)不像惰性信息的記憶,但作為一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的、不斷變化的觀點(diǎn)我們生活的這個(gè)世界里,能夠成功地伸展和探索這一觀點(diǎn)(劉穎燦,2007)。劉穎燦對(duì)傳統(tǒng)課堂與拋錨式教學(xué)模式課堂進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,見表 2.1.②拋錨式教學(xué)模式的教學(xué)步驟

      拋錨式教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)教學(xué)情境的重要性,將教學(xué)內(nèi)容鑲嵌某個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)的人類生活事件或問題情境中,讓學(xué)生在真實(shí)的,或者是至少類似于真實(shí)的情境中親身體驗(yàn)、生成學(xué)習(xí),并自主地探究事件、解決問題、建構(gòu)意義。(陳寧,2005)這種教學(xué)不僅有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和積極性,更重要的是有助于學(xué)生掌握真正實(shí)用的知識(shí)。讓學(xué)生直接面對(duì)并嘗試解決問題。被選出來的事件或問題稱為“錨”,而確定問題的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)被形象地稱為“拋錨”,所選擇的事件或問題必須與教學(xué)內(nèi)容緊密相關(guān)。一旦問題、事件或者是任務(wù)被確定下來,整個(gè)教學(xué)內(nèi)容和教學(xué)進(jìn)程隨之也就確定下來,就像對(duì)應(yīng)的錨可以將一艘大輪船固定住一樣。在“拋錨”之后,教師需要完成的任務(wù)包括:向?qū)W生提供解決該問題的幫助和指導(dǎo);盡可能讓學(xué)生發(fā)揮自主學(xué)習(xí)能力;組織學(xué)生開展合作學(xué)習(xí);與學(xué)生一起對(duì)教學(xué)效果進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。由于拋錨式教學(xué) 強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)設(shè)真實(shí)情境,主張教學(xué)要以真實(shí)的事例或問題為基礎(chǔ),因此也被稱為“情境性教學(xué)”、“實(shí)例式教學(xué)”或“基于問題的教學(xué)”。拋錨式教學(xué)由這樣幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)組成(劉洋,鐘志賢,2005):1)創(chuàng)設(shè)情境 --使學(xué)習(xí)能在和現(xiàn)實(shí)情況基本一致或相似的情境中發(fā)生。2)確定問題--在上述情境下,選擇出與當(dāng)前學(xué)習(xí)主題密切相關(guān)的真實(shí)性事件或問題作為學(xué)習(xí)的中心內(nèi)容。選出的事件或問題就是“錨”,這一環(huán)節(jié)的作用就是“拋錨”。3)自主學(xué)習(xí)--不是由教師直接告訴學(xué)生應(yīng)當(dāng)如何去解決面臨的問題,而是由教師向?qū)W生提供解決該問題的有關(guān)線索,并特別注意發(fā)展學(xué)生的“自主學(xué)習(xí)”能力。

      4)協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)--討論、交流,通過不同觀點(diǎn)的交鋒,補(bǔ)充、修正、加深每個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)當(dāng)前問題的理解。

      5)效果評(píng)價(jià)--由于拋錨式教學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)過程就是解決問題的過程,由該過程可以直接反映出學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果。因此對(duì)這種教學(xué)效果的評(píng)價(jià)不需要進(jìn)行獨(dú)立于教學(xué)過程的專門測驗(yàn),只需在學(xué)習(xí)過程中隨時(shí)觀察并記錄學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)即可。

      (很好的參考)3 研究方法

      本文采用定量的研究方法。主要用在學(xué)生成績進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié)。3.1 研究問題

      本研究嘗試著將基于建構(gòu)主義理論下的拋錨式教學(xué)模式具體地運(yùn)用到對(duì)外漢 語聽力課堂教學(xué)中,并驗(yàn)證其效果,為對(duì)外漢語聽力教學(xué)提供更多的可操作的模 式。本項(xiàng)研究包括的問題:

      在對(duì)外漢語聽力課堂教學(xué)中,拋錨式教學(xué)模式是否能有效幫助外國學(xué)生完成漢語聽力的學(xué)習(xí)? 3.2 研究對(duì)象

      本研究對(duì)象是來重慶大學(xué)國際教育交流學(xué)院進(jìn)行暑期項(xiàng)目交流的泰國法政大學(xué)學(xué)生,即泰國法政大學(xué)大二學(xué)生赴重慶大學(xué)暑期強(qiáng)化短訓(xùn)班,共計(jì) 37 人,由于人數(shù)較多,短訓(xùn)班隨機(jī)分為兩個(gè)班,短訓(xùn)一班(實(shí)驗(yàn)班)17 人,短訓(xùn)二班(對(duì)照班)20 人。本人被分派負(fù)責(zé)教授的是短訓(xùn)一班的聽力課,并采用拋錨式教學(xué)模式進(jìn)行聽力教學(xué),短訓(xùn)二班的聽力課,是由本人的同事所教授,她采用的是傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式進(jìn)行聽力教學(xué)的。對(duì)照班和實(shí)驗(yàn)班的學(xué)生的漢語為均中級(jí)水平。他們中的絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生都是華裔,祖輩大部分來自廣東、福建等地。這 37 名來華學(xué)習(xí)漢語的泰國學(xué)生的漢語背景為泰國法政大學(xué)中文專業(yè)本科二年級(jí)漢語專業(yè),學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)漢語的時(shí)間為 3—6 年。3.3 研究設(shè)計(jì) 本研究主要以《漢語聽力速成》(中級(jí)篇)第二課——《吃的學(xué)問》中的課文一,即介紹“中國茶”的短篇聽力文章為例,具體闡釋在教學(xué)實(shí)踐過程中是如何遵循該模式的具體實(shí)施步驟的。表 3.1 為實(shí)驗(yàn)班的基本情況介紹。

      基于建構(gòu)主義理論,將拋錨式教學(xué)模式運(yùn)用于本研究的聽力教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中,表 3.2.為教案樣課,本人將通過教案詳細(xì)展示在教學(xué)實(shí)踐過程中是如何遵循并且實(shí)施該模式的具體實(shí)施步驟的

      3.3.1 步驟一:創(chuàng)設(shè)情境 筆者備課中將在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上所搜集到的一些中國的馳名中外的茶葉品牌的圖片(比如說西湖龍井、洞庭碧螺春、黃山毛峰、安徽鐵觀音、普洱茶等)及其留學(xué)生們在中國超市常見的一些茶飲料的圖片(如康師傅冰紅茶,冰綠茶,烏龍茶,茉莉花茶等等),經(jīng)過加工整理后通過多媒體大屏幕幻燈片方式一一展示給學(xué)生。

      3.3.2 步驟二:確定問題

      3.3.3 步驟三:幫助學(xué)生組成小組,在討論的過程中學(xué)習(xí)

      教師在這個(gè)過程中會(huì)在教室里走動(dòng),并觀察每個(gè)組的討論情況,適當(dāng)?shù)亟o予指引,以確保每個(gè)學(xué)生都在思考問題,并積極地投入到討論中,在這個(gè)過程中教師會(huì)注意掌控分組討論的時(shí)間。

      3.3.4 步驟四:教師記錄下每個(gè)小組的討論成果,并予以總結(jié)在這個(gè)過程中,如若學(xué)生的討論結(jié)果還不夠全面,教師可以給予指引,同時(shí),教師可以在此過程中順帶講解生詞以及語法。

      由于學(xué)生的討論中,沒有涉及到“飲茶的方式”這一方面的內(nèi)容,教師考慮到用咖啡這種跟茶相似的飲料,給予提示。提示內(nèi)容如下:“我們平常喝咖啡時(shí),既可以在家直接用熱水泡咖啡,也可以通過咖啡壺煮咖啡來喝。教師在講咖啡的飲用方式時(shí),在 PPT 上配以泡咖啡和煮咖啡兩種喝咖啡的方式。同學(xué)們,猜想一下,中國人飲茶的方式有幾種?是不是像喝咖啡那樣呢?”

      3.3.5 步驟五:檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果

      在檢查學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果方面,筆者從兩個(gè)方面來考察,一方面是直接考察,直接考察與學(xué)生的聽力能力直接相關(guān),即通過學(xué)生聽完課文后,完成教材所附的練習(xí)題的準(zhǔn)確度來考察(聽力短文見附錄 A);另一方面,是間接考察,即通過話題辯論等口頭表達(dá)的形式來考察學(xué)生是否掌握了所學(xué)語法和詞匯,以及是否了解了課文中所涉及到的文化知識(shí)。

      3.4 研究工具 本論文研究的工具:

      3.4.2 培訓(xùn)前、中、后期的測試本研究在培訓(xùn)前、培訓(xùn)中以及培訓(xùn)后進(jìn)行測試,其目的是為了了解學(xué)生在聽力課堂中的成績是否有所提高,是否有效。筆者希望通過測試學(xué)生在基于“拋錨式教學(xué)模式”的聽力課堂中的聽力水平,具體介紹如下: ① 培訓(xùn)前期測試

      泰國法政大學(xué)漢語專業(yè)大二的學(xué)生在來華參加漢語短期強(qiáng)化培訓(xùn)之前,重慶大學(xué)曾給這些學(xué)生作過一次測試,只有通過這次測試的同學(xué)才有資格來重大培訓(xùn)。而這次測試的成績則可以作為筆者所帶班級(jí)學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)的前測成績。詳細(xì)成績情況請(qǐng)見附錄 D,由于重慶大學(xué)要對(duì)這次測試的具體內(nèi)容保密,所以筆者只能在本文中呈現(xiàn)他們在此次測試的總成績。兩個(gè)班的總成績見附錄 D。②培訓(xùn)期中測試

      在培訓(xùn)中期進(jìn)行的,學(xué)生已經(jīng)接受了一段時(shí)間的聽力訓(xùn)練,并對(duì)重慶的文化氛圍,及其重慶人的生活習(xí)慣有了一定的了解。本次期中考試的題目是由筆者出的卷子(詳見附錄 E),總共包含五個(gè)聽力話題,共 7 篇聽力文章。這五個(gè)聽力話題分別是:一,問路;二,吃飯;三,購物;四,生活及其學(xué)習(xí);五,旅游。此次期中考試共涉及七篇文章,六篇對(duì)話和一篇短文聽力,共計(jì) 100 分,需要學(xué)生 100 分鐘內(nèi)完成。(成績見附錄 F)③培訓(xùn)期末測試

      泰國 2011 暑期短訓(xùn)班聽力課考試試題的考試時(shí)間為 100 分鐘,滿分為 100 分。由筆者和短訓(xùn)班二班的聽力教師共同出題,主要內(nèi)容為上課所使用的教材《漢語聽力速成》中所教授過的知識(shí),并結(jié)合 HSK 漢語水平考試五級(jí)的部分原題。本套題由五個(gè)題組成,具體詳見附錄 G。(學(xué)生期末考試成績見附錄 H)3.5 數(shù)據(jù)收集與分析

      本部分主要針對(duì)通過上文提到的三種研究工具所收集到的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果進(jìn)行綜合分析。3.5.2 培訓(xùn)前、中、后期的測試數(shù)據(jù)分析 ① 對(duì)培訓(xùn)前期摸底性測試的分析

      由重慶大學(xué)國際教育交流學(xué)院負(fù)責(zé)本次暑期交流項(xiàng)目的負(fù)責(zé)人張老師給我提供的學(xué)生的摸底成績,不難看到,總的來說,這批學(xué)生的水平還是不錯(cuò)的。筆者對(duì)學(xué)生的成績作了一張表格(見表 3.9),便于分析。表 3.9 培訓(xùn)前期學(xué)生的測試成績分析表 Table 3.9 The Analysis Table of Students’ Scores Before Training

      從表 3.9 中不難看出,實(shí)驗(yàn)班學(xué)生的平均分達(dá)到了 81.75 分,而對(duì)照班學(xué)生的平均分是 81.65 分,兩個(gè)班的學(xué)生成績基本一致,都屬于中等水平。兩個(gè)班都存在

      學(xué)生水平參差不齊的情況,其表現(xiàn)在低分太低,而高分與低分的差距也比較大,總的來說,兩個(gè)班里 80~90 分這個(gè)區(qū)間段的學(xué)生占絕大多數(shù),90 分以上的同學(xué)卻一個(gè)也沒有,可以看出兩個(gè)班聽力非常拔尖的同學(xué)都挺欠缺。② 對(duì)培訓(xùn)中期的期中測試的分析

      在培訓(xùn)的中期,對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)班和對(duì)照班的學(xué)生進(jìn)行了一場期中考核,考核成績具體情況,見附錄 E。表 3.10 為培訓(xùn)中期兩個(gè)班學(xué)生成績對(duì)照表表 3.10 培訓(xùn)中期學(xué)生的實(shí)驗(yàn)班和對(duì)照班的測試成績對(duì)照表

      Table 3.10 The Analysis of Students’ Scores Between Experimental and Control Class in While Training

      從表 3.10 不難看出,實(shí)驗(yàn)班和對(duì)照班的學(xué)生在培訓(xùn)中期整體還是呈現(xiàn)進(jìn)步的趨勢,這表現(xiàn)在:第一,低分段的人數(shù)有所減少,實(shí)驗(yàn)班原 70~80 分段的 3 人變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在的 1 人,對(duì)照班原 60~70 分段的 1 人變?yōu)?0 人,原 70~80 分段的 5 人變?yōu)?4人;第二,整體的平均分有所提升,實(shí)驗(yàn)班由原來的 81.75 上升到現(xiàn)在的 87 分,對(duì)照班由原來的 81.65 提升到現(xiàn)在的 83.25 分;三,最高分和最低分相對(duì)于培訓(xùn)前都有所提高。但就這兩個(gè)班的進(jìn)步程度相比較,實(shí)驗(yàn)班略勝一籌,表現(xiàn)在高分段的人數(shù),實(shí)驗(yàn)班,90 分以上的人數(shù)由原來的 0 人到現(xiàn)在的 3 人,而對(duì)照班,90 分以上的人數(shù)始終是 0 人; ③ 對(duì)培訓(xùn)后期的期末測試的分析

      期末測試是由筆者與聽力二班的聽力老師共同出題,這份試題的來源有兩個(gè)部分,一部分是課本上教師教授過的話題和詞匯;另一個(gè)部分是完全取自 HSK 五級(jí)真題中的聽力練習(xí)。兩個(gè)班學(xué)生的期末測試成績見附錄 H,表 3.11 為兩個(gè)班成績對(duì)照。表 3.11 培訓(xùn)后期實(shí)驗(yàn)班和對(duì)照班學(xué)生的成績對(duì)照表

      The Analysis Between the Results of Students’ Scores of Experimental and Control Class in After Training

      或許從培訓(xùn)前期與培訓(xùn)中期實(shí)驗(yàn)班和對(duì)照班的成績比較還看不出兩個(gè)班的差距,但從期末考試成績可以看出,無論是最高分,最低分,平均分,還是高分段人數(shù)這幾個(gè)方面,實(shí)驗(yàn)班的成績都明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照班。4 結(jié)果與討論

      本研究希望通過定量分析的研究方法,即把培訓(xùn)前、中、后期的測試成績相結(jié)合,試圖探求本文提出的研究問題:

      在對(duì)外漢語聽力課堂教學(xué)中運(yùn)用建構(gòu)主義理論的拋錨式教學(xué)模式是否能有效協(xié)助外國學(xué)生完成漢語聽力的學(xué)習(xí)? 4.1 “拋錨式教學(xué)模式”的效果

      本研究在實(shí)際教學(xué)過程中采用了“拋錨式”教學(xué)模式,收到了良好的教學(xué)效果。學(xué)生們從培訓(xùn)開始之前的聽不太懂教師提出的問題或是即使聽懂了教師提出的問題也不知道該如何表達(dá)的狀態(tài),逐步過渡到能聽懂教師正常語速下的問題并能夠自然流暢地回答教師提出的問題,在一定程度上表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)和看法。學(xué)生們話時(shí)應(yīng)有的鎮(zhèn)靜、從容和自信。這點(diǎn)從培訓(xùn)前和培訓(xùn)后的訪談中可以直觀地看出,培訓(xùn)前,大部分學(xué)生都不敢表達(dá),說話支支吾吾,也聽不清教師課上的提問,與教師溝通的話輪較少;但培訓(xùn)后,幾乎所有的學(xué)生都能暢所欲言,他們對(duì)教師的問題對(duì)答如流,此時(shí),與教師交流的話輪大幅提高,不僅如此,他們還能自如地在聽力課堂外的社會(huì)大課堂,與中國人大膽地交流。說是建立在聽的基礎(chǔ)之上的,學(xué)生敢說,會(huì)說,說得恰當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確必然說明了他們已經(jīng)聽懂并且正確理解了對(duì)方的 講話內(nèi)容。故而,筆者由此可以得出結(jié)論,學(xué)生的聽力水平得到了提高。本人在實(shí)際教學(xué)過程中采用了“拋錨式”教學(xué)模式,對(duì)提高學(xué)生漢語聽力水平起到了一定的作用。具體表現(xiàn)為:學(xué)生在做聽力理解時(shí),不再糾結(jié)于個(gè)別詞匯和語法,而是能夠做到棄小部分,而抓整體,從文章的核心主題層面上來把握聽力材料。綜合上述測試的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果,學(xué)生在經(jīng)歷了培訓(xùn)前、中、后期三段不同時(shí)期的測試后,成績有了明顯的提高。具體詳見表 4.1。表 4.1 培訓(xùn)前中后期測試學(xué)生成績對(duì)比表

      由表 4.1 不難看出,將實(shí)驗(yàn)班和對(duì)照班兩個(gè)班培訓(xùn)后較之于培訓(xùn)前學(xué)生的聽力水平都有了提高,但是實(shí)驗(yàn)班的學(xué)生成績提高得比較明顯,無論是在最高分,最低分還是平均分的提高上,實(shí)驗(yàn)班較之于對(duì)照班都有明顯的優(yōu)勢。5.2 “拋錨式教學(xué)模式”的實(shí)施步驟改進(jìn)與完善

      筆者在教授來自泰國法政大學(xué)大二的學(xué)生的長達(dá)一個(gè)半月的暑期強(qiáng)化班中的對(duì)外漢語聽力課過程中,在不斷與學(xué)生的磨合以及自我改進(jìn)中,筆者形成了適合學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的聽力教學(xué)方法。首先在教授詞匯時(shí),最好是(側(cè)重于)采取情景教學(xué)的方法,而且必須是最貼合學(xué)生實(shí)際情況或者學(xué)生最感興趣的話題教學(xué),譬如,筆者在教授”尷尬”這個(gè)詞時(shí),在 PPT上放了一張圖片,圖片的內(nèi)容大致是一位女明星上臺(tái)領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)時(shí),不慎摔倒了,她的臉上露出了尷尬的笑容。通過老師對(duì)圖片的簡單講解,學(xué)生迅速地了解了尷尬這個(gè)詞的意思,這比直接介紹詞典里尷尬的意思給學(xué)生的印象要深很多。但是,由于筆者課時(shí)有限,為了控制課程時(shí)間,筆者在教授詞匯時(shí),都是自己設(shè)置的情境,讓學(xué)生自己理解,并沒有給很多時(shí)間讓學(xué)生舉一反三的時(shí)間。其次,教師要及時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)學(xué)生已掌握的內(nèi)容,并且復(fù)習(xí)方式要輕松活潑有趣,比如,看出現(xiàn)很多已學(xué)過的詞匯的電影,聽中文歌曲說歌詞,等等。(這些都是以輕松活潑的情景讓學(xué)生融入所學(xué)內(nèi)容的方法)在教學(xué)過程中,學(xué)生認(rèn)為平時(shí)的課堂模式相對(duì)枯燥,如若教師可以通過更加輕松活潑地方式幫助學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)已經(jīng)學(xué)過的知識(shí),會(huì)更受學(xué)生親睞,學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性也會(huì)有所提高。

      另一篇文章

      前言

      4.1研究方法:(1)文獻(xiàn)法 在查閱文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,了解國內(nèi)外建構(gòu)主義拋錨式教學(xué)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,構(gòu)建適合中專學(xué)生的拋錨式化學(xué)教學(xué)模式。(2)實(shí)驗(yàn)法 中專化學(xué)建構(gòu)主義拋錨式教學(xué)對(duì)學(xué)生化學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展的影響研究,主要采用實(shí)驗(yàn)法。通過對(duì)我校一年級(jí)同一層次的園林10級(jí)1班(對(duì)比班)和林業(yè)10級(jí)3班(實(shí)驗(yàn)班)一個(gè)學(xué)期的教學(xué),在實(shí)驗(yàn)班實(shí)施拋錨式教學(xué)模式,對(duì)比班實(shí)施傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式,比較實(shí)驗(yàn)班和對(duì)比班學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)水平、學(xué)習(xí)傾向、學(xué)習(xí)能力發(fā)展情況 4.2實(shí)驗(yàn)的基本過程和主要步驟 4.3教學(xué)實(shí)踐過程 4.2.1被試確定

      研究對(duì)象為齊齊哈爾林業(yè)學(xué)校不同專業(yè)一年級(jí)八個(gè)班中的兩個(gè)班,其中林業(yè)1的班為實(shí)驗(yàn)班,入校人數(shù)33人,園林101班為對(duì)照班,入校人數(shù)31人,由于入校學(xué)生為初中畢業(yè)生或初中未畢業(yè)的學(xué)生,有些學(xué)生未接觸過化學(xué),所以沒有對(duì)他們的入學(xué)成績進(jìn)行比較,而是運(yùn)用問卷調(diào)查的方法對(duì)他們的學(xué)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)和學(xué)習(xí)興趣進(jìn)行比較。調(diào)查結(jié)果統(tǒng)計(jì)后列于表1。

      4.2.3拋錨式教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究材料 a.自編中專化學(xué)校本教材b.實(shí)驗(yàn)班和對(duì)照班學(xué)生前測問卷c.自編2010年下學(xué)期學(xué)生課堂學(xué)習(xí)總內(nèi)容和總時(shí)間一記錄表 4.2.4數(shù)據(jù)的處理方法

      實(shí)驗(yàn)班和對(duì)照班的歷次考試成績及同質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),采用分析統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件Excel進(jìn)行t檢 驗(yàn)和Z檢驗(yàn)處理。4.3教學(xué)實(shí)踐過程

      我對(duì)校本教材化學(xué)的教學(xué)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了全面梳理,重點(diǎn)選取了“物質(zhì)的量”及“離子 反應(yīng)”二個(gè)教學(xué)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了“拋錨式”教學(xué)法的嘗試。4.3.1“物質(zhì)的量”的“拋錨式”教學(xué)法教學(xué)實(shí)踐過程 教學(xué)題目:物質(zhì)的量 教學(xué)重點(diǎn):1.物質(zhì)的量的概念

      另外一篇論文:However, in traditional teaching, the class is still teacher-centered, the students have little chance for expressing ideas and lack of interest in writing and they do not know how to write.It leads to the students’ writing competence is poor, and they can not do effective written communication.In order to change this present situation, motivate students’ learning interest andimprove the writing ability, anchored instruction is introduced into English writing class bythe author.The anchored instruction model is based on the theory of constructivism.Itemphasizes on situating the learning in realistic problems, to make students have learningneeds.Then they learn autonomously and collaborate with group members to solve theproblem.It can innovate on the traditional teacher-centered teaching model and it can help toset up the student-centered teaching model which lays stress on acquiring the directexperience, on solving the problems, on developing students’ initiatives and the practicalability.The anchored instruction is consistent with the New English Curriculum Standard(2005).Anchored instruction is developed by the Cognition & Technology Group at Vanderbilt(CTGV)under the leadership of John Bransford.The application of anchored instruction hasbeen to elementary language arts and mathematics skills.But the research on the applicationof anchored instruction hasn’t been widely carried out, especially in English writing in seniorhigh school.The present paper is intended to show that the application of anchoredinstruction has a positive effect on English writing.The author intends to testify the following hypothesis:

      Is the model of anchored instruction superior to the traditional model in students’writing performance? Can this model help students’ to promote cooperative learning? The period of the study lasts one semester: from September, 2010 to January, 2011.Theexperiment was carried out in class 65(experimental class)and class 66(control class)ofYongnian Senior High School---a rural school.The anchored instruction was implemented inexperimental class, which the traditional model was implemented in control class.First, theresearcher conducted a pre-test to show the students’ writing ability in two classes is parallel,then collected the information of the students’ English writing situation by carrying outpre-questionnaire.Second, the researcher implemented the anchored instruction in theexperimental class.Third, the researcher testified the effect of the anchored instruction byanalyzing the post test scores, and the results show that the anchored instruction is superior tothe traditional model, it can create a relaxed and interactive learning atmosphere, arouse thewriting interest, form the positive attitude to English writing, help students learnautonomously, enhance the confidence in writing, promote their collaborative abilities andimprove their writing abilities.2.3 Theoretical Basis: Constructivism Constructivism is a learning theory that has its foundations in psychology, philosophy aswell as anthropology(Brookes & Brooks, 1993).The basic premise of the learning theory isthat the knowledge is not transmitted from the external world to memories of individuals.It isconstructed by an individual through her or his interactions with the environment.Hence, thelearner is an active information processor, and she or he tends to interpret the world in her orhis way with the support of her or his exiting knowledge.(Williams & Burden, 2003).Constructivism has many schools.As Tynjala put it, “In recent literature, at least thefollowing branches of constructivist thought can be found: radical or cognitive constructivism;social constructivism;the socio-cultural approach;symbolic interactionism;and socialconstructionism.” These branches are common in that knowledge is constructed byindividuals to social communities.These branches differ in the emphases---either theindividual factor or the social factor plays a more important role than the other during thelearning process.And in this thesis mainly introduce two of them which are closely related tothis study.They are cognitive constructivism and social constructivism.2.3.1 Cognitive Constructivism The theory of constructivism’s formalization is generally attributed to Swisspsychologist Jean Piaget(1896-1980)whose works are grounded of cognitive constructivism.He articulated mechanisms by which knowledge is internalized by learners.Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive constructivism describes everyone’s developmentexperiences four successive stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concreteoperational, formal operational.He suggests that learning is the process of the balance ofexisting schema and new experience.He argues that an individual constructs new knowledgefrom their experience, through the process of accommodation or assimilation.Whenassimilating, individuals incorporate the new experience into the existing framework withoutchanging it.On the contrary, when individuals’ experiences contradict their internalknowledge, they may change their understanding of the experiences to fit their internalknowledge.That is to say, accommodation is the process of reframing individual’s mentalrepresentation of the external world to fit new experiences.An individual arrivesequilibration with the external world through assimilation and accommodation: whenindividuals assimilate the new information without changing existing knowledge, they are ina state of equilibration;when the individual’s existing knowledge can not incorporate the new information, the equilibration is violated.At this moment, the process of reframing theirinternal representations is the process of seeking for the new equilibration.The cognitivestructure of an individual constructs, enlarge and develop through the process of assimilationand accommodation.Piaget’s works has always focused on the learning process’s constructive nature.Heargued that an individual is involved in constructing their personal knowledge from theexperiences from birth.During this process, individuals assimilate new knowledge to theexisting framework and to modify the existing to accommodate new experience.Therefore,the individual is the center in the learning theory.Thus, according to Piaget, the teacher is a facilitator by providing information and guiding students to explore and interact with the surroundings, so that the students can discover and construct knowledge.His theory provides the cognitive basis of development of constructivism.2.3.2 Social Constructivism Social constructivism focuses on collaborative nature of learners learning in the socialcontext, arguing that knowledge is mutually built and constructed(Santrok, 2004).LevisVygotsky, a Soviet psychologist, has formed foundation of social constructivism.Heintroduces culture and social factor of learning into constructivism.He emphasizes theinfluence of culture and social context for learning.Vygotsky argues that children construct knowledge through social interaction.It issocial learning that leads to the cognitive development.“Zone of proximal development”(ZPD)is Vygotsky’s contribution to social constructivism.It refers to the gap between theactual development level and the potential development level(Vygotsky, 1978:86).“Zone ofproximal development”(ZPD)is Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that a child cancomplete independently, and those complete with the guidance or assistance of adults ormore-skilled peers.The lower limit of ZPD is the level of skill reached by the childindependently.The upper limit is the level of development that the child can reach with theassistance of a capable instructor.The ZPD describes the child’s cognitive skills that are inprocess of maturing and can be accomplished with the assistance of a more-skilled person.Scaffolding is a concept closely related to the idea of ZPD.The Zone of Proximal Development(ZPD)is the distance between what has known andwhat can be known.Vygotsky suggests that learning occurs in this zone.The students cansolve the problems beyond the actual development level under the guide of teachers anddiscussion and cooperation with classmates.Social interactions between students orstudent-teacher can make students’ cognitive development.2.4 Constructivist Views on Learning Intervention 2.4.1 Constructivist Views on Learners Social constructivism holds that every learner is a unique individual.He or she has hisore her different backgrounds and unique needs.Every learner is also multidimensional andcomplex.The social constructivism not only admits the complexity and the uniqueness of thelearners, but also views them as the indispensable part in learning process to encourage,utilize and reward them.(Wertsch 1997).The constructivism encourages learners to arrive at their viewpoints of the truth influenced by their backgrounds, their culture or embedded knowledge.Every learner frombirth influenced by a particular culture, such as language, family culture and so on.And thesewill influence throughout the learner’s whole life.The importance of learner’s socialinteraction with other human beings of society is also stressed.The learner acquires newinformation or knowledge and learns to use it with the interaction with people around them.The learner develops his or her thinking competences by interacting with their peers, parents,society and physical world.From this, social constructivist holds that the culture andbackground of a learner are important in the process of learning, and this unique backgroundand culture are also helpful to shape the learners’ viewpoints and helps the learners explore,create, and attain knowledge in the process of learning.Furthermore, the nature of a learner also concerns the learning motivation.VonGlasersfeld argued that sustaining motivation for learning depends on learners’ confidence intheir potential for learning.The competence or belief of the learner in potential for solvingproblems is derived from the firsthand experience of solving problems formerly, and it ismore powerful than the external motivation or acknowledgment(Prawat and Floden, 1994).By experiencing the completion of solving problems successfully, the learner gainsconfidence and has motivation to engage in more challenging tasks.2.4.2 Constructivist Views on Instructors According to constructivism, instructors should adapt to role of facilitators, not teachers(Bauersfeld, 1995).When giving a lecture, a facilitator helps learners to get into their ownunderstanding.In the traditional class, learners play passive role and according toconstructivism approach, learners play active role in the learning process.Thus the emphasisconverts from instructor and content to the learner(Gamoran, Secada, & Marrett, 1998).Thisdistinct change of the role shows that the facilitator needs to show a different set of skills thanthe teacher(Brownstein 2001).The teachers just tell, while the role of facilitators ask;teachers teach from the front, facilitators support from the back;teachers give answersaccording to the school curriculum, facilitators provide guidelines and create learningenvironment for learners to arrive at their own conclusions;teachers mostly give amonologue, facilitators are dialogue with learners in continuous(Rhodes and Bellamy, 1999).The learning atmosphere designed should also support and challenge learners’ thinking(Di Vesta, 1987).It is advocated to give learners ownership of problem and solution process,but the case is that not any activity or every solution is adequate.The finial goal is to supportlearners become effective thinkers.It can be attained by multiple roles, such as coach orconsultant.2.4.3 Constructivist Views on Learning Constructivism is a learning theory, the advocates of the approach argue that learning isthe active and social process in which the learners construct new ideas and knowledge basedon learners’ current experience.Learning, as a social activity, can not isolate from the connection with the others aroundlearners, such as their teachers, peers, family members and strangers next to them.In thetraditional, the learner always is isolated from social interactions, and learns by one-on-one.In contrast, constructivists admit the learning is a social process involving interaction andconversation with other people.Learning also is considered as an active process, duringwhich learners participate in learning activities to get experience and construct knowledge.Besides that, learning should be contextual.It is impossible to isolate the knowledgefrom the realistic life.Learners learn in relationship to what they believe, what else theyknow, their prejudices and fears.It is the consequence of the thought that learning is socialand active.During the learning process, motivation is a key element.Only learners know ‘thereason why’, they will involve in applying the knowledge that they learned.Therefore,motivation not only helps learners to learn, it is also the essential of learning.Learning is a constructive and active process.The learner perceives the externalinformation actively and constructs the meaning with their existing cognitive structures.Thatis to say, the learner’s existing cognitive structures get reconstruct.According to Piaget,knowledge is constructed when learner interacts with the surroundings around them in ameaningful way.Authentic activity and realistic situation make the learner interest toconstruct new knowledge.That is to say, learning is authentic and contextual.2.4.4 Constructivist Views on Teaching Concerning instruction, the teacher should encourage their students to explore bythemselves.Teachers and students should interact with each other by engaging in activedialogues.The teacher’s task is to present knowledge to be learned by a format suitable tolearners’ current condition of understanding.And the curriculum should be well organized inspiral way, so that, students can build new knowledge on what students have learned.Constructivism holds there is never any one right way for teaching.About consideringwhat constructivist approach provides to a teacher, Von Glasersfeld asserts: “Constructivismcan not tell a teacher new things to do, but it may suggest why certain attitudes andprocedures are counter-productive, and it may point out opportunities for teachers to use theirown spontaneous imagination.” Chapter Three The Research Design Since the last chapter has shown the anchored instruction, this section will implementthe anchored instruction in the real classroom.This chapter will present the whole process of the experiment.3.1 Research Purposes The main purpose of the empirical research is to answer the following questions:Is the model of anchored instruction superior to the traditional model in students’writing performance?In a word, the empirical study is to prove the effectiveness of anchored instruction instudents’ English writing, 3.2 The Implementation of Anchored Instruction 3.2.1 Duration This empirical study was conducted from September, 2010 to January, 2011.To bespecific, it last 18 weeks.The subjects in experimental class attended the writing class onceevery two weeks, spending one and a half hour in class learning.They are required to learnby themselves or in groups, while traditional model applied in the control class.3.2.2 The Subjects The subjects are from two classes in Grade one in senior high school---Yongnian ShiyanSenior High School---a rural high school.These two classes are parallel in Englishproficiency, and it is shown in the later data collection and data analysis.Class 65 was chosenas the experimental class, and Class 66 was the control class.There were 70 students in Class65 with 29 boys and 41 girls, and 68 students in Class 66 with 30 boys and 38 girls.Most ofthem are 16-18 years old.As freshstudents in senior middle school, they are curious aboutthe new life and determined to work hard.3.2.3 Teaching Material The two classes use the same textbook which is published by the People’ EducationPress---New Senior English for China Student’s Book 1 and Book 2.3.2.4 The Instruments The instruments involving the empirical study are writing tests Thepre-test is to examine the subjects’ writing performance before the experiment, and to checkwhether the subjects in two classes are in parallel in English writing performance.Thepost-test is to explore whether the subjects in experimental class make differences from thosein control class.3.2.5 Study Stages The experiment was conducted from September, 2010 to January, 2011.This study involved in three stages.Stage one: Choose one class as the experimental class.The class was representative of Grade2010 the fresh students in Yongnian Shiyan Senior High School.Give a pre-test to examine the subjects’ writing performance before the experiment,and to check whether the subjects in two classes are in parallel in English writingperformance.Stage two:The experiment was carried out.The anchored instruction is used in experimental class, while the control class still in traditional model.Stage three:Give a post-test to the subjects to explore whether the subjects’ writing competence in experimental class makes differences from those in control class.(很好的參考)3.3 Techniques of Anchored Instruction Based on constructivism theory, the application of anchored instruction in writinginvolves five phases in present study: creating the authentic situation;making anchors;students’ autonomous learning;students’ collaborative learning;teacher’s response.Creating Authentic Situation Anchored instruction lays stress on placing learning in a meaningful context.Learninglanguage can not isolate from the realistic situation.Language isolating from life is inert andthe meaning of language expressing fails to transfer.In writing class, the context plays a roleof helping learners to write in the target language to express ideas in life.The learningcontextualized provides a learner with the realistic role that serves to consolidate the processof learning.Learners in realistic environment can actively take part in the learning activitiesand have high interests in writing.In class, teachers can utilize the textbook, stories, pictures,photos, the internet resources and multimedia to create the situation.Anchoring In anchored instruction, the activity of teaching and learning is designed around ananchor which maybe a story or situation which includes issue or problems to be solved and isinteresting for learners.The CTGV regarded anchors as macro-contexts for subsequentinstruction and learning, and explained the goal of the design of anchors “was to createinteresting, realistic contexts that encouraged the active construction of knowledge bylearners.Our anchors were stories rather than lectures and were designed to be explored bystudents and teachers.” The anchoring always refers to as the bonding of content within therealistic context.Anchored modules usually embed the information needed or hint as scaffolding, it makes the problem easier to solve.In writing class, providing an anchor withembedded information makes the writing process easier.Students’ Autonomous Learning In anchored instruction, learners are considered as active meaning constructors, and they can learn autonomously.During the process of writing, students are required to get thenecessary relevant information and take notes from the anchors provided.After thepreparation, they decide the writing content around the topic with the relevant informationfrom the anchors, utilize them to finish their writing independently.In the draft, the studentsshould be sure to express their ideas clearly to the reader, neglecting the language forms.Andthe students were told the draft can be rough, just put their mind down to paper quickly.Andthey should leave blank lines or margin for readers to response.And the teacher provideshints or information when the students need.After finishing draft, the students are asked to re-read their draft to evaluate and revisethe drafts, try their best to correct the errors of words, expressions, grammars and structures.Maybe they still have questions in expression and about some detailed information.Next,they will solve the questions in groups.Students’ Collaborative LearningIn anchored instruction, creating the environment of collaborative learning is one ofgoals of it.In writing class, under the collaborative atmosphere, the students work in groupsto discuss the topics, share opinions, give suggestions, solve problems and help each other.Thus, the interaction between learners is an important factor influencing on the knowledgeconstruction.Collaborative learning can help students view the topic from multipleperspectives, arouse their writing interests, and enhance their writing confidence.This partmainly includes group discussion and peer-evaluation.When studying in group, the students show their written paper and discuss theirambiguity in writing with others in group.The group member makes suggestions to eachother.In this stage, the students’ role is shifted, from a writer to a reader.The experience hastwo good points.First, students give support to other members.Second, students can learnfrom others: the good points, expressions and structures, also, it can develop the sense ofreader for them.When evaluation, the students as a reader examines the writing in terms of thoughtsexpressed and the usage of language, offering opinions by pointing out what are good pointsand what still confuse to readers.Then, they make suggestions and evaluation for thewriting’s improvement.The students revise their written paper again by getting feedback from members ingroup.They should decide whether the feedback from others is valuable and make a change.Teachers’ Response In anchored instruction, the teacher, as a facilitator or a guider, helps students realize that language is a communication tool to express and transfer knowledge.When making response to the students’ writing, the teacher should focus on the good expressions and points to praise students, and give mentions to typical errors, not all.The teacher also should make response with questions.Asking questions helps the students to express thoughts more clearly.It indicates the teacher is not authority but facilitator, helping students learning easier.The teacher’s encouraging or useful response can arouse students’ learning interest, motivate them and enhance confidence in the process of writing.3.4 A Sample Lesson Teaching Material: New Senior English for China Student’s Book 1 Teaching Content: Unit 1 Friendship(writing part)Teaching Time: September 8th, 2010.Teaching Objectives: 1)to improve students’ writing performance;2)to improve students’ problem solving abilities;3)to cultivate students’ consciousness of autonomous learning;4)to develop students’ collaborative learning.Teaching Procedure: Step One: Warming Up T: Good morning, class.In this unit, we have learned friendship between Anne and her diary.I think everybody here has your own good friend.Who can tell me the importance of the friendship? S1: My best friend often helps me with my studies.S2: We always play basketball together.T: Ok, well done.Now I will show you some pictures on the screen.Look at them carefully.Then tell me what the pictures express and your ideas about them.Ss: The pictures show about the importance of friends.T: Friends are important for us.But not everyone is good at making friends.How to makefriends with others is also important.Today, it is our topic.Supposing you received a letterfrom a pen pal named Xiao Dong.I will show the letter on the screen.Step Two: Pre-writing During the process, the teacher asks the students to identify the problem Xiao Dong hasand take notes about the necessary information they need by themselves for a minute or two.T: Today, we are going to write some advice for Xiao Dong.Do you know how to write aproposal letter? Now have a discussion on it in groups.After discussion, the teacher asks some students to answer the question.Ss: First, presenting the problem;second, proposing solutions;third, conclusion.Step Three: While-writingDraftingAfter the preparation, students begin to write the draft.In the draft, students should besure the problem Xiao Dong faces and what advice they want to give, then express ideasclearly.It can be rough, just put their ideas down to paper.Students’ Advice Samples:Self-evaluationAfter finishing the draft, students are asked to re-read their draft and try their best toevaluate and correct the errors.Discussion and Peer-evaluationThen students study in groups.In groups, students present their writing to each other anddiscuss their ambiguity during the writing process.Members of group make suggestions toeach other.The role of the student is shifted, from a writer to a reader.And they need toevaluate peers’ writing and help them to correct the errors, try their best to help the peers’writing improvement.RevisionAccording to the feedback from members of group, the students revise their writtenpaper again.Following is the revision from one of the students:Step Four: Post-WritingAfter revision, the teacher asks some students to make presentation in front of the class, and gives positive comment on the structure and the ideas expressed by students.The teacher should focus on the good expressions and points to praise students, and pay attention totypical errors.The teacher also makes response with questions.Asking questions helps thestudents to express thoughts more clearly.It suggests that the teacher is facilitator notauthority.The teacher’s encouraging or useful response can arouse students’ learning interest,motivate them and enhance confidence in the process of writing.The teacher encouragesstudents to find more solutions to the problem after class.And the teacher assigns writing aletter to pen pals or friends as homework.It can enhance students’ writing abilities and also isa process of self-improvement.Students’ Reflection After writing class, some students were asked about the effect of the class, and most ofthem thought this class was a success.What those students said was concluded.(1)The learning atmosphere is relaxed;(2)Working in group benefits everyone and fills in blanks between each other;(3)Peer evaluation is helpful for writing improvement;(4)Listening to peers is valuable;(5)They participated in the discussion actively and were willing to present their ideas;(6)Group work and discussion is helpful for problem solving.The students’ reflection shows that anchored instruction has been applied effectively inthis class and is popular with students.Teacher’s Reflection On the whole, the writing class is successful.In this English writing class, studentsparticipated in the learning actively.In group work, they discussed, expressed ideas andhelped each other.Working together aroused the learning enthusiasm of the students.Discussion was helpful for finishing their writing from identifying the problem to solving theproblem.At the stage of peer evaluation, the students shifted their role as writers to readers.This change made them have a better understanding of the content of writing and know whatthe reader really needed.However, there were some defects in this class.Some low level students depended ongroup members excessively.They did nothing, and high level students did the most work.And during the process of discussion, some students used native language to expressthemselves, the teacher had to remind them and asked them to speak in English.Chapter Four Analysis and Discussion 4.1 Data Collection This experiment was carried out from September, 2010 to January, 2011.Data resourcesinclude pre-test, after the experiment.As follows is thedetailed information of data collection.The experiment involved three stages: At the stage one, Pre-test was given to examine the subjects’ writing performance beforethe experiment, and to check whether the subjects in two classes are in parallel in Englishwriting performance.The subjects in two classes took in the pre-test on September 2, 2010.All the papers are collected and graded.And both total scores and writing scores in theexperimental class and the control class were collected and made comparison.Then thepre-questionnaire was delivered on September 3, 2010.The questionnaire before theexperiment is to collect the general information of the subjects: the factors influencing theirwriting;their opinions about English writing teaching;their strategies about English writing;their evaluation about their English writing;the condition of cooperation in English study.All the subjects were involved in it.And all of them made response earnestly.All thequestionnaires are collected.Then, the experiment was carried out.The anchored instruction model was applied inthe experimental class and the traditional model in the control class.At stage three, the post-test was carried out in the two classes to explore whether thesubjects in experimental class make differences from those in control class.Like pre-test,both total scores and writing scores are collected.After the post-test, the subjects were askedto answer the post-questionnaire.The post-questionnaire is to get the feedback from thesubjects about the anchored instruction and to explore whether this model is helpful to theirEnglish writing.4.2 Data Analysis 4.2.1 Analysis of Scores of the Pre-test The pre-test was conducted on September 2, 2010.After the military training for freshstudents, the school organized an examination for them.The test paper is provided by theschool.The test papers were collected and graded by the teachers in grade one.And forwriting part, at least three English teachers graded one paper.Now the results of the pre-testare shown in Table 1.The total score of the paper is 150 points.(The scores of students inpre-test are shown in Appendix I.)

      From this table, it shows that the mean score of these two classes before experiment arevery close.The mean score of control class is 0.7 points higher than the experimental class.The highest score in experimental class is four points higher than the control class, but thelowest score in experimental class is two points lower than the control class.The pass numberof students in this examination is the same.And the pass percentage of two classes is close toeach other.It shows that these two classes are parallel classes.The present study focuses on students’ writing competence.Following shows the resultsof students’ writing competence.The writing score is 30 points.The mean points in this examination of two classes are 15.64 and 15.47, the control class0.17 points higher than the experimental class.There is no distinct difference between thetwo classes.And the highest score is the same.The lowest score only 1 point between thesetwo classes.Table 2 shows the students’ writing competence in two classes is parallel.4.2.2 Analysis of Scores of the Post-test The final examination was carried out on January 22, 2011.All the test papers arecollected and graded.And the post-test is graded by English teachers of grade two.The scoreof writing part in one paper is graded by at least two teachers.(The scores of students inpost-test are shown in Appendix II.)Table 3: Analysis of the total score in post-test

      For the table 3, it shows that the scores of the students in the experimental class areapparently higher than the control class.The pass number of students in experimental class ismore than the control class by 7.And the pass percentage in experimental class is 8.75%higher than the control class.It shows the students in experimental class made great progressthrough this experiment.That is to say, the students’ comprehensive competence inexperimental class has been improved from this angle.Through comparison the writing scores between these two classes in post-test, table 4shows all the data of experimental class is apparently higher than the control class.The meanscore in the experimental class is 3.04 points than the control class.The highest score inexperimental class and control class are 28 and 25.The lowest score in experimental classand control class are 12 and 9.The excellent number in experimental class is more thancontrol class by 10 people, and the excellent percentage is 13.87% higher than the controlclass.It shows the anchored instruction is effective in the experimental class.Through table 5, the result of the experiment is apparent.The post-test scores of studentsin experimental class are distinct from the pre-test.The mean score in the post-test is 3.6points than the pre-test.The highest score in pre-test and post-test are 25 and 28.The lowestscore in pre-test and post-test are 7 and 12.The excellent number in post-test is more than thepre-test by 10 people, and the excellent percentage is 14.29% higher than the control class.From table 4 and 5, there is a significance difference between the control class andexperimental class, the experimental class in pre-test and post-test.That is to say, the result ofthe application of the anchored instruction model in experimental class is prominent.It showsthe anchored instruction is effective and practical.4.3 Comparison Between the Anchored Model and Traditional Model 4.3.1 The Role of the Teacher In traditional classroom, the teacher always plays an authority role in the class whocontrols all the class activities.In writing class, the teacher spends much time telling his orher students how to write the essay around the given topic and how to get more points in theexamination.Next, the students write and hand in within the limited time.The teacher beginsto spend much time red-inking the mistakes, like grammar mistake and vocabulary mistake.Then, the teacher hands out their writing papers.If the teacher gives the scores, the studentsglance the score, put it into desk.That is all about writing training.If the teacher does notgive the scores out, the students throw the writing paper into the desk straightly.The writingclass can not be effective.This point is like parents, who do everything for their children untilthe children master skills or have abilities to live independently from the moment the babiesare born.The teacher does everything to try to provide students master the skills.But thewriting class has little efficiency.While in the class of anchored instruction model, the teacher acts as a facilitator.As afacilitator, the teacher asks questions to give the students clues not tell them how to do,provides guidelines not gives answers and creates the environment for students to arouse thestudents’ interests to explore.A facilitator is always in continuous dialogue with his or herstudents(Rhodes and Bellamy, 1999).The teacher needs to create a relaxed and interactivelearning atmosphere and guides the students to learn autonomously, to cooperate with othersand discuss with each other.4.3.2 The Role of the Student According to traditional classroom, the students just listen to the teacher, taking notesand practicing the newly learned useful expressions.In writing class, the students also write agiven topic within the limited time by using the skills which offered in the textbook thenwaiting the teachers’ response to the writing papers.They are passive;they feel the writingclass is monotonous, and gradually lose interest in it.In the anchored instruction model class, they face the realistic issues in their daily lifeand need to do a lot of work to collect the related information to solve it.They overcome thedifficulties by themselves and learn autonomous.In class, they need to discuss in group andcommunicate with others about the issue.Then, they present their draft in the group andrevise it by peers’ evaluation.They learn from each other, work together and fill in blanks foreach other.In this model class, it is a real students-centered or learners-centered class.There are many differences between the anchored instruction model and traditionalmodel.The following table shows them.Chapter Five Conclusion The previous chapters have shown and the results of the experiment anddiscussion show that the application of anchored instruction is superior to the traditionalmodel and this instruction has positive effect on the subjects.The instruction shifts fromteacher-centered to student-centered in classroom.Students participate in learning andcollaborate with classmates for learning actively.And the anchored instruction promotes thelearning consciousness of students, thus, students make progress.In this Chapter, the authordescribes major findings about the experiment and implication, discusses the limitation andfurther suggestion for continued research.5.1 Major Findings Through the data analysis in chapter 4, the study shows the anchored instruction modelis more effective in improving the students’ writing competence than traditional model.Thereare three major areas the author has found the application of anchored instruction: 5.1.1 Creating a Relaxed and Interactive Learning Atmosphere The anchored instruction model is significance in creating a relaxed and interactivelearning atmosphere.In the experimental class, the teacher acts as a facilitator, organizing thecontextualized lessons for students and promoting opportunities for communication.Thestudents are active in the learning process,and they are interested in the situated questions.The teacher and the students are involved in learning process from each other equally.Thelearning environment is designed to support, and challenge the students’ thinking.And togive the students ownership of the solution process is necessary.The teacher providesreference and creates an environment for the students to arrive at their own conclusions.Under this relaxed and interactive environment the students will be an effective thinker, andthe teacher is a consultant or coach.5.1.4 Promoting Students’ Collaborative Learning Abilities Collaborative learning is an important segment in anchored instruction.It means a smallgroup of learners work together to accomplish shared goals.During the process, learners helpeach other, discuss and collaborate with each other to solve problems, and assess peers andfill in blanks in each other’s comprehension.A group is a team.Everyone of the team isresponsible not only for learning what has taught but also for helping other team members tounderstand.Moreover, the learners have opportunities and time to try out their answers witheach other and they can receive feedback from others in the group before being asked to showtheir contributions to the whole class.The students in a group are not afraid of being laughedby team members when they make mistakes.The relationship of the group or team membersis interdependent.Peers support and mutual help replace the competition.The learningatmosphere is harmonious.It also enhances the learners’ self-confidence.And from theanalysis of the post-questionnaire, 90% of the subjects have a strong will to study in a group.5.2 Implications These findings of this study may give some hints on teaching English writing in thesenior high school.According to the teaching experiences, following are some pedagogicalimplications: To create a realistic situation Learning a language needs a realistic situation.Only using it in the daily life, thestudents can master the language well.In English writing class, writing topics should berelated to the students’ daily life.Students use writing to express their own ideas and communication with others.To help students be autonomous learners In anchored instruction, the writing class should be student-centered or learner-centered.The teacher should guide the students to complete their learning tasks by asking helpfulquestions not giving answers.The students needs to know their essays not for the teacher tocorrect, they are for others to read.Through the essays, they express their thought andcommunicate with others, and they will master the language well.To enhance the students self-confidence As a non-native speaker, writing is difficult for them.They are afraid of writing.Therefore, helping students to enhance their confidence is significance.If the students haveconfidence to write, writing is so easy.Follows list some suggestions for teachers: Do notred-ink every mistake if the mistakes do not affect readers’ understanding;Focus on what thestudents convey not the correct forms;Pay attention to good points and sentences;Exhibit thegood written product.To give positive assessment for every student as far as possible Although it is impossible for the teacher to pay attention to every student, the teachershould give proper assessment to his each student.For students, the teacher’s assessment isencouraging.It can be an incentive for students to make progress.5.3 Limitations and Suggestions Although the empirical study has yielded some achievements in English writing, the study inevitably has limitations.First, this experiment lasted one semester.With relatively short time for the study andauthor’s limited teaching experience, the results may not be prominent.From the point, theauthor advises to carry out a longer term experiment.Second, this experiment was carried out in two large size of class.Most students canfollow the teacher’s instruction, and a few students can not follow the teacher’s instruction.Itprevents this experiment from getting more good results.Third, the subjects in this experiment are all from grade one in senior high school.Theexperiment should be done with large different samples from various grades and schools totest whether this model is effective.Through the results of the experiment, it can be inferred that the anchored instructionhas a positive effect on students’ learning.But the study also leaves a lot to be continuedresearch.And it is need more researches to explore the practical applications of anchoredinstruction.[45] 陳桂芳.建構(gòu)主義的拋錨式教學(xué)策略在課堂教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用 [J].教育理論與實(shí)踐,2005(6).[46] 陳青,烏美娜.從拋錨式教學(xué)看情境學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)教學(xué)及教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的啟示[J].中國電化教育,1999(4).[47] 程曉堂,鄭敏.英語學(xué)習(xí)策略[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社.2002:3.[48] 胡壯麟.語言學(xué)教程.北京大學(xué)出版社,2001.[49] 何克抗.建構(gòu)主義的教學(xué)模式教學(xué)方法與教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)[J].北京示范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版),1997,(5).The instructional design principles underlying the anchored instruction are:(1)Anchored instruction aims to solve the real problems.It stresses the utility ofknowledge.In this situation, the students know the necessity of learning the newknowledge.Thus, they will study automatically and independently.(2)In anchored instruction, the students are the center in the learning procedure.They try to identify the anchor, set up their own goals, and explore the solutions to theproblem on their own.(3)The teacher’s influence decreases in anchored instruction, but it doesn’t meanthe teacher is not important any more.In fact, such kind of instruction requires moreto the instructor.The teacher should act as guide, resource provider, time controller,facilitator, etc.The learners accomplish the knowledge construction under theguidance of the teacher.2.1.4 Procedures of Anchored Instruction In 1998, on the basis of the studies about anchored instruction both at home andabroad, Gao Wen and Chen Haiyan summarized the anchored instruction model.Theydid further researches on the objectives, the instructional principles and the methodsof applying anchored instruction.They also put forward five procedures of anchoredinstruction: 1)Situation creation: the instructor tries to create a macro-situation similar to thereal situation.2)Problem identification: the instructor should point out a question for thestudents to solve.The selected problem plays the role as the “anchor”, and it is thelearning center.The students do their best to solve the problem under themacro-situation.Thus the teaching objectives will be obtained in the process ofproblem-solving.3)Independent learning: the following stage will be finished by the studentswithout being told what to do and how to do.If they meet some difficulties, theteacher will provide some clues to guide them to the correct direction.In this way, thelearners’ autonomous learning ability can improve gradually.4)Collaborative learning: after independent learning, the students communicatewith each other to share their ideas, to express their understanding of the text, and toshow their solution to` the problem.Argument, supplement and revision will occur inthis process.Through cooperating with each other, the students will have a betterunderstanding of what they are learning.5)Evaluation: As anchored instruction requires the students to solve the realproblems, the learning process is the process of solving problems.Thus the students’learning achievements can be assessed in the learning process.3.3.2 The PETS-3 Test Papers The papers of Public English Test System 3(PETS-3)(Appendix II, III)will be usedas the instrument to investigate the students’ English proficiency.Furthermore, thechanges in their English achievements after the experiment can also be reflected bythe paper.First, the author uses the PETS-3 test paper(the PETS 3 test paper in Dec.2010)before the experiment to assess the students’ English proficiency level in thepre-test.And then the author employs another PETS-3 test paper(the PETS-3 test paperin June, 2011)at the end of the semester to compare the changes of the students’English proficiency between the pre-test and the post-test.The full scores of thePETS-3 test paper is 100 points, and the paper is made up of five types of questions,including listening comprehension(20%), vocabulary and structure(20%), reading comprehension(30%), translation(20%)and writing(10%).The examinations ofPublic English Test System 3 is an official test which is of high validity.It is popularin higher vocational colleges, and the questions of the paper are appropriate to thevocational college students’ English capacity, so the test paper can reflect the students’true English proficiency.To ensure the reliability of the data, the test conditionsincluding the time, places, environment, equipments are all the same for theexperimental class and the control class.3.3.3 SPSS V 17.0 SPSS V17.0 is employed in this thesis to analyze the data of FLCAS andfinal test collected in pre-test as well as post-test.SPSS(Statistical Product andService Solutions)is a comprehensive statistical analysis and data managementsystem.It is the earliest statistical analysis software and is widely applied to the fieldsof natural science, technological science, social science, etc.With the continuousdevelopment and improvement, SPSS is highly commended for its accuracy,flexibility and convenience.3.4 Research Design The present research adopts an empirical study.Anchored instruction wasapplied in the experimental class, while the control class instruction still remained tobe the traditional teaching method.The whole instructional experiment processconsists of three stages: pre-test, implementation of the experiment and post-test.The experiment was conducted in the second semester of their freshmen year.It totallylasted sixteen weeks, from February 2012 to June 2012.3.4.1 Pre-test The first stage of the experiment is to survey the students’ foreign languageanxiety level in English classroom via FLCAS, and to investigate their Englishproficiency by means of PETS-3 test paper.Some relevant data will be collected inthe form of the questionnaires and the PETS-3 test papers.3.4.2 Implementation of the Experiment 3.4.2.1 Experimental Class — Anchored Instruction Teaching material: New Horizon English Course(Reading and Writing)Teaching content:Unit 5 Parents’ LoveTeaching time: April 5th, 2012 Teaching procedures: Procedure One: 1)Situation creation: This part is the initial stage of the anchored instruction.Inorder to achieve the teaching goal, the teacher often uses videos, pictures, or tell somestories to create a macro-situation.By these means, the students will be guided intothe circumstances similar to the real situations.The teaching material is New Horizon English Course(Reading and Writing).It consists of ten units, and each unit has two texts.The content of the two passages isabout the same theme.Since the theme has been identified, the instructor will createthe situation around the theme.Take unit 5 for example.The fifth unit of the teaching material is composed oftwo passages : Text A is Father Dearest, and Text B is My Mother and I.The twopassages tell us something about parents’ love.First, the teacher showed them threevideos.The videos were produced by America, China and Thailand separately.All ofthem had something to do with the relationship between parents and their children.The video time lasted about fifteen minutes.After watching them, nearly all thestudents were deeply impressed by the movie.Some girls were even moved to cry.Through the observation the author knew that the students had been guided into the situation which was created by the teacher.2)Problem identification: The instructor should poses a question for the studentsto solve.The selected question plays the role as the “anchor”, and it is the learningcenter.The students do their best to solve the problem under the macro-situation.Thusthe teaching objectives will be obtained in the process of problem-solving.Then we come to the second stage:Problem identification.The teacher showedthem some moving pictures.These pictures helped to narrow down the theme, makingthem know the theme is about the parents’ love.Under such circumstance, onequestion was put forward: telling us something about your father or mother, includingtheir appearance, their character and one thing that impresses you most.3)Independent learning: The following stage will be finished by the studentswithout being told what to do and how to do.If they meet some difficulties, theteacher will provide some clues to guide them to the correct direction.In this way ,the learners’ autonomous learning ability can improve gradually.Since the problem had been identified, the teacher gave the students some time tofinish the assignments.To describe their parents and the thing their parents did forthem, the students had to master some relevant words and phrases.Such kind ofquestions made the students think over the problem by reviewing their ownexperience.They were situated in a familiar environment.This way can arouse theirinterests, and stimulate them to learn the words and phrases actively.This stage is called independent learning.It is mainly finished by the learnersindependently.They can refer the words and grammars at the back of the text, or turnto the dictionary for help.As their English proficiency is limited, the teacher shouldprovide assistance for them appropriately.The instructional assistance ought to stay inthe zone of proximal development.The teaching procedure will be adjusted on thebasis of the learners’ cognitive ability observed by the teacher.This stage lasted about20 minutes.Of course, they made some mistakes in the statement.Then I redressedtheir mistakes and explained some grammars in the text.Through independentlearning, the students had accumulated many new words and phrases related to thetheme, and learned some new grammars.They had been equipped with the ability totransfer from the actual development level to the potential development level.4)Collaborative learning: After independent learning, they had already had anoverview of the text.Then in the next step, collaborative learning began.I divided the37 students into 7 groups.Each group contained 5 or 6 members.They are assignedthe task of summarizing the text.The students communicated with each other to sharetheir ideas, to express their understandings of the text, and to show their solutions tothe problem.Argument, supplements and revisions would occur in this process.Bycooperating with each other, the students had a better understanding of what theywere learning.5)Evaluation: Evaluation is the output stage.The English output is made up of two forms: oral output and written form.As anchored instruction requires the students to solve the real problems, the learning process is the procedure of solving problems.The oral output can be assessed in the course of the instruction through theirpresentation of the question.As for the writing task, it would be evaluated by meansof English proficiency test via PETS-3 test paper.3.4.2.2 Control Class — Traditional Teaching method Class two is still taught with the traditional teaching method.Reading the newwords, translating the text, teaching the grammar, and explaining the exercises werethe common procedures.The students in the control class were not given much timeand opportunities to participate in the classroom activity.What they did in the class was passively listening to the instructor.拋錨式教學(xué)模式的基本程序(l)創(chuàng)設(shè)問題情境,創(chuàng)設(shè)能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與的問題情境,促使學(xué)生原有的知識(shí)與必須掌握的新知之間發(fā)生激烈的沖突,激發(fā)學(xué)生強(qiáng)烈的問題意識(shí)和求知欲,是探究性學(xué)習(xí)的第一步。只有產(chǎn)生問題意識(shí),學(xué)生才會(huì)激發(fā)起求知的欲望,才能努力開發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維和探究知識(shí)的熱情。模擬、再現(xiàn)歷史是運(yùn)用拋錨主義思想指導(dǎo)學(xué)科教學(xué)改革的典范,它的理論意義不限于歷史學(xué)科教學(xué)本身,它對(duì)于我們重新認(rèn)識(shí)教學(xué)過程的一般問題,如教學(xué)過程中師生的角色、學(xué)生與學(xué)生的關(guān)系,知識(shí)與智力目標(biāo)統(tǒng)一實(shí)現(xiàn)的問題,知識(shí)的廣度與深度之間的關(guān)系,以及全體學(xué)生素質(zhì)的提高與因材施教的關(guān)系等,都提供了一定的啟示。(2)確定問題并提出假設(shè),“問題”是教學(xué)的心臟,有了問題,學(xué)生才有探究的欲望,有了問題,學(xué)生才有探究的目標(biāo)。確定問題是解決問題的起點(diǎn),也是動(dòng)力.引發(fā)學(xué)生積極探究,有利于他們思維的發(fā)展。課堂教學(xué)的核心是發(fā)展學(xué)生的思維,(3)自主探究與集體討論相結(jié)合,共同參與問題的解決.自主探究是本模式的核心環(huán)節(jié),是讓學(xué)生根據(jù)自己的體驗(yàn),用自己的思維方式采用獨(dú)立探究或小組合作的方法,搜集相關(guān)資料,自由地,開放地去探究,去發(fā)現(xiàn),去創(chuàng)造有關(guān)的知識(shí)。(4)活動(dòng)的反思與知識(shí)遷移,通過反思與總結(jié),學(xué)生的認(rèn)識(shí)水平和能力得到提高,為今后的學(xué)習(xí)和活動(dòng)提供了經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn),學(xué)會(huì)用理解、歸納、綜合、分析以及評(píng)價(jià)等歷史思維方式來解決問題,知識(shí)的遷移能力也大大提高.3.2 建構(gòu)主義的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

      教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)是依據(jù)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)需求的分析,提出解決問題的最佳方案,使教學(xué)效果達(dá)到最 優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)決策過程.由此可見,教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)其實(shí)就是一個(gè)分析教學(xué)問題、設(shè)計(jì)解決方案、檢驗(yàn)方案有效性并做出相應(yīng)修改直至最優(yōu)化的過程.一般認(rèn)為,教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)可劃分為:教 學(xué)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、課程教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)、課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)、教學(xué)媒體設(shè)計(jì).本文討論的是課堂教學(xué)設(shè) 計(jì).一般認(rèn)為,課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)指教師在教學(xué)工作開始之前,根據(jù)現(xiàn)代教育理論的基本觀 點(diǎn),依據(jù)教學(xué)目的和要求,通過對(duì)課堂教學(xué)過程中各主要要素(內(nèi)容、學(xué)生)的分析,確定合適的教學(xué)起點(diǎn),形成有序流程,以指導(dǎo)課堂教學(xué)工作的有效實(shí)施.課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì) 主要有以下幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié):教學(xué)目標(biāo)分析,這是課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的開始;教學(xué)分析,包括教學(xué) 任務(wù)分析、學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)分析;教學(xué)效果的測定和評(píng)價(jià)的設(shè)計(jì),這是課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的反饋途 徑.進(jìn)行教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的主要功能是將知識(shí)從學(xué)術(shù)形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為教育形態(tài)3.2.2 建構(gòu)主義理論下數(shù)學(xué)課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的原則

      (1)要充分體現(xiàn)教學(xué)過程中學(xué)生的主體地位, 強(qiáng)調(diào)以學(xué)生為中心,各種教學(xué)因素,包括教師只是作為一種廣義的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境支持學(xué)習(xí)者的自主學(xué)習(xí);

      (2)要促使學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí),在教學(xué)過程中使學(xué)生逐步從“學(xué)會(huì)”向“會(huì)學(xué)”轉(zhuǎn)變;(3)以問題為核心驅(qū)動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí),注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性、發(fā)展性的思維能力,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生 多角度、多方向、新穎獨(dú)特地提出問題和解決問題;

      (4)強(qiáng)調(diào)協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)的重要性,要求學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境能夠支持協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí);

      (5)重視課堂內(nèi)外的結(jié)合,努力把課堂延伸到課外,變被動(dòng)接受為主動(dòng)探索;(6)強(qiáng)調(diào)非量化的整體評(píng)價(jià),反對(duì)過分細(xì)化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照評(píng)價(jià). 3.2.3 建構(gòu)主義理論下數(shù)學(xué)課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的基本模式(1)教學(xué)目標(biāo)分析

      進(jìn)行教學(xué)目標(biāo)分析,以確定課堂所要學(xué)知識(shí)的“主題”(即與基本概念、基本原理或 基本方法有關(guān)的知識(shí)內(nèi)容).在傳統(tǒng)課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中,教學(xué)目標(biāo)是高于一切的,它既是教 學(xué)過程的出發(fā)點(diǎn),又是教學(xué)過程的歸宿.通過教學(xué)目標(biāo)的分析可以確定教學(xué)內(nèi)容和教學(xué) 內(nèi)容的安排次序;教學(xué)目標(biāo)也是檢查教學(xué)效果和進(jìn)行評(píng)估的依據(jù).而在以學(xué)生為中心的 課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中,由于強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生是認(rèn)知主體、是意義的主動(dòng)建構(gòu)者,所以把學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí) 的意義建構(gòu)作為學(xué)習(xí)過程的最終目的.在這樣的課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中往往不是從分析教學(xué)目 標(biāo)開始,而是從創(chuàng)設(shè)有利學(xué)生意義建構(gòu)的情境開始,甚至存在一種偏向,認(rèn)為建構(gòu)主義 學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境下沒有必要進(jìn)行教學(xué)目標(biāo)分析.這種看法是片面的.因?yàn)椤耙饬x建構(gòu)”是指對(duì) 當(dāng)前要學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行建構(gòu),而當(dāng)前所要學(xué)的內(nèi)容總是由一些知識(shí)點(diǎn)組成的:如基本概 念、基本原理或一般性知識(shí).必須在進(jìn)行教學(xué)目標(biāo)分析基礎(chǔ)上選出當(dāng)前所學(xué)知識(shí)的基本 概念、基本原理、基本方法和基本過程作為當(dāng)前所學(xué)知識(shí)主題,然后再圍繞這個(gè)主題讓 學(xué)生進(jìn)行意義建構(gòu).課堂教學(xué)目標(biāo)確定之后,教學(xué)語言的組織、問題的設(shè)計(jì)、例題的選 擇以及習(xí)題的配制等都應(yīng)該圍繞教學(xué)目標(biāo)而進(jìn)行,做到重點(diǎn)突出、難點(diǎn)分散.對(duì)于同一 知識(shí)點(diǎn),在不同課型中,目標(biāo)則可能不同.如數(shù)學(xué)新授課目標(biāo)在于建構(gòu)某種新知識(shí),而 復(fù)習(xí)課教學(xué)目標(biāo)則是在學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)上向深度和廣度發(fā)展,以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生能力,即在 層次上有不同要求.(2)教學(xué)任務(wù)分析

      教學(xué)任務(wù)分析是體現(xiàn)教師教學(xué)基本功的重要環(huán)節(jié),也是數(shù)學(xué)課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的重要內(nèi) 容.教學(xué)任務(wù)分析主要包括:第一,分析教學(xué)內(nèi)容的地位和作用.教學(xué)任務(wù)總是以一定 的教材為依據(jù),而數(shù)學(xué)教材總是按照一定的邏輯順序編排的,各部分的知識(shí)相互關(guān)聯(lián),我們必須學(xué)習(xí)和掌握教學(xué)大綱,了解教學(xué)要求,認(rèn)真鉆研,弄清教材內(nèi)容在整個(gè)教材體 系中的地位和作用,包括和已學(xué)內(nèi)容的聯(lián)系,對(duì)后續(xù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)生的影響.第二,分析教學(xué) 任務(wù)所蘊(yùn)含的數(shù)學(xué)思想.第三,分析教材內(nèi)容的合理性.第四,挖掘教學(xué)內(nèi)容的生活背 景.第五,分析教學(xué)任務(wù)的類型.在實(shí)際的課堂教學(xué)中,我們知道,有些知識(shí)點(diǎn)只需要 記憶,有些知識(shí)點(diǎn)需要理解,有些知識(shí)點(diǎn)側(cè)重于應(yīng)用.在教學(xué)任務(wù)分析的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合學(xué)生實(shí)際情況(如年齡,原有知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn))從而確定教學(xué)任務(wù)目標(biāo).(3)學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)分析 ①確定預(yù)期狀態(tài)

      這主要是指通過課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì),期望學(xué)習(xí)個(gè)體達(dá)到學(xué)科的知識(shí)能力水平情感態(tài)度的 變化等,而這種信息主要來源于教學(xué)目標(biāo)、教學(xué)任務(wù)的分析和對(duì)學(xué)生年齡、年級(jí)、原有 知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)等情況的分析. ②測量或估量學(xué)生的原有知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)

      對(duì)于數(shù)學(xué)課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)而言,測量學(xué)生的原有知識(shí)水平主要指測量學(xué)生已經(jīng)具備的 與學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)內(nèi)容有關(guān)的知識(shí)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)或下位技能,如有關(guān)概念、性質(zhì)、公式等,通過測 量可以把握學(xué)生在課堂教學(xué)工作實(shí)施前已具有的知識(shí)技能或經(jīng)驗(yàn),還缺乏哪些相關(guān)知識(shí),這可以為數(shù)學(xué)課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)提供合適的教學(xué)起點(diǎn),避免課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)的盲目性.因?yàn)榻?學(xué)起點(diǎn)過高,會(huì)使課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)脫離大多數(shù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平;確定過低,會(huì)浪費(fèi)精力和 時(shí)間.確定合適的教學(xué)起點(diǎn)就是使課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)開始于學(xué)生的“現(xiàn)有發(fā)展區(qū)”. ③學(xué)生的活動(dòng)方式的確定

      學(xué)生的活動(dòng)應(yīng)該以實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)為根本目的;而學(xué)生活動(dòng)方式的確定其實(shí)涵蓋了一系列 的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容,如教學(xué)策略、教學(xué)材料、形成性評(píng)估及總結(jié)性評(píng)估等的設(shè)計(jì).如果說,前 面的教學(xué)目標(biāo)、教學(xué)任務(wù)的分析、學(xué)生原有知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)情況的分析是準(zhǔn)備的話,則這一切 準(zhǔn)備工作都是為這個(gè)本體部分而做的.在學(xué)生的活動(dòng)方式的確定過程中,貫穿了設(shè)計(jì)如 何提出問題,發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容的過程,設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)如何產(chǎn)生的過程,方法、規(guī)律的探索發(fā)現(xiàn) 過程.活動(dòng)圍繞著問題而展開,問題也可以在活動(dòng)中產(chǎn)生.當(dāng)然,學(xué)生活動(dòng)方式的確定,還包括教師對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)組織形式(如全班學(xué)習(xí)、小組討論、搭檔討論等),時(shí)間分配等的 設(shè)計(jì).(4)情境創(chuàng)設(shè)

      建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論認(rèn)為,數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)總是與一定的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)背景,“情境”相聯(lián)系的.利 用生動(dòng)、直觀的情境可以有效地激發(fā)聯(lián)想,喚醒長期記憶中有關(guān)的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)或表象,從而使學(xué)習(xí)者能利用自己原有知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)中的有關(guān)知識(shí)與經(jīng)驗(yàn)去同化當(dāng)前的新知識(shí);如果 原有知識(shí)與經(jīng)驗(yàn)不能同化新知識(shí),則引起順應(yīng)過程,即對(duì)原有認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造、重組.總之,應(yīng)通過“同化”與“順應(yīng)”才能達(dá)到對(duì)新知識(shí)意義的建構(gòu),同化和順應(yīng)離不開原有 認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)中的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)與表象,情境創(chuàng)設(shè)則為激活這些知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)與表象提供了有利條 件.對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)而言,情境的創(chuàng)設(shè)要求有豐富的資源,如體現(xiàn)概念的本質(zhì)屬性 或多種外部表征,變式運(yùn)用或反例運(yùn)用等,從而有助于對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)的意義建構(gòu),對(duì)于數(shù) 學(xué)情境的創(chuàng)設(shè),可以從以下幾個(gè)方面入手:第一,運(yùn)用現(xiàn)實(shí)生活背景誘發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)情境.即 以實(shí)際問題為背景材料,從實(shí)際出發(fā),通過抽象、概括的數(shù)學(xué)化過程建構(gòu)數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí).第 二,運(yùn)用錯(cuò)誤的直覺定勢創(chuàng)設(shè)情境.即創(chuàng)設(shè)一種誘導(dǎo)情境,讓學(xué)生上當(dāng)受騙,產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤 直覺,而錯(cuò)誤形式正好為探索性思維過程提供材料,也是深化學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí),培養(yǎng)思維深刻 性的有效方法.第三,運(yùn)用多媒體演示創(chuàng)設(shè)情境.多媒體的運(yùn)用為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)了良好的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,將教學(xué)內(nèi)容由“靜態(tài)”變?yōu)椤皠?dòng)態(tài)”,由“單調(diào)”變?yōu)椤柏S富”.通過多媒體的 摸擬,在視、聽等多種感觀交互作用的共同體驗(yàn)下,促使學(xué)生的認(rèn)識(shí)從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì),由 感情認(rèn)識(shí)上升到理性認(rèn)識(shí).

      (5)自主學(xué)習(xí)設(shè)計(jì)建構(gòu)主義理論下的數(shù)學(xué)課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)是以學(xué)為中心進(jìn)行的設(shè)計(jì).由此,自主學(xué)習(xí)的設(shè)計(jì)成為課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的核心內(nèi)容,學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)主要表現(xiàn)為“自主活動(dòng)”與“智力參與”.“自主活動(dòng)”主要指數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)實(shí)踐活動(dòng),而“智力參與”主要偏重于數(shù)學(xué)思維活動(dòng),因此課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的自主學(xué)習(xí)設(shè)計(jì)主要圍繞學(xué)生的“自主活動(dòng)”和“智力參與”而設(shè)計(jì).

      (6)教學(xué)效果的測定和評(píng)價(jià)

      課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)果通常是教學(xué)方案,要評(píng)價(jià)課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)得好與次,將教學(xué)方案 付諸實(shí)施,投入教學(xué)是不可缺少的.最強(qiáng)有說服力的評(píng)價(jià)來源于它的教學(xué)效果,而教學(xué) 效果就是通過教師在課堂教學(xué)工作實(shí)施后學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果來進(jìn)行測定和評(píng)價(jià)的.在建構(gòu) 主義教育理論指導(dǎo)下,數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)的過程,強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí)的主動(dòng)建構(gòu)并獲得感 悟和體驗(yàn),從而決定了對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)效果評(píng)價(jià)的多元化特點(diǎn).這種評(píng)價(jià)的多元化主要指: 第一,評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容的多元化.傳統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容是只看學(xué)生掌握學(xué)科知識(shí)的情況,看最終測驗(yàn) 結(jié)果.換句話說,是把那些能夠量化的因素作為評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)象,而忽視了教育中那些不可測 量的重要方面,學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過程中有很多因素是無法量化的,如學(xué)習(xí)的抱負(fù)、態(tài)度及體 驗(yàn)等;學(xué)生的原有知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)是最重要的,而它的不可測量性,恰恰是傳統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容所忽 視的.因此,現(xiàn)如今不僅強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)直接結(jié)果的評(píng)價(jià),還重視學(xué)生多種能力與品質(zhì)的評(píng)價(jià),不僅重視對(duì)學(xué)生認(rèn)知技能、情感、態(tài)度的評(píng)價(jià),還重視對(duì)元認(rèn)知能力的測量和評(píng)價(jià),即 指考察學(xué)生自己對(duì)于知識(shí)策略方面掌握情況的能力.第二,評(píng)價(jià)主體的多元化.以往教 師似乎是天經(jīng)地義的評(píng)價(jià)的主體,這種單一評(píng)價(jià)主體,只對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),不能從不同側(cè)面給學(xué)生提供較完整的評(píng)價(jià),其實(shí)教學(xué)活動(dòng)是一種雙主體活動(dòng),教師是教 學(xué)主體,學(xué)生是學(xué)習(xí)主體,在尊重教師評(píng)價(jià)的同時(shí),必須重視學(xué)生的自我評(píng)價(jià)和自我改 進(jìn),使評(píng)價(jià)成為學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)實(shí)踐和反思、發(fā)現(xiàn)自我、欣賞別人的過程.同時(shí),家長、其他 同學(xué)也可以參與對(duì)學(xué)生的評(píng)價(jià).第三,評(píng)價(jià)形式的多元化.單一的評(píng)價(jià)形式對(duì)于建構(gòu)主 義理念下的數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)是不適應(yīng)的,只有多種評(píng)價(jià)形式才能充分發(fā)揮評(píng)價(jià)的導(dǎo)向作用和診 斷、激勵(lì)功能.由此,學(xué)生一學(xué)期下來的學(xué)習(xí)效果可采用由期末的紙筆測驗(yàn)結(jié)合平時(shí)成 績來進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)定,平時(shí)成績可以通過觀察學(xué)生平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)、學(xué)習(xí)效果、學(xué)習(xí)能力等 進(jìn)行評(píng)估.

      :統(tǒng)的歷史教學(xué)模式存在許多弊端

      自新中國成立以來,中學(xué)歷史教學(xué)己經(jīng)過多次改革,并不斷發(fā)展,在促進(jìn)社會(huì)進(jìn)步 和人才培養(yǎng)等方面做出很大的貢獻(xiàn).但在知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)迅猛發(fā)展的今天,歷史教學(xué)卻沒有跟 上時(shí)代發(fā)展的步伐,傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式的種種弊端不斷顯現(xiàn),嚴(yán)重阻礙著學(xué)科的發(fā)展和人刁‘ 的培養(yǎng)。傳統(tǒng)的歷史教學(xué)模式主要存在著以下弊端與不足: 1.重知識(shí)掌握輕能力培養(yǎng)

      研究表明知識(shí)的掌握是發(fā)展能力的基礎(chǔ),脫離了知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)和技能、技巧的形成,能力便成為無源之水,無法得到很好的發(fā)展;但知識(shí)的掌握同樣也離不開能力的發(fā)展。在傳統(tǒng)的歷史教學(xué)模式下,大多數(shù)教師所做的就是把書本上現(xiàn)成的知識(shí)告訴學(xué)生,讓學(xué)生通過死記硬背的方法去獲取考試的高分,而忽視對(duì)學(xué)生的分析、綜合、理解、概括等探究問題的能力培養(yǎng),學(xué)歷史變成了背歷史。而探究性與創(chuàng)造性是一對(duì)因果關(guān)系,沒有探究就沒有創(chuàng)造。據(jù)調(diào)查,美國的學(xué)生從小學(xué)就開始自己獨(dú)立進(jìn)行探索和研究,重視對(duì)探究意識(shí)和能力的培養(yǎng):而中國的學(xué)生正好相反,從小就習(xí)慣了接受現(xiàn)成的知識(shí),養(yǎng)成循規(guī)蹈矩的習(xí)慣,不敢越雷池一步。這兩種方法培養(yǎng)出來的人才是截然不同的:美國學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)雖然掌握的不如我們的學(xué)生扎實(shí),但他們的創(chuàng)造性和實(shí)踐能力卻大大超過中國學(xué)生,使得我們“贏得了起點(diǎn),卻輸?shù)袅私K點(diǎn)”。2.重教輕學(xué)

      教學(xué)過程應(yīng)是以學(xué)生為主體的教師和學(xué)生的互動(dòng)過程。在傳統(tǒng)的歷史教學(xué)中,強(qiáng)調(diào)以教師、教材為中心,教學(xué)過程實(shí)際成為教授過程,學(xué)生的主體地位只是停留在口頭而沒有落到實(shí)處。許多歷史教師在課堂教學(xué)中仍然采用“題海戰(zhàn)”和“滿堂灌”等老方法,不能隨著形勢的變化更新教育思想,教學(xué)中死記硬背的現(xiàn)象比比皆是,學(xué)生主要是通過被動(dòng)接受的方法來學(xué)習(xí),而不是通過積極主動(dòng)的探究去獲取知識(shí)、發(fā)展能力。許多教師信奉“權(quán)威式教育”,認(rèn)為教學(xué)內(nèi)容和教師的科學(xué)性、權(quán)威性不容質(zhì)疑,也就不允許學(xué)生提出反對(duì)意見,加上注重唯一正確答案的聚合式思維,嚴(yán)重束縛了學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力.在探究學(xué)習(xí)中,學(xué)生自主研究,主體地位得到充分體現(xiàn),學(xué)習(xí)過程真正成為學(xué)生自己探索新知、發(fā)展能力、培養(yǎng)情感態(tài)度和價(jià)值觀的過程。3.重結(jié)果輕過程

      教學(xué)應(yīng)該是一種知、情、意、行的協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一過程,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo),教學(xué)方法的選擇和運(yùn)用就顯得極為重要。但是由于應(yīng)試教育的影響,在傳統(tǒng)的歷史教學(xué)中,大多數(shù)教師通常的教法是照本宣科,將現(xiàn)成的結(jié)論傳授給學(xué)生,至于這種結(jié)論是怎么得出的、需要運(yùn)用何種史學(xué)方法和史學(xué)觀念等則很少教給學(xué)生,更談不上知、情、意、行的統(tǒng)一了。因此,學(xué)生并不能很好理解歷史結(jié)論形成的過程,以及如何運(yùn)用所學(xué)的知識(shí),學(xué)生掌握的只是“死知識(shí)”,無法做到學(xué)以致用,更無法很好地培養(yǎng)情感態(tài)度和價(jià)值觀,導(dǎo)致歷史這門重要的人文學(xué)科不能發(fā)揮它應(yīng)有的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,既阻礙了學(xué)生的歷史思維能力的發(fā)展,也不利于學(xué)生健康人格的發(fā)展。

      4.重智力因素,輕非智力因素

      教學(xué)中注重發(fā)展學(xué)生的智力具有重要的意義,因?yàn)橹橇κ歉鞣N認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)的一個(gè)重要基礎(chǔ),對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展起著重要作用.但是,智力只是為人的發(fā)展提供了可能性,并不能決定一個(gè)人的能力和未來,也不能決定學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績,而非智力因素對(duì)于人的發(fā)展也起著重要作用。非智力因素指一個(gè)人的動(dòng)機(jī)、興趣、情感、意志、性格等心理成分,是推動(dòng)和引導(dǎo)個(gè)體采取決定并行動(dòng)的內(nèi)在力量,對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)起著推動(dòng)、影響和調(diào)節(jié)作用。動(dòng)機(jī)明確的學(xué)生一般有高度的學(xué)習(xí)自覺性,學(xué)生的情感、意志特征對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的作用也很明顯.非智力因素與智力因素共同決定著學(xué)習(xí)的成功,但傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)活動(dòng)片面強(qiáng)調(diào)促進(jìn)學(xué)生的智力,卻忽視了非智力因素的培養(yǎng),造成許多學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)不是出于對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容本身的興趣,也缺乏積極向上的進(jìn)取心,所以學(xué)生喪失了創(chuàng)造的動(dòng)力,不想通過新角度、新方法來分析和解決問題。5.重被動(dòng)接受學(xué)習(xí),輕主動(dòng)探究學(xué)習(xí)、發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)

      在接受學(xué)習(xí)中,學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容主要以結(jié)論的形式傳授給學(xué)生,學(xué)生通過內(nèi)化,使知識(shí)納入己有的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu);而在探究性學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)中,學(xué)習(xí)不是將現(xiàn)成的知識(shí)傳授給學(xué)生,而是在學(xué)生內(nèi)化之前,由他們自己去探究、去發(fā)現(xiàn)這些內(nèi)容口接受學(xué)習(xí)是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)歷史必不可少的學(xué)習(xí)方式,它可以使學(xué)生在相對(duì)較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握豐富的歷史知識(shí)。這些浩如煙海的知識(shí)寶庫,是經(jīng)過人類長期的探索與研究才‘積累下來的,如果都讓學(xué)生自己去探究,去重復(fù)知識(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)、發(fā)展的過程,那是絕對(duì)不可能的。而且,通過接受學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生掌握的知識(shí)可以達(dá)到系統(tǒng)化。所以,接受學(xué)習(xí)有其無可代替的優(yōu)越性。但接受學(xué)習(xí)是從書本中獲取現(xiàn)成的知識(shí),掌握的是間接經(jīng)驗(yàn),無法很好地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的探究意識(shí)、創(chuàng)造精神。因此,接受學(xué)習(xí)與發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)必須結(jié)合使用,二者相輔相成,缺一不可。傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式卻忽視了這一點(diǎn),過于強(qiáng)調(diào)接受學(xué)習(xí),強(qiáng)調(diào)“滿堂灌”,使得學(xué)生成為被動(dòng)接受知識(shí)的容器。由于傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式的這些弊端,無法很好地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的主體性與探究性,使得許多學(xué)生在面對(duì)實(shí)際問題時(shí)無所適從,高分低能的現(xiàn)象比比皆是,這既不利于人才的培養(yǎng),也會(huì)最終阻礙社會(huì)的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展。所以,傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式已經(jīng)到了非改不可的地步。傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方法如下表所示: 拋錨模式的組成程序如圖所示:

      (三)拋錨式教學(xué)模式的基本程序(1)創(chuàng)設(shè)問題情境

      創(chuàng)設(shè)能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與的問題情境,促使學(xué)生原有的知識(shí)與必須掌握的新知識(shí)之間發(fā)生激烈的沖突,激發(fā)學(xué)生強(qiáng)烈的問題意識(shí)和求知欲,是探究性學(xué)習(xí)的第一步。只有產(chǎn)生問題意識(shí),學(xué)生才會(huì)激發(fā)起求知的欲望,才能努力開發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維和探究知識(shí)的熱,清。在歷史教學(xué)中,通過歷史情境的再現(xiàn),可促進(jìn)學(xué)生有效地掌握歷史知識(shí),尤其在學(xué)習(xí)驚心動(dòng)魄的戰(zhàn)爭場面、波瀾壯闊的歷史改革、扣人心弦的熱點(diǎn)問題和氣勢輝煌的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)時(shí),再現(xiàn)歷史情境就顯得更加重要。創(chuàng)設(shè)問題情境的方法很多,既可以通過教師生動(dòng)的描述,也可以通過多媒體展示,再現(xiàn)當(dāng)時(shí)的時(shí)代背景和狀況,還可以借助實(shí)物、模型、圖片等多種手段。這對(duì)于教師的要求較高,應(yīng)具備比較高明的語言表達(dá)能力、行為表演能力、媒體操作能力和實(shí)物演示能力,而且要善于激發(fā)學(xué)生的情感,使學(xué)生受到震撼,真正有身臨其境的感覺,從而把課程內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為探究的主題,自覺地站在歷史的角度去分析、探究歷史現(xiàn)象.一般說來,設(shè)置歷史情景的方法有以下三種:A用形象的語言、實(shí)物創(chuàng)設(shè)問題情境。激發(fā)學(xué)生興趣,引起聯(lián)想,啟示對(duì)問題理解、追求探索。即利用各種歷史文物、圖片、文字資料、錄像、電影或多媒體給學(xué)生展示某些重大事件的背景材料和場而,使其獲得豐富的感性材料。在教學(xué)中國古代史B利用故事、漫畫等手段來設(shè)喻創(chuàng)設(shè)問題情境。例如C運(yùn)用直觀教具或多媒體手段巧現(xiàn)“歷史情境”。案例1。(2)確定問題并提出假設(shè)“問題”是教學(xué)的心臟,有了問題,學(xué)生才有探究的欲望,有了問題,學(xué)生才有探究的目標(biāo)。確定問題是解決問題的起點(diǎn),也是動(dòng)力.問題的提出者可以是教師,也可以由學(xué)生自己提問,但最好是由教師創(chuàng)設(shè)問題情境,讓學(xué)生自己發(fā)現(xiàn)問題并質(zhì)疑,因?yàn)檫@樣的問題更貼近學(xué)生的思維實(shí)際,更引發(fā)學(xué)生積極探究,有利于他們思維的發(fā)展。課堂教學(xué)的核心是發(fā)展學(xué)生的思維,而思維的發(fā)展有一定的規(guī)律.設(shè)疑導(dǎo)學(xué),要求教師要善于審時(shí)度勢,抓住契機(jī),可根據(jù)具體情況,緣機(jī)而變。設(shè)置情境的時(shí)機(jī)要尋找最佳點(diǎn)。一是把握時(shí)機(jī),如在上課一開始設(shè)疑,可吸引學(xué)生的注意力;在學(xué)生注意力逐漸分散時(shí)設(shè)疑,可使注意力回升;在一節(jié)課結(jié)束或?qū)W習(xí)完一個(gè)單元后設(shè)疑,可布下懸念,承上啟下,形成以后的高潮。二是把握適當(dāng)?shù)狞c(diǎn),情境應(yīng)設(shè)在學(xué)生容易迷惑、混淆、不懂的地

      方或教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)處,使學(xué)生在積極的思考探索中理解知識(shí)、把握重點(diǎn)、突破難點(diǎn)。所以,創(chuàng)設(shè)問題情境之后,教師要鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生不迷信書本知識(shí)和權(quán)威的論點(diǎn),積極思 考,敢于質(zhì)疑和提問。學(xué)生提出的問題可以與書本知識(shí)一致,也可以有沖突,但能夠喚 起學(xué)生進(jìn)一步探究的好奇心。剛開始時(shí),學(xué)生提出的問題可能比較幼稚,需要通過師生 的合作,共同“審題”,分析出問題的背景、條件、目標(biāo)和探究的方向,在符合學(xué)生“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”的基礎(chǔ)上,明確目標(biāo)。提出問題的目的不僅要使學(xué)生再現(xiàn)己有的知識(shí),而且要激發(fā)他們的思考,因此,問題確定之后,教師作為指導(dǎo)者,應(yīng)開動(dòng)學(xué)生的發(fā)散性 思維,通過獨(dú)立思考與討論交流,找出問題的關(guān)鍵和核心,鼓勵(lì)他們在己有知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的 基礎(chǔ)上,提出假設(shè),構(gòu)思問題解決方案,并決定解決問題的行動(dòng)計(jì)劃.要注意難易適度,不能過難或過易“問題情境”的創(chuàng)設(shè)絕不是簡單意義上的“是不是”、“對(duì)不對(duì)”、“好不好”的一問到底的做法,創(chuàng)設(shè)的問題情境應(yīng)富有啟發(fā)性和挑戰(zhàn)性,教師設(shè)計(jì)的問 題必須從學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況出發(fā),注重學(xué)生年齡特征、知識(shí)水平和接受能力。課堂設(shè)疑如 果偏難或過易,都不會(huì)激起學(xué)生的思維火花,往往造成“啟而不發(fā)”的尷尬局面,或使 學(xué)生產(chǎn)生“不屑一顧”的情緒。葉圣陶先生說,好的提問,“必令學(xué)生運(yùn)其才智,勤其 練習(xí),領(lǐng)悟之源廣開。”教師應(yīng)在符合教學(xué)目的要求的情況下,深入學(xué)生實(shí)際,了解其 知識(shí)水平,提出難易適度的問題,使學(xué)生能運(yùn)用己有的知識(shí)只要肯“跳一跳就能夠摘到 果子”。所設(shè)問題既要有一定難度,又不能超過學(xué)生現(xiàn)有的認(rèn)知水平。同時(shí)要考慮到大 多數(shù)學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平,應(yīng)面向全體學(xué)生,切忌專為少數(shù)人設(shè)置,只有這樣,學(xué)生的思維 才最活躍,主動(dòng)參與教學(xué)的積極性最高。使全體學(xué)生都能完成對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)的“再創(chuàng)造”。(3)自主探究與集體討論相結(jié)合,共同參與問題的解決

      自主探究是本模式的核心環(huán)節(jié),是讓學(xué)生根據(jù)自己的體驗(yàn),用自己的思維方式采用 獨(dú)立探究或小組合作的方法,搜集相關(guān)資料,自由地,開放地去探究,去發(fā)現(xiàn),去創(chuàng)造 有關(guān)的知識(shí)。教學(xué)的最終目的不是向?qū)W生奉獻(xiàn)知識(shí),而是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生去探究、發(fā)現(xiàn)真理,培養(yǎng)歷史思維能力。當(dāng)學(xué)生不能單純靠己有知識(shí)和習(xí)慣去解決問題,而要進(jìn)一步思考和 探索,處于想說出、想表達(dá)而又不能即“憤”、“徘”的狀態(tài)時(shí),教師再去啟發(fā)、點(diǎn)撥、誘導(dǎo),這樣才能真正開啟學(xué)生思維的門扉,促進(jìn)其智能的發(fā)展。因此,當(dāng)學(xué)生有了求知 的要求后,不能用生硬灌輸代替學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考,而應(yīng)積極地啟發(fā)誘導(dǎo)。填鴨說教,拔苗 助一長或者“抱著走”,只能損害學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)主動(dòng)性和求異性思維的形成。教師設(shè)置問題 情境以后,如果過多指導(dǎo)則會(huì)傷害學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性,失去自由思考的余地,妨礙學(xué)生自己 的探索和得出結(jié)論。但采取放任的態(tài)度讓學(xué)生隨意思考,學(xué)生則可能偏離前進(jìn)的方向或 走一些曲折的道路。正當(dāng)?shù)闹笇?dǎo)則應(yīng)讓學(xué)生有發(fā)現(xiàn)和探索的余地。通過教師的引導(dǎo)或暗 示讓學(xué)生思考,讓他們自己發(fā)現(xiàn)問題的答案。它要求教師的“說”要誘導(dǎo)學(xué)生的“想”;教師說的“點(diǎn)”要帶動(dòng)學(xué)生想的“面”:要求教師千方百計(jì)地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生走上思考的大道,發(fā)揮引路、搭橋、開竅、點(diǎn)撥的作用。當(dāng)問題提出后,教師要用啟發(fā)的方法,來幫助學(xué) 生分析問題,使學(xué)生認(rèn)清問題的所在。問題確定之后,要鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生根據(jù)他們的學(xué)識(shí),運(yùn) 用推理和觀察的方法,去探索解決問題的途徑,繼續(xù)不斷地提出可能解決問題的辦法(又 稱假設(shè))。學(xué)生提出假設(shè)之后,要用批判的態(tài)度,來考核這些假設(shè)。若發(fā)現(xiàn)假設(shè)與事實(shí) 不符,即放棄,再考核另一個(gè)假設(shè)。經(jīng)過這樣仔細(xì)的考驗(yàn),直至獲得一個(gè)完美的假設(shè)為 止。

      學(xué)生教師則為學(xué)生的探究提供必要的條件,如提供相應(yīng)的資料,明確研究方向,在 學(xué)生遇到困難是給予適當(dāng)?shù)闹С趾椭笇?dǎo)。教師的指導(dǎo)一定要把握好“度”,既不要不聞 不問、放任自流,也不能干涉過多、越姐代泡,要給學(xué)生以空間,注重學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能 力的培養(yǎng):同時(shí)還應(yīng)關(guān)注學(xué)生的個(gè)別差異,因?yàn)樵趯?duì)問題的理解上,不同的個(gè)體存在一 定的差異,這是由學(xué)生己有的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和思維方式?jīng)Q定的,教師要努力滿足不同學(xué)生的 需要,指導(dǎo)他們找到解決問題的關(guān)鍵,變“授人以魚”為“授之以漁”。只有這樣,學(xué) 生才能學(xué)會(huì)用類似史學(xué)家的研究方法,獨(dú)立自主地進(jìn)行探究。

      學(xué)生得出自己的理解和觀點(diǎn)之后,教師應(yīng)組織師生互動(dòng)交流,展開討論,共同參與 問題的解決。討論不應(yīng)是教師問、學(xué)生答、教師再問、學(xué)生再答這種簡單機(jī)械的形式,而應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生積極加入討論的行列,各抒己見,敢于發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。教師要善于發(fā)現(xiàn) 學(xué)生發(fā)言中的閃光點(diǎn),引導(dǎo)他們作出更準(zhǔn)確、全面的回答,當(dāng)討論陷于僵局或錯(cuò)誤的方 向時(shí),教師要給予修正、補(bǔ)充或引導(dǎo)。只有這樣,才能激發(fā)學(xué)生的自信心和共同解決問 題的熱情,使探究活動(dòng)越來越深入,最終得出客觀、公正的答案。這種經(jīng)歷會(huì)使學(xué)生認(rèn) 識(shí)到學(xué)習(xí)歷史是一個(gè)從感知?dú)v史到不斷積累歷史知識(shí),再到逐漸加深對(duì)歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí)的理 解過程:同時(shí)也是主動(dòng)參與、學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)的過程。(4)活動(dòng)的反思與知識(shí)遷移

      問題解決了,但活動(dòng)不能就此結(jié)束,因?yàn)閷W(xué)習(xí)不僅要使學(xué)生掌握知識(shí),還要促進(jìn)學(xué) 生的發(fā)展,因此,活動(dòng)之后的反思是必不可少的。反思有助于學(xué)生檢查自己是否達(dá)到了 探究目標(biāo),并認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的水平與能力。反思的內(nèi)容包括:自己對(duì)活動(dòng)和集體所做的貢 獻(xiàn)、探究觀點(diǎn)和方法的成功與不足之處、在活動(dòng)中自己的知識(shí)和能力有哪些增加、對(duì)自 己有什么啟示等多方面。通過反思與總結(jié),學(xué)生的認(rèn)識(shí)水平和能力得到提高,為今后的 學(xué)習(xí)和活動(dòng)提供了經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn),學(xué)會(huì)用理解、歸納、綜合、分析以及評(píng)價(jià)等歷史思維方 式來解決問題,知識(shí)的遷移能力也大大提高,做到“一理通,百理明’(四)拋錨式教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的課堂實(shí)例和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究 1拋錨式教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)課堂實(shí)例

      1《游歷大都》創(chuàng)設(shè)情景:.情境描述本節(jié)內(nèi)容是.分析探究

      教師運(yùn)用多媒體列表把不同.學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用.問題討論With the development of times, great changes have taken place in the connotation of theEnglish curriculum: from stressing the disciplinary content to emphasizing learners' experience and practice.However, rethinking the present Englishteaching reality in high school in our country, we find some problems in it.The exam-oriented education prevails;the teaching situation is lacked;the learningstrategies are old and decayed;intercultural communication ability is weak, etc.It is an urgent task for the present English teaching to foster English qualifiedpersonnel with innovative consciousness and practicing ability.In order to help solve the problems that exist in the English teaching reality in high school atpresent, this thesis grasps a kind of brand-new education idea---the constructivism instruction theory and attempts to apply four comparatively typical constructivism instruction models: the scaffolding instruction model, the anchored instruction model, the random access instruction model and the cognitive apprenticeship instruction model to the senior English listening teaching, spoken teaching, reading teaching and writing teaching.The theme of this thesis is to apply constructivism instruction models to senior English teaching.Because this is still original at home, there must bedrawbacks in it.But it is just the ingenuity of this thesis.The author will go onwith the further study on the drawbacks of this thesis in the future.本論文主題是將建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式應(yīng)用于高中英語教學(xué),國內(nèi)研究較少,因而缺陷難免,這也正是本論文的創(chuàng)新之處。本論文不足之處將留給筆者今后做進(jìn)一步研究。

      四、建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式在高中英語不同課型教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用 前面講到,運(yùn)用建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式,不是生搬硬套該教學(xué)模式,而是得其要領(lǐng),領(lǐng)悟建構(gòu)主義的“建構(gòu)”思想精髓,充分發(fā)揮雙方的主動(dòng)性,創(chuàng)造性地、“建構(gòu)”性地運(yùn)用建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式。

      (一)基本要求 1.創(chuàng)設(shè)情境

      情境,是指用英語語言形式進(jìn)行聽、說、讀、寫、交流信息的社會(huì)環(huán)境。任何有意義的語言交際活動(dòng)都是在特定的情境中實(shí)現(xiàn)的。因此,克魯姆指出:“成功的外語課堂教學(xué)應(yīng)在課內(nèi)創(chuàng)造更多的情境,讓學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)運(yùn)用自己學(xué)到的語言材料?!盵2]情境作用于人的感官能使人產(chǎn)生交際的動(dòng)機(jī)和使用英語進(jìn)行交際的心智活動(dòng)。情境決定語言表達(dá)的意義,語言也是 情境的反映。沒有情境,就沒有語言的意義,所以英語交際活動(dòng)離不開語言的情境。心理學(xué)的研究表明,新奇的刺激容易引起人的注意,喚起人的興趣。因此,新課初始,教學(xué)情境的創(chuàng)設(shè)一定要新穎,盡量使學(xué)生獲得新的感受,以便更好地激發(fā)學(xué)生觀察情境和描繪情境的熱情,激發(fā)、保持、提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,使學(xué)生更加積極主動(dòng)地參與到教學(xué)活動(dòng)中來。英語教學(xué)要從激發(fā)情感開始,其目的是變“逼”為“導(dǎo)”,變“苦學(xué)”為“樂學(xué)”,把求

      知變成學(xué)生最大的內(nèi)在需要。因此,教學(xué)首先應(yīng)該創(chuàng)設(shè)與當(dāng)前學(xué)習(xí)主題相關(guān)的情境,通過教學(xué)內(nèi)容、教學(xué)環(huán)境、教學(xué)語言的情境化,激發(fā)學(xué)生潛在的認(rèn)識(shí)興趣和求知欲,讓學(xué)生進(jìn)入積極的學(xué)習(xí)情感狀態(tài),形成強(qiáng)烈的達(dá)標(biāo)意向,提取有關(guān)知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)激發(fā)學(xué)生的聯(lián)想和自主建構(gòu)的欲望。如為了學(xué)會(huì)句型“Is it watching TV too much bad or good for your health?”鈴聲響后,教師一邊捂著面包,滿臉痛苦的樣子,走向講臺(tái)自言自語道:“Is eating too much bad or goodfor my health? I think it is bad.”然后提出“What is good or bad for your health?”四人一組的討論開始了,很快答案就產(chǎn)生了: a.Doing morning exercises is good for your health.b.Keeping the classroom clean is good for your health.c.Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.2.在合作學(xué)習(xí)過程中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主建構(gòu)知識(shí)的能力

      在處理課文中該單元所牽涉的知識(shí)點(diǎn)時(shí),教師可以組織學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生將他們 以前的知識(shí)點(diǎn)聯(lián)系起來,從而幫助學(xué)生實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)新知識(shí)的建構(gòu)。如在講授 with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)這一重要知識(shí)點(diǎn)時(shí),教師可以先向?qū)W生描述這樣兩個(gè)句子: 3.效果評(píng)價(jià)

      建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境中的評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)該基于動(dòng)態(tài)的、持續(xù)的、不斷呈現(xiàn)的學(xué)習(xí)過程以及學(xué)習(xí)者 的進(jìn)步、教師所采取的教學(xué)策略和所創(chuàng)設(shè)的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境。建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)的目的在于更好地根據(jù)學(xué)習(xí)者的需要定制教學(xué),該教學(xué)應(yīng)能根據(jù)需要和情況的變化不斷地修改和提煉自己的策略,以便使學(xué)習(xí)者通過建構(gòu)性的學(xué)習(xí),朝著專家的方向,獲得持續(xù)的進(jìn)步。[1] 以上是建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式的基本要求。我們可以就不同的英語課型教學(xué)創(chuàng)造性地應(yīng)用不同的建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式。

      (二)建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式在不同課型中的教學(xué)操作程序 1.支架式教學(xué)模式在英語聽力教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用

      英語聽、說、讀、寫四項(xiàng)語言技能中,“聽”是一種語言輸入,是“說”的前提,只有聽懂對(duì)方語言,并從交流語言的文化背景去理解,才會(huì)有真正的語言交流活動(dòng)。所以“聽”不是消極地接受信息,而是根據(jù)自己具有的語言知識(shí)(包括語音、語義和語法等方面),通過自己聽的素質(zhì)的潛能,從語言交流中獲得信息的一種積極的活動(dòng)。傳統(tǒng)英語聽力教學(xué)的操作程序是:學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)材料,明確聽的任務(wù)——教師播放錄音或錄象——學(xué)生答題——核對(duì)答案。該操作程序典型弊端是學(xué)生被動(dòng)地接受信息、測試題型單一化、學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)胡亂猜測的情況、答案的唯一性,極大地抑制了學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性。支架式教學(xué)模式突出教學(xué)情境,注重教師有效地“搭建支架”和及時(shí)“淡出支架”,強(qiáng)調(diào)教師有效地組織學(xué)生自主協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生由現(xiàn)有發(fā)展水平向“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”發(fā)展。這就要求聽力教學(xué)由易到難,聽力練習(xí)形式多樣化,如采取標(biāo)題探索(title exploration)、概述選擇(summary choice)、排序(sequencing)、聽與畫(listening picture)、遠(yuǎn)距離聽寫(distantdictation)等多種形式。下面以 Senior English for China Book1B Unit 15 的聽力課為例。(1)進(jìn)入情境

      教師一邊走進(jìn)教室,一邊摸著口袋,待走近講臺(tái),然后裝作神情沮喪地告訴同學(xué)們: “Boys and girls, I will tell you bad news.I found my mobile phone missing.My wife gave me as a birthday present last year.It was much too important for me.Now I have lost it.What shall I do?I rang a call a moment ago.Then I left it on my desk.When I returned, I found it lost.Someonemust have stolen it.”學(xué)生聽到這個(gè)消息,就會(huì)提出很多的辦法。如寫遺失啟事、馬上尋找,也有人會(huì)說去報(bào)

      那么就可以很自然地導(dǎo)入該聽力課的主題:ALost Necklace(2)搭建支架,引導(dǎo)探索

      教師可以用畫圖軟件將教材中的項(xiàng)鏈圖展示在屏幕上,突出各項(xiàng)鏈的不同特征以引起學(xué) 生足夠的注意。教師接著說:There are 5 necklaces in the picture.Please describe them in details, including the sizes andcolors of the pearls and diamonds.給學(xué)生幾分鐘的時(shí)間,讓他們自主建構(gòu)對(duì)這五條項(xiàng)鏈的描述。學(xué)生接著會(huì)踴躍發(fā)言,如: S1: The diamond of the first necklace is long and light green.The color and size of the pearlsare yellow and round.S2: The diamond of the sec T: You are watching the necklaces very carefully.You are excellent.Would you like to knowwhich necklace on earth has the woman lost?T: OK.Now please listen to the tape carefully, and then you will know which necklace the woman has lost.(教師放錄音,學(xué)生仔細(xì)尋求所需信息,進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,然后建構(gòu)正確答案,知道該婦女丟了什么樣的項(xiàng)鏈,從而完成該課第一道題。)(3)獨(dú)立探索

      T: Imagine you have lost a gold watch.After you have told him something about it, what else will the police ask you?S1: Of course, he will ask me what my name is.S2: The police will ask me my telephone number and where I live so that we can get in touchwith me in time.S3: The police

      T: Good!You are really an excellent secretary.When the police and the woman are having a talk, please write down the information.S: OK!(教師放錄音,學(xué)生根據(jù)剛才情境建構(gòu)起來的新知識(shí),馬上會(huì)積極投入到記錄員的角色 中去,記錄這位婦女與警察談話的主要信息,包括其丟失項(xiàng)鏈的地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間及其姓名、地址、電話號(hào)碼等,從而也就完成該課的第二道題。)(4)合作學(xué)習(xí)

      教師可以把全班同學(xué)分成若干組,每組三至四人,一至兩人扮演警察,一人扮演失主,一人扮演記錄員,然后模擬失主報(bào)警的情境。如:Loser: comrade, I lost something important.Police: What did you lost?L: I lost a luxurious(豪華的)bicycle.It is worth 1,200 yuan.P: Would you like to describe your lost bicycle? L: It is FEIGE Brand.It i在這樣的合作學(xué)習(xí)過程中,不僅鍛煉了“記錄員”的聽力能力(盡管他所獲得的不是地道的英語),也培養(yǎng)了“警察”和“失主”的口語表達(dá)能力。而傳統(tǒng)的英語聽力教學(xué)以會(huì)考或高考的題型進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,使整個(gè)教學(xué)缺乏一種活力,學(xué)生消極被動(dòng)地接受信息,其主動(dòng)性沒有得到充分的發(fā)揮。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的聽力理解能力和口語表達(dá)能力是緊密聯(lián)系在一起的,讓學(xué)生游離于口語表達(dá)之外,而以題型進(jìn)行機(jī)械的訓(xùn)練,會(huì)使得英語聽力教學(xué)缺乏生機(jī)。長期以往,勢必導(dǎo)致學(xué)生合作學(xué)習(xí)精神的缺失。(5)效果評(píng)價(jià)

      T: I am glad to see some students behave very actively.They are willing to show themselves before others.In the modern society, I think, we need this kind of courage.But there are still few silent students.They neither talk nor write down the information, I hope these students talk more, listen more and develop more.Only in this way, can you improve your listening comprehension ability.And I sincerely hope all of you succeed.OK?S: OK.T: Class is over.Thanks.2.拋錨式教學(xué)模式在英語口語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用

      過去很長時(shí)間,由于高考對(duì)非報(bào)考英語專業(yè)學(xué)生的口語測試不作要求,因此英語口語教學(xué)在英語教學(xué)中被忽略了。而對(duì)報(bào)考英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生的口語訓(xùn)練也僅僅拘泥于這樣一種模式:教師講授某一句型的適用場合——教師示范——學(xué)生操練句型——學(xué)生自由會(huì)話。在這樣一種操作程序下,學(xué)生較容易陷入一種機(jī)械模仿的境地,學(xué)生可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些合乎語法但 不合乎交際習(xí)慣的句子,甚至還會(huì)出現(xiàn)套用漢語的現(xiàn)象。如“開窗”說成“open the window”,從而把“開燈”說成“open the lamp”。在建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)理念下,對(duì)于英語教學(xué)中的口語教學(xué),教師要給學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)寬松、活潑的環(huán)境,以此喚起學(xué)生積極的情感和思維,創(chuàng)設(shè)情境式的口語教學(xué)。教師應(yīng)該引導(dǎo)學(xué)生置身差異文化背景下的情境,幫助學(xué)生在口語練習(xí)過程中實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì) Language points 的建構(gòu),而不應(yīng)該把口語教學(xué)理解成鸚鵡學(xué)舌般的機(jī)械模仿與重復(fù)。下面以 Senior English for China Book1B Unit 15 the Necklace 中的 Speaking 為例,談?wù)剴佸^式教學(xué)在英語口語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用。(1)創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,激發(fā)口語練習(xí)的動(dòng)機(jī) T:Imagine that you are alone outside at night.When you hear a terrible sound, what is your feeling?S1: Yes, you must feel terrible.S2: I will not feel terrible because I am brave.T: So great you are!You may not feel terrible if you are brave enough.T:(showing the following picture: a boy is smiling)Can he be very sad?S3: No, he can’t.T: Do you know what feeling he has?S4: Yes, I do.He is happy.T: You are right.He must be very happy.(2)進(jìn)行兩段簡短對(duì)話后,師生很自然地說出下列三個(gè)句子:a.You must feel terrible.b.You may not feel terrible if you are brave enough.c.—— Can he be very sad?—— No, he can’t.(教師可以將以上三個(gè)句子板書在黑板上或用 POWERPOINT 將其展示在屏幕上,并將must、may、may not、can、can’t 以下劃線或不同顏色的字體標(biāo)出喚起學(xué)生的注意。)T: Do you know the usage of must, may and can? S:(學(xué)生因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)知道情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法)Yes, we do.T: But today it is different.Would you like to know it?S: Yes.T: Now please listen to the following dialogue and try to catch the meaning of must, mayand can.教師播放事先準(zhǔn)備好的錄音:

      Woman: Today is my birthday.Man: Of course, I know it.And I have prepared a birthday gift for you.W: Oh, really? I am so glad to hear that.What is it?M: Guess it, please.W: May it be very expensive?M: No, it may not.I can’t afford an expensive gift.W: Can it be a birthday 學(xué)生通過以上對(duì)話所蘊(yùn)涵的情境,也就初步了解了 must、may、can 表推測的用法,從而確定了該口語教學(xué)的話題和教學(xué)目標(biāo)。(3)自主學(xué)習(xí)

      教師提供不同的語言材料和語境幫助學(xué)生自主建構(gòu) must、may、can 表“推測”這一語言點(diǎn)的理解。如教師可以就表示 happy、sad、rude、sleepy 等不同表情的畫面向?qū)W生提問:a.Can he be very happy?b.Can he be very sad?c.Why is he so angry?d.What feeling do you think he has?水平較高的學(xué)生則可能會(huì)在教師的引導(dǎo)下較為熟練地運(yùn)用 must、may、can 來表示

      “推測”,教師同時(shí)將 must、may、can 表示“推測”的用法小結(jié)呈現(xiàn)在屏幕上:

      通過以上信息的呈現(xiàn),印證了學(xué)生對(duì)該用法的自主建構(gòu),從而加深對(duì)該語言點(diǎn)的理解。(4)合作學(xué)習(xí)

      T: Imagine that 4 classmates find a box in their dormitory.The box is very large, and strange noises are coming from it.I’ll ask 4students to create a short play to guess what on earth is inside the box.S1:(thinkingly)The box is very large but it is rather light.The thing inside it must be verylight, too.S2: Can it be a book?S3: No, it can’t.Because it sounds strange noises when we move the box.T: Thanks for your excellent performances.(5)效果評(píng)價(jià)T: We have watched the 4 classmates’ perfect performances.I’m very glad that you havebasically mastered the new usage of must may and can.Congratulations!

      五、結(jié)束語

      如前所述,建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式的主要內(nèi)涵是指以學(xué)生為中心,在整個(gè)教學(xué)過程中由教師起組織者、指導(dǎo)者、幫助者和促進(jìn)者的作用,利用情境、協(xié)作、會(huì)話等學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境要素充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性、積極性和首創(chuàng)精神,最終達(dá)到使學(xué)生有效地實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)當(dāng)前所學(xué)知識(shí)的意義建構(gòu)。建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式的核心內(nèi)容是自主建構(gòu),同時(shí)也強(qiáng)調(diào)了師生關(guān)系民主化、教學(xué)的情境性及教學(xué)的交互性。建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式的應(yīng)用給高中英語課程改革提供了一個(gè)全新的視角,在應(yīng)用建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式的過程中,應(yīng)該注意以下一些問題,建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式注重對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行發(fā)展性評(píng)價(jià),當(dāng)然并非一味的肯定。雖然建構(gòu)主義倡導(dǎo)學(xué)生自主“建構(gòu)”,但當(dāng)學(xué)生“建構(gòu)”起“欣賞白骨精屢敗屢戰(zhàn)的勇氣”的念頭時(shí),[1]教師應(yīng)堅(jiān)決加以否定,應(yīng)用建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式對(duì)教師的要求較高。教師除了具備有系統(tǒng)的教育教學(xué)理論和所教學(xué)科的知識(shí)體系外,還應(yīng)具備一定的課程整合能力,掌握現(xiàn)代教育教學(xué)技術(shù),如超文本技術(shù)、POWERPOINT 等;教學(xué)有法,但無定法,貴在得法。我們在高中英語教學(xué)應(yīng)用建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)模式的過程中,并非機(jī)械套用,關(guān)鍵是要把握其“建構(gòu)”的思想精髓,力圖體現(xiàn)一種新型的教學(xué)觀,為解決現(xiàn)行高中英語教學(xué)中存在的諸多問題提供一些參考。60.高文,王海燕.拋錨式教學(xué)

      (一)[J].外國教育資料.1998,(8).

      第二篇:拋錨式教學(xué)策略

      拋錨式教學(xué)策略

      這種教學(xué)策略要求建立在有感染力的真實(shí)事件或真實(shí)問題的基礎(chǔ)上。確定這類真實(shí)事件或問題被形象地比喻為“拋錨”,因?yàn)橐坏┻@類事件或問題被確定了,整個(gè)教學(xué)內(nèi)容和教學(xué)進(jìn)程也就被確定了(就像輪船被錨固定一樣)。建構(gòu)主義者認(rèn)為,學(xué)習(xí)者要想完成對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)的意義建構(gòu),即達(dá)到對(duì)該知識(shí)所反映事物的性質(zhì)、規(guī)律以及該事物與其他事物之間聯(lián)系的深刻理解,最好的辦法是讓學(xué)習(xí)者到現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的真實(shí)環(huán)境中去感受、去體驗(yàn)(即通過獲取直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)來學(xué)習(xí)),而不是僅僅聆聽別人(例如教師)關(guān)于這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)的介紹和講解。由于拋錨式教學(xué)要以真實(shí)事例或問題為基礎(chǔ)(作為“錨”)所以有時(shí)也被稱為“實(shí)例式教學(xué)策略”或“基于問題的教學(xué)策略”。

      拋錨式教學(xué)策略由這樣幾個(gè)步驟組成:

      (1)創(chuàng)設(shè)情境:使學(xué)習(xí)能在和現(xiàn)實(shí)情況基本一致或相類似的情境中發(fā)生。

      (2)確定問題:在上述情境下,選擇出與當(dāng)前學(xué)習(xí)主題密切相關(guān)的真實(shí)性事件或問題作為學(xué)習(xí)的中心內(nèi)容(讓學(xué)生面臨一個(gè)需要立即去解決的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題)。選出的事件或問題就是“錨”,這一環(huán)節(jié)的作用就是“拋錨”。

      (3)自主學(xué)習(xí):不是由教師直接告訴學(xué)生應(yīng)當(dāng)如何去解決面臨的問題,而是由教師向?qū)W生提供解決該問題的有關(guān)線索(例如需要搜集哪一類資料、從何處獲取有關(guān)的信息資料以及現(xiàn)實(shí)中專家解決類似問題的探索過程等),并要特別注意發(fā)展學(xué)生的“自主學(xué)習(xí)”能力。自主學(xué)習(xí)能力包括:①確定學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容表的能力(學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容表是指為完成與給定問題有關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)所需要的知識(shí)點(diǎn)清單);②獲取有關(guān)信息與資料的能力(知道從何處獲取以及如何去獲取所需的信息與資料);③利用、評(píng)價(jià)有關(guān)信息與資料的能力。

      (4)合作學(xué)習(xí):討論、交流,通過不同觀點(diǎn)的交鋒,補(bǔ)充、修正、加深每個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)當(dāng)前問題的理解。

      (5)效果評(píng)價(jià)。由于拋錨式教學(xué)要求學(xué)生解決面臨的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題,學(xué)習(xí)過程就是解決問題的過程,即由該過程可以直接反映出學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果。因此對(duì)這種教學(xué)效果的評(píng)價(jià)往往不需要進(jìn)行獨(dú)立于教學(xué)過程的專門測驗(yàn),只需在學(xué)習(xí)過程中隨時(shí)觀察并記錄學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)即可。

      第三篇:有關(guān)拋錨式教學(xué)模式(二)

      拋錨式教學(xué)中的學(xué)習(xí)和評(píng)估

      拋錨式教學(xué)探究的基本目的不是進(jìn)步學(xué)生在測驗(yàn)中的分?jǐn)?shù),由于這類測驗(yàn)大多數(shù)側(cè)重的是互不關(guān)聯(lián)的技能和知識(shí)的片斷。溫特比爾特認(rèn)知和技術(shù)小組(ctgv)的首要目的是幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)步達(dá)到目的能力,這種目的是完整的——從某一新題目的一般定義開始,天生為解決新題目所必須的子目標(biāo),然后達(dá)到目標(biāo)。附加的目標(biāo)還包括和他人有效地交流思想和展開討論以及為有效地評(píng)判他人提供論等。為此,探究職員設(shè)計(jì)了一系列評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),試圖根據(jù)自己設(shè)定的目的評(píng)價(jià)拋錨式教學(xué)的全過程。

      在大產(chǎn)業(yè)范圍應(yīng)用不著拋錨式教學(xué)中,探究職員不僅采用自己的評(píng)估工具,同時(shí),也采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化成績測驗(yàn)作為評(píng)價(jià)工具。這樣做是為了表明,在不降低學(xué)生在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化成績測驗(yàn)中的分?jǐn)?shù)的同時(shí),學(xué)生能在有關(guān)復(fù)雜新題目解決的評(píng)價(jià)中獲得明顯的成就。探究職員曾經(jīng)擔(dān)心,從傳統(tǒng)課程中抽取一部分時(shí)間用于杰斯帕系列的教學(xué),有可能降低學(xué)生在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化成績測驗(yàn)中的分?jǐn)?shù)。不過,實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行至今,這種擔(dān)心還沒有變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí),在若干平安中,實(shí)驗(yàn)小組在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測驗(yàn)中甚至于取得了明顯的進(jìn)步。有趣的是摘要:普通學(xué)校的教師還可利用拋錨式教學(xué)課程中和某一知識(shí)、技能相應(yīng)的教學(xué)時(shí)段,往幫助學(xué)生在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測驗(yàn)以及其它各種測驗(yàn)中獲得高分。

      為了證實(shí)拋錨式教學(xué)方式能導(dǎo)致比傳統(tǒng)方式更好的學(xué)習(xí)和遷移,探究職員設(shè)計(jì)了若干方法用以丈量復(fù)雜新題目的解決。首先,應(yīng)確保實(shí)驗(yàn)組和控制組在教學(xué)中獲得的是同樣的基礎(chǔ)內(nèi)容,只是對(duì)教學(xué)進(jìn)行支撐的程度各不相同。例如,在夏洛克系列中,實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組都獲得有關(guān)故事要素的教學(xué),以使更好地發(fā)展故事的情節(jié)。不過,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的教學(xué)是在各種形式多樣的故事背景中進(jìn)行的。結(jié)果表明,在故事寫作、詞匯應(yīng)用和相關(guān)的歷史知識(shí)的獲得方面,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的學(xué)生都要優(yōu)于控制組。

      又如摘要:在杰斯帕系列的教學(xué)探究中,實(shí)驗(yàn)組和控制組同樣得到包括間隔、速度、時(shí)間計(jì)算在內(nèi)的基礎(chǔ)概念的教學(xué)。只是,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的教學(xué)貫串于解決杰斯帕歷險(xiǎn)中的一系列新題目;而控制組學(xué)生解決的是標(biāo)有不同題目的、一般的一步或二步文字題。數(shù)據(jù)表明,有機(jī)會(huì)在解決一個(gè)完整的杰斯帕新題目的背景中工作的學(xué)生,向復(fù)雜新題目解決的遷移能力大大強(qiáng)于控制組,這是由于,在杰斯帕新題目中包括了很多內(nèi)在相關(guān)的子新題目,這種教學(xué)遠(yuǎn)勝于僅僅解決覆蓋同樣內(nèi)容的彼此不相關(guān)的一步或二步新題目。

      此外,ctgv還進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的評(píng)估探究,對(duì)拋錨式教學(xué)方式和目前在各種學(xué)校中進(jìn)行的傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)方式作了比較。在最近的探究中,探究職員不對(duì)對(duì)照組的教學(xué)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行控制,但實(shí)驗(yàn)組仍優(yōu)于有很多教師和學(xué)生參和的“真實(shí)的”對(duì)照組。從大規(guī)模評(píng)估獲得的數(shù)據(jù)表明,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的學(xué)生(不受性別和種族的影響)無論在學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度還是新題目解決能力方面都具有上風(fēng)。

      拋錨式教學(xué)中的遷移新題目

      曾有人擔(dān)心,發(fā)生于具體情境地中的拋錨式教學(xué)會(huì)使學(xué)生對(duì)所獲得的概念的理解和應(yīng)用跟具體背景焊接在一起,這樣勢必影響知識(shí)的遷移。應(yīng)該承認(rèn),在特定場景中進(jìn)行情境教學(xué)確實(shí)存在這種潛伏的危險(xiǎn),但對(duì)于知識(shí)遷移而言,這種危險(xiǎn)并不是不可避免的。ctgv在過往三年中進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,經(jīng)過全盤認(rèn)真考慮的教學(xué)方式將有助于學(xué)生在情境性的拋錨式教學(xué)中發(fā)展各種經(jīng)驗(yàn)的表征,這將促進(jìn)遷移發(fā)生的可能性。以下就是探究職員設(shè)計(jì)的可由拋錨式教學(xué)引發(fā)的不同類型的遷移。向新的類似新題目的遷移

      遷移的第一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是對(duì)新新題目的建構(gòu),該新題目應(yīng)和先前解決的新題目直接相似。例如,學(xué)生已經(jīng)在杰斯帕的第一個(gè)和航行有關(guān)的歷險(xiǎn)的背景中提示了間隔、速度、時(shí)間概念。現(xiàn)在,教師則要求在類似的新的場景(比如,船型、耗油不同、起迄地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間不同等)中,建構(gòu)新題目及其解答。

      向部分類似新題目的遷移

      遷移的一個(gè)重要方面是學(xué)生將某一特定課堂中的活動(dòng)和其它課堂或校外的活動(dòng)自發(fā)聯(lián)系起來的程度。早期的探究發(fā)現(xiàn),在一些事例中學(xué)生自發(fā)地將課堂獲得的信息用于日常生活。最引人注目的是摘要:學(xué)生在影像提供的情境中學(xué)習(xí)如何利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)度量稀奇(印地安娜·瓊斯的高度)后,會(huì)自發(fā)地將所學(xué)知識(shí)用于丈量其它物體,如飛機(jī)的長度、校園里旗桿、樹木的高度等。同樣,在夏洛克項(xiàng)目中,學(xué)生會(huì)把學(xué)到的詞匯自發(fā)地應(yīng)用到其它的課堂和不同的內(nèi)容領(lǐng)域。此外,有些學(xué)生在書寫活動(dòng)中,還自發(fā)地天生橫貫幾個(gè)故事的連貫的情節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)。

      使用權(quán)用杰斯帕系列的學(xué)生分布在世界各地,探究職員不斷收到家長的報(bào)告,反映的孩子將杰斯帕學(xué)習(xí)和日常生活活動(dòng)聯(lián)系起來。例如,有的家長注重到,當(dāng)他們的車子停在加油站時(shí),孩子開始詢問車的燃油容量和功率;還有的家長發(fā)現(xiàn),孩子對(duì)各種度量單位產(chǎn)生喜好,等等。這種將拋錨式教學(xué)中學(xué)到的知識(shí)自沉地應(yīng)用到生活真實(shí)情景中的能力,及有力的表明拋錨式教學(xué)有助于提主學(xué)生向真實(shí)的、高效率學(xué)習(xí)的移遷能力。

      向特定學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的遷移

      ctgv曾說明,用于教學(xué)的支撐物并不一定是視覺的。探究組的一位成員就曾經(jīng)將基于平安和基于新題目的學(xué)習(xí)推廣至醫(yī)學(xué)、法律和商務(wù)內(nèi)容的學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域。在這一探究中他主要利用語詞形式的支撐物,探究結(jié)果表明學(xué)生通過學(xué)習(xí)把握了一整套組織有序的知識(shí),同時(shí)還提出并達(dá)到了自己的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)。參加這一實(shí)驗(yàn)課程的學(xué)生都有是按照側(cè)重語詞技能的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇出來的。

      盡管如此,ctgv仍然以為有足夠的理由偏愛視覺支撐物,而不僅僅使用語詞支撐物,尤其是對(duì)于那些未達(dá)到語詞技能選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的學(xué)生。偏愛視沉支撐物的理由之一就是給閱讀能力差的學(xué)生一個(gè)參和課堂討論的機(jī)會(huì)。理由之二是,視覺支撐物更易于傳達(dá)極其豐富的、復(fù)雜而新奇的信息。理由之三是摘要:既然豐富的視覺環(huán)境能引起更廣泛的關(guān)注,那么,在這種視覺環(huán)境中,不同小組的學(xué)生就有機(jī)會(huì)集中注重同一個(gè)支撐物中不同方面的新題目。比較語詞和視覺支撐物差異的最好方法是讓學(xué)生單用一種方式——或書面的或影像的方式解決杰斯帕的一個(gè)新題目。結(jié)果表明,只用書面材料的學(xué)生,在返回原處尋找解決新題目所必須的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),有較大的困難。

      目前,ctgv在夸大視覺支撐物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)的同時(shí),仍在努力進(jìn)步學(xué)生處理語詞材料的能力并將此作為探究目標(biāo)之一。比如,在涉及閱讀、寫作的拋錨式課程中,探究職員在開始時(shí)試用視覺教材,然后逐漸幫助學(xué)生適應(yīng)純語詞不達(dá)意的教材。

      拋錨式教學(xué)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

      ctgv以為,圍繞支撐物組織課程有以下幾點(diǎn)好處摘要:

      首先,對(duì)于教師為完成一個(gè)基于社區(qū)的真實(shí)項(xiàng)目往發(fā)現(xiàn)所必須的一切資源是十分困難的。但圍繞支撐物組織教學(xué)則比較易于治理。利用具有豐富信息的支撐物為改變課堂教學(xué)的實(shí)踐提供了臺(tái)階,避免了因項(xiàng)目自身的改變而導(dǎo)致的過于忽然的變化。

      由于學(xué)生在活動(dòng)開始之前具有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)水平有很大的差異,圍繞支撐物組織教學(xué)有利于使學(xué)生的原有的預(yù)備水平趨于平衡。

      支撐物還為學(xué)生以及社區(qū)其他成員積極參和知識(shí)的共享提供了一個(gè)共用平臺(tái)。不同的學(xué)生可以從同一個(gè)原始情境出發(fā),提出 不同的新題目以及解決的方案。新新題目的提出往往受到他人的重視并激發(fā)出濃厚的喜好。

      支撐物的利用還促進(jìn)了學(xué)生之間,以及學(xué)生和社區(qū)其他成員之間的交流。例如,邀表家長和社區(qū)成員進(jìn)進(jìn)課堂,和學(xué)生共享支撐物,在解決復(fù)雜新題目的過程中,經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn),在有些領(lǐng)域可以為學(xué)生提供補(bǔ)充信息。其中有一例就是家長在觀看了涉及紫外線的歷險(xiǎn)后,邀請(qǐng)學(xué)生現(xiàn)場參觀真正的紫外線外線。

      拋錨式教學(xué)探究項(xiàng)目的一個(gè)十分重要的課題是摘要:教學(xué)能在何種程度上使學(xué)生通過學(xué)習(xí)為未來作好預(yù)備。支撐物可能為學(xué)生敏感的、形成性的評(píng)價(jià)奠定基礎(chǔ),這交有助于保證所有的學(xué)生盡自己的可能學(xué)到最多的知識(shí)。對(duì)情境認(rèn)知的反思

      通過1990年以來的實(shí)驗(yàn)探究,ctgv對(duì)情境認(rèn)知作了進(jìn)一步的反思。提出,1)必須以更為廣闊的視角來看待“表境性”;2)有關(guān)學(xué)習(xí)和遷移的情境觀點(diǎn);3)如何利用遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)技術(shù)創(chuàng)建“學(xué)習(xí)共同體”,以支持學(xué)生為生活做好預(yù)備的學(xué)習(xí)類型。

      有關(guān)“情境地性”的廣角思考

      1990年以前,ctgc主要夸大以影像為支撐物或在宏觀背景中進(jìn)行情境地教學(xué)。如今,探究職員固然仍然相信,支撐物對(duì)改變課堂中發(fā)生的教育活動(dòng)著重要的功能,但有必要進(jìn)一步清楚地思考支撐物所處情境的文化背景。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,教師和學(xué)生在開始杰斯帕系列課程的工作時(shí),首先必須面對(duì)的挑戰(zhàn)是改變其課堂的文化,即幫助教師從“講述者”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤敖叹殹被颉皩W(xué)習(xí)的伙伴”。其次,學(xué)習(xí)最好從比較簡單的技術(shù)開始,如帶有遠(yuǎn)控器的電視唱片或條形碼解讀器等,比較復(fù)雜的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)可以稍后再先容。此外,應(yīng)為技術(shù)的試用提供足夠的時(shí)間和設(shè)備的支持,以避免因設(shè)備新題目浪費(fèi)學(xué)生寶貴的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間。此外,通過實(shí)驗(yàn)獲得的第一手資料也證實(shí),幫助實(shí)驗(yàn)教師獲得學(xué)校和社區(qū)對(duì)新項(xiàng)目的廣泛支持是極其重要的。為此,教師已經(jīng)在工作中創(chuàng)造了很多方法,比如,邀請(qǐng)家長和行政職員進(jìn)課堂解決杰斯帕新題目。探究職員也創(chuàng)造了一些重要的評(píng)價(jià)工具,以便讓教師有可能性展示學(xué)生通過拋錨式課程所學(xué)到的東西。這一切將有助于轉(zhuǎn)變家長和社區(qū)其他成員的教育觀念,以便為拋錨式教學(xué)的順利實(shí)施創(chuàng)造相應(yīng)的文化背景。

      學(xué)習(xí)和遷移的情境觀

      拋錨式教學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)探究幫助探究職員逐漸確立起有關(guān)學(xué)習(xí)和遷移的情境觀點(diǎn)。根據(jù)格瑞諾(greeno)等人的學(xué)習(xí)定義,即學(xué)習(xí)是“??和一情境中的物和他人交互功能能力的進(jìn)步”,將遷移新題目理解為摘要:如何學(xué)習(xí)參和某一情境地中的活動(dòng)可以影響(正面地或負(fù)面地)此人對(duì)某一新情境中另一活動(dòng)的參和。ctgv以為,greeno及其同事對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)和遷移的定義的啟示是摘要:不同情境地中的學(xué)習(xí)是不同的。由此,應(yīng)該引起探究職員注重的是摘要:大多數(shù)有關(guān)學(xué)習(xí)的探究都主要關(guān)注典型的學(xué)校場景中的活動(dòng)。然而,有些探究者指出,典型的課堂文化會(huì)導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)的膚淺,而不是深進(jìn)。因此,為了全面、深刻地熟悉和探究真實(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)和遷移,作為各種學(xué)習(xí)理論基礎(chǔ)的應(yīng)該是對(duì)由各種場景中發(fā)生的學(xué)習(xí)所引起的廣泛變化進(jìn)行分析,而不只是單一地、局限地孤立地探究學(xué)校場曩發(fā)生的學(xué)習(xí)。

      夸大情境地認(rèn)知的理論家十分注重對(duì)發(fā)生于日常場景中的學(xué)習(xí)和新題目解決進(jìn)行分析。例如摘要:赫美羅(hmelo,1992)以為學(xué)習(xí)和教學(xué)的原則提出應(yīng)該依據(jù)兩種不同的分析摘要:其一是對(duì)基于課堂教學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)的分析;另一種分析對(duì)象是非學(xué)校場景中的學(xué)習(xí)。他曾對(duì)這兩種學(xué)習(xí)原則進(jìn)行比較。他指出,在學(xué)校場景中,學(xué)習(xí)通常是教師指導(dǎo)的,而在非學(xué)校場景中學(xué)習(xí)必須由學(xué)習(xí)者自己指導(dǎo),這就要求學(xué)習(xí)者克服學(xué)習(xí)中對(duì)他人的依靠獨(dú)立地識(shí)別、分析、解決新題目。此外,不同場景要求的學(xué)習(xí)策略也不同摘要:學(xué)校場景中夸大的學(xué)習(xí)策略的類型主要是應(yīng)付考試的,如記筆記、回憶并記憶課文中信息、關(guān)注新題目的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案、猜測測驗(yàn)的可能性范圍等;和此相反,在以解決真實(shí)新題目為目標(biāo)的很多非學(xué)校場景中,學(xué)習(xí)策略夸大的主要是識(shí)別重要新題目、機(jī)會(huì)和場景以及如何確立符合自己需要的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)、如何尋找為解決新題目所必須的資源、手段、方法和途徑。

      學(xué)習(xí)和遷移的情境觀對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)新題目有著同樣重要的啟示。教學(xué)改革的一個(gè)主要障礙是教師和學(xué)習(xí)系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常過高地考慮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化成績測試中分?jǐn)?shù)的意義。事實(shí)上,學(xué)生應(yīng)付考試的能力并不能保證且有助于他積極參和新情境中相應(yīng)的活動(dòng),如摘要:職業(yè)工作所必須的獨(dú)立學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)。因此,改變課堂文化挑戰(zhàn)的一個(gè)重要部分是改變作為學(xué)習(xí)標(biāo)志的評(píng)價(jià)的實(shí)質(zhì)。這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于解釋杰斯帕軟件的目的是很重要的。該軟件的主要目標(biāo)并不在于提供學(xué)生在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試中的成績。但ctgv需要有評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生進(jìn)步的方式,所以,開發(fā)了評(píng)價(jià)工具,主要用以評(píng)估新題目發(fā)現(xiàn)、新題目表征的天生性技能。沉得這些技能對(duì)于不斷變化的日常情境是十分重要的。新的評(píng)價(jià)方法作為一個(gè)題目已成為近十年來論述的主要新題目。情境學(xué)習(xí)和遷移理論有助于闡明教材、教學(xué)和評(píng)價(jià)之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,從而更好地確定課堂、學(xué)校和共同體的文化。

      ctgv的理論依據(jù)是吉布森有關(guān)“供給”的解釋并以此對(duì)教材、教學(xué)和評(píng)價(jià)進(jìn)行了分析。他們所設(shè)計(jì)的支撐物主要支持這樣一些學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)類型摘要:天生學(xué)習(xí)、協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)和有效的交流,這些學(xué)習(xí)類型恰恰相反恰恰相反是傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)材料所不支持的。隨著ctgv從課堂中獲得更多的經(jīng)驗(yàn),已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)推薦能促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)的補(bǔ)充教材和實(shí)踐是重要的。其中最重要的是使思維可視化,從而在必要時(shí)提供精制和修復(fù)的機(jī)會(huì)??偟恼f來,對(duì)供給物的夸大有助于將注重力集中在多種多樣實(shí)踐的用處上。例如,在提供有依據(jù)的自我食欲的機(jī)會(huì)和僅僅測試學(xué)生之間存在著重大的差異。對(duì)于他們,自我評(píng)價(jià)的主要目標(biāo)是幫助學(xué)生發(fā)展。

      第四篇:拋錨式教學(xué)的運(yùn)用

      拋錨式教學(xué)的運(yùn)用

      楊 臻

      學(xué)習(xí)者所掌握的知識(shí),不是由教師或書籍直接給予的,而是學(xué)習(xí)者在與環(huán)境、他人以及各種學(xué)習(xí)資源的互動(dòng)中,通過學(xué)習(xí)者本人的內(nèi)化而實(shí)現(xiàn)的。拋錨式教學(xué)就是要讓學(xué)生在一個(gè)完整、真實(shí)的情境中,產(chǎn)生學(xué)習(xí)的需要,并通過學(xué)習(xí)共同體中成員間的互動(dòng)、交流,憑借自己的主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)、生成學(xué)習(xí),親身體驗(yàn)知識(shí)建構(gòu)的全過程,借以提高分析和解決問題的能力。這種教學(xué)的關(guān)鍵是要?jiǎng)?chuàng)設(shè)有意義的生活情境和問題情境。寬松、和諧、新穎的情境,可以誘發(fā)學(xué)生新的想象,激發(fā)生生之間、師生之間的思想火花,有助于學(xué)生積極主動(dòng)地參與到動(dòng)態(tài)生成的討論、探究等互動(dòng)活動(dòng)中去。教師也容易在其中發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生思想、學(xué)習(xí)等方面的問題,及時(shí)予以解決。

      一、情境設(shè)計(jì)案例

      情境預(yù)設(shè):教師選取2006年8月至2007年8月全國豬肉價(jià)格曲線圖,提出問題:①豬肉價(jià)格上漲的原因是什么?②豬肉價(jià)格上漲對(duì)生產(chǎn)和生活又會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么影響?③面對(duì)豬肉價(jià)格上漲,生產(chǎn)者、消費(fèi)者應(yīng)該怎么辦?

      預(yù)設(shè)目標(biāo):讓學(xué)生理解“影響價(jià)格的因素”以及“價(jià)格變動(dòng)的影響”兩個(gè)框題中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用價(jià)值規(guī)律分析經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象。實(shí)際結(jié)果:學(xué)生各抒己見,積極參與,認(rèn)為養(yǎng)豬成本上升和養(yǎng)豬戶的減少是導(dǎo)致豬肉價(jià)格上漲的主要因素,聯(lián)系自己家庭實(shí)際,覺得消費(fèi)者要少吃豬肉多買魚、鴨等肉食品。養(yǎng)豬戶要懂技術(shù)會(huì)管理,降低成本。在擴(kuò)大還是壓縮生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的問題上,同學(xué)之間甚至還產(chǎn)生了激烈辯論,在老師引導(dǎo)下,學(xué)生對(duì)價(jià)值規(guī)律的理解進(jìn)一步加深了。教后分析:創(chuàng)設(shè)較為集中的情境,有助于引發(fā)學(xué)生的深度思考和廣闊思維。本節(jié)課圍繞“豬肉價(jià)格”這一中心,只用一張“豬肉價(jià)格曲線圖”幻燈片,在教師適時(shí)的引導(dǎo)下,激發(fā)了學(xué)生的多維思考,學(xué)生順勢展開“在豬肉價(jià)格不斷上漲時(shí),是否應(yīng)該擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)?!钡霓q論。反方認(rèn)為,沒有只漲不跌的價(jià)格,豬肉價(jià)格的上漲已持續(xù)一年多,因?yàn)橛欣蓤D,養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模已擴(kuò)張,此時(shí)再擴(kuò)大規(guī)模,一旦價(jià)格下跌,則損失慘重。從而生成出生產(chǎn)者要研究市場的觀點(diǎn),正方則據(jù)理力爭,例舉家電市場認(rèn)為,即使價(jià)格不斷下跌,“海爾”等知名品牌仍然產(chǎn)銷兩旺,居然打造成國際品牌,靠的就是技術(shù)和管理,所以,生產(chǎn)者還要重視技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,加強(qiáng)管理。通過創(chuàng)設(shè)典型且具有代表性的情境,學(xué)生自己整體感知了價(jià)格的形成和影響,理解了價(jià)值規(guī)律的內(nèi)涵。

      學(xué)生感想:我們對(duì)于一些近期社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)話題特別感興趣,老師能夠在課堂中提起,并讓我們討論,使我們能夠在與同學(xué)的相互溝通中探究出其中的原理,既可信又管用。

      二、拋錨式教學(xué)應(yīng)用

      1、情境設(shè)置

      人教版高二思想政治上冊有一框題是《堅(jiān)持唯物辯證法,反對(duì)形而上學(xué)》,這節(jié)課內(nèi)容龐雜,涉及面廣,實(shí)際上是對(duì)整個(gè)上冊唯物辯證法知識(shí)的系統(tǒng)總結(jié)。在學(xué)習(xí)這一內(nèi)容前,我精心選擇了一組有關(guān)秦淮河的照片。屏幕上首先出現(xiàn)的是昔日漿聲燈影中秦淮河的風(fēng)光照,迷人的景色、和諧的畫面立即吸引了學(xué)生的眼球。緊接著,另一幅畫面上又出現(xiàn)了一條河:河道是黃色的,就象什么東西生銹了一樣,河水的顏色也是黃色的,上面還有許多飄浮物??吹竭@兩組對(duì)比如此強(qiáng)烈的畫面,學(xué)生們一個(gè)個(gè)蠢蠢欲動(dòng)。我適時(shí)發(fā)問:這是同一條河嗎?大多數(shù)學(xué)生回答:不是。我說:這不僅是同一條河,而且這條河就是在我們身邊靜靜地流淌著的秦淮河。學(xué)生們的思維被激活了,為下一步更深入的探究創(chuàng)造了有利的條件。

      2、確定具體的研究問題

      在建立了良好的教學(xué)情境后,選擇與當(dāng)前學(xué)習(xí)主題密切相關(guān)的真實(shí)事件或問題作為學(xué)習(xí)的中心內(nèi)容,選出的事件或問題就是“錨”,這一環(huán)節(jié)的作用就是“拋錨”。在實(shí)際的應(yīng)用中,視具體情況可以選擇大型的“錨”(知識(shí)面涵蓋幾課或更大),也可以選擇微型的“錨”(某節(jié)中的某個(gè)具體內(nèi)容)。

      在上述課例中,我提出的問題是:①從昔日漿聲燈影的秦淮河到今天“銹色憂人”的秦淮河,你有什么感想?②秦淮河為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這樣的變化?③秦淮河的變化給我們哪些哲學(xué)啟示?這三個(gè)問題提出以后,整節(jié)課都圍繞著它們而展開。

      一般來說,問題的確立是把學(xué)生引入一節(jié)課或一節(jié)課中某一內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵。一個(gè)好的問題,可以把學(xué)生引入預(yù)期的教學(xué)目標(biāo),引發(fā)學(xué)生進(jìn)行積極的思考和探索(即自主學(xué)習(xí)),所以教師所拋的“錨”要對(duì)學(xué)生有足夠的吸引力。同時(shí)還應(yīng)注意,“錨”不僅是學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)用已掌握知識(shí)的情境,更重要的是使用“錨”來幫助學(xué)生發(fā)展新思維,提高創(chuàng)新能力。也就是說,教師提出的這些問題是為了給學(xué)生提供繼續(xù)攀爬的“腳手架”。

      3、自主學(xué)習(xí)與協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)

      根據(jù)教學(xué)目標(biāo)設(shè)定的“錨”,學(xué)生在解決問題時(shí)會(huì)遇到很多困難, 有時(shí)還會(huì)受到學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣、學(xué)習(xí)品質(zhì)等方面的影響。在這種情況下,教師尤其要注重發(fā)揮學(xué)習(xí)者的主觀能動(dòng)性,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生首先嘗試自己獨(dú)立解決問題。必要時(shí)老師可以向?qū)W生提供一些解決問題的有關(guān)線索,例如怎樣對(duì)給定問題進(jìn)行假設(shè),怎樣通過查詢各種信息資料對(duì)問題進(jìn)行論證,從何處獲取有關(guān)的信息資料以及如何對(duì)已經(jīng)形成的認(rèn)識(shí)進(jìn)行反饋,補(bǔ)充和完善等。

      對(duì)某些復(fù)雜問題,通常學(xué)習(xí)者不能獨(dú)立完成問題的解決,需要與同伴或教師討論和交流,這就是協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)。另外,“錨”的可視性特征也有利于相互之間的協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí),即使學(xué)業(yè)不理想的學(xué)生也能在協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)中有展示自己的機(jī)會(huì),從而獲得同伴的尊敬。通過學(xué)習(xí)者與學(xué)習(xí)者之間、學(xué)習(xí)者與教師之間互相討論、交流,不同觀點(diǎn)彼此發(fā)生相互碰撞,可以補(bǔ)充、修正并加深每個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)當(dāng)前問題的理解,以進(jìn)一步深化和完善對(duì)主題的意義建構(gòu)。

      在討論過程中,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)習(xí)者去考慮多種可能的問題解決方案,要認(rèn)真、專注地傾聽每位學(xué)生的發(fā)言,善于發(fā)現(xiàn)每位學(xué)生發(fā)言中的積極因素(哪怕只是萌芽),并及時(shí)給以肯定和鼓勵(lì);要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)每位學(xué)生通過發(fā)言暴露出來的、關(guān)于某個(gè)概念(或認(rèn)識(shí))的模糊或不正確之處,并及時(shí)用學(xué)生樂于接受的方式予以指正(切忌使用容易挫傷學(xué)生自尊心的詞語);當(dāng)討論開始偏離教學(xué)內(nèi)容或糾纏于枝節(jié)問題時(shí),教師還要考慮如何站在稍稍超前于學(xué)生智力發(fā)展的邊界上(即稍稍超前于最鄰近發(fā)展區(qū))通過提問來引導(dǎo)討論,但切忌直接告訴學(xué)生應(yīng)該做什么(即不能代替學(xué)生思維);在討論的末尾,應(yīng)由教師(或?qū)W生自己)對(duì)整個(gè)協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)過程作出小結(jié)。

      在這節(jié)課中,在提出了三個(gè)問題之后,我并不急于要求學(xué)生立即給出答案,而是給學(xué)生提供一條線索:解決上述問題需要運(yùn)用已經(jīng)學(xué)過的辯證法知識(shí),然后要求所有學(xué)生先進(jìn)行自我論證,并把要點(diǎn)寫在草稿紙上以備協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)使用,遇到困難可以從課本上獲取有關(guān)信息。經(jīng)過查閱課本和獨(dú)立思考,每人都寫下了自己的觀點(diǎn)。接著展開協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí),先在小組內(nèi)部進(jìn)行討論交流(事先已有明確分工,每組設(shè)組長、紀(jì)檢委員、記錄員、美工、匯報(bào)人等若干),然后各組派匯報(bào)人闡述己方觀點(diǎn),其他小組可提出質(zhì)疑并就此展開討論。經(jīng)過熱烈討論,大家一致認(rèn)為:秦淮河的污染是“人禍”所致,是人們孤立地、靜止地、片面地看問題,辦事情的結(jié)果。它給我們的哲學(xué)啟示就是要用聯(lián)系的、發(fā)展的、全面的觀點(diǎn)看問題,辦事情。這樣,辯證法和形而上學(xué)的分歧已不言自明。

      4、效果評(píng)價(jià)

      由于拋錨式教學(xué)要求學(xué)生解決面臨的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題,學(xué)習(xí)過程就是解決問題的過程,即由該過程可以直接反映出學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果,因此可以將學(xué)習(xí)過程中對(duì)學(xué)生表現(xiàn)的隨時(shí)觀察與記錄作為重要的評(píng)價(jià)依據(jù),這種評(píng)價(jià)包括小組評(píng)價(jià)和由教師進(jìn)行的評(píng)價(jià)。在小組內(nèi)部交流階段,學(xué)習(xí)者與同組成員交流自己的看法和觀點(diǎn),由小組成員進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),既有利于學(xué)習(xí)者及時(shí)反思自己解決問題的思維過程,也有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主管理能力。在集體交流(小組之間協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí))階段,各組的表現(xiàn)主要由教師進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。

      為了全面客觀地評(píng)價(jià)每個(gè)學(xué)生的課堂表現(xiàn),我給每個(gè)小組發(fā)了一個(gè)檔案袋,由組長記錄本小組內(nèi)每位同學(xué)參與組內(nèi)協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)的情況,記錄后面有每個(gè)學(xué)生的自我評(píng)價(jià)。檔案袋課后交給我,我再對(duì)各小組進(jìn)行橫向?qū)Ρ仍u(píng)價(jià),各方面評(píng)價(jià)的總和就是每個(gè)學(xué)生的成績。

      第五篇:拋錨式access2003教學(xué)案例access范文

      “拋錨式”教學(xué)模式在ACCESS2003 課堂教學(xué)中的實(shí)踐

      2010年10月

      通許縣中等職業(yè)學(xué)校

      陳亮中 “拋錨式”教學(xué)模式在ACCESS2003課堂教學(xué)中的實(shí)踐

      通許縣中等職業(yè)學(xué)校 陳亮中

      第一章 認(rèn)識(shí)ACCESS2003 第一課時(shí)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

      【教材分析】

      本章教學(xué)只要求學(xué)生了解數(shù)據(jù)庫基本概念、了解各種數(shù)據(jù)類型、初步掌握利用Access管理數(shù)據(jù)的基本方法,目的是為將來學(xué)習(xí)“數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用”做知識(shí)和技能的準(zhǔn)備。因此筆者認(rèn)為教學(xué)不應(yīng)只局限于讓學(xué)生了解或掌握幾個(gè)基本概念、基本操作,而應(yīng)給學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)情境和平臺(tái),使其在自主學(xué)習(xí)掌握知識(shí)技能的同時(shí)培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)“數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)”的興趣。

      依據(jù)《學(xué)科教學(xué)指導(dǎo)意見》,本節(jié)教學(xué)安排三課時(shí)。筆者由教學(xué)情境創(chuàng)設(shè)需要,安排第一課時(shí)的內(nèi)容是數(shù)據(jù)庫相關(guān)的幾個(gè)概念,第二課時(shí)的內(nèi)容是字段的各種數(shù)據(jù)類型和設(shè)計(jì)簡單的數(shù)據(jù)表,第三課利用Access管理數(shù)據(jù)記錄的基本操作。本設(shè)計(jì)針對(duì)第一課時(shí)的教學(xué)。

      【學(xué)生分析】

      運(yùn)用知識(shí)遷移能力學(xué)習(xí)“利用Access管理數(shù)據(jù)記錄的基本操作”做了準(zhǔn)備。但教學(xué)內(nèi)容中新概念較多對(duì)于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣會(huì)有影響,另外不同學(xué)生的知識(shí)技能水平存在差異,因此在具體教學(xué)中要?jiǎng)?chuàng)設(shè)好學(xué)習(xí)情境,引起學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣,并注重學(xué)生之間的協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)。

      【教學(xué)目標(biāo)】

      一、知識(shí)與技能 1.能夠描述數(shù)據(jù)庫、數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的概念及相互關(guān)系。

      2.熟悉Access軟件的操作界面及其基本操作方法。

      二、過程與方法

      在創(chuàng)設(shè)的學(xué)習(xí)情境中,自主學(xué)習(xí)、小組合作探究,體驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)或歸納出數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)基本概念及相互關(guān)系,培養(yǎng)觀察能力、分析能力、知識(shí)技能運(yùn)用能力和協(xié)作、交流的能力,通過互動(dòng)點(diǎn)評(píng)活動(dòng)結(jié)果和完成學(xué)習(xí)日記,學(xué)習(xí)正確評(píng)價(jià)自己和他人的信息活動(dòng)過程和結(jié)果。

      三、情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀

      【教學(xué)重點(diǎn)】

      1.?dāng)?shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的幾個(gè)基本概念。

      【教學(xué)難點(diǎn)】

      1.?dāng)?shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)幾個(gè)概念之間的關(guān)系。

      【教學(xué)策略】

      本課教學(xué)運(yùn)用了拋錨式教學(xué)模式,以教學(xué)論壇為學(xué)習(xí)的平臺(tái),“寵物世界”游戲?yàn)榻虒W(xué)引線,通過兩個(gè)互動(dòng)活動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)情境創(chuàng)設(shè),將“錨”拋在本課教學(xué)的兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)。創(chuàng)設(shè)“學(xué)習(xí)日記”情境,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自我評(píng)價(jià),發(fā)掘本課情感態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀培養(yǎng)作用。學(xué)生以自主學(xué)習(xí)、協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)的方式完成學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)。師生互動(dòng)點(diǎn)評(píng)學(xué)習(xí)過程和結(jié)果,實(shí)現(xiàn)效果評(píng)價(jià)。

      【教學(xué)過程】

      一、熟悉平臺(tái),導(dǎo)入新課

      教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生登陸教學(xué)論壇,熟悉論壇設(shè)置。學(xué)生熟悉學(xué)習(xí)的平臺(tái),閱讀論壇中“學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)”貼,明確學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。

      二、情境依托,構(gòu)建知識(shí)

      1.?dāng)?shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)基本概念及關(guān)系

      師:上一節(jié)課我們體驗(yàn)了網(wǎng)上數(shù)據(jù)管理帶來的好處,其實(shí)同學(xué)們平時(shí)在接觸的網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲也存在數(shù)據(jù)管理的問題。

      學(xué)生顯露興奮的表情。

      師:我們邊玩邊學(xué),一起進(jìn)入“互動(dòng)活動(dòng)一”。

      互動(dòng)活動(dòng)一:“寵物世界”初探

      活動(dòng)內(nèi)容:(1)自學(xué)教材“ 數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)第一章”,了解數(shù)據(jù)、數(shù)據(jù)庫、數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的概念,完成論壇“知識(shí)問答”;(2)到“寵物世界”領(lǐng)養(yǎng)一個(gè)寵物寶寶,把它養(yǎng)得又肥又壯;(3)思考、猜想“寵物世界”游戲與數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)中的基本概念的聯(lián)系以及這些概念之間的關(guān)系。

      學(xué)生自學(xué)基本概念,摸索游戲功能,探究彼此聯(lián)系。教師巡視輔導(dǎo)?;顒?dòng)結(jié)束后,交流學(xué)習(xí)成果。

      師:我們的互動(dòng)活動(dòng)暫告一個(gè)段落,請(qǐng)同學(xué)們查看一下誰的寵物寶寶培養(yǎng)的最好?

      學(xué)生查詢“寵物排行榜”,推舉出第一名的同學(xué)。

      師:網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲本身是一個(gè)軟件,這位第一名的同學(xué)在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)就熟悉了這個(gè)軟件的功能,可見他知識(shí)遷移能力、操作能力很強(qiáng)。下面我們就請(qǐng)他來談?wù)劇皩櫸锸澜纭庇螒蚺c數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)中基本概念的聯(lián)系。

      生:“寵物世界”游戲是一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用系統(tǒng),我們在玩游戲時(shí)產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)該是有個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫文件在存儲(chǔ)的,并有一個(gè)相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)對(duì)該文件進(jìn)行管理。

      教師請(qǐng)其他同學(xué)分析、補(bǔ)充,并從服務(wù)器調(diào)出“寵物世界”游戲后臺(tái)的數(shù)據(jù)庫文件證明學(xué)生的猜想。

      師:這就是“寵物世界”游戲的數(shù)據(jù)庫文件,擴(kuò)展名為“.mdb”,鼠標(biāo)雙擊該文件,計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)調(diào)用Access這個(gè)軟件將其打開,Access就是該數(shù)據(jù)庫文件的數(shù)據(jù)庫管理軟件。

      教師簡單介紹Access軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的管理方式;學(xué)生都瞪大了眼,看著教師演示。

      生:我看到我的寵物的名字了,還有它的等級(jí)!老師,是不是用Access改一下這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫文件,在“寵物世界”游戲就會(huì)發(fā)生變化?

      師:這位同學(xué)腦筋轉(zhuǎn)得可真快!既然想到了,那我們就去做吧,開始我們第二階段的互動(dòng)活動(dòng)。

      設(shè)計(jì)意圖:學(xué)生在教師創(chuàng)設(shè)的情境中自學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)基本概念,然后和具體實(shí)例相結(jié)合分析其中的聯(lián)系和關(guān)系,并經(jīng)過師生共同討論、教師演示講評(píng),最終實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)當(dāng)前所學(xué)知識(shí)意義建構(gòu)的目的,同時(shí)培養(yǎng)了觀察、分析能力和學(xué)習(xí)興趣。

      三、歸納延伸,提升素養(yǎng)

      師:不知道班級(jí)里有沒有同學(xué)玩網(wǎng)游有點(diǎn)上癮?如果有,那么我們這節(jié)課的學(xué)習(xí)已經(jīng)很好的告訴你“你所日夜為之奮斗的只是數(shù)據(jù)表里的一個(gè)數(shù)字”。請(qǐng)真誠的面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活,從容的看待虛擬世界,學(xué)會(huì)約束自己。

      師:接著請(qǐng)大家都來談?wù)務(wù)n堂學(xué)習(xí)的感受,完成“學(xué)習(xí)日記”。

      學(xué)習(xí)日記:一個(gè)論壇投票貼,設(shè)置了五個(gè)固定內(nèi)容供學(xué)生多項(xiàng)選擇,當(dāng)然學(xué)生也可以在投票貼回復(fù)更多的學(xué)習(xí)感受。

      五個(gè)選項(xiàng):(1)今天上課心情還不錯(cuò),這種邊玩邊學(xué)的課堂形式我還是比較喜歡的。(2)原來認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)據(jù)庫的一些概念會(huì)比較枯燥,但我今天掌握起來卻比較輕松。(3)今天課堂上大家一起玩的“寵物世界”游戲雖然界面比較簡單,但還是有點(diǎn)味道的。關(guān)于游戲,我相信自己能夠做到不沉迷其中。(4)剛接觸“寵物世界”和Access的時(shí)候,我感覺有點(diǎn)無從下手,看來我對(duì)于以前學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)技能掌握還不夠好,不過我會(huì)努力趕上的。(5)另外,我覺得我們班級(jí)的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍很好,當(dāng)我學(xué)習(xí)碰到困難的時(shí)候同學(xué)們都會(huì)來幫助我,當(dāng)然我也很樂意幫助別的同學(xué)。

      師生共同參與關(guān)于本課學(xué)習(xí)的討論。教師提出預(yù)習(xí)要求。設(shè)計(jì)意圖:創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)輕松自然的評(píng)價(jià)環(huán)境,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)自己的信息活動(dòng)過程和結(jié)果進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),并希望引起學(xué)生關(guān)于“情感態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀”的思考,為課堂教學(xué)畫龍點(diǎn)睛。

      【教學(xué)反思】

      拋錨式教學(xué)要求建立在有感染力的真實(shí)事件或真實(shí)問題的基礎(chǔ)上,確定這類真實(shí)事件或問題被形象地比喻為“拋錨”,因?yàn)橐坏┻@類事件或問題被確定了,整個(gè)教學(xué)內(nèi)容和教學(xué)進(jìn)程也就被確定了。拋錨式教學(xué)一般由創(chuàng)設(shè)情境、確定問題、自主學(xué)習(xí)、協(xié)作學(xué)習(xí)、效果評(píng)價(jià)這幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)組成。在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,學(xué)生對(duì)于這樣的教學(xué)情境設(shè)置和教學(xué)模式都很有興趣,教學(xué)任務(wù)也完成得比較不錯(cuò),同時(shí)筆者也有了以下教學(xué)后的思考:

      (1)任何一種教學(xué)模式的應(yīng)用,學(xué)生都有一個(gè)適應(yīng)的過程,尤其是像“拋錨式”這樣的教學(xué)模式,學(xué)生在以往的教學(xué)活動(dòng)中接觸比較少,教師應(yīng)考慮在整個(gè)教學(xué)階段逐步引入教學(xué)模式。

      (2)在拋錨式教學(xué)中,教師是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的組織者、指導(dǎo)者、幫助者和促進(jìn)者,因此教師要從學(xué)生的角度出發(fā)切身體驗(yàn)課程內(nèi)容,全面的分析在教學(xué)實(shí)施中學(xué)生可能產(chǎn)生問題的范圍。實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)設(shè)的情境能符合學(xué)生心理,教學(xué)的“錨”能拋在學(xué)生的“臨近發(fā)展區(qū)”,能掌控整個(gè)教學(xué)進(jìn)程,把握課堂指導(dǎo)的最佳時(shí)機(jī)。

      (3)教學(xué)中應(yīng)該考慮多種教學(xué)策略配合運(yùn)用,該用其他教學(xué)策略的地方還是要用其他的。例如拋錨式教學(xué)中確定問題環(huán)節(jié),教學(xué)的“錨”(學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù))一定要拋在關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)上,要能激發(fā)學(xué)生內(nèi)部學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)。如果此時(shí)完全讓學(xué)生自己在情境中發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、確定選擇問題,就可能產(chǎn)生“教學(xué)方向偏離”、“部分學(xué)生不感興趣”、“教學(xué)效率低下”等問題,在這里教師就可以考慮運(yùn)用啟發(fā)式策略,或者事先搭建一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)支架,幫助確定學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)。

      (4)教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)是拋錨式教學(xué)的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),也是新課改要求教學(xué)中強(qiáng)化的部分。如何讓學(xué)生很自然的對(duì)自己和他人的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),讓教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)真正發(fā)揮作用,教師應(yīng)該對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。例如在本課教學(xué)中,活動(dòng)成果展示階段,學(xué)生急切想知道自己努力的結(jié)果如何,還想知道別人是怎么看待自己的學(xué)習(xí)成果的,因此此時(shí)設(shè)置一個(gè)師生互動(dòng)點(diǎn)評(píng)學(xué)習(xí)成果將是很自然、有效的事情。另外筆者在課堂教學(xué)將結(jié)束階段設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)“學(xué)習(xí)日記”環(huán)節(jié),試圖探尋一種課堂評(píng)價(jià)的新形式,通過精心設(shè)置日記中的五個(gè)選項(xiàng),使學(xué)生在自然的狀態(tài)下對(duì)本課學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的知識(shí)技能、情感態(tài)度和價(jià)值觀進(jìn)行反思。

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