第一篇：中西哲學(xué)對比 選修論文

中國哲學(xué)的神話淵源

冷建（201200182011）

能源與動力工程學(xué)院2012級交通運輸

摘要：正如尼采點明“日神精神”和“酒神精神”是西方哲學(xué)精神在前軸心期神話時代的淵源，“夸父精神”和“女媧精神”是中國哲學(xué)精神在前軸心期神話時代的淵源?？涓妇袷且环N陽剛進取的“非理性’精神，而女媧精神是一種陰柔包容的“理性”精神。這兩種基本精神呈現(xiàn)為互補炭系，共同構(gòu)成中華民族哲學(xué)的二元一體格局。經(jīng)過一定時期的理性轉(zhuǎn)換，尤其是經(jīng)過周易哲學(xué)的話語轉(zhuǎn)換。它們成為了中華民族哲學(xué)精神的核心精神。

Abstract：Just as Nietzsche pointed out that Dionysus’ spirits and Apollo’s spirits were the mythological sources of Western philosophy in Pre-axial Period。Kuafu’s spirits and Nvwa’s spirits were the mythological sources of Chinese philosophy in Pre-axial Period ．Kuafu’s was a irrational spirit of enterprise。while Nvwa’s was a rational spirit of gentleness and lenity．They appeared in a relation of mutual-complement and formed the dual integration of Chinese national philosophy．Through the rational transformation in the Axial Period.Especially that of philosophical utterance in the Book of Change，both of them became the central spirits of the philosophy of Chinese Nation，關(guān)鍵詞：夸父精神；女媧精神；哲學(xué)精神；神話象征

從小我們就非常熟悉女媧、夸父等神話人物，他們有的是人類的救星，有的有著非同一般的經(jīng)歷，有的則展示了可貴的精神。這些神話故事對我們?nèi)烁竦呐囵B(yǎng)也發(fā)揮了不少的作用。后來我們又接觸了西方神話，知道了西方神話中的宙斯、阿波羅、奧丁等眾神，這給了我們耳目一新的感覺。讓我們看到了兩種文化的不同。下面，我們將中國古代神話與西方神話作一比較。簡單探討研究一下中西方文化的異同。中國上古神話沒有得到充分發(fā)育，它沒有歐洲那樣的神話巨制，現(xiàn)存的神話都是支離破碎的，散見于各種古代典籍之中，在經(jīng)、史、子、集四部里都有，并且不成系統(tǒng)。然而，古希臘神話卻不同。希臘有一部長達(dá)４８卷，近兩萬八千行的荷馬史詩——《伊里亞特》和《奧德賽》，記載、加工了古希臘豐富的神話傳說，并形成了一個完整、龐大的神話傳說體系。這是由于希臘神話產(chǎn)生之時，曾出現(xiàn)若干城邦奴隸制國家，與此同時出現(xiàn)了相應(yīng)的城邦文化，出現(xiàn)了史詩形式及悲劇，這些史詩和悲劇都以古神話為武庫和素材，因而使得希臘上古時代的神話得到記錄、整理、加工和流傳。此外，古希臘直至公元前 ４世紀(jì)為馬其頓所吞并時，還是奴隸社會，奴隸社會越長，對上古神話的保存發(fā)展才越有好處。再有，早在荷馬時代，希臘人便已基本上作為一個整體在活動了，他們的城邦以斯巴達(dá)、雅典為首，經(jīng)常聯(lián)合行動，于是他們中間出現(xiàn)了像荷馬那樣的人物，把分散、零碎的神話綜合在一起，構(gòu)成一個完整的體系。以后希臘神話一直被保存下來。

每個民族的哲學(xué)精神乃奠基于“軸心時期”，這一點現(xiàn)在已得到公認(rèn)；但軸心時期的這種哲學(xué)精神卻是孕育于此前的“神話時代”的，這一點還沒有引起人們足夠的注意，相反，人們倒是更多地注意到了“前軸心期”的軸心時期之間的差異對立。例如西方當(dāng)代某些哲學(xué)家為了反思和克服軸心時期以來哲學(xué)的弊端，力圖返回前軸心期。其實，西方哲學(xué)精神雖然確立于古希臘哲學(xué)時代，但它卻是孕育于此前的古希臘神話時代的，這就正如中國哲學(xué)精神雖然確立于春秋戰(zhàn)國時期。但它同樣孕育于此前的中國神話時代。顯然，神話乃是民族哲學(xué)精神的最初的象征形式。因此。我們可以通過對一個民族神話的闡釋，來揭示這個民族哲學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的淵源。唯其如此。尼采所提出的“日神精神”與“酒神精神”，非常形象精煉地概括表征了西方哲學(xué)的核心精神。這對于我們探尋中國哲學(xué)精神在前軸心期神話中的淵源與象征提供了一種很好的參照。中華民族哲學(xué)精神核心可以概括為由上古神話所表征的陽剛進取的“夸父精神”與陰柔包容的“女媧精神”；到了軸心時期，才由哲學(xué)話語轉(zhuǎn)換為《周易大傳》的乾陽之德“自強不息”精神與坤陰之德“厚德載物”精神，進而演化出中國哲學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的兩大支柱—儒家哲學(xué)與道家哲學(xué)。

每個民族在哲學(xué)覺醒的軸心時期之前，都曾有一個神話時代，區(qū)別僅僅在于這種神話的文本形式有所不同。古希臘神話的形式是<荷馬史詩>，即長篇敘事詩的形式，這與中國藏民族《格薩爾王傳》的形式一致，卻與漢民族的神話文本形式有很大的區(qū)別。中國前軸心期漢語神話的形式既有詩歌的形式，例如《詩經(jīng)》里就保存著許多上古神話傳說(但也不同于西方式的長篇，而是短篇)；也有散文的形式，例如《尚書》乃至《左傳》當(dāng)中保存的許多遠(yuǎn)古英雄傳說故事，就其實質(zhì)而言，還是神話性質(zhì)的東西。尼采正是從這種前軸心期的神話中提取了兩個典型的形象，用以象征西方哲學(xué)精神的淵源：他在自己的第一部著作《悲劇的誕生》中，用“日神”阿波羅和“酒神”狄俄尼索斯這兩個希臘神話形象，來概括象征西方哲學(xué)的兩大根本精神傳統(tǒng)。當(dāng)然，在尼采那里，酒神精神與H神精神首先是“藝術(shù)精神”；但是尼采的美學(xué)從一開始就不只是一般美學(xué)家那樣的美學(xué)，而毋寧說是一種人生觀、乃至就是一種真正的哲學(xué)世界觀。這是因為在他看來，“只有作為一種審美現(xiàn)象，人生和世界才顯得是有充足理由的?！闭窃谶@個意義上，《悲劇的誕生》才是他的哲學(xué)的真正誕生地。

“日神精神”和“酒神精神”是兩種基本精神力量，作為樂觀主義者的尼采跟作為悲觀主義者的叔本華，對此的理解是不同的：叔本華認(rèn)為，個體要通過否定個體化原理，來擺脫永恒痛苦，最終否定生命意志；尼采認(rèn)為，個體是要通過超越個體化束縛，來達(dá)到意志本體境界，故肯定生命意志。日神精神和酒神精神之不同，“在我看來，日神是美化個體化原理的守護神，唯有通過它才能真正在外觀中獲得解脫；相反，在酒神神秘的歡呼下，個體化的魅力煙消云散，通向存在之母、萬物核心的道路敞開了?！?/p>

關(guān)于夸父和女媧的神話記載，最早見于《山海經(jīng)》。但《山海經(jīng)》所載的神話故事能否視為“前軸心期”的東西，這似乎是存在疑問的。為此，我們應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格區(qū)分這樣兩個問題：《山海經(jīng)》這部書的成書時代問題。眾所周知，班固<漢書·藝文志>已經(jīng)著錄了《山海經(jīng)》，一般公認(rèn)它至少是先秦的文獻(xiàn)。至于到底“先”到什么時候，則是至今尚無定論的懸案。此書舊題為夏禹或伯益作，雖不可信，但似乎對于認(rèn)識此書的來源之古也是有所啟發(fā)的。我認(rèn)為，《山海經(jīng)》這樣的文獻(xiàn)也跟上古其它許多文獻(xiàn)一樣，并非一人一時之作，而是經(jīng)歷了一個長期的輾轉(zhuǎn)流變過程，而它最初的形式所處的時代，我們已經(jīng)不得而知，很可能是非常久遠(yuǎn)的了。《山海經(jīng)》所記載的神話來源問題。我認(rèn)為，《山海經(jīng)》里所記載的那些事也跟其它許多上古文獻(xiàn)所記載的故事一樣，最初都是口耳相傳的，至于這種口耳相傳的情形究竟始于何時，很可能是極其渺遠(yuǎn)的時代。

夸父形象象征著中國哲學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的剛健進取的精神，主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾點上：剛健有為的進取精神。讀夸父故事，我們強烈感受到一種昂揚奮進的精神力量。尤其是在他饑渴難耐、“渴欲得飲”的情況下，“飲于河渭，河渭不足，北飲大澤”，毫不氣餒，想方設(shè)法補充水分，恢復(fù)體力，以便繼續(xù)“追趕太陽”，更表現(xiàn)出一種積極奮發(fā)的人生態(tài)度。這種人生態(tài)度乃是中華民族精神、中國哲學(xué)精神的一種主導(dǎo)傾向。知其不可為而為之的執(zhí)著精神。這種真正的英雄主義，也是中華民族精神的重要內(nèi)容。還有死而后已的堅韌精神。確實，總起來看，夸父精神與尼采的酒神精神有相當(dāng)一致的特征，即具有一種非理性主義的性質(zhì)。

女媧形象象征著中國哲學(xué)的柔韌包容的精神傳統(tǒng)。博大寬厚的包容精神。在中國哲學(xué)中，“地”一向是作為寬容博大的象征的。女媧精神與“地”具有密切聯(lián)系，在一定意義上可以說是大地的象征。生生不息的生命精神。上文談到女媧造人、作為“高媒”之神主管婚姻生殖，都表明了這一點。協(xié)調(diào)和諧的和合精神?！昂汀笔侵腥A民族的一種突出的精神傳統(tǒng)，而女媧精神就是其早期神話體現(xiàn)。較之夸父精神，女媧精神似乎更具“實用理性”的意味：如果說夸父精神更接近于尼采的酒神精神，那么女媧精神就更接近于尼采的日神精神。

儒、道兩家的哲學(xué)，其實正是夸父精神和女媧精神進入軸心時期以后的兩種表現(xiàn)。儒家入世，崇尚有為，富有進取精神，正是夸父精神的體現(xiàn)；道家避世，崇尚自然，富于退讓精神，乃是女媧精神的體現(xiàn)。當(dāng)然，進一步講，儒道兩家各自分別亦兼有夸父精神和女媧精神，只不過側(cè)重點不同而已。

參考文獻(xiàn)：袁珂、周明 《中國神話資料萃編》

尼采

《悲劇的誕生》 無名氏

《山海經(jīng)》 劉安

《淮南子》

第二篇：中西家庭教育對比論文 (精選)

中西家庭教育對比

【摘要】近幾年來，隨著素質(zhì)教育的深入人心，家庭教育已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今社會關(guān)注的一個熱點，是千萬家庭的切身利益和迫切需求。因為，良好的家庭教育直接關(guān)系到了孩子的素質(zhì)和品行，更關(guān)系到祖國的未來。它是科教興國和可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分，就中國目前來看，家庭教育的發(fā)展態(tài)勢良好，一大批家長、學(xué)校創(chuàng)造了成功的經(jīng)驗，更有許多學(xué)生家長主動學(xué)習(xí)家庭教育知識，教育觀念發(fā)生了深刻變化.但是盡管如此，家庭教育仍是一個薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，尤其是隨著西方教育思想的傳入，中國家長面對傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代家教思想，表現(xiàn)出無所適從的無奈。因此，對于開展家庭教育，既是機遇，又是挑戰(zhàn)。而且，中西家庭教育各有千秋，在不同方面，教育方法也不同，所以我們就需要深刻了解中西家庭教育的差異，取長補短，并且不失時機地推進家庭教育現(xiàn)代化，這樣中國的未來才具有不可估量的發(fā)展前景。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 家庭教育，中西，傳統(tǒng)，差異

從古至今，家庭教育在整個國家教育事業(yè)中起著重要的作用。鄧小平曾說過；“國家現(xiàn)代化的基礎(chǔ)在人才，人才的基礎(chǔ)在教育，教育的基礎(chǔ)在家庭。中國是一個重視家庭教育的國家。中國深厚的教育文化傳統(tǒng)中包含了優(yōu)秀的家庭教育成分。” 家庭教育、學(xué)校教育、社會教育是教育的三大支柱，三者缺一不可。如今，家庭教育業(yè)已成為當(dāng)今社會關(guān)注的一個熱點，是千萬家庭的切身利益和迫切需求。

不過在比較之前，我覺得我們應(yīng)該了解一下中西方國家的社會背景。眾所周知，中國是社會主義制度，而大多數(shù)西方國家是屬于資本主義制度。并且，歷史文化也是不同的，中國提倡儒家思想，西方國家提倡文藝復(fù)興。但是最重要的一點就是他們對家庭教育地位的態(tài)度也是不同的。在中國的傳統(tǒng)家庭里，家長的權(quán)威意識占主導(dǎo)地位，而西方文明則主要強調(diào)斗爭，平等，民主及人權(quán)。

當(dāng)然，家庭教育是人類的一種教育實踐。中西家庭教育還是有諸多共同之處。一般來說，它可以歸納于五點。

1、重視家庭教育。無論哪個國家，哪個民族都認(rèn)為家庭是一個人的第一所學(xué)校，而家長是第一位老師。無論是中國，還是西方國家，無論是古代、近代還是現(xiàn)代，家庭教育始終是處于最基礎(chǔ)的地位。

2、家教應(yīng)從小做起，及時施教?！额伿霞矣?xùn)》說：“父母施教，當(dāng)及嬰稚，識人顏色，知人喜怒，便加教誨?！币驗椤叭松仔?，精神專利，長成以后，思慮散逸，固須早教，勿失機也?！倍磐舱J(rèn)為家庭教育應(yīng)及早施行。

3、父母在教育角色上的分工。無論中西，在許多文化中母親均被描繪成是主要撫養(yǎng)者，父親則起有限的作用。父親是孩子知性教育的主要承擔(dān)者。母親則負(fù)責(zé)孩子的飲食起居，物質(zhì)保障，情感滿足等，是孩子情感培育的主要承擔(dān)者。其結(jié)果是孩子對父愛敬畏有余，親愛不足，使親子關(guān)系偏差，影響孩子的健全發(fā)展。

4、重視培養(yǎng)孩子熱愛求知的習(xí)慣，重視閱讀。古代的中國父母，一向深知這個道理，他們引導(dǎo)幼兒從小習(xí)讀四書五經(jīng)，諸子百家，激發(fā)其求知欲望。西方的父母也非常重視家庭閱讀，幼兒睡前必聽一段故事誦讀，這是西方家教的一項優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)。

5、重視言傳身教。父母是孩子的模范，往往一個簡單的動作要比上萬句指令性的灌輸有效的多。

盡管如此，由于中西方地域的差異和各自文化的不同，使得中西傳統(tǒng)家教在更多的方面表現(xiàn)出各自的特色。據(jù)我所知，這大概涉及了十個方面。

1、教育傾向不同。

中國父母重社會教化，輕兒童成長。中國父母十分重視社會適應(yīng)性的教化，但卻常常忽視了從孩子達(dá)到身心發(fā)展的特點出發(fā)來促進其成長，他們往往按照既定的模式來培養(yǎng)子女，為他們的成長鋪設(shè)康莊大道，外鑠各種品行于子女。

西方父母更重視為子女提供一個可以與之抗?fàn)幍某砷L環(huán)境，并養(yǎng)成他們堅韌的個性和良好的品行，根據(jù)社會的變化和子女身心的特征不斷的調(diào)節(jié)、選擇自己的培養(yǎng)觀念和方式。

2、家庭教育價值觀不同

中國家庭教育職能是為中國傳統(tǒng)文化所強迫，傳統(tǒng)中國幾千年的儒家文化強調(diào)“修身、齊家、治國、平天下”。在此家國同構(gòu)的思維定向中，家庭教育被賦以直接的社會意義。此外，中國傳統(tǒng)的文化又將父母教育跟子女的個體成長與成就看作是直接相關(guān)的因果。中國父母十分看重人們對他們的教子方面作出的譽毀，認(rèn)為教子成材是他們的成就，而教子不善則臉面無光。教育的目的是為了謀生，為了臉面。

西方家庭教育則認(rèn)為教育的目的不是準(zhǔn)備謀生，而是準(zhǔn)備生存。他們所強調(diào)的“博雅教育”是具有一種塑造心智的價值，一種與功利的或職業(yè)的考慮無關(guān)的價值。

中國家庭的“比較”往往重學(xué)習(xí)，“比較”的方面較為單一，西方國家的家庭的“比較”往往注重全面的素質(zhì)，中國家庭的比較，常常愛拿自己孩子的優(yōu)點與他人孩子的缺點比較，使家長得以自慰；西方家庭的比較，往往能自省自己孩子的優(yōu)點和成功之處，不習(xí)慣于爭強好勝，論高低上下，中國的家庭在比較時往往想突出自己的形象，有意無意地貶低別人；西方家庭的比較往往注重自身的自尊、自重、自樂。

3、家庭主體觀與教育的相互性不同

中國傳統(tǒng)的家庭文化因襲著統(tǒng)治的模式，表現(xiàn)為家庭內(nèi)部的權(quán)威意識。強調(diào)服從和尊重，重視外部控制。在中國的傳統(tǒng)文化中，家庭的主要教育者是父母。中國父母的家長意識十分強烈。他們把孩子視為自己的獨有私人財產(chǎn)，看作是他們的附屬物。因此十分看重他們單方面的塑造，影響孩子的個性建構(gòu)。他們注意到自身的形象，忽視了孩子與成人的相互作用，忽視了相互影響的過程和全面性，使幼兒處于被動地位，無視幼兒個體的存在。

西方文明是以兒童為主體的，更強調(diào)個人的奮斗，強調(diào)平等、民主并尊重個人權(quán)利。西方父母把孩子視為家庭中的平等成員，尊重孩子的人格和尊嚴(yán)，能讓孩子獨立思考，自由選擇。他們尊重孩子的權(quán)利，不搞強迫教育。尊重孩子的自尊，主張孩子的天性發(fā)展，自然發(fā)展。父母的責(zé)任只在于發(fā)現(xiàn)并引導(dǎo)孩子的興趣和潛能。為孩子創(chuàng)造有利的環(huán)境，重視與孩子的交流，重視教育的相互性。西方家庭教育中父母不是孩子的主宰，而是孩子的朋友。

4、教育的重心不同

中國傳統(tǒng)文化所掌握的是生命與道德，所以十分重視生命、人倫。所以中國父母在教育上歷來以道德作為最高價值取向。中國人心目中的“好孩子”首先是一個懂事聽話的孩子，是指向群體的，人見人愛的。所以家長培養(yǎng)孩子修身養(yǎng)性，自我收斂，講求含蓄，強調(diào)等級觀念。中國家教的主要內(nèi)涵是“仁、義、禮、智、信、忠、恕”中國孩子從小得到的是歷史故事、倫理道德、忠孝節(jié)義的教導(dǎo)。兒童自幼耳濡目染的是冰冷的道德律令與清規(guī)戒律。自幼習(xí)讀的是《三字經(jīng)》、《弟子規(guī)》。

西方文化所掌握的則是知識，家庭對兒童主要是啟發(fā)對大自然的好奇心與想象力。知識的創(chuàng)造來自好奇心。所以借由引發(fā)對大自然的興趣，借由各種天馬行空的童話故事，讓孩子們具有廣大的想象空間，以有利于對知識的創(chuàng)造，他們以兒童的心理發(fā)展作為最高指向，培養(yǎng)孩子的興趣和創(chuàng)造力是西方家教的重心。

5、家庭本位與個人本位

中國傳統(tǒng)文化是以家庭為本位的，注重個人的職責(zé)與義務(wù)。這在加以價值取向上呈現(xiàn)出如下特點：（1）家庭的教育功能強化。子女教育是家庭生命延續(xù)的一部分，家庭教育還在于達(dá)到“家教持久”的目的，它是維持發(fā)展家庭社會政治地位，保存弘揚家庭文化的重要工具。

（2）教育以家庭利益為主要價值取向?！肮庾谝妗薄ⅰ肮庖T第”是讀書人的追求與目標(biāo)。個人利益與家庭利益是融為一體的。這與中國傳統(tǒng)文化的“永生觀”緊密相關(guān)。

西方文化以個人為本位，注重個人的自由和權(quán)利。在教育上表現(xiàn)為將受教育者放在突出地位，強調(diào)個性的培養(yǎng)。但是個體本位并不等于個人主義，更不等同于以孩子為中心，家庭呼喚有豐富個性的個人，是能駕御自我，控制自我，超越自我的，擁有完美人格和健全個性的真正現(xiàn)代意義上的現(xiàn)代個人，而不是自私自利，依賴性強的功利化的個人。

6、獨立意識的培養(yǎng)

中國家長在教育上所持的價值是為升學(xué)而學(xué)習(xí)，他們只要求孩子用心學(xué)習(xí)，其余全不用過問。使孩子從小養(yǎng)成依賴別人的習(xí)慣，在風(fēng)浪面前，變得束手無策，一旦失去幫助就會怨天尤人。西方父母注重從小就培養(yǎng)子女的獨立意識，在西方家庭可以看到，孩子像大人一樣，直呼來訪親朋好友的名字，大膽的發(fā)表自己的見解，參與家庭的討論。這樣獨立的個性使孩子走向社會時更注重個人的能力與奮斗。

7、情感教育與體罰

家庭教育不同于學(xué)校教育的一個重要特點是愛的教育。中國家庭中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的一個字是“不”、“不能”、“不行”、“不要”，中國集體教育除了用否定詞來指導(dǎo)孩子的行為外，還習(xí)慣于對孩子說“應(yīng)該”。西方家庭中經(jīng)常用鼓勵性的語言來表達(dá)父母對子女的贊賞。西方父母更注重個人素質(zhì)與情感溝通。家庭主要圍繞情感的構(gòu)建與培育而展開。

8、教育方法的不同

中國傳統(tǒng)的教育方法是照本宣科的灌輸式教育，強調(diào)死記硬背?！皟啥宦劥巴馐?，一心只讀圣賢書”。西方更強調(diào)孩子的“悟”。他們喜歡讓孩子親身厲行，去大自然中，去生活中探求知識。

9、理財教育

在中國，掙錢養(yǎng)家和管理錢財是大人的事，孩子離這些還很遠(yuǎn)。他們沒錢時便伸手向父母要。即使是成家立業(yè)后還是可以的。

在西方，理財教育是家庭教育的一個分支。西方父母一般不會不正規(guī)、無計劃的給孩子錢，而是定期發(fā)給孩子一份固定基金。并幫助孩子樹立正確的理財意識，養(yǎng)成良好的理財習(xí)慣，還注重對金錢的基本品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)。

10、宗教思想與科學(xué)教育

雖然中國文化也是以宗教為開端的，但是在教育上我們更強調(diào)科學(xué)性?！吨腥A人民共和國義務(wù)教育法》明確規(guī)定：教育與宗教相分離。

西方的宗教傳統(tǒng)直到近代乃至現(xiàn)代仍保留著強大的勢力，它滲透到教育活動的各個方面，不僅是教育帶有濃厚的宗教色彩，更重要的是它賦予了西方教育以內(nèi)在的精神價值。

綜上所述，我們可以看出中西家庭教育傳統(tǒng)各有千秋，他們都是扎根于各自的傳統(tǒng)文化土壤中的。我們當(dāng)前遇到的家庭教育中的不良現(xiàn)象有很大一部分是由于具體教法的不妥而造成的。

因此，我們要一方面繼承和發(fā)揚中國古代家庭教育的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)，另一方面汲取西方家教的精華，促進有中國特色的家庭教育的改革。在吸取我國優(yōu)秀民族文化的基礎(chǔ)上，將現(xiàn)代科學(xué)育人知識和方法，大力普及到千家萬戶，轉(zhuǎn)變家長的觀念，提高家長的自身素質(zhì)。

在這里我有幾點建議，主要包含4個方面：(1)首先是家庭教育觀念的現(xiàn)代化，摒棄陳舊教育觀念，與時俱進，跟上時代發(fā)展步伐?，F(xiàn)代家庭教育的內(nèi)容和方法科學(xué)化，以及教育手

段的現(xiàn)代化。建立現(xiàn)代家庭教育的機制，實現(xiàn)家庭教育管理的規(guī)范化。建立家庭教育的服務(wù)體系，做到保障措施制度化。

(2)確立家長在教育行為中的法制觀念，解決好家庭教育中依法治教的問題；增強家庭教育的民主意識，尊重孩子，平等溝通，改變簡單粗暴、壓制體罰等不良作風(fēng)；

(3)樹立新的家庭教育理念，把“教子做人”作為家庭教育的重中之重；利用親情教育的優(yōu)勢，開展個性化教育，發(fā)展孩子個性，為國家培養(yǎng)各種有用之才；采取鼓勵、引導(dǎo)、寬容的科學(xué)方法，耐心教育，不斷提高孩子自尊心、自信心和上進心；

(4)緊跟知識經(jīng)濟和信息時代的發(fā)展，進一步拓寬家庭教育思路，增強開放意識，提高家庭教育的適應(yīng)性；重視和解決“重智輕德”的教育傾向，促進智力因素與非智力因素教育的有機結(jié)合，教育孩子學(xué)會學(xué)習(xí)和求知；繼承中華民族優(yōu)秀家教傳統(tǒng)同時，也要面向世界，吸收引進外國思想文化精品，開展東西方家庭教育的交流。

【總結(jié)】 總之，中國的家庭教育和西方家庭教育有很大差異，各有優(yōu)劣，我們應(yīng)該祛除糟粕，取其精華。不失時機地推進家庭教育現(xiàn)代化，使教育世界化，各自取長補短，共同發(fā)展。

[1]鄧小平.鄧小平家庭教育的觀點及其啟示.《劍南文學(xué)：下半月》, 2010年第六期.211-211.[2]《中華人民共和國義務(wù)教育法》，1986年4月12日.第五十二號第四條.[3]張貴勇.《華爾街日報》，2011年3月3日.第三版

第三篇：中西酒文化對比的論文[范文模版]

Abstract: Nowadays, with the expansion of communication between China and Western countries and the globalization of the world, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures have been attracted much more attention, for instance, the differences of wine culture is one of which focused as an issue.The wine is considered as the gift given by the god of wine.Wine culture has a long history and wine plays an important role in people’s daily life, and it combines people’s lives and interpersonal communication in all aspects.On the other hand, as a linker of inheriting history and leading to the future, wine is an article that deserves our earnest study.Because of the differences of living environment, historical background，traditions, values and thinking mode，social norms and culture, wine culture has a different connotation in different countries and regions and shows the characteristics of disparate style as a kind of profound cultural phenomenon.This article is an analysis performed after a lot of data collection and reading, which mainly describes the differences of wine culture between China and western countries.According to the research, the wine culture between China and western countries is very special, which has similarities in their differences and differences in their similarities.The study presents that the content of the wine culture is really rich and complex.Therefore, for the sake of the successful intercultural communication, among different nations and regions having a good knowledge of wine culture is necessary.What’s more, it can deepen people’s understanding of their own history.Key words: Wine Culture Intercultural Communication Cultural Differences

摘要： 隨著中西方交流的擴大,中西文化之間的差異也越來越受到重視,酒文化的差異也當(dāng)然是其中之一。酒被認(rèn)為是酒神賜予人們的禮物,酒文化源遠(yuǎn)流長.酒在人們?nèi)粘５慕浑H生活中起著重要作用,它融會貫通了人們生活和人際交往的各個方面。而酒作為一個既傳承歷史又通向未來的道具是一個值得我們認(rèn)真研究的課題。而由于生活環(huán)境、歷史背景﹑傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗、價值觀念、思維模式、社會規(guī)范以及文化底蘊的不同,酒文化作為一種深刻的文化現(xiàn)象,也在中西方各個國家、各個地區(qū)有著各不相同的內(nèi)涵,呈現(xiàn)出風(fēng)格迥異的特性。本文是在經(jīng)過大量資料收集和閱讀之后進行的分析總結(jié),主要論述的是中西方酒文化之間的差異。中西方的酒文化同中有異、異中有同,內(nèi)容豐富,了解不同民族的酒文化,有助于人們成功地進行跨文化交際,同時也加深了對歷史文化的了解。

關(guān)鍵詞

酒文化 跨文化交際 文化差異

1.The Background of Wine Culture 1.1 Wine Culture in China

China is one of the ancient countries in the world and has a long history about

the wine culture.“Since the appearing of wine and formed the methods of brewing wine, then the processes of brewing, the making of all kinds of drinking sets and drinking customs and etiquette were gradually formed and completed.”(Lixiaoye, 2010, P7)This is just the definition of wine culture.It is well known that Confucianism is the core of Chinese culture, so people's understanding of the wine culture tends to the spiritual dimension and gives it a variety of emotions.In 1987, the renowned economist professor Yu Guangyuan put forward the phrase “wine culture” in China and Wan xiaoyan(2009)explains that the wine culture has broad and narrow meaning.In the broad sense, wine culture including wine technology with thousands of years’ enhancement, technological level, legal system and drinking customs;in the narrow sense, wine culture is just referred to drinking etiquette, custom and anecdote.There are many experts devote themselves to the research of wine culture, but it’s difficult to give a clear definition.Wine culture represents different characteristics in different times and has different effects on society.Throughout the Chinese wine culture’s history, we know that wine culture studies the material, brewing techniques of wine and its social attitude.Xu Shaohua(1999)said that wine means drinking in social activities has a specific effect on politics, economic, culture, military affairs, religion, art, science and technology, social psychology, and folk customs.Wine culture is the combination of material culture and spiritual culture.It's a special and attractive culture.Next, take the Origin of Wine in China for example.Yi Di and Du Kang are considered the originators of wine-making in China.According to ancient annals Yi Di was ordered by Yu the Great to produce mellow wine fro me fermented glutinous rice.The concoction tasted good and Yi Di was confident he would receive a reward.Yu while agreeing that the drink was of excellent quality and had a good taste stopped short of rewarding its maker.Why? Because the Son of Heaven decided that over indulgence in this new beverage could be dangerous-it could make a person read-the monarch himself lose his wits and inadvertently put the country at risk.Another wine-maker Du Kang created a formula for high quality liquor made of sorghum..As legend has it one winter he put cultivated sorghum seeds in a hollow.The following spring he notice d a strong smell coming from it and was amazed to discover that the sorghum he left there had fermented.This accidental disconery inspired Du Kang to create an alcoholic beverage.1.2 Wine Culture in the West In the west, wine culture is also a richly historical culture.In most time, wine culture refers to grape wine in west countries.“It has a history more than 8000 or at most 10000 years since wine appeared, and much longer than the liquor history in China.”(Li xiaoye, 2010, P8)To western people, wine is a special kind of art and has its glamour.When we meet troubles in our daily life or feel sad, wine can help us become strong and comfort us.So there is no doubt that wine culture is not only a kind of material culture but also a kind of a spiritual culture.Owing to the different cultural backgrounds, the western people’s understanding of the wine culture tends to the symbol of the right and gives it elegant and luxury image.For example, they believe wine can enrich their life and regulate their feelings.Xu Yan(2004)said this view of life can be expressed as drink one’s sorrows/ troubles, drown one’s troubles away, drink down sorrow.Wine culture is the reflection of culture in history and it’s the witness of history.Next, take the Origin of Wine in the West for example.Greek mythology Dionysus Greek god of wine and fertility identified with the Roman god Bacchus.The son of Zeus and Semele Dionysus was reared by nymphs and taught men the secrets of cultivating grapes and making wine.but Hera struck him with madness and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth.Dionysus wandered through many lands teaching men the culture of the vine and the mysteries of his cult.The Bible The earliest written account of viniculture is in the Old Testament of the Bible which tells us that Noah planted a vineyard and made wine.Middle Eastern origin an ancient Persian fable credits a lady of the court with the

discovery of wine.This Princess having lost favor with the King attempted to poison herself by eating some table grapes that had spoiled in a jar.She became intoxicated and giddy and fell asleep.When she awoke she found the stresses that had made her life intolerable had dispersed.Returning to the source of her relief her subsequent conduct changed so remarkably that she regained the Kings favor.2.The application of the wine culture 2.1 Types of Wine Baijiu is a typical Chinese wine, while grape wine plays an important role in Western countries.China is a country with a long history and it is no exaggeration to say that Chinese history with five thousand years is written by wine.As China is a large agricultural country, the most wine is brewed with grain.In China, the word is “jiu” can be used to represent all the types of alcoholic beverages, such as beer, grape wine and so on.The most popular wine in China can be classified into two types, namely, yellow wine and white wine.The yellow wine is brewed directly from rice and wheat.The white wine is also brewed grain, but it has a higher purity of the alcohol level.Although China has a lot of techniques to brew wine and there are various types of wine, the grain liquor is always in the important position;this is because of the effect of geographical environment and agricultural culture.China's climate is very good for the growth of rice and other grain, as a result, the grain liquor is very prevalent.In the Western countries, no matter when we talk about the western wine, grape wine is always the first one comes to our minds.Grape wine is the major wine and

plays an important role in people’s life.Grape wine has a long history, Qu Xiaohui(1996)said that the Western archaeologists found that people had drank grape wine seven thousand years ago.Western is different from China as a large agricultural country, so most of Western countries develop animal husbandry and business.But the climatic and soil in many places don’t fit the growth of crops, they are suitable for grape.Grape wine was produced and became more and more popular under this circumstance.With the development of society, there are more types of grape wine, such as whisky, brandy, rum, cocktail and so forth.2.2 Drinking Vessels Where there is wine, there is drinking vessel.As the saying goes, if there is no drinking vessel, there is no way to drink.So there is no doubt that drinking vessel as a part of wine culture has a long history.The development of drinking vessel is closely bound up with the national economics;it can reflect a country’s level of development.China always shows great respect for the use of drinking vessels.People divided the drinking vessels into different categories depending on their usage.In ancient times, due to the low level of social development, people use some natural materials to make drinking vessels, such as horns and gourds.With the improvement of productivity and development of the wine industry, there are more types of wine vessels, for example, the drinking vessels are made of bronze or jade or other materials.What’s more, some drinking vessels are made in different shapes, for instance sheep, tiger, cow, rabbit and other animals or landscape.Different shapes of drinking vessels not only can help people enjoy the beauty of wine, but also reflects the unique charm of Chinese art.Compared with China's drinking vessels, West’s has a distinctive flavor.Westerners pay attention to different glasses for different kinds of wine.When they drink whisky, brandy and grape wine, they will prepare the corresponding cups.It is

well known that most western drinking vessels are made of glass and crystal, because these cups are good for drinkers to appreciate the wine's color and enjoy the beauty of wine.This is indeed the case;the western drinking vessels have an elegant appearance as well as the good usage.Nowadays, the glasses become more popular and are carriers to spread the wine culture.2.3 Etiquette of Drinking Wine is a medium to understand the culture of different countries.Knowing the etiquette of drinking can reduce the misunderstandings in social activities and promote communications between peoples.After careful studies, we can find that there are some differences of etiquette of drinking between China and Western countries.China is a country known as ceremony and pay attention to etiquette.Talk freely about the saying “No Custom without Wine”, etiquette of drinking is becoming an important part of life.Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect for the drinker.There is fixed seating and a fixed toast times about who is the master, who is the guest.Toast normally chooses after eating the main course, and before the sugar beet is not on.The cup must be held on the eyes level when the toast happen.The toast must begin from the master and watch each other, and at least drink a little wine to show respect.Others are not qualified to respect until the master finished.If the toast order is upset the person who upset the toast order will be fined.Toast must be started from the most distinguished guests, at this time the wine should be full of so that the most distinguished guests can be respected.Not only younger people toast to the elders, and subordinates take the initiative to propose a toast to the higher levels, but also should drink first in order to show respect.The Jiuling, Finger Guessing Game etiquette of wine, but also to make drinkers thoroughly enjoyed themselves.Obviously, Chinese wine culture deeply influenced by Chinese culture and traditional

ethics of hierarchy of seniority, during drinking alcohol the respect for those who drinking was placed in the most important position.Western drinking wine etiquette demonstrates respect for wine.Drinking wine must watch their color, smell their fragrance, taste its quality, and mobilize all kind of sensory to enjoy nice wine.In the sequence of drinking, pay attention to the first drink after drink red wine, white wine, the first lighter wine In the sequence of drinking, it is necessary to pay attention to the order of drinking.White wine should be first and after red wine, the first lighter wine following Re-bodied wine to drink a short year wine and then drink a long year wine, changes gradually in-depth change in the enjoyment of wine flavor.The selection of wine device, also revolve around how to get the full enjoyment of drinking on the drinkers.Let aroma convergence on mouth of the tulip-type goblet cup, and even for wine temperature degree specially designed thermometer, without exception, demonstrate respect for Westerners wine, and their Drinking etiquette is for a better appreciation of wine.In the West people rarely Toast each other, they usually drink separately.Only in certain occasions, they will join in a toast.If a time like this is usually the person after the speech, they are blessing a person, or to celebrate something for someone.2.4 Purpose of Drinking

Wine exists with the form of water and with the content of fire.They are incompatible since ancient times, only an exception on wine.It is water also fire.Not only was extinguished by the minds of unhappy, but also can bright the inner.Both Chinese and westerners love wine, but the diversity of cultures, so caused the difference on drinking purposes between the Chinese people and Westerns.The purpose of drinking in western is simple.They have a drink in order to enjoy drinking.Of course, wine also has the function of communication, but it is more important for people to enjoy the taste of wine.What kind of drink should be used to

enjoy on a occasion , and what temperature degree should be , what shape of the glass should be, there is a very fine clear requirement.There is not hing Finger Guessing Game was provided on the banquet.The aesthetic of western is a direct form Style-oriented and do not require to use distiller's yeast to achieve communicative effects, showing that the West is drinking for wine.In China, wine is often used as a communicative tool.Therefore, there are not scientific systematic theoretical analysis on Chinese wine culture.More attention was paied on other function s brought by drinking.The so-called ulterior motives are not on wine , but care between landscape and landscape of the music.People who drink often want to discuss official business, or talk to a private matter.In short, drinking is just an expression of a mood-assisted behavior.People have a drink just want to borrow the role of alcohol to complete a number of other things, so Chinese people will never be less wine on the table.Whether it is Chinese New Year, or a business in the future, wine is the middle of the hub of everything.It also links to the subtle emotions between people, but people rely more on drinking is the pursuit of wine.Qingmeizhujiu is to prove who is the hero.The paradis Jiang Jinjiu purpose to eliminate the same melancholy;Bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages was to take sanctuary.Qianlong 1000 gentleman feast want to share happy with the public.Chinese people drinking is not for alcohol but for feelings.Therefore, so long as having appropriate reasons, everyone can advise each other to drink, in order to show goodwill and sincerity.Toast is a typical performance of Chinese hospitality, but often is not understood by Westerners on the Chinese people.China is the ceremonies.The communication is usually advocated implicitly.They are not bounded, not only can speak, also can criticize after drinking alhtough there is nothing to speak usually.Wine can help Chinese people to achieve communicative purposes.2.5 Drinking Habits Several major Chinese festival of the year have a corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drink “calamus wine”.Suspended drink “chrysanthemum wine”.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and wine are essential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the wine with the guests.“l(fā)iquor of daughter in the south“ According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Grasses“ that the southern people began to make wine when their daughter was seven years old.Then they bury the brewed wine when their daughter got married.This kind of wine was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu“.Another difference exists in the custom of drinking wine.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive wine and custom of drinking wine.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would associate toasting people with the face.If there exists buying wine culture, that is, today I buy the wine for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Wine culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Wine culture that caused great affection on the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of wine.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of wine came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the wine was brewed for the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking wine by man.The girls

in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, repetitive of wine, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking wine in modern times.3.Different Communicative Functions and Drinking Culture 3.1 Shallow Sip and Cattle Drink

Chinese people pay attention to the “shallow sip”.The so called“shallow sip”is to put the glass in one hand and enjoy the fun by singing a song or poem to purse the realm into a little drunk.The so called little drunk is like non-drunk and non-awake, with a rather wonderful feeling to get high in the realm.We Chinese people will take a little drunk while talking with our friends or family and have a good time.The Westerners pay attention to “cattle drink”, the so called “cattle drink” also described as the “drink by”.That is, no matter one battle or one glass, just raise your neck to drink it overturned.They enjoy the excitement that the wine brings to them.3.2 Masculinity and Feminism

Chinese wine culture is the doctrine of partial male.Since ancient times, “wine” was always used by men as the signboard and mask of their entertainment.By the “wine” of power, things will line.Things can be done easier by the power of wine.CaoCao used wine to test whether troops under his command were loyal to him.Wine and beauty seem always to go together;both are men’s tool to release their pressure.Actually, with the collapse of the feudalism, women were no longer regarded as men’s vassal.Nevertheless, in most case, women are often still at arm’s length speak of love.The western wine culture joined more feminist factors and is relatively neutral.In western countries, there is not only spirits for men but also cocktails and champagne with a sweet or fruity taste and beautiful color for women to drink.Female drinking is socially accepted, and fends to be neutral on the whole.3.3

Lyricism and Enjoyment

China, the scenic spot of wine culture, the significance of drinking wine is far more than the sensual pleasure.In many occasions, wine is used as a cultural symbol to represent a ritual, a state of mind.Wine and poetry, had the tight relationship from then on.In China, The wine is often used as a communication tool, a medium to express feelings after drinking.The so called the drinker’s heart is not in the cup but in people and in love.Such as to make the plum wine is in order to prove who is the real hero;to drink one more cup of wine is to bid farewell to the friend going away.Different feeling and different mood are passed through the wine.In the western countries, the purpose of drink is often very simple, to enjoy the wine and alcohol.Of course, the red wine in the west also has the function of communication, but it is more of a pursuit of how to enjoy the taste.It can be seen that the Western wine culture focus more on the wine itself while we Chinese people seem to pay more attention to the spiritual experience after evaporation or distillation of the wine.Western habit of tasting wine is to taste with their tongue, while we Chinese people use more of a heart and brain to feel the feeling the wine bring us.The Way to Promote the Intercommunication of Wine Culture 4.1.Launching International Communication Conference

The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I give several suggestions as following: Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of wine culture.At present, the research communication between professors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Professors and experts exchange their ideas and views about wine and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development

of wine culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.4.2.Setting the Suitable Rules

As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is necessary and important to set the suitable rules.Nations can communicate and behave well with the restrictions.However, the rules are not set now, which needs the efforts of the professors and experts.4.3 Innovation

Wine culture can not develop without innovation which is the gist of wine culture.China has a long history of brewing wine, which is proud by us.Meanwhile, we indulge ourselves in the success we have had and depend on the traditional wine culture excessively.Therefore, crisis is there.In order to keep the booming vitality of wine, obviously, the innovation is crucial.But what we should do innovate the wine culture.In my point of view, we should do as the following: To begin with, the combination of innovation of wine and idea.The consumption psychology of people is always changing.There is an increasing demand about the safety and sanitation of wine.The idea of green consumption occurs to people.As a result, we not only cater to the demand of trend, but also put our feet in the consumer's shoes.Secondly, the combination of innovation and technology.The innovation of culture can not;eave the development of technology.The big innovation and development of many professions is caused by the innovation of technology.The innovation of technology and technique push the development of the profession of brewing wine vigorously and base the solid foundation of the innovation of wine culture.Thirdly, the combination of innovation of wine culture and the management of firm.The history of abroad or domestic management of firm can be subdivided into three stages: ”experimental management“ ”scientific management“ and ”cultural management".It realized the big leap on management from experimental one to Tylor's scientific one.However, scientific management neglects the creativity and ability of man, which can not fit the demand of development.Thus, cultural management came into being.That whether the wine culture is a success or a failure is associated with the leader of the enterprise.The runner of the wine firm is different from the leader of the firm of making screwdriver.He should be an artist with high quality of culture and artistic taste.The fierce competition demands that they give direction and decision on the design of products, the direction of market, the selling

and plan of market.It is also necessary for them to carry out the cultural management and innovation of management and make full use of resources including resource of mankind to infuse the color of culture in the product.Make sure the realization of innovation of wine culture successfully through innovation of management.This is one aspect and another aspect is that: In the first place, transfer the advantage of culture into the advantage of market.Transmitting culture is to exploit the market.The core of the wine market is health;safety and fashion which the enterprises need long time of penetration of culture and patient and dedicate cultivation of market.It advocates drinking wine in a scientific way and green consumption to guide man return to rationalism from the traditional wine culture, which advocates drinking wine in great amount.In the second place, transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic, society and zoology.The advantage of economic is the final embodiment of the advantage of market.Promoting the additional value of wine culture is a significant way to transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic.At the same time, it requires shat the effectiveness of society and zoology should be taken into account.We should strengthen the idea of sustaining development of firm and carry out green management and controlling of whole process and protect the mature during the process of carrying out the innovation of wine culture.Therefore, the vitality of wine lies in wine culture and fitting the progressive consumption culture, which is to keep pace with time.Conclusion The wine is the best present that God has given.Wine culture comes along with the birth of wine since wine appeared.Due to the difference of wine, regions and environment, the faith brought by wine culture also has more or less difference.At first, the wine in China was the sweet wine made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet wine either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew wine with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the wine of China.However, the wine in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew wine with grape.The wine made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to champagne and Brandy wit grape as the raw material.Drinking wine in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic wine

and custom of drinking wine.The culture of drinking wine has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progress of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is necessary to promote the development of wine culture.The wine can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed wine is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing wine is vital, which is to make sure the wine is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of wine culture.Thus, increasing international communication is essential.Professors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese wine culture will develop along with the development of the world wine culture.Bibliography [1] Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture.Princeton University, 2000.[2] Haeger.North American Pinot Noir.Langman, 2004.[3] Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking.Mitchell Beazley, 2000.[4] Jeni Port.Crushed by women:women and win., Arcadia, 2000.[5] Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook.Conran Octopus, 2000.[6]Dai Weidong.A New Concise Course in Lingustics for Students of Englishin [M].ShangHai Foreign Language Education Press, 2010:125-126 [7]Jamie Goode.The science of wine: from vine to glass[M].University of California Press, 2005 [8]John Winthrop Haeger.North American Pinot Noir[M].Niversity of California Press, 2004

[9]Julia Harding.The Oxford Companion to Wine[M].Oxford University Press, 2006 [10]Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture[M].Princeton University Press, 2003

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[16] 蔣雁峰．中國酒文化研究[M]．長沙：湖南師范大學(xué)出版社, 2000． [17] 朱迪．帶一只酒杯去巴黎[M]．北京：團結(jié)出版社, 2005． [18] Thomas Karlauf．突然想喝酒,微醺[M]．上海外文出版社, 2003． [19] 蕭曦清酒國春秋[M]．臺北：臺灣新生報出版社, 2001． [20] 韓勝寶．姑蘇酒文化[M]．蘇州：古吳軒出版社, 2000． [21]賈玉新.跨文化交際學(xué)[M].上海：上海外語教育出版社，1997：65 [22]蔣雁峰.中國酒文化研究[M].長沙：湖南師范大學(xué)出版社，2006 [23]杜莉.中西酒文化比較[J].揚州大學(xué)烹飪學(xué)報，2004（1）：1-4 [24]楊利.酒文化及酒的精神文化價值探微[J].邵陽學(xué)院學(xué)報：社會科學(xué)版，2005（4）：82-83 [25]萬曉艷.從跨文化交際的角度解讀中西方酒文化[J].甘肅科技縱橫，2009（3）：160

第四篇：中西企業(yè)文化對比

中西企業(yè)文化對比

關(guān)鍵字：企業(yè)文化民族中國

中西企業(yè)文化一直是一個值得探討的問題，以前的“從洋媚外”變成了現(xiàn)在有目的的學(xué)習(xí)，其實這不是別人變好了，而是中國開始去調(diào)整自身戰(zhàn)略位置，或者說是國際位置。企業(yè)作為一個特殊的團體一直以來是國家保護的集體，國貨這樣一個或許是充滿民族情緒的詞語，正在被越來越多的人所提及。

當(dāng)說到一個民族好的企業(yè)時，就不得不說企業(yè)的核心價值，是不可復(fù)制的價值，是一個企業(yè)的魂—企業(yè)文化。企業(yè)文化應(yīng)該說是不可復(fù)制的，它是優(yōu)秀企業(yè)之間區(qū)別的幾乎唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

中國企業(yè)或許也不知道什么時候登上國際舞臺的，在國際舞臺上中國制造已經(jīng)充斥著整個世界，外國人評說中國制造幾乎占據(jù)了全世界，當(dāng)然這有夸張的成分。但是你也不得不承認(rèn)中國的企業(yè)在國際中的地位是很低的，中國其實現(xiàn)在再走日本以前走過的老路，模仿加改造就等于創(chuàng)新了。其實不然，一個優(yōu)秀的企業(yè)必須要有自己獨到的文化底蘊，要有自身的文化精髓，這是至關(guān)重要的。

我之個人看法，我們要想站在企業(yè)領(lǐng)軍者的位置，就必須認(rèn)真分析泱泱大國和其他國家企業(yè)的差別，這正是我寫這篇文章的用意所在。

對于企業(yè)文化我們需要一個定義，何為企業(yè)文化，我們先不去看標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義，先我們自己學(xué)著從企業(yè)文化的重要性來定義它。企業(yè)文化是一個企業(yè)在發(fā)展生存中形成的自己的，獨特的唯物主義觀，是對社會的一種獨特視角。以上定義完全出自個人之手，如有雷同純屬抄襲哈。

追根溯源，要分析中西企業(yè)的和與不和，應(yīng)該首先從大的文化氛圍中去看，先從文化形成去分析。中國是社會主義國家，而且是后起的社會主義國家，在國際舞臺中應(yīng)該是飽受爭議與排擠的，這從中國光伏企業(yè)最近遭歐盟“雙反”可以看出端疑，中國光伏企業(yè)出口要被強制征收%47的關(guān)稅，這應(yīng)該是中國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的一次生死考驗。繼蘇聯(lián)解體之后，中國是世界上當(dāng)之無愧的第一的社會主義國家，俗話說“槍打出頭鳥”中國企業(yè)又是以一種國家擔(dān)當(dāng)和民族擔(dān)當(dāng)集一身。從歷史長河中看，中國又是一文明大國與文明古國，飽受一些傳統(tǒng)文化的影響，先不說這是好事還是壞事，這或多或少會造成文化差異。中國因為民族原因就沒有像樣的百年老店，沒有打入世界市場的民族品牌，這應(yīng)該是華夏5000千年的歷史痛跡。而其他西方國家的資本積累催生了一大批民族優(yōu)秀企業(yè)，如美國的福特、德國西門子。還有從企業(yè)CEO的簡歷來看，不少企業(yè)其實是一種外國企業(yè)制度的一種翻版，是西方文化的移植，應(yīng)該說民族的企業(yè)還整體上沒跟上國際大的步伐，這不應(yīng)該怪誰，本來起步就晚，大的氛圍就是那樣。

從歷史來看，大者同、小者離。全球化的今天，不可能一個企業(yè)不受外來文化的影響。從廣義文化論來說，應(yīng)該是不存在中西方文化差異的，文化差異應(yīng)該是文化偏向，是一種文化取舍的愛好。自由從資本主義萌芽時期就開始根植于西方的文化中，自由漸漸的便深入到企業(yè)文化中，進而成為西方企業(yè)的文化主體，當(dāng)自由遇上現(xiàn)代科技時，便產(chǎn)生了創(chuàng)新，這是西方企業(yè)的主要文化力量。中國是一個典型的、傳統(tǒng)的封閉式國家，朝代更替產(chǎn)生了敏感的文化觀。集體、團體占據(jù)了大多數(shù)人的大腦，他們占絕對優(yōu)勢，當(dāng)被問到你熱愛集體嗎？你的唯一答案是愛，這是榮幸與悲哀并存的現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)集體遇上現(xiàn)代科技時，就產(chǎn)生了大而冗雜的集體，中國一向是以大取勝，這就順其自然產(chǎn)生了大的優(yōu)勢。這是中西企業(yè)文化一個重大的區(qū)別。第二，對于民主的看法表面是西方企業(yè)略勝中國企業(yè)一籌，但是從深沉次來探討是，中西在這個問題上是一致的。從企業(yè)管理者角度來看，企業(yè)是CEO白手起家創(chuàng)建的，是像孩子一樣的東西，沒有一個“父母”是舍得自己的“孩子”的。之所以強調(diào)民主是因為民主在企業(yè)內(nèi)部是招攬好的員工的好的誘導(dǎo)因子，有了民主就是員工有直接參與公司管理的美好“理想”，這樣員工的積極性就充分調(diào)動起來了，公司也是從中獲得好處。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人與員工的關(guān)系方面的差異 在西方，企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人好比“虎”，員工比做“羊”，在“虎”的帶領(lǐng)下，最后“羊”都變成了“虎”，企業(yè)作為一鍛煉自身、提高自己的好場所，員工自然對企業(yè)忠誠，而在我國，企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人為了能夠續(xù)任，員工為了有提升的機會，他們往往相互勾結(jié)，形成一小的利益團體，最后企業(yè)中形成了不同的派別，派別之間相互斗爭，不僅員工得不到很好的發(fā)展，企業(yè)也缺乏活力。工作支持規(guī)范：就鼓勵企業(yè)員工在完成工作目標(biāo)相互協(xié)同合作方面，西方文化強調(diào)在競爭基礎(chǔ)上的合作，認(rèn)為“一”只有在“多”之中才能產(chǎn)生，只有在沖突、對立、差異中才可能造就和諧和秩序。和諧不是由于消滅差異，相反，差異本身、差異的存在是和諧的前提。中國文化強調(diào)在合作基礎(chǔ)上的競爭，中國企業(yè)文化崇尚家族主義的倫理原則，重視整體的和諧與安定，強調(diào)個人的成就依賴于集體的興旺，大河里有水小河里滿，推崇群體至上、集體利益大于個人利益的工作支持規(guī)范的全局觀

念。這一觀念發(fā)展到極端，竟一度公然變成了集體利益剝奪個人利益。社會關(guān)系規(guī)范：在關(guān)注、涉及員工個體與群體的關(guān)系方面，西方文化尊重個性，偏重于從個人方面去探討群體，從個人利益出發(fā)來詮釋群體利益，更加關(guān)心的往往是個人而不是群體；中國文化重視人倫，偏重于群體秩序然后探討個人，按照群體的尊卑長幼順序來闡發(fā)個人利益，群體有尊卑長幼秩序，群體中的個人必須按各自所處的身份行事，不逾矩，不過分，講究群體人倫社會的“中庸”之道，個人必須遵守綱常人倫，否則就違反了天理人道。在個人與國家的關(guān)系方面，中西文化都曾是君主制的擁戴者。個人自由規(guī)范：如何激勵作為特殊生產(chǎn)要素的人的主觀能動性（主動性、創(chuàng)造性、潛力），始終是中西管理所要面臨、解決的問題。

當(dāng)我們分析了中西文化典型的差異之后，我總感覺論證不給力，所以我將從具體實例分析中西企業(yè)文化差異，這樣會有一種現(xiàn)實感，不至于空泛。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，６７％的中國公司正面臨著因缺乏跨文化管理經(jīng)驗而引起的諸多問題。對此，一些中國企業(yè)也提供了成功的跨國經(jīng)營經(jīng)驗。如聯(lián)想集團認(rèn)為，通過收購ＩＢＭ所獲得的最寶貴財產(chǎn)，是ＩＢＭ世界級的管理團隊及其豐富的國際經(jīng)驗；海爾集團則發(fā)現(xiàn)在國際化過程中，最大的挑戰(zhàn)在于中國文化與當(dāng)?shù)匚幕娜诤?。再如，２００４年的西班牙“燒溫州鞋?*和２００５年３月的俄羅斯“灰色清關(guān)”事件，原因就在于溫州企業(yè)的文化因素。溫州企業(yè)在向海外發(fā)展時，深受中國傳統(tǒng)文化的影響，仍然采用封閉的家族型企業(yè)模式，重視家族的血緣關(guān)系，而這種家族式管理模式難以吸引家族以外的人才加入，這就限制了企業(yè)的國際化進程；溫州企業(yè)的低成本經(jīng)營策略，又使當(dāng)?shù)孛癖娨暅刂萆倘藶槿肭炙麄兩畹耐鈬樯獭?/p>

中西文化固然存在分歧與差異，但當(dāng)雙方都融入歷史與全球化的今天時，你抬頭發(fā)現(xiàn)那些顯得不是特別重要。前面我也說過，和與同的辯證關(guān)系，中西文化其實也在漸漸應(yīng)征這種隱晦的關(guān)系，或許明眼里得不到承認(rèn)，但是這確實是事實?；蛟S你會問我，中西企業(yè)文化的對比怎么講到融合吶？當(dāng)我們懷著一種民族氣節(jié)在寫這篇文章是，是確實為了中國企業(yè)在考慮是，就必須也是必要說到這?！吧詈竦钠髽I(yè)文化不僅能夠應(yīng)對一種環(huán)境，而且還能夠順應(yīng)各種不同的、變化著的環(huán)境。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)新的挑戰(zhàn)時，深厚的文化能夠進行調(diào)整，以適應(yīng)挑戰(zhàn)?！痹?jīng)有美國專家說：“中國公司如今在國內(nèi)面臨著外國企業(yè)的激烈競爭。它們不得不有所動作。它們不得不具備全球規(guī)模。”因此，“走出去”是全球化背景下中國企業(yè)生存和競爭所必然要邁出的一步。統(tǒng)計資料顯示，中國在境外已累計辦起６２００多家企業(yè)，成為發(fā)展中國家最大的對外投資者。例如，２００４年１２月，聯(lián)想集團收購了ＩＢＭ在全球的個人電腦業(yè)務(wù)；２００５年，上汽集團并購韓國的雙龍、大宇；２００６年，ＴＣＬ集團收購德國施耐德電器有限責(zé)任公司等。據(jù)專家分析，中國將在今后四年成為全球第五大外國直接投資供應(yīng)國。在此過程中，合資企業(yè)由于中西方文化的差異而導(dǎo)致的各類沖突和管理問題也日益受到人們重視。

寫這篇文章時，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我對企業(yè)文化有了新的認(rèn)識，企業(yè)不僅是一個簡單的公司，而是一種民族希望，是民族復(fù)興的關(guān)鍵之處，文化又是一個軟實力的具體體現(xiàn)，當(dāng)兩者很好的搭配時，一個企業(yè)才真正步入成熟階段。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

張璐璐，等《企業(yè)文化結(jié)構(gòu)與實踐》社會科學(xué)出版社2013.01

趙海濤，等《 華為的企業(yè)文化》海天出版社

劉光明，等《企業(yè)文化史》經(jīng)濟管理出版社，2010

定錢武，等《企業(yè)文化》經(jīng)濟管理出版社2012

中國金融思想政治工作研究會《金融企業(yè)文化的自醒與自覺 》 中信出版社 2012

第五篇：中西企業(yè)文化對比

中西企業(yè)文化對比與融合

【摘要】企業(yè)文化是企業(yè)生存與發(fā)展的根源。在當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟全球化，區(qū)域經(jīng)濟一體化的背景下中國與世界的經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易往來更加頻繁，西方的企業(yè)文化也越來越多的受到中國企業(yè)的關(guān)注。處于國際進程中的中國企業(yè)，應(yīng)當(dāng)更加注重中西企業(yè)文化的對比，通過借鑒和融合，形成具有鮮明特色的中國企業(yè)文化理念。

【關(guān)鍵詞】企業(yè)文化 文化對比 文化差異 文化融合

企業(yè)文化被普遍認(rèn)同為具有廣義和狹義兩種解釋。其中廣義的企業(yè)文化是指企業(yè)在長期生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營過程中形成的、具有本企業(yè)特色的物質(zhì)財富和精神財富的總和。狹義的企業(yè)文化是指企業(yè)培育的被絕大多數(shù)員工認(rèn)同的價值理念、道德規(guī)范、行為準(zhǔn)則、共同理想與企業(yè)精神。在后現(xiàn)代社會的今天，涵蓋物質(zhì)文化、行為文化、制度文化和精神文化的企業(yè)文化已經(jīng)無可爭議的成為企業(yè)生存與發(fā)展的基石。[1]

一方面，在經(jīng)濟全球化的背景下，越來越多的中國企業(yè)通過自身不斷的努力，已經(jīng)走出國門，走向世界。另一方面，西方是企業(yè)文化理論的發(fā)源地，無論在企業(yè)文化的理論方面，還是實踐方面都走在世界前列。中國企業(yè)理當(dāng)注重中西企業(yè)文化對比，通過借鑒和融合，不斷推進企業(yè)文化建設(shè)，創(chuàng)造出優(yōu)秀的企業(yè)文化，從而促使企業(yè)自身更好更快發(fā)展。1 中西企業(yè)文化對比 1.1 價值觀的不同

價值觀是一個國家區(qū)別于另一個國家最顯著的方面。同時，價值觀亦是文化結(jié)構(gòu)的重要組成部分。正是由于價值觀的不同，才造成了中西方企業(yè)文化的巨大差異。西方企業(yè)文化鼓勵員工不斷提高績效，鼓勵員工創(chuàng)新、冒險和競爭。中國傳統(tǒng)企業(yè)文化倡導(dǎo)“以義生利，義利合一”，“重情義，輕規(guī)范”。因此，中國的企業(yè)員工團結(jié)互助、有大局意識和群體意識。1.2 管理的不同

西方企業(yè)管理表現(xiàn)為以“法理”為中心，重視制度管理和條例管理，在企業(yè)日常管理中特別強調(diào)制度和條例建設(shè)，嚴(yán)格按照規(guī)則辦事。中國企業(yè)管理以“人情”為特質(zhì)，深受儒家文化影響，注重和諧共生的人際關(guān)系。無論是在獎懲問題上還是在員工職位升降問題上都存在很大的彈性，人為因素較大。同時，由于受到“君臣關(guān)系”的影響，中國的權(quán)力等級關(guān)系更復(fù)雜。高層管理者會有更多的權(quán)力，中低層管理者與西方同等級的管理者相比較而言被授予的權(quán)力較小。[2] 1.3 行為方式的不同

中西文化行為方式的不同體現(xiàn)在思維方式和溝通方式兩個方面。以直線思維為基礎(chǔ)，西方企業(yè)文化重事實，重邏輯思維，重發(fā)現(xiàn)，追求精確，注重競爭；中國企業(yè)文化重先驗理性，重直覺，重感悟，重整體性，容許模糊性，重和諧。[3]在溝通方式上，西方企業(yè)文化表現(xiàn)為開門見山，明確、直接的表達(dá)意見和見解，而中國企業(yè)文化則是委婉的、間接地的提出看法，不習(xí)慣于反問、追問。2 中西企業(yè)文化差異

企業(yè)文化的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展變化，與企業(yè)所處的國家和地區(qū)的文化傳統(tǒng)密切相關(guān)，是傳統(tǒng)文化與現(xiàn)代企業(yè)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。國家和民族環(huán)境是文化形成與發(fā)展的土壤，中西方文化形成的地理淵源和歷史淵源不同，導(dǎo)致中西方企業(yè)文化的差異。[1][2] 段維龍.企業(yè)文化與人本管理.北京：北京大學(xué)出版社，2009.胡小燕.中西企業(yè)文化對比研究.商品與質(zhì)量，2012（4）:123-124.[3] 史燕.中西企業(yè)文化比較研究.企業(yè)經(jīng)濟，2008（2）：161.2.1 西方企業(yè)文化的特點

由于西方較早出現(xiàn)資本主義萌芽，并且一些國家始終處于資本主義意識形態(tài)，因此，西方企業(yè)文化具有獨特的特點。第一，崇尚個人主義。不論是人權(quán)宣言，還是美國獨立宣言都強有力的彰顯了西方社會對于“個人”的推崇?！叭松鷣砭妥杂啥降取?，使得西方企業(yè)文化提倡個人至上、個人奮斗、個人獨立。在工作中，企業(yè)尊重、信任員工，給與自主權(quán)，承認(rèn)個人價值和能力，并強調(diào)個人奮斗?；萜展镜奈鍌€價值觀“相信、尊重個人、尊重員工追求最高的成就，追求卓越做事情”就是對于個人主義很好的證明。第二，重視創(chuàng)新研發(fā)，卓越品質(zhì)。西方企業(yè)高度重視開展創(chuàng)新活動，并且為此提供了優(yōu)越的條件、營造了良好的氛圍。德國西門子公司從不削減研發(fā)資金，并且擁有近四萬名研發(fā)人員，這使得西門子公司擁有幾萬項發(fā)明專利，在德國專利領(lǐng)域高居榜首。日本的索尼公司一直將創(chuàng)新作為生存發(fā)展的立足點，具備強大的技術(shù)開發(fā)能力，堅持不斷創(chuàng)新，使得索尼公司成為世界上專業(yè)視聽產(chǎn)品、游戲產(chǎn)品、通訊產(chǎn)品和信息技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域的先導(dǎo)之一。第三，注重終身學(xué)習(xí)。西方企業(yè)非常重視企業(yè)內(nèi)部學(xué)習(xí)精神的培養(yǎng)，把學(xué)習(xí)精神融入到企業(yè)的經(jīng)營過程中，提倡建立重視教育的學(xué)習(xí)型企業(yè)。日本松下電器長期重視員工的教育培訓(xùn)工作，以提高全體員工的素質(zhì)。其創(chuàng)始人松下幸之助曾說過：“事業(yè)是認(rèn)為的，而人才的培養(yǎng)是當(dāng)務(wù)之急”。為了建立一個有利于鼓勵和推進員工學(xué)習(xí)的環(huán)境，1964年松下電器公司在大阪建立起占地14.2萬平方米的超大型培訓(xùn)中心，全公司一年有三分之一的人來這里接受培訓(xùn)。正是由于確立了終身學(xué)習(xí)的理念，松下員工的整體素質(zhì)和業(yè)務(wù)水平不斷提高，使得松下電器一直走在行業(yè)前端。第四，顧客至上，服務(wù)第一。顧客是上帝，顧客決定了企業(yè)的生存死亡，沒有顧客也就沒有了企業(yè)?！邦櫩椭辽稀薄ⅰ耙灶櫩蜑橹行摹币恢笔俏鞣狡髽I(yè)管理經(jīng)營的主要信條。美國沃爾瑪公司多年來一直穩(wěn)居美國500強企業(yè)榜首，并在全世界都有連鎖店，在全球經(jīng)濟危機下，沃爾瑪公司仍以每年7%的速度增長。沃爾瑪將顧客第一的理念貫徹在經(jīng)營服務(wù)的每一個細(xì)節(jié)中，不論是店鋪內(nèi)的通道，還是燈光設(shè)計都令顧客更加舒適。此外，沃爾瑪還實行免費停車，開展免費咨詢服務(wù)。第五，重視社會責(zé)任。企業(yè)的社會責(zé)任包括捍衛(wèi)消費者權(quán)益、維護員工利益和保護自然環(huán)境、支持公益事業(yè)等公眾立業(yè)為核心的社會問題。西方企業(yè)文化認(rèn)為，企業(yè)既是經(jīng)濟組織，又是社會組織。作為經(jīng)濟組織，不僅要以優(yōu)良的品質(zhì)和服務(wù)隊消費者負(fù)責(zé)，還要對交易合作者、股東負(fù)責(zé)。作為社會組織，重視對本社區(qū)和社會的責(zé)任，把環(huán)境保護和減少公害作為企業(yè)生存和發(fā)展的前提條件。2.2 中國企業(yè)文化的特點

中國有著五千米的文明歷史，具有優(yōu)秀的文化傳統(tǒng)，歷史上經(jīng)歷了較長時期的農(nóng)耕文明。文化方面，儒家文化一直是主流，但同時也出現(xiàn)了法家、道家等百家爭鳴的文化繁榮。由于經(jīng)歷了長久的中央集權(quán)的封建君主專制，以及重農(nóng)抑商政策影響，中國較晚出現(xiàn)資本主義萌芽，工商業(yè)落后。由于此種種原因，中國的企業(yè)文化獨具特點。第一，以和為貴，和氣生財。中國自古就是禮儀之邦，歷來就倡導(dǎo)“和為貴”以及和諧共生的倫理道德。這些傳統(tǒng)道德滲透到企業(yè)中，成為企業(yè)文化的重要內(nèi)容。中國的企業(yè)家認(rèn)為，以和為貴就可以化解企業(yè)內(nèi)部的種種矛盾，還可以密切企業(yè)與消費者和合作者之間的關(guān)系，精誠合作，和氣生財。第二，重視親情，輕視規(guī)范。中國的傳統(tǒng)社會以血緣關(guān)系為紐帶，依靠倫理道德而不是依靠法律來維系人與人之間、人與社會之間的關(guān)系，因此，整個社會形成了人治大于法治、人情大于制度的文化氛圍。企業(yè)在經(jīng)營管理中，注重人情關(guān)系維系，注重感情投資。在樹立企業(yè)價值觀時，將企業(yè)比作“家”，喚起員工的親情意識，要求員工對“家”忠誠。同時，由于“管理無情人有情”，法制和科學(xué)管理的成分較少，在執(zhí)行時很難把握分寸，造成管理的隨意性和復(fù)雜性。第三，注重集體利益。中國的企業(yè)管理者通常群眾觀念較強，形成了集體決策、民主集中的決策風(fēng)格。一方面，群體決策有權(quán)力相對分散，責(zé)任不易明確，行動比較遲緩等不足，另一方面，群體決策又有集思廣益，在充分匯總意見基礎(chǔ)上，發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)整體功能和決策能力的優(yōu)點。隨著現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的發(fā)展，企業(yè)的經(jīng)營管理目標(biāo)已經(jīng)不僅僅是實現(xiàn)利益的最大化，而還要股東滿意、員工滿意、顧客滿意和社會滿意。這時，企業(yè)文化中的集體性就發(fā)揮了重要作用。第四，崇尚德才兼?zhèn)?。儒家文化是以人為中心的文化，重視人際關(guān)系，強調(diào)人的作用。一方面，注重個人的德行，即修身養(yǎng)性，認(rèn)為人的德行第一位的。因此，在考察、提拔干部時，既看其才，又看其德，但要以德為先。良好的德行是前提。另一方面，重視人的作用，主要不是指個人能力的發(fā)揮，而更多的是強調(diào)群體的作用，注意處理好人際關(guān)系，以求社會和諧。中西企業(yè)文化的融合與借鑒

隨著世界經(jīng)濟一體化和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟集團化的不斷加深，越來越多的中國企業(yè)走向了世界市場，中西方企業(yè)文化的融合已經(jīng)成為不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的潮流。優(yōu)秀的企業(yè)文化不僅要體現(xiàn)企業(yè)自身的特點，還應(yīng)當(dāng)積極學(xué)習(xí)西方企業(yè)文化的科學(xué)內(nèi)容，學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)達(dá)國家的先進管理經(jīng)驗，尤其是國外知名企業(yè)的文化精華，并根據(jù)企業(yè)自身的情況，融合與借鑒，形成獨具特色的中國企業(yè)文化。在學(xué)習(xí)西方企業(yè)文化時，一定要防止兩種傾向：一是認(rèn)為中國傳統(tǒng)企業(yè)文化一無是處，一切都是照抄照搬，不辨良莠，直接把西方的企業(yè)文化全盤搬來。二是，盲目自大，認(rèn)為中國的傳統(tǒng)企業(yè)文化是最好的，無須向西方等先進國家學(xué)習(xí)，因循守舊。中國有幾千年文明社會形成的燦爛文化，有其不可抗拒的魅力和眾多的精華。企業(yè)文化的融合不是簡單的機械堆加，而是在中國原有文化的基礎(chǔ)上，相互比較、吸收和補充，然后生成一種新的企業(yè)文化。要對西方企業(yè)文化進行詳細(xì)的研究，總結(jié)出一些值得借鑒的經(jīng)驗和教訓(xùn)。既要“適應(yīng)他人”，也要“保持自我”，關(guān)鍵是找準(zhǔn)二者之間的平衡點。在尊重、學(xué)習(xí)西方文化的同時，還要堅持中國傳統(tǒng)文化的特色與影響力。這樣才能把中西方文化的精華結(jié)合起來，建立起既適應(yīng)國際經(jīng)濟環(huán)境，又適應(yīng)國際文化環(huán)境的新型企業(yè)文化，是具有中國特色的企業(yè)文化。這將成為中國企業(yè)走向世界，取得競爭優(yōu)勢，獲得國際經(jīng)營活動主動權(quán)的關(guān)鍵。

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

[1] 段維龍.企業(yè)文化與人本管理.北京：北京大學(xué)出版社，2009.[2] 胡小燕.中西企業(yè)文化對比研究.商品與質(zhì)量，2012（4）:123-124.[3] 史燕.中西企業(yè)文化比較研究.企業(yè)經(jīng)濟，2008（2）：161.[4] 孫香梅.中美企業(yè)文化的特色及比較研究.企業(yè)管理，2008（3）:30-32 [5] 湯濤.日本企業(yè)文化初探.華東師范大學(xué)，2005.