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      工程碩士研究生實用英語教程 讀寫譯課文翻譯

      時間:2019-05-13 12:01:03下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關的《工程碩士研究生實用英語教程 讀寫譯課文翻譯》,但愿對你工作學習有幫助,當然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《工程碩士研究生實用英語教程 讀寫譯課文翻譯》。

      第一篇:工程碩士研究生實用英語教程 讀寫譯課文翻譯

      Unit OneGraduate EducationChinese Translation

      反思:讀研的挑戰(zhàn)與成功策略

      琳達·威斯頓·克萊默

      (1)繼續(xù)讀研的決定不應太草率,必須先慎重考慮個人及職業(yè)發(fā)展目標。為了獲得碩士學位,你必須評估學校提供的研究生教育的多樣性,不管它是傳統(tǒng)的校園教學還是網(wǎng)絡課堂;你還必須評估繼續(xù)接受教育的費用,是否可以獲得經濟資助,能否兼職,完成學業(yè)的時間分配,個人計算機能力,學校計算機及圖書館資源等各類因素。研究生教育應該幫助學生獲得三種核心能力。

      (2)邁克爾·沃爾考克是曼徹斯特大學社會科學和發(fā)展政策學教授以及布魯克斯世界貧困問題研究所的項目主任。他將這三種能力列為:偵探能力(數(shù)據(jù)收集、分析、詮釋),翻譯能力(將已有觀點闡述給不同的群體),外交能力(談判、斡旋、取得共識)。碩士學位帶來的好處包括智力的提升、個人的成長、口語/寫作技巧的增強、職業(yè)的發(fā)展以及人脈關系的建立。根據(jù)梁偉澄先生的觀點,在原創(chuàng)性、知識應用、洞察關鍵問題的能力方面,碩士生需表現(xiàn)出比本科生更高的水準。梁先生是英國紐卡斯爾市健康信托機構公共健康醫(yī)藥部門的資深醫(yī)師,同時也是一位多產作家。

      (3)你首先面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是了解哪一類的研究生培養(yǎng)計劃能滿足個人基本需求并為其做好準備。另外一個挑戰(zhàn)是時間限制,因為與教授、在讀研究生及顧問們的交流是做出這個最初決定的必要過程。讀網(wǎng)絡學位可以有彈性學習時間,學生可以制定自己的學習進度,無需花時間往返校園,并且可以每天24小時進行網(wǎng)絡交流。但是,在盡力滿足日常生活要求的同時,學生們仍然要完成各類作業(yè)及面對各種截止期限。接受遠程教育的學生還常常覺得與老師和其他同學隔絕開了。準備讀研的學生必須評估各類研究生教育的相似與不同。學生們必須在工作、家庭和學校要求之間找到平衡,而這三點常常使學生們有逼迫感與疲憊感。通常的情況是,生活中的其它事情都比學業(yè)重要。所以不能完成學業(yè)或獲得學位的原因經常是來自社會與家庭,而不是學術。

      (4)獲得成功有幾種方法。成功的第一條策略是選對學校。第二條策略是管理好時間。用筆記本草草記下以后要用到的想法、觀點和觀察,將待辦的事情列成清單,每完成一件就將其從清單中劃掉。來自新墨西哥州霍布斯里亞區(qū)域醫(yī)療中心的一名家庭護士,拉梅什.納烏盧瑞,將治療肺炎的設備PQRSTU一詞用于比較時間管理的基本概念和我們心臟的節(jié)奏。P是Prioritizing,確定被他人及你自己掌控的那些事情的優(yōu)先處理次序。Q是Question,質疑任務的有效性、效果及效率。這點涉及到要知道“何以”來確保任務的完成。R是Recheck,盡快重新核查你的待辦清單,哪些任務或事情已經完成,哪些尚未完成。S是Self-reliance,自信,知道自己能做什么與不能做什么,能控制什么與不能控制什么。這里的關鍵是要務實、變通、創(chuàng)造與堅持。T是Treating yourself,善待自己。休息一下以保持頭腦清醒,感覺到準備好、精力充沛了再重新開始工作。最后,U是You can do it,你能做到。這句話總使我想起“周六夜現(xiàn)場”中的鮑勃.施耐德!然而不管你是通過自己還是與他人進行團隊合作,確定自己能夠做到是非常勵志的。成功的第三條也是最后一條策略,是處理好壓力。減壓的方法有很多,但必須是令人愉快及有意義的。體育活動、唱歌、手工、音樂、冥想、旅游以及按摩等都是舒緩壓力的多種渠道。

      (5)讀研非常有挑戰(zhàn)性,同時也令你獲益匪淺。研究顯示,讀研期間的研究生會訂閱與職業(yè)相關的雜志,加入全國性的組織,并閱讀專業(yè)期刊。一旦你做出繼續(xù)深造的決定,我的ABC方法可以供你參考。A是Assess,評估你自己的個人和職業(yè)目標。現(xiàn)在許多工作都要求你擁有碩士學位。B是Buy into,相信你的決定!但是在做出決定之前,務必權衡所有的利弊。C是Charge ahead,勇往直前,朝著目標努力!

      Unit TwoLifestyle and Health

      職場沙發(fā)土豆:如何克服久坐不動的習慣

      賈斯廷?沃爾夫

      (1)現(xiàn)如今,人們越來越青睞久坐不動的生活方式。他們坐著吃飯,坐著玩游戲看電視,坐著旅行,甚至坐著工作。學生們被迫久坐不動,其結果是注意力下降。很多成人去上班,連續(xù)幾小時坐在辦公桌旁。下班他們坐車回家,吃飯,做賬,寫作業(yè),之后花數(shù)小時看電視,打游戲直到就寢。顯然,現(xiàn)在的男女老少都缺乏運動,其中一些人還面臨肥胖癥、心臟病一類的健康問題。這些疾病反過來又引起諸如抑郁或焦慮的心理問題。因此,要恢復人們的身心健康,這些人必須參加運動。

      (2)北美肥胖癥研究協(xié)會進行的一項研究表明,一個人的活動量和某些健康問題的有無存在著相關關系。首先,他們在加拿大的愛德華王子島選了5個相當缺乏體力活動的工作場所,從中挑選了約100名員工著手研究,接著要求每位員工佩帶記步器-一種能計算一個人每天所行步數(shù)的裝置,以期獲得他們的體力活動情況。

      (3)他們的研究數(shù)據(jù)說明人的體力活動和健康之間存在著高度相關。走路最少的人體質指數(shù)最大,舒張血壓最糟糕,腰圍也最大,這些都是肥胖癥的指標。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),從事辦公室工作的每5個人中就有4個體質肥胖。

      (4)該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),那些曾診斷出代謝綜合癥的受試者比健康的受試者每天的步行量要小,這些代謝綜合癥包括高血壓,血膽脂醇過多,心臟病,或Ⅱ型糖尿病。因此可以說,久坐不動的生活方式所引起的缺乏運動很可能導致代謝綜合癥的出現(xiàn)??傊?,活動量太小很有害健康。

      (5)該研究針對的是活動量小的職業(yè)場所,但久坐不動的生活方式已延伸至家庭生活。節(jié)省勞力的現(xiàn)代技術(像洗碗機、吸塵器、洗衣機)使人們無需多少勞作就能打理好家務。學校甚至也保持久坐不動的模式。不到36%的學校開設體育課。學生沒有體育活動,其結果是注意力下降。要培養(yǎng)出更好的學生,學校必須想辦法讓學生參加更多的體育活動。

      (6)牛津布魯克斯大學瓊?甘地博士的一項研究表明,一般男士每天消耗的卡路里比正常值要少180,一般女士則少142。由此可以推斷: 為了消遣,人們一般玩電子游戲、看電視,而這類娛樂性設施使得人們只對坐在那里享受刺激感興趣。所以說,技術使人們生活中的體力活動減少,人們也就漸漸習慣了坐多動少的生活方式。

      (7)體力活動不夠還會影響人的心理健康。許多研究表明,身心兩方面的健康有很多相似之處。運動釋放出內啡肽(體內產生的一種起鎮(zhèn)痛作用的荷爾蒙),這種化學物質進入血液,到達腦部,使人產生興奮感。此外,運動可以降低血壓,增強人的抗壓能力。數(shù)以百計的研究和對30例口頭報告的研究也表明,運動能治愈臨床及亞臨床抑郁癥和焦慮癥。因此,運動是改善心理健康的有效手段,它幫助人們在面對學業(yè)和工作負擔時鎮(zhèn)定情緒。

      (8)兩種方法可以消除久坐不動的習慣對健康的不良影響。首先,個人要做主觀努力??梢匀ヂ?、散步、參加健身俱樂部, 或者(對學生來說)參加一個運動隊。其次,雇主和學校要想辦法讓員工和學生健身。學校要給學生更多休息時間,課間休息可以再長點,并開設體育課。雇主可以讓員工每隔一小時圍著辦公樓走一圈,提出員工健康要求,或者讓他們做一些富有創(chuàng)造性的勞動,例如做一個椅子/自行車,在午餐之前騎半個小時的自行車等??傊藗冃枰\動,不管何種方式都行。

      Unit ThreeFood Crisis

      行動起來,抵御全球糧食危機

      杰弗瑞·德·薩克斯

      通過許多自然和社會現(xiàn)象我們知道將會爆發(fā)全球糧食危機,但是人類沒有未雨綢繆。當全球食品匱乏逐漸演變成糧食危機.我們就要認真考慮如何應對。

      (1)全球經濟遇到了難以逾越的障礙。盡管近年來無數(shù)跡象向人們發(fā)出警告,貧窮國家的饑荒和全世界范圍內的能源危機已經逼近。但是各國領導人未能未雨綢繆:其后果是全球性的糧食危機。在過去的兩年里,小麥、玉米和大米的價格已經翻了一番多。自從2004年初以來.石油的價格是原來的三倍多。食品價格上漲和能源價格猛增即使不會使世界上很

      多地方的經濟發(fā)展停止,也會放慢它們的速度,甚至會帶來政治上的不穩(wěn)定。發(fā)生在誨地、盂加拉國以及西非國家布基納法索的抗議和**已經證實了這一點。解決這些日益嚴重的災難不是沒有實際的方法,但是需要我們人類提前準備,并一同行動起來:

      (2)這種全球性的危機源于以下四個相互聯(lián)系的方面、第一,在最貧窮落后的國家,農民的生產力長時期以來都很低,這主要是因為他們貧困沒有錢買種子、肥料和灌溉土地。第二,美國和歐洲國家的誤導政策。這政策在經濟上支持一些企業(yè)把糧食加工成生物燃料,比如把玉米加工成乙醇。第三,氣候變化。在澳大利亞和歐洲出現(xiàn)的旱災,使得2005和2006年全球的糧食產量減少。第四,世界上越來越多的人口對糧食的需求在逐漸增長??傊?,對糧食的需求量越來越高,但是產量是有限的,其結果是貧困的人遭受的打擊最大。

      (3)在這種危機面前,我們應該怎么辦呢,要緩解目前的危機,并避免潛在的全球災難,可以從以下三個方面采取措施:首先.號召全球貧困地區(qū)仿效馬拉維(南非國家)的成功舉措-馬拉維是個易鬧饑荒的國家。在三年前,這個國家采取了一項特別資助政策。在經濟上幫助農民買肥料和高產值的種子。政策出臺一年,馬拉維的糧食產量就翻了一番。依據(jù)馬拉維資助農民的模式建立起來的國際資助項目,只要世界上富裕地區(qū)每人每年拿出10美元,就是100億美元。這個基金能有效地預防饑餓,就如防治艾滋病、肺結核和瘧疾病的全球基金一樣有效。

      (4)其次.美國和歐洲國家應該廢除資助企業(yè)把糧食加工成生物燃料的政策。美國政府應停止把玉米加工成乙醚、每加侖乙醚補貼給農民51美分的納稅人資助的做法??赡苡行┩恋夭贿m宜種糧食,但可以用來種植能加工成生物燃料的樹木——樹木產品(如棕櫚油)、草地和木材制品.但是不應該拿出錢來鼓勵把餐桌上的食品轉換成油箱里的汽油。

      (5)再次.我們要盡可能有效地人工干預壞天氣,保護農作物。對一個貧窮的農民來說,一個雨季時蓄水和干旱時灌溉農田的小池塘,就可以給農民帶來不小的收獲,甚至是糧食豐收和歉收的區(qū)別。世界組織承諾要建立一個氣候基金組織,幫助貧困地區(qū)抵御惡劣氣候給經濟發(fā)展帶來的破壞,在糧食生產和健康保障等方面為貧用地區(qū)農民提供資助.但是至今還沒有付諸行動。

      (6)解決糧食危機的辦法也能用來解決能源危機、水資源危機和其他稀缺資源危機-只要我們能快速行動起來,我們就能戰(zhàn)勝這些危機。太陽熱能和采用復合燃料的汽車技術幾年內將被研發(fā)出來并普及起來:保護環(huán)境的捕魚方式可以緩解悔洋的壓力:糧食危機不僅給我們敲響了警鐘,也給我們帶來丁機遇。為了在真正意義上取得全球的和平穩(wěn)定、經濟良性發(fā)展.我們應該在可持續(xù)發(fā)展方面加大投資力度。

      旅游貼士:運用項目管理技巧,獲取更多商旅利益

      卡爾·賽林格爾

      (1)出差旅行太多就會心生厭煩;過少就會期盼旅行。但我們都應設法從旅行中獲益,最好的方式是在你的行程上多花心思,就像你致力于解決一個技術難題一樣。

      (2)如果你想多出差---爭取業(yè)務,和你行業(yè)團體建立聯(lián)系,或只是看看外面的世界----你應設法獲得去參加行業(yè)會議的機會;另一種方法是應要求寫會議論文摘要,你單位將樂意派你去參會。

      (3)你也可針對那些能擴大業(yè)務量的地方進行活動,我職業(yè)生涯中一次成功的商旅活動就是用的這種方式。在番安姆航空公司1991年破產以后,我把它屬下的肯尼迪機場維修設施在紐約市場進行銷售。我當時注意到在德國有一個有關飛機維修的會議,同時還有巴黎國際航空展,我寫了與會申請,出乎我意料的是,我獲準成行。我爭取到了許多商務合同,使得我的業(yè)務一直處于領先地位。

      (4)獲準成行是一碼事,商旅成功是另一碼事,以下是一些建議:

      (5)規(guī)劃整個行程:一開始就要定下回程日期,大概的行程安排,主要會議以及預定機票、酒店及租車。所有這一切,我都是在微軟日歷視窗軟件上完成的,使得旅行就像周期性出現(xiàn)的約定,我把行程安排在“筆記區(qū)”輸入。這些都能在我的個人掌上數(shù)字助理上同步呈現(xiàn),即使是這樣,我還打印了一份,以便我能在上面記錄開支情況,我也在手機的聯(lián)系人一欄輸入重要的聯(lián)系電話。

      (6)甚至在你旅行獲批之前就要預定酒店,以便能得到會議住宿折扣優(yōu)惠。設定日程安排程序,萬一你最后不能成行,程序也會在24小時內提醒你取消約定。

      (7)在商旅活動前后,要準備加班加點工作。在日歷上做出標記以免和人會面,這樣才能完成你在外出差時落下的大量工作。然而更好的做法是,你出差返回的確切日期不能泄露。

      (8)輕裝簡從,因為你總是能買到必需的個人用品。隨身行李里什么能攜帶,什么不能攜帶,要了解最新的安全規(guī)定。

      (9)避開旅行高峰期,比如明智的旅行者會選擇合適的時間到達芝加哥繁忙的奧黑爾國際機場,在夏季,早點到達機場能避開下午的雷暴,在冬季,晚點到達機場,以便先天晚上的積雪能有時間融化。

      (10)保持平和的心態(tài)。事情不順利的時候,盡量不要生氣,因為這是經常出現(xiàn)的。我曾經有次在休斯敦叢林國際機場的候機大廳滯留了一整天,但是我有事干,盡管沒有樂趣可言,然而也不會擔憂。

      (11)規(guī)劃回程,問清楚機場快巴的班次,應該到達機場的時間,然后和 航空公司確認登機時間。盡管酒店和出租車司機都說有我充足的趕機時間,但是有次我還是沒趕上從德國漢堡起飛的返程航班,原因是那架飛機為了確保在倫敦希思羅機場能有停機位而將登機時間提前了。這是誰的錯誤?當然是我自己的,因為我沒和航空公司確認。

      (12)除了學會忍耐和靈活處事之外,旅行能教你辦公室學不到的知識。當然商務旅行最重要的是商業(yè)活動,但也不能忘了享受旅游的過程。祝旅途愉快!

      抗衰老基因的秘決

      艾米莉·辛格

      (1)一項雄心勃勃的計劃將對1000名健康老人的100個基因進行測序, 這一計劃有可能為找到使某些人免患因衰老帶來的包括心臟病、癌癥和糖尿病等疾病,使他們能夠健康地生活到80歲甚至更久的基因變異提供線索。與其研究增加疾病危險的基因變異, 科學家們計劃將重點放在之前已經證明與健康和長壽相關的基因上。

      (2)近年來, 基因篩選技術的發(fā)展使科學家開始在基因組中尋找健康衰老和長壽的線索。這項研究表明健康老年人的基因組并不是沒有缺陷的?!斑@些人對許多嚴重疾病在遺傳基因上都存在患病的風險,其中包括心血管疾病、中風和糖尿病,但他們卻并沒患有這些疾病, ”,心臟病學家Eric Topol說。他是位于加利福利亞州La Jolla的Scripps Translational科學研究中心的基因藥物項目組的主任和項目負責人?!霸鯓咏忉屵@一現(xiàn)象?是什么原因使他們免患這些疾???”

      (3)為了回答這些問題,研究者正在采集1000名80歲或以上的從未得過任何嚴重的疾病,也沒有進行過任何藥物治療的老年人的血樣。他們計劃對100組從動物研究和其他研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)的影響健康和衰老的基因組進行測序。Topal說:“我們特別感興趣于主要的掌控基因比如說(那些參與)DNA修復或者胰島素生長因素-1”,一種參與細胞生長的蛋白質荷爾蒙。在關于長壽的研究中,參與DNA修復的酶引起了關注,因為隨著年齡的增長,細胞常常會積累DNA序列錯誤,而且某些老鼠和人類DNA修復基因的缺陷會觸發(fā)某些早衰的現(xiàn)象。胰島素生長因素-1(IGF1)的受體已通過實驗證明對老鼠,線蟲和蒼蠅的衰老有影響。

      (4)大多數(shù)之前的研究只對少量的基因進行測序或者使用基因芯片,這樣能夠快速檢測整個基因組中常見的基因變異.但是最近的研究表明一些在不同基因中發(fā)生的罕見的變異在健康和疾病中發(fā)揮作用。基因測序使研究人員能夠確定健康的老年人是否更有可能攜帶能使防護性因素功能更加有效的運作或者能阻礙有害因素活動的基因變異。

      (5)Topol和他的合作者將對健康志愿者的基因序列與在80歲以前就死于與衰老相關疾病的人身上收集的DNA樣本進行比較??茖W家們發(fā)現(xiàn)健康人群攜帶與疾病相關的基因變異的幾率只是稍微低一點。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)證實了防御性基因在人們成功(健康)衰老中扮演著重要角色的論點。

      (6)科學家們希望找到這種具有保護效果的分子成分,從而進行藥物仿制?!拔覀兿嘈砰L壽基因在保護著幾種而不是一種與衰老相關的疾病”,紐約愛因斯坦醫(yī)學院長壽基因項目負責人Nir Barzilai說。他沒有參與Scripps項目的研究。他還說 “從制藥的角度來看,針對上述途徑會更符合成本效益,因為它會效仿長壽而不只是治療疾病本身?!?/p>

      (7)Barzilai已經確定了兩組長壽基因的候選人。在一項正在進行的關于95歲或以上德裔猶太人后裔的研究中,Barzilai和他的同事發(fā)現(xiàn)老年組更有可能攜帶改變人體處理膽固醇方式的基因變異。最近科學家對IGF1基因及其受體進行了排序,并且找到了女性百歲老人所特有的變異。

      (8)在以不同的途徑,即通過基因芯片,進行基因搜尋時,Barzila指出:各個研究小組都期待了解別人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。有兩項同時進行的關于健康衰老基因的大型研究將使每個研究組能證實對另一人群的研究結果--這是一項對大型基因研究有效性的關鍵測試。

      Unit SixHappiness富裕生活的秘訣保羅·麥肯錫

      在過去的33年中,我每天早晨都會對著鏡子問自己:“如果今天是生命中的最后一天,你還會去做你今天要去做的事情嗎?”當連續(xù)幾天我得到的答案都是否定的時候,我知道該對自己生活做些改變了。

      史蒂夫·喬布斯——億萬富翁,蘋果電腦公司的創(chuàng)建者

      (1)倫敦大學進行了一項非常有趣的研究。此項研究的課題組研發(fā)了一個幸福度量表。這個幸福度量表的目的是為了測量人們每時每刻相對的幸福感。之后,他們又設計出了一個公式,用來計算一般人每年要多賺多少錢才能獲得從富有生活中所獲得的幸福感。

      (2)例如,從豐富的社會生活所獲得的滿足感與每年增加63844英鎊的收入所帶來的滿足感相同,與心愛的人生活在一起所獲得的幸福感與年薪增加82500英鎊帶來的幸福感相同。而良好的健康狀況則是幸福感中最有價值的,擁有一個“健康證明書”相當于年薪增加304000英鎊的滿足度。

      (3)盡管如此,金錢還是買不到幸福。比起以前,我們收入更高、吃的更好、受到更好的教育、有更好的住房,但是自二十世紀五十年代起我們卻越來越不如以前幸福了。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,世界上從未像現(xiàn)在這樣有這么多的抑郁癥患者。

      (4)造成這種狀況的原因會讓你非常詫異——財富畸形癥:

      多年來,我一直致力于調查那些身體畸形患者。身體畸形癥是一種病癥,即扭曲對自己身體缺陷的看法,這種扭曲達到了無法忍受照鏡子的程度。他們認為自己的身體的某部分極其丑陋,丑陋得不敢自視。

      (5)其實,這與他們的身體外觀并沒有任何關系。而是因為他們身體內部好像有一個過濾器,過濾掉一切好的方面,卻保留了不好的方面。因此,這些人會把注意力集中在外表上他們自己不喜歡的微小的缺陷。比如說,總是關注自己臉上的皺紋或皮膚上褶皺,卻忽視自身其他優(yōu)點。

      (6)有趣的是,很多人對待財富采取同樣的態(tài)度--—他們忽略掉所有他們已經很富有的生活方面,卻把精力集中在他們生活中缺失的方面。

      (7)我經常與我的客戶做一個練習,要求他們想象不管是由于什么原因,在他們的生活中,錢對他們來說已不再是一個問題。在他們身體狀況允許的情況下,他們可以自由地追求任何他們想要的,去做他們想做的任何事情,擁有他們想擁有的任何事物。

      (8)然后,我要求他們列兩份清單。第一份清單:列出他們有了錢以后將會改變的所有事物。第二份清單:列出他們有了錢以后仍會保持不變的事情。結果令人驚訝,沒有多少人在有了更多的錢以后,會去改變他們原有的生活。

      (9)當然,他們可能會換個工作,有更多的假期,買更好的車或住更大的房子,但他們不會拋棄他們的朋友,他們還會去他們最喜歡的餐廳吃飯。他們不會去看原來就不喜歡看的電影,不會對原來就不感到可笑事物發(fā)笑。

      (10)調查的結果如下:

      當你有了更多的錢卻不去改變你生活中的方方面面,就說明你已經生活得很富足了。

      (11)真正、持久的幸福絕不會依存于你的銀行存款數(shù)目。真正的幸福應該是過一種有價值、有意義、有目的的生活。所以,富有的生活其實是一種體驗,無論你賺的錢是多還是少,你都可以在任何時候開始追求這種體驗。

      (12)你越是把注意力集中在那些讓你已感到富足的方面,你就越會意識到你現(xiàn)在其實已經很富有。

      事實上,在很多方面你已經跟我們這個星球上最富有的億萬富翁有同樣的財富。

      例如:

      ●每當你睡了一個好覺,你擁有睡眠財富。一個億萬富翁可以購買更昂貴的床墊,但他們買不來一個更恬靜的睡眠?!衩慨斈阕哌M餐廳,點菜用餐時,你有可能和最富有的男人或女人擁有完全一樣的經歷。

      ●每當你走在海灘上或看夕陽,你將和經濟上富裕的人欣賞著同樣的美麗的景色。

      (13)戴安肯尼迪和芬克爾在他們的著作《毛利島百萬富翁》中,很直截了當且令人震驚地指出:

      “有些人認為一切都有價格。好吧,如果這是真的,要多少錢你會出賣你的視力?你會接受100萬美元出賣你視力

      嗎?10億美元怎么樣呢?那你過去的記憶值多少錢呢?你會為了什么而出賣你所有的記憶?你是否愿意交易你所有的回憶,不管是好的還是壞的,100萬美元能否剝奪你所有的過去?”

      (14)用這樣的計算方法來計算的話,在現(xiàn)實中你有多少財富呢?在一個由一至十的度量表上,當你審視你的整個生活的時候,你會認為你有多少財富呢?

      (15)雖然這可能是一個讓一些人感到不舒服的練習。有一點是明確的,那就是,那些我們認為在我們的生活中理所當然的東西永遠是無價的。在這個意義上說,之所以如此多的人感到貧窮,是因為他們已經那么富有了。他們不再關注那些在他們生活中一直不變的、好的東西,只意識到了那些發(fā)生了意想不到的問題的方面。

      (16)那么,為什么人們通常不珍惜我們已經擁有的東西呢?令人驚訝的是,其答案不在于我們的價值觀,甚至不在于我們的社會,問題出在我們根深蒂固思維模式。

      第二篇:研究生英語讀寫譯教程 課文小結

      小結 Unit One

      “The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit Two

      Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three

      “A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four

      “Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit Five

      It is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moral relativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.

      第三篇:研究生英語讀寫譯教程 課文小結

      小結

      Unit One

      “The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit Two

      Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three

      “A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael

      Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four

      “Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most

      important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit Five

      It is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moralrelativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater

      impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.

      第四篇:當代研究生英語讀寫教程課文翻譯

      Unit One 信息空間:出入隨愿 美國人的內心深處具有一種酷愛探索新領域的氣質。我們渴求寬敞的場地,我們喜歡探 索,喜歡制定規(guī)章制度,卻不愿去遵守。在當今時代,卻很難找到一塊空間,可以供你任意馳騁,又不必擔心影響 你的鄰居。確實有這樣一個空間,那就是信息空間。這里原本是計算機迷的游戲天地,但如今只要想像得到的各類人群應 有盡有,包括少年兒童、輕佻的單身漢、美籍匈牙利人、會計等。問題是他們都能和睦相處嗎?人們是否會因為害怕 孩子們躲在臥室里看網(wǎng)上的淫穢圖片而將它封殺? 首先要解決的問題是,什么是信息空間。我們可以拋開高速公路、前沿新領域等比喻,把信息空間看作一個巨 大的莊園。請記住,莊園是人們智慧的結晶,是合法的、人工營造的氛圍,它建立在土地之上。在莊園里,公園和 商業(yè)中心、紅燈區(qū)與學校、教堂與雜貨店都能區(qū)分開來。你可以用同樣的方法把信息空間想像為一個巨大的、無邊無際的虛擬莊園。其中有些房產為私人擁有并已租出,有些是公共場所;有的場所適合兒童出入,而有些地方人們最好避開。不幸的是,正是這些應該避開的地方使得人 們心向神往。這些地方教唆你如何制造炸彈、為你提供淫穢材料、告訴你如何竊取信用卡。所有這些使信息空間聽 起來像是一個十分骯臟的地方。正直的公民紛紛作出這樣的結論:最好對它嚴加管理。但是,在利用規(guī)章制度來反擊下流之舉之前,關鍵是從根本上理解信息空間的性質。惡棍并不能在信息空間搶 走毫無提防之心的兒童;信息空間也不像一臺巨大的電視機,向不情愿的觀眾播放令人作嘔的節(jié)目。在信息空間這 座莊園里,用戶對他們所去之處、所見所聞、所做所為都要作出選擇,一切都出于自愿。換句話說,信息空間是個 出入自便的地方,實際上,信息空間里有很多可去之處。人們不能盲目上網(wǎng),必須帶著具體的目標上網(wǎng)。這意味著 人們可以選擇去哪個網(wǎng)址、看什么內容。不錯,規(guī)章制度應該在群體內得以實施,但這些規(guī)章制度必須由信息空間 內各個群體自己來制定,而不是由法庭或華盛頓的政客們來制定。信息空間之所以具有如此大的誘惑力,正是因為它不同于商場、電視、公路或地球上的其他地方。那么,讓我們 來描述一下這個空間。首先,信息空間里人與人之間可以進行電子郵件交流。這種交流類似于電話交談,都是私 人之間的、兩相情愿的談話,不需要任何規(guī)章制度加以限制。其次,信息空間提供信息與娛樂服務。人們可以從中下載各種信息,從法律文件、“大型新飯店”名單,到游戲軟 件、下流圖片,無奇不有。這里如同書店、商場和電影院,屬購物區(qū)域。顧客必須通過索求或者登記來購物,物品(特 別是淫穢之物)不會發(fā)送給那些沒有索取的人。有些服務可以免費,或作為總服務費用的一部分計算,如“計算機服 務”和“美國在線”就是如此。而有些服務要向顧客收費,而且可能會讓顧客直接支付賬單。第三,信息空間里還有真正意義上的群體,那就是在內部互相交流思想的人群。從莊園的 角度來看,這些群體就像酒吧、飯店或公共浴室。每個活躍的人都積極參與談話,談話一般通過郵件方式進行;而 有的人也許只充當旁觀者或旁聽者。有些活動由專人監(jiān)督,有些則像公告牌,任何人可以任意在上面張貼。很多活 動起初都無人監(jiān)督,但現(xiàn)在實行強制管理,用規(guī)章制度來掃除那些不受歡迎的廣告、不相干的討論或日漸粗魯?shù)某?員。信息空間里群體的演變過程正如陸地社會團體的演變過程,即情趣相投的人們聚在一起。信息空間里每一個團體都各具特色??偟膩碚f,“計算機服務”上的團體一般由專業(yè)技術人員組成; “美國在線”上 的團體一般為富有的獨身者; “奇才”主要面向家庭。另外還有一些具有獨到見解的服務機構,“共鳴”為其中之一,是紐約市中心一家時髦的服務機構。再如“婦女專線”,是專為女性開辟的,她們希望逃避網(wǎng)上其他地方盛行的男性 文化。就因特網(wǎng)本身也有大量情緒激昂的討論小組,都屬非商業(yè)性質,討論話題廣泛,從匈牙利政治(匈牙利在線)到版權法,無所不及。信息空間的獨特之處在于允許任何規(guī)模、任何種類的團體發(fā)展繁榮。在信息空間,用戶自 愿參加任何團體,而不是因為地理位置的巧合而被迫參加某個團體。這種自由賦予主宰信息空間的準則一種道義上 的權威,這種權威是地球空間里的準則所沒有的。多數(shù)人呆在自己出生的國土上動彈不得,而在信息空間,假若你 不喜歡某一群體的準則,脫離這個群體即可。出入自由。同樣,如果做父母的不喜歡某一群體的準則,便可以限制 孩子,不讓他們參與。在信息空間,可能會發(fā)生的情況是形成新的群體,新群體的形成不像在地球上那樣受到限制,產生沖突。我們不是要建立一個夢寐以求、而又難以管理的全球村,而是要建立一個由各種獨立的、不受外界 影響的群體組成的世界,這些群體將投其成員所好,而又不干涉他人。一種真正的市場型管理模式很快成為可能。在信息空間,我們將能夠檢驗并完善所需要的管理制度??知識產權制度、服務內容與使用權的控制制度、個人隱 私權與自由言論制度等。有些群體允許任何人加入,而有些則只允許符合這樣或那樣條件的人加入。能夠自持的群 體會興旺發(fā)展(或許也會因為志趣與身份日趨特殊,而發(fā)展成為幾個分支)。有些群體或因為成員失去興趣,或因為成 員被嚇跑而不能幸存下來,它們將漸漸萎縮消亡。在不遠的將來,信息空間的探索者應該更善于解釋和辨別各群體的性質。除了現(xiàn)實中的政府之外,他們將有必 要安置并接受自己的地方政府,就如同豪華莊園的業(yè)主一樣,盡管可以叫警察來驅逐不受歡迎的顧客,但還是寧愿 雇傭自己的保安。那么,該如何處置信息空間不受歡迎的材料呢?例如,淫穢材料該怎么辦?答案除了禁止 以外,就是在有問題的材料上貼上標簽。信息空間的成員對有問題的內容應該達成共識,拿出一個解決方案來,使 人們或自動過濾系統(tǒng)避開這些內容,這樣可能會有助于解決問題。軟件制造商很容易建立一套自動過濾系統(tǒng),使你 和孩子們在菜單上見不到不想見到的內容。(就好像所有的內容都被包裝了起來,并在包裝紙上貼有標簽。)如果有 人在色情材料上貼上“童趣”的標簽,便可能會因錯貼標簽而被起訴。一些私人組織和地方團體已經在不聲不響地建立各種標簽服務系統(tǒng),并建立了適合兒童的網(wǎng)站,“兒童連接” 如、“兒童空間”等。具有不同品味和抱有不同價值觀念的人如同挑選書刊、雜志一樣,可以從網(wǎng)上挑選出適合自己的 服務機構。如果愿意,他們還可以在網(wǎng)上無拘無束地逍遙漫游,完成自己的旅程??傊覀兊纳鐣枰l(fā)展,要發(fā)展就意味著我們必須明白,世上沒有完美無缺的答案,沒有能夠解決各種問題 的妙方,沒有政府認可的安全避難所。我們不能在地球上建立一個十全十美的社會,同樣也不能在信息空間營造一 個這樣的社會。但是至少我們可以有個人的選擇??也有個人的責任。

      Unit Two 男女交談為何如此困難 弗吉尼亞郊區(qū)一個住所的客廳里,我正在一次小型聚會上發(fā)言??這是一次女性的聚會, 但也邀請了男性參加。整晚,一位男士表現(xiàn)得極為健談,他不斷地發(fā)表自己的看法,講述奇聞軼事.而他的妻子卻安靜地坐在他身旁的沙 發(fā)上。聚會接近尾聲時,我說,一些妻子經常抱怨丈夫不與她們交談,這位男士立刻表示同意。他指著妻子說: “在 家里愛說話的是她?!庇谑菨M屋子哄堂大笑,這位男士一臉茫然和委屈?!斑@是真的,”他解釋說,“我下班回家后總 是無話可說, 如果她不說話,我們會整晚沉默?!?這段小插曲反映了一種具有諷刺意味的現(xiàn)象,即美國的男性盡管在公共場合比女性健談,在家里卻比女性說話 少。而正是這一現(xiàn)象使婚姻受到嚴重威脅。社會學家凱瑟琳?凱爾?里茲曼在她的新作 《離婚談》 中說,她采訪過的大多數(shù)女性將離婚的原因歸咎于缺乏交談,但只有少數(shù)男性將此當作離婚的理由。在我本人的研究中,女性對丈夫的抱怨大多不是集中在一些實際的不平等現(xiàn)象,例如為了跟隨丈夫的事業(yè)而放棄了 發(fā)展自己事業(yè)的機會,或者她們所承擔的日常生活瑣事遠遠超過她們份內的部分.她們的抱怨總是集中在交流問題 上, 如 “ 他不聽我說話”, “他不和我說話”.我發(fā)現(xiàn)多數(shù)做妻子的都期望丈夫首先是自己的交談伙伴。但是很少有丈 夫對妻子抱有同樣的期望。簡言之,最能體現(xiàn)目前這種危機的是一個老套的卡通畫面:一個男人坐在早餐桌旁,手中拿著一張報紙看著,而 他的妻子憤怒地盯著報紙背面,渴望與他交談。兩性間的唇槍舌劍 在婚姻中的交流問題上,為何男女會持有如此不同的觀點?為什么男女的興趣和期望普遍 不一致? 斯坦福大學的埃莉諾?麥科比在 1990 年 4 月《美國心理學家》刊物上發(fā)表了她自己和他人研究的結果。研究結 果表明,兒童的發(fā)展主要受同齡伙伴交往過程中社交結構的影響。無論男孩女孩都喜歡與同性伙伴玩耍。不同性別 的兒童小群體有不同的組織結構和交際準則。

      我相信,兒童時代社交過程中的不同規(guī)則,導致了兩性間的交談如同跨文化交流一樣難。我本人通過對男女對話的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),成年男女對話的模式類似于兒童群體交流過程中的模式。成年女性同女孩一樣,彼此親密是她們感情關系的紐帶。而交談是編織這種紐帶的線。小女孩通過相互交換秘密 來建立和維持友誼。同樣,成年女性也把交談看作友誼的基礎。因此,女性期望丈夫成為自己新的、更好的知心朋 友。對她們來說重要的不是某個具體的討論話題,而是在說出自己的想法、感受和印象時所表現(xiàn)出來的那種親密的、分享生活的感覺。男孩間的關系和女孩一樣緊密。但男孩間的關系與其說建立在交談基礎上,不如說建立在共同動手基礎上。既然 他們不認為交談能夠鞏固感情關系,他們不知道女人需要何種交談,也不會因為沒有交談而感到遺憾。男孩的群體比女孩的要大,所包括的人更廣泛,也更具有等級特色。因此,男孩們勢必要努力爭取不在群體中處 于從屬地位。這也許是為什么女人抱怨男人不聽她們說話的根源之一。當女的對男的說“你沒有在聽”,而男的反對說“我在聽”時,常常男的是對的。這種給人沒有在聽的印象是由 于男女對話方式的不同而引起的。這種不同在男女各自就位時就已表現(xiàn)出來了。我對心理學家布魯斯?多維爾錄制 的關于兒童與成人分別與他們的同性好友交談時的錄像帶進行了研究。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),無論多大年齡的女孩和成年女性,都采取面對面的姿勢,眼睛看著對方的臉。而各種年齡的男孩和成年男子就座時,相互位置都成一定的角度,眼睛 看著屋子別的地方只有時不時瞥對方一眼。男性這種看著別處的習慣,可能給女性一種印象,那就是他們沒有在聽,即使他們在聽也會給人以沒有在聽的印象。一個年輕的女大學生感到很失望,因為每當她告訴男朋友她想跟他談談 時,他總是躺在地上,閉上眼睛,并用手臂擋住臉。她對此的理解是,“他想睡一會兒”。而他則堅持說他在非常認 真地傾聽。在一般情況下,他會環(huán)顧屋子四周,所以容易分心。而躺在地上,蒙住眼睛會使他專心致志聽女友說話。轉移話題是男人的另一種習慣,這種習慣也給女人一個印象:他們沒有在聽。特別是當他們把話題轉移到自己身 上時更是如此。在我的研究中,女孩往往就一個話題談得很詳細,而男孩傾向于不斷改變話題。我對 10 年級的孩子所進行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當女孩對朋友傾訴煩惱時,對方總是刨根問底,并且表示不同意和理解。男孩卻不把對方的問題看得那么嚴重。例如,托德安慰理查德說他飲酒 “不是什么大問題” 當托德說他遭受冷落時。理查德回答說: “你怎么會這么想?你認識的人比我還多?!?女性把這種回答看作是輕視她們的問題和不支持她們。但男性似乎對這種回答很滿意。女性的回答暗示: “你不應該感到難過,因為我也有過類似的經歷,”從而彼此安慰。而男性通過暗示“你不應該感到 難過,因為你的問題并不那么糟糕”來彼此安慰。還有更簡單的原因來解釋為什么女人總覺得男人沒有在聽。語言學家萊內特?赫希曼發(fā) 現(xiàn),女性比男性發(fā)出更多的傾聽者的聲音,如“對”“嗯嗯”“是”等來表示“我理解”。她發(fā)現(xiàn),男人通常是靜靜 地傾聽。而女人期待聽到一連串傾聽者的聲音,她們把靜靜地聽理解為根本沒有注意聽.男性的對話習慣使女性感到失望, 同樣, 女性的對話習慣也使男性感到失望.男性期望的是靜靜地注意聽, 他們 將一連串傾聽者的聲音理解為過頭的反應或是不耐煩.此外, 當女性在一個親密, 舒適的環(huán)境里交談時, 常?;ハ啻?話,說完對方未說完的句子, 并且能夠預料到對方要說什么.我把這種做法叫做 “參與式傾聽”, 男性往往將此理解為 干擾, 冒犯和缺乏注意力.同樣, 男女之間的差別也使丈夫抱怨妻子, “她只想表達她的觀點.如果我向她表達另一種不同的觀點, 她就對 我生氣.” 多數(shù)婦女在交談時, 認為談話伙伴要做的事就是表示贊同和支持.而很多男人則認為, 談話時指出問題的 另一面才是他們的責任.在女性看來, 這樣做是一種不真誠的表現(xiàn), 是拒絕給予必要的支持.這不是因為女性不想聽 到別的觀點, 而是因為女性更喜歡將這些觀點以建議或詢問的言詞表達出來, 而不是以直截了當?shù)奶魬?zhàn)形式表達出 來.沉默的聲音 上述這些區(qū)別可以解釋為什么在婚姻內的交流問題上,男女抱有如此不同的期望。對女性來說,交談可以使關 系親密?;橐鲫P系是一種無比密切的關系:你可以說出你的感受和想法,對方會依然愛著你。女性最大的恐懼是被 排斥。但是,男人生活在一種等級分明的世界里,談話的目的是保持自己的獨立性與地位。他們必須時刻警惕,保 護自己,以免受人壓制或受人擺布。這一點也解釋了那個健談的男人說他那沉默的妻子“她才能說呢”這種矛盾局面。在公共場合,他覺得迫不得 已要表現(xiàn)自己的聰穎、展示自己的理解力。但在家里,他不需要證明什么,也.不需要提防任何人,所以他不想說話就不說話。對他的妻子來說,在家意味著不必擔心自己說的話會得罪別人,或者引發(fā)矛盾,或者顯得炫耀自己。在家里,她可以想說什么就說什么。交流問題威脅著婚姻,但不能通過機械的手段來修補。這些問題要求我們用一種新觀念來看待談話在人際關系中 所起的作用。從心理學的角度所作的許多解釋都無濟于事,因為這些解釋往往責怪女性(不夠自信),或者責怪男性(不 關心她們的感情)。如果從社會語言學的角度,將男女對話看作跨文化交流,我們便會理解這個問題,找到問題的答 案,而又不責怪任何一方。一旦問題得到理解,情況自然有所改善。那些通常因丈夫不傾聽或不談論每天發(fā)生的事情而感到被遺棄、感到 喪失生活樂趣的女性會高興地發(fā)現(xiàn),她們的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的談話在女性關系中的地位后,正努力地在適應。如果丈夫不適應,妻子仍然能夠得到安慰,因為她知道,對男人來說,這不是不親密的表現(xiàn)。當妻子接受了男女存 在區(qū)別這一事實后,便會去找自己的朋友或家人說一說話。那些不能夠給予妻子談話快樂的丈夫,也不應該覺得妻 子提出了無理要求。仍然會有一些夫妻決定離婚,但起碼他們的決定是建立在比較現(xiàn)實的期望基礎上的。

      Unit Three 狀告人類 第一個錯誤是把人看作是某種獨立的事物。其實并不是。人是復雜的生命網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)中的 一部分。我們甚至不能將生命本身視為某種獨立的事物。它確實不是。生命是一顆沐浴著太陽能的行星上的復雜結 構的一部分。地球自從呈目前的形狀近50 億年以來,已經歷了一場巨大的演變。在形成的初期,地球上很可能沒有我們今天 稱之為海洋和大氣層之類的東西。當?shù)厍虻膬炔抗腆w緊壓在一起時,物質的逐漸向外運動就形成了海洋和大氣層。地球形成之后,海洋、大氣層以及堅固的地殼之間也并非相互獨立。它們之間總有相互作用:蒸發(fā),凝結,溶 解,風化,等等。在堅固的地殼內很深之處也有不斷的緩慢變化,其中溫泉、火山、以及地震是在地球表面上較為 引人注目的地質運動。. 在 20 億到 30 億年前期間,一部分地球表面的水在太陽能的作用下,形成了結構復雜的化合物,這些化合物靈 活多變,足以形成我們稱之為“生命”的東西。生命形式從那時起就變得更為復雜,更為豐富多彩。但是生命形式和地球上許多無生命的部分一樣,是地球結構中的一部分。它是整個地球體系中不可分割的一部 分。如果把任何動物與其他的生物形式完全隔離開,那么該動物肯定要餓死。要是沒有水,由于脫水很快就會死亡。要是沒有空氣,不論是充分的空氣還是溶于水的空氣。動物會因窒息死得更快。要是沒有太陽,動物可能會存活一 段時間,但是植物會枯死,如果所有植物枯死,那么所有的動物將會餓死。反過來情況也一樣。地球的無機世界是由生命造就成形的。大氣層的性質已經被植物活 動所改變(植物活動給空氣增添了大量的游離氧氣,而這是通過其他方式所不能獲取的)。蚯蚓翻松土壤,珊瑚形成一 個個巨大的海礁。整個地球,加上太陽能,形成了一個錯綜復雜、相互聯(lián)系的巨大系統(tǒng)。整個星球是一種由無機部分和各種各樣 的有機生命構成的生命形式(正如我們自己身體那樣,既是由各種各樣的有機邵分構成,又是由骨骼中的無機晶體和 血液中的無機水分所構成)。事實上,我們可以將上述類推繼續(xù)進行下去。人是由各種類型的細胞構成的,這些細胞多達 50 萬億,它們之間相互 聯(lián)系,相互依賴。如果喪失某些細胞,比如說失去構成整條腿的那些細胞,將會嚴重影響有機體的其余部分;如果 某一器官(如心臟或腎)中較少的細胞受到嚴重損害,可能會最終導致所有 50 萬億細胞的死亡。同樣,從全地球的規(guī)??紤],砍掉一整片森林不會在總體上對地球生命構成威脅,但是這樣做會對該地區(qū)的生 態(tài)形式造成嚴重的影響,甚至會造成水的流失,因此引起地質結構的細微變化。蜜蜂數(shù)量的大量減少將影響依賴蜜 蜂授粉的那些植物的數(shù)量,然后又影響到靠蜜蜂授粉的植物生存的動物的數(shù)量,依此類推。還可以以細胞的生長為例。不斷受到磨損的器官的細胞(如皮膚、腸內壁)自始至終都在不斷發(fā)育、增長。另外一 些較為隱蔽的細胞,如神經細胞、肌肉細胞,在成年之后再也不會增長。還有一些器官,通常為肝臟和骨骼之類的 靜止器官,在需要替換受損部位的時候隨時可以生長。當完成適當?shù)男迯腿蝿找院螅阃V股L。同樣,“行星有機體”(這正是我們在生態(tài)學中研究的)也是如此,只不過是按照一種較為松散、更加靈活的方式 運行罷了。如果美洲獅的數(shù)量太多,它們賴以生存的鹿就會被過度捕殺,一些美洲獅就會餓死。這樣一來,美洲獅 就恢復到一個 “適當?shù)臄?shù)量” 如果美洲獅死得過多,那么鹿的數(shù)量就會迅速得到增長,美洲獅反過來就會迅速繁衍。直到新增加的美洲獅將鹿的數(shù)量再一次減少。如果排除外界的干擾,食肉動物和被吃動物都保持一個適當?shù)臄?shù)量,這樣對雙方都有好處。(如果美洲獅被斬盡殺絕,鹿肯定會大量繁衍,直到吃光它們賴以生存的植物。這樣,更多的 鹿會餓死,而不是葬身獅腹。)某些有機組織(比如人)內的凈增長有時候會受到干擾,有機體中的部分細胞開始無限制地增長??這究竟是因為 什么原因,我們尚不得而知。這就是令人生畏的癌癥。除非以某種方式阻止癌細胞日益增長,否則瘋長的癌細胞將 會擾亂整個身體的結構,最終導致有機體本身的死亡。在生態(tài)學領域,如果出于某種原因,一種有機體開始無限度地不斷繁衍,消滅競爭對手,以毀掉其他物類的食 物為代價來增加自己的食物,那么將會發(fā)生同樣的情況。這也可能會導致更大的生物體系的毀滅??絕大部分或所 有生命,甚至無生命環(huán)境中的某些方面。這就是此時此刻正在發(fā)生的事。數(shù)千年來,人類這惟一的種群在數(shù)量上一直不斷上升。我們大家都屬于這一種 群,這可說不上是什么光彩的事。在過去幾世紀,人口增長率一直呈爆炸趨勢。在凱撒時代,世界人口估計為 1.5 億。如果按當時那樣的速度平穩(wěn)地增長,世界人口再 1,000 年增加一倍。今天,世界人口大約為 40 億(是凱撒時代的 26 倍),如果目前的增長率穩(wěn)定不變,那么世界人口 將在 35 年之后翻倍。目前世界人口的急劇增長率使人類可以被稱為生態(tài)惡性腫瘤。這種惡性腫瘤肯定會摧毀 生態(tài)環(huán)靜正如普通的癌細胞會摧毀人的肌體一樣。有什么治療方法嗎?正如任何癌癥的治療方法一樣,必須以某種方式使癌細胞停止增長。當然,它會停止增長的。如果我們不采取任何措施,這種增長終將停止,就像人體中癌細胞的增長一樣,不加 治療,人死了,癌細胞也隨之死亡。與此類似,生態(tài)也會毀滅,人類也會隨之滅亡。那么怎樣才能制止人口爆炸?要么提高死亡率,要么降低出生率。除此之外,再沒有別的選擇了。如果我們不采 取任何措施,在未來幾十年中死亡率將會自動上升,而且最終將極具災難性。不管怎樣(事實上,幾乎可以說無論如 何),使出生率下降肯定更為可取,因此這是人類今天應著手解決的頭等大事。如果人類處理不好這一問題,那就會作為大規(guī)模殺害生靈(包括殺害自身)的兇手,作為大規(guī)模破壞地球錯綜復雜的進 化發(fā)展(是這種進化發(fā)展最初形成了目前生命的繁榮景象)的罪魁禍首而受到抽象正義法庭的審判??因為到那時可 能已沒有子孫后代來審判他了。Unit Four 英語的未來 在 16 世紀中葉,有四五百萬人說英語,說英語的人數(shù)在歐洲的語言中名列第五。前四 位依次是法語、德語、意大利語和西班牙語。俄語排在英語之后。兩百年以后,意大利語排 名落后,而俄語的排名靠前了,英語依然處于第五位。到了 18 世紀末,英語的地位開始上 升。到 19 世紀中葉,英語已經躋身于第一位了。今天,英語的地位遙遙領先,說英語的人 數(shù)可能達到說后兩種語言,即俄語和德語人數(shù)的總和。今天到底有多少人說英語?這個問題難以回答。除了把英語作為母語的人以外,還有一 些人雖然出生在說其他語言的地方,但現(xiàn)在生活在說英語的社會,這些人在日常工作中說的 是英語。更重要的是,英語目前在世界范圍里作為外語廣泛使用??當然,在這些地方英語 往往說得蹩腳,但是也可以讓人理解。你幾乎可以去世界的任何一個地方,不會任何別的語 言,也能像在紐約一樣過得順利,這已成為司空見慣的事情。當然,英語得到普及,部分原因是說英語的人分布極廣。他們是現(xiàn)代最熱衷旅行的人、最敢冒險的商人、最執(zhí)著的殖民主義者。除此以外,他們總體上學語言的能力很差,所以,他們走到哪里,便把自己的語言帶到哪里,并將之強加于人。但是,問題遠不止如此。英語在與其勁敵的競爭中取勝,往往不是因為數(shù)量原因,而完 全是因為其優(yōu)點?!霸谪S富性、所包含的智慧、以及嚴謹?shù)木珶挸潭确矫?,著名的雅各? ” 格 利姆在一個世紀之前說,“沒有一種現(xiàn)存的語言能與英語媲美?!倍膴W托?耶斯佩森就 在前幾天對此加以補充說:英語簡單,發(fā)音清晰,詞與詞之間的結構緊密,詞的安排組織有 邏輯性,而且英語中沒有迂腐的廢話。當美國的教育工作者談及英語的優(yōu)點時,幾乎總是一開始就贊美其詞匯量之龐大。英語 的詞匯比任何其他語言的詞匯至少多一倍。然而,吸引外國人的并不是詞匯量大,相反,浩 瀚的詞匯很容易令外國人擔憂。真正贏得外國人的是英語簡練和純樸的特征。盡管英語中有 大量的源于拉丁文的多音節(jié)詞,但我們卻更多地使用短詞,少用長詞。而且,我們總是努力 把長詞縮短。以前使用的 puniligrion 現(xiàn)在縮短成了 pun; 昨天還是 gasoline,今天已成為 gas。歐洲沒有任何一種其他語言有這么多由三個字母構成的單詞,也沒有如此多由四個單詞構成 的格言?!癋irst come, first served”(先到先供應)便是典型的英語,因為它一目了然、樸實無 華、短小精悍。英國心理學家奧格登博士認為,在一般的交流中,850 個詞就足夠了。他把英語改編成 簡單的形式,將這種形式叫做基礎英語。基礎英語中的詞匯不超過 850 個。在這 850 個詞中,有至少 600 個詞表示事物的名稱,剩下的 250 個詞包括說明事物的特征和動作行為的詞、以 及將句子連接在一起的語法詞和小品詞。這些詞的數(shù)量是不是顯得太少了?只有那些忘記了下面這一英語基本特征的人才會這么 認為:英語中同一個詞與不同的小修飾詞結合,便可以產生無數(shù)多的意思。例如,我們可以 想一想動詞 get 在下列組合中的不同意思:to get going,to get by,to get onto,to get wise,to get off,to get ahead,to get over 等。奧格登博士建議去掉英語中的大量動詞??其中一些 是不規(guī)則動詞,因而難以掌握,這些動詞可以用上述短語動詞來取代。例如,為什么要教外 國人說他已從船上 “上岸”(disembark)? 難道說他已 “下船”(get off)不能表達同樣的意思嗎? 為什么要教他說從流感中“復原”(recover)、“逃避”(escape)了警察,“獲得”(obtain)了工 作? 難道說“流感好了”(get over the flu)、“甩開警察”(get away from the police),或者簡單

      地說“找到工作”(get a job)不足以表達同樣的意思嗎? 但是隨著英語的廣泛傳播,它是否能夠保持現(xiàn)在的形式?也許不能。但為什么要保持現(xiàn) 在的形式呢? 每次使英語規(guī)范化的所謂成功的努力其實很少成功。自從大革命以來,學校女 教師一直努力使美式英語遵守語法規(guī)則,但是,美式英語依然在不斷發(fā)展,最終必將征服英 國英語。這種結局很容易猜出,甚至是可以肯定的。在過去的.SO 年里,英語一直屈從于美語。自世紀之交以來,英語屈從美語的速度不斷加快。新詞匯、新習語、甚至新發(fā)音都以無法抗 拒的勢力源源不斷傳入東方。從前我們常常借用很多英語詞或短語,但現(xiàn)在很少這樣做。但 英語卻吸納我們創(chuàng)造的詞,我們創(chuàng)造有多快,其吸納的速度幾乎就有多快。我認為,美國電 影固然對這一變化起了很大作用,但毫無疑問,還有更深刻的原因。英語依然有點太嚴格、有點僵硬,且過于矯揉造作。而美語的發(fā)展卻像伊麗莎白時代一樣繁榮。所有那些在英國莎 士比亞時代應用的構詞方法,現(xiàn)在依然在美國應用著,新詞源源不斷地產生。如果莎翁健在,這些新詞一定會使他欣喜若狂,就像他所生活的時代產生的新詞曾使他欣喜若狂一樣。自安妮時代以來,英國人就以一種帶有愛國者的警惕和義憤的復雜心情,來拒絕美語的 進入,盡管效果在日漸下降。1800 年以后開始蜂涌來到美國的英國游客也甘情愿支持這一有益的工作。他們當中很 少有人不對碰到的美國新詞和陌生的美國發(fā)音感到驚恐。當海軍上校巴賽爾?霍爾 1827 年和 1828 年來到這里時,甚至打電話向 70 多歲的諾亞?韋伯斯特提出抗議?!昂翢o疑問,”他說,“這種發(fā)明創(chuàng)造應該受到蔑視?!?“我不這么認為,”韋伯斯特堅決地回答,“如果一個詞在美國普遍流行開來,為什么不 應該收人語言中呢?” 霍爾只好以英國人典型的自滿態(tài)度回答說: “因為現(xiàn)有的詞匯已經足夠了?!?這種敵對情緒一直持續(xù)到今天。每隔一段時間,倫敦的日報和周報便對美語侵入提出大 聲抗議。就連相對謹慎而又絕對實用的美式簡單拼寫(如以 or 結尾的詞)有時也遭到極其強烈 的指責.但是,英國人現(xiàn)在來維護其本族語的純潔性實在為時太晚了,因為已經有太多的美 式用語進入英語,英語至少在某種程度上已成為一種美式方言。在英國,數(shù)以百計的美語應 用于日常生活中,許多英國人對這些用語極其熟悉,因此在使用時,如果有人質問他為什么 用美語,他往往會辯解道,這些用語其實是英國英語。有些英國人認為,現(xiàn)在已是向美語妥協(xié)的時候了,甚至應該歡迎美語了。美語支持者的 鼻祖好像是已故的威廉?阿切爾。他早在 1899 年就說過,美國用語大大豐富了英語語言,不僅為英語增加了新詞,而且增加了一些恰如其分、通俗易懂、帶有口語特色的比喻用法。已故的羅伯特?布里奇博士,從 1913 年到 1930 年去世為止,享有英國桂冠詩人的稱號,他 也與阿切爾持同樣觀點。我看了看奧格登博士的基礎英語里列出的 50 個 “國際性” 名詞表,發(fā)現(xiàn)至少 9 個是美語,而不是英語。我再看了看市川教授列出的已納入日語的英語單詞表,只見每一頁都有美語。顯而易見,如果有朝一日英語征服世界真的成為現(xiàn)實,征服世界的必將是美式英語。Unit Six 洛城邂逅

      混凝土、煙霧及晨色將好萊塢高速公路立交橋下的奧爾瓦多街籠罩在特有的灰色之中,車輛 堵塞在路上,幾乎一動不動。杰克無精打采地坐在車里,對此并不真的在乎,因為他知道,如果試圖往左轉,開到高速路入口,情況可能會糟糕得多。好在他不用每天這樣,如果有人 問他,他會肯定地說,以后也決不這樣。穩(wěn)定的工作有其優(yōu)點,他不否認考慮過這件事。他 需要一臺調頻收音機,安裝在一輛比他現(xiàn)在開的這輛 58 款別克更好的車上。好一點的車有 天鵝絨內飾,有為洛城的夏天而設計的電控裝置,為冬天開往海灘而設計的精美電熱器和除 霜器,還有為長途旅行設計的導航控制器,當然車的前后都有聲音優(yōu)美的喇叭,窗戶一摁就 能關好,將外面高速公路上惱人的噪音隔絕。實際上,他可能不得不改變整個生活方式。富 有異國情調的古龍香水、長毛絨服裝、光線暗淡的夜總會、代基里酒、身穿絲綢長禮服、佩 戴項鏈的女子,她們如同特奎拉酒廣告里的女子一樣,朦朦朧朧而又富有魅力。只要讓他的 想像馳騁,杰克會想像出許多可能的東西。杰克正想入非非時,瞥見綠燈亮了,他只顧開動汽車,盯了一眼那些有固定工作的人,以示再見。當他扭過頭來,面對前方時,已經晚了一秒鐘。他猛地一下踩住剎車,調轉方向,以避免撞上前面那輛車上小小的剎車紅燈,但還是砰然一聲撞上了。如果他動作再快一秒鐘,也許只會離這輛車很近,不會撞上。而如果再晚一秒鐘,他的車就會爬上這輛豐田車的行李 箱。實際上,他好像沒有把前面的車撞壞,而后面的車撞上了他車后部的保險杠,那一撞卻 嚴重多了。杰克想開過這輛豐田車,但又怕前面的車擋路。當他在幾輛車前的路邊停下來時,又突 然覺得這些車反而有助于他逃走。他使勁關了兩次車門,一方面是為了將車門關緊,同時也 再給自己一秒鐘時間盤算。然后,他走到別克車的前面,又走到車后面,看看保險杠及其周 圍是否碰壞。然而,鍍?層上連明顯的劃痕都沒有。于是他精神振作起來了。雖然比起啟動 性能和行駛性能來,車的外表之美是次要的,但他這些年取得的少數(shù)顯著成就之一便是:他 的汽車車身和噴漆上除了幾處小小的刮痕以外還完好無損。杰克沒有先去跟豐田汽車司機說話,因為從她的表情可以看出,她可能會給他增添更多 的麻煩,所以,他先是向撞了他的車的司機打了個手勢。這時那個司機還坐在車里,但已將 車停在了豐田車的后面。杰克向他揮揮手,搖搖頭,讓他知道什么問題也沒有。這位司機也 向杰克揮了揮手,便開動汽車走了?!斑B漆都沒擦傷,”杰克用他特有的口氣對她說,“你怎么樣?車碰壞了嗎?我倒是有點希 望如此,這樣,我們便可以多停留一會兒,聊一聊什么的。要不,你現(xiàn)在把電話號碼給我,免得我以后還得跟你貧嘴,問你再要?!?杰克把她的微笑當作一個好兆頭,便松了一口氣。他吸人的是她身上散發(fā)的香味兒,就 好像是清新的空氣。他拽了一下自己身上穿著的不算很新但還不算過時的衣服?!澳愕呐普帐欠鹆_里達州的。但看上去你肯定是古巴人?!?“我父母是委內瑞拉人?!?“我叫杰克?!彼斐鍪謥??!拔医鞋旣惏材?。” 他們握了握手,她好像有生以來從未與人握過手似的?!鞍涯愕能囎渤赡菢恿耍艺娴暮鼙??!彼脑捖犉饋砗苷嬲\。他撫弄著撞碎了的尾

      燈旁的大坑?!斑@么容易就在新車上留下個坑,真是太令人吃驚了。這些車這么柔軟,可能 很快就會取代充水床墊。”說到這里,杰克不知道接著該說什么好。這么多看似不可能發(fā)生 的事都發(fā)生了。什么事都是可能的?!耙苍S我們應該一起出去到什么地方吃早飯,同時好好 談談這件事?!?“我不吃早飯?!?“那就喝點咖啡吧?!?“謝謝你,但我真的不能去?!?“你還沒有結婚,是吧?這并不是說我會很在乎你結沒結婚。我是個開朗型的人?!?她笑了笑說: “我得上班了?!?“上班真無聊?!?“你最好把駕照給我?!彼f。杰克點了點頭,感到很失望?!坝悬c小問題,”他說。“我沒帶駕照。今天早晨忘了。我是 搞音樂的,他夸張地說,” “而且,嗯,我也不知道,我的錢包放在了昨天晚上穿的那條褲 子里。如果你有筆和紙,我把地址和所有這些都給你寫上?!?他跟著她走到貯物箱那邊?!拔覀兛刹豢梢圆幌虮kU公司報告?我找人給你把車修好就是了?!?“我想,我爸爸不會讓的?!?“你爸爸?這不是你的車嗎?” “是他給我買的。我住在家里?!?“是啊。”她想要擺脫他。他走回到她的新豐田后面,再次查看了一下車的損壞狀況。行 李箱蓋、保險杠、后擋板、尾燈都壞了?!澳阏娴纳媳kU了嗎?”她走到車后面,懷疑地問。“上了?!彼隽藗€謊。“我想,你最好把保險公司的名字也寫上?!?他編造了一個姓和地址,并寫下了他過去的女朋友曾經所在的保險公司的名字。他想把 真實的電話號碼給她,但又打消了這一念頭,編造了一個電話號碼?!拔疫€是個演員,”他撒了個謊,以便進一步加強效果,“演過兩三部電影?!彼α诵?,像是個 影迷似的。“那你的電話號碼呢?”他老練地反問道。于是,她把電話號碼也給了他。“瑪麗安娜,你真美,”他用最真誠的聲音說?!敖o我打電話吧,”她羞怯地說。杰克微笑著?!拔覀儠娒娴?,瑪麗安娜,”他伸出手說。她的手那么溫暖輕柔,他感覺 好像被親吻了一樣?;氐杰嚴?,杰克為自己的表演一時感到既自豪,又悲傷。接著,他從后視鏡里看到瑪 麗安娜將車停在了他后面,她正在記錄他的別克車后面的牌照號碼。這號碼是他從一輛廢車 上取下來裝上去的,因為他自己車的牌照號早就過期了。他轉動了點火鑰匙,啟動了龐大的 發(fā)動機,喀嚓一聲開動了車。當他開到暢通無阻的街道上時,自由的感覺油然而生。他情不 白禁又去想像那調頻立體聲收音機、天鵝絨內飾、以及新車的味道,這將使一切變得更加美 好。

      Unit Seven 熵 事情發(fā)生在大約兩個月以前。有一天我突然意識到在我日常生活中熵逐漸占了上風。就在這同一天,我的車又 壞了,電冰箱不制冷了;而且我還得知我的右后臼齒牙根管需要鑲補。每逢下雨,臥室的窗戶仍舊漏水;每當我急 需照看孩子的保姆時,保姆仍舊沒有露面。我的頭發(fā)開始花白了,我的打字機也磨損壞了。房子需要刷油漆,我也 需要一副老花眼鏡了。兒子的運動鞋磨破了幾個窟窿,而我越來越感到自己沒出息了。如果新?lián)Q的衣服下星期五又穿臟了,那么我星期六花上整整半天的功夫泡在洗衣房還有什么意義呢? 唉,混亂是宇宙萬物的自然規(guī)律。甚至還有一個叫做“熵”的測量混亂度的精確單位。熵不同于任何其他物理 眭質(如運動、引力、能),它不會雙向運轉,且只增不減,一旦形成,就決不會毀掉。通往混亂的路是一條單行道。由于熵有令人氣餒的不可逆性,因此它被稱為時間之箭。我們都本能地理解這一點。孩子們的房間,如果不去 收拾,那么只會越來越亂,而不會越來越整齊。木頭會腐爛,金屬會生銹,人會長皺紋,花要凋謝。甚至山頭也會 消蝕,原子核也會衰變。在城市里破舊的地鐵中、在坑凹不平的人行道上、在被拆毀的樓房中、在我們 El 常生活越 來越多的混亂中,我們都能看到熵在起作用。我們不用問也知道什么是衰老。如果我們突然看到油漆又躍回舊樓房 的墻面,我們準會感到有問題。如果我們看到一個雞蛋自己拼湊在一起又跳回蛋殼,我們準會開懷大笑,就像看一 組倒放的電影鏡頭那樣。然而,熵并不是開玩笑的事,因為每增加一分熵,就意味著能量的浪費和機會的喪失。從山上流下的水可使其 在流動過程中做功。但是,一旦所有的水都處在同一個水平高度,就不能再做功了。這就是熵。我的電冰箱啟動時,它使所有冷空氣有序地聚在廚房的一角,而使熱空氣呆在另一角。一旦冰箱出了故障,冷熱空氣就混合成了不冷不 熱的一團,使得冰箱里的黃油溶化、牛奶變質,冷凍的蔬菜腐爛。當然,能量并沒有真正喪失,但是它已失去效用而消散為亂七八糟一鍋粥,對我們沒有任何用處。熵是混亂無 序,是目的的喪失。人們常常因在自己的生活中似乎看到熵而感到焦慮不安。人們就像溫熱的廚房里的大量分子一樣被推來攘去,他們感到自己失去了方向感,感到無時無處不在浪費青春和機遇?;橐鲋泻苋菀壮霈F(xiàn)熵,當伴侶們過于忙于自己的 事而忽視了彌補小小裂痕時,幾乎可以肯定他們的婚姻要破裂。在我們國家目前的狀況中,在國與國之間的關系中 都存在著大量的熵??各種混亂隨時會雪崩般把我們全部吞噬,而我們卻喪失了阻止它們發(fā)生的種種機會。然而,熵并非在哪里都不可避免。晶體、雪花和星系是在雜亂無序的海洋中令人難以置信的美麗而井然有序的 孤島。如果不是因為有了熵的例外,天空就會是一片黑暗,我們就能看到星星在何處度過它們的白晝。正是因為空 氣分子在大氣中井然有序地聚集組合,天空才會是藍色的。對于熵來說,最深邃莫測的例外莫過于生命的創(chuàng)造了。一粒種子吸取了一些土壤的養(yǎng)料,一些碳、一些陽光和 水分,就長成了一株玫瑰。母腹中的受精卵吸收一些氧氣、比薩餅和牛奶就發(fā)育成了嬰兒。引人深思的是需要大量的能量才能形成一個嬰兒。種子長成大樹也需要能量。通向混亂之路猶如走下坡道那樣 輕松,而通向創(chuàng)造之路卻要付出勞動。雖然我們可能與熵抗爭,但卻要付出代價。這就是為什么我們要振作起來似 乎非常困難,而放任自流卻那么輕而易舉。

      而更糟糕的是,我們在宇宙的一個角落里建立秩序的同時,總是在另一個地方造成了更多的混亂。我們從石油 和煤中創(chuàng)造了有序的能量,付出的代價是煙霧的熵。在暫停了幾個月之后,我最近又開始吹長笛了。刺耳的笛聲回蕩在整個房間,我的兒子不由得捂著耳朵問道: “媽,您的長笛怎么啦?”我的長笛自然沒出任何問題,問題是我的吹奏技巧卻大不如以前,或者說熵化了,就那么 回事。制止這一過程的惟一方法是天天練習。果然,我吹出的音調比以前好多了,盡管我為此付出的代價只是堅持 練習。我們的能力如同其他任何事情一樣,如不花費精力加以運用,能力就會退化。這就是熵使人沮喪的原因??雌饋砑词挂挽卮騻€平手也是一場艱難的戰(zhàn)斗。我們這樣說是有充分理由的。熵 的形成有很大的偶然性。以任何一個在我的廚房里轉來轉去的冰冷的空氣分子為例。這個分子在任何一點上朝冰箱 方向運動的概率都正好是50%;它朝背離冰箱方向運動的概率也是50%。但是如果數(shù)十億個冷熱空氣分子混合在一 起,那么所有冷空氣分子朝冰箱方向運動,同時所有熱空氣分子背離冰箱運動的概率實際上是零。熵總是占上風,這并不是因為有序是不可能的,而是因為通往熵的道路比通往有多得多。把一件事情辦糟的方 法要比把它辦好的方法多;把一件事搞得亂七八糟的辦法比把它搞得井井有條的辦法更多。我們生活中的障礙和意 外事故幾乎總使我們不斷碰撞,偏離既定的路線,使我們步人歧途。通往無序之路是阻力最小的路,是一條輕松但 并非必然的路。和許多人一樣,我因今天所見到的自己周圍的熵而感到苦惱。我擔心難以預測的國際局勢;擔心這個世界缺乏 共同的目標;對由此可能會導致核戰(zhàn)爭這一終極熵而提心吊膽。我為自己不能把孩子送去上我所在這個城市的公立 學校而感到苦惱;我為人們失業(yè)以及通貨膨脹失控而苦惱;我為性別和種族之間的緊張關系似乎再度加劇而感到苦 惱,為人與人之間處處顯示出的分崩離析的關系而感到苦惱。社會制度如同原子和恒星一樣,如果不添加能量保持其有序狀況也會衰變。友誼、家庭和經濟關系亦是如此,除非我們不斷努力對其加以保持和維護,否則也都會瓦解。而據(jù)我看來,愿意為此而不斷努力的人實在是太少了。當然,事物越復雜,維持有序就越困難。如果在廚房里只有十幾個的空氣分子,那么我等上一年左右,或許在某個 時刻 6 個最冷的分子會聚集在冰箱里。但是,這一等式中的變量越多、參加這一游戲的角色越多,那么他們的路徑 井然有序地相互吻合的可能性就越小。組成拼圖的木塊越多,打亂次序之后,就越難將圖重新拼好。一位物理學家 說過: “不可逆性是我們?yōu)閺碗s所付出的代價?!? Unit Nine 他們輸給了可卡因

      夢想破滅 斯坦?貝林出生在 20 世紀 30 年代一個陷入經濟大蕭條困境之中的城市家庭。這是一個破裂的家庭,父母爭吵頻 繁?!拔腋械绞澜缒┤占磳砼R,”他說。這種恐懼感驅使他成為一個模范孩子。斯坦清楚地記得自己在孩提時代,曾有一次倚在一座橋的欄桿上,凝視著一條造型美觀的游船,載著一群興高采 烈的人從橋下駛過。他看得出,甲板上的人們出來玩得非常開心。這種舒適與奢侈的情景是他無法想像的。這一情 景銘刻在他的腦海里,影響著他的成功觀。于是他的奮斗目標就是金錢、權勢和威望。在學校,斯坦的功課很好。他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己學得最好的科目是理科。但是他沒有信心從事醫(yī) 學,所以便選擇了牙醫(yī),作為一條實現(xiàn)自己人生目標的捷徑。他娶了一位中學時代就認識的女子為妻。20 多年來,他和妻子簡過著讓很多人羨慕的生活。他的名氣越來越大,財源滾滾,還被州政府任命要職。同時他還有兩個健康的孩子。他擁有華麗的住宅和昂貴的汽車,并常常出國度假。斯坦感觸最深的時刻是他買了一條豪華游艇,駛到那座小橋下。在孩提時代,他曾在那里第一次看到了他所希 望的未來生活?!拔野涯谴谓洑v告訴了簡,”他說?!罢f話時,我忽然意識到情況很不對勁。我已擁有曾經夢寐以求的 一切,但卻感到悲傷無望。更糟糕的是,我知道這種狀況將永遠不會改變?!?到了 80 年代初,有一位當醫(yī)生的朋友請他吃飯。這位朋友說他一直用可卡因來消除抑郁。他說這種藥很神奇,不會使人上癮。于是,斯坦肯定,這種藥可能正好適合他自己的抑郁?!拔椅氲谝豢诳煽ㄒ虻哪且凰查g就上癮了?!彼固惯@樣說。“它能使我鎮(zhèn)靜、自信、快樂??這都是我原來認 為金錢能夠買到的感覺??煽ㄒ蚴刮腋械阶约鹤兂闪艘粋€更出色、更健談的人和一個更優(yōu)秀的牙醫(yī)?!?起初,斯坦不覺得自己做錯了什么?!拔乙詾榻K于找到了一種抗抑郁藥品,把我從痛苦中解脫了出來。我感到憤慨,這么好的藥竟然始終被法律禁止。” 斯坦使用可卡因兩年之后,那位當醫(yī)生的朋友遭到謀殺。于是,他再也不能與街上吸毒者的世界絕緣了。一周 之后,斯坦離開了牙科辦公室,從此再也沒有回來?!爱敃r,我以為這是因為自己不能應付工作的壓力,但這不是真 正的原因。真正的原因是,我需要更多的時間吸毒。” 他的生活漫無目標??陪妻子購物,到處求醫(yī),尋找能夠使他擺脫抑郁的辦法,同時還一直吸著毒。他做一些 低賤的工作,還經常想自殺。到了斯坦吸毒的第三年,可卡因的效果越來越短??鞓返母杏X只能持續(xù)幾秒鐘,然后又馬上陷入深深的抑郁中。“最后,我甚至發(fā)展到站著大哭的程度,斯坦說?!?簡知道丈夫已到了絕望的境地,于是規(guī)勸他去戒毒中心治療。斯坦報名來到一家著名的戒毒所,但是他的衣服里藏著半盎司可卡因。“在吸完這些可卡因之前,我合作了幾天,” 斯坦說。然后他就溜走了??以前當妻子說服他尋求幫助時,他也是這樣。斯坦曾一時以為最終戰(zhàn)勝了毒癮,可他在洗車時,看見過去剩下的一小瓶可卡因從地毯下滾了出來?!耙豢匆娝褪?我興奮,”他回憶說?!拔野阉b到口袋里。我想,留著它并抗拒其誘惑會使我意志更堅強。但是我的心里時刻都想 著這個小瓶子。” 這一小瓶可卡因就像一條盤繞著的毒蛇,靜靜地躺在斯坦的口袋里。斯坦的心里展開了激烈的斗爭。突然這條 蛇向他發(fā)起猛烈攻擊,其兇猛的程度只有那些在毒癮面前意志薄弱的人才知道?,F(xiàn)在,斯坦已完成了一個全面的戒毒療程,并在一項戒毒計劃中擔任顧問。他的工資只有當牙醫(yī)時的七分之一,房子和船都沒有了。只有時間能說明他是否最終戰(zhàn)勝了毒癮。斯坦現(xiàn)在已籌劃創(chuàng)建新的生活,他決定再也不讓那條毒蛇近身了。

      死亡之舞 帕特里克?比斯爾 21 歲時,便作為美國芭蕾舞劇院的主要演員,在紐約嶄露頭角。這么年輕的人很少能夠在競 爭激烈的芭蕾舞界如此風靡。他受到贊美,用麥克爾?巴利史尼科夫的話說,他是“整個芭蕾舞界最亮的明燈之一”。帕特里克.比斯爾的成功結束了那個只有女人氣的男人才能進入芭蕾舞界的美國神話。帕特里克是來自得克薩斯州的少年,他身高六尺二,粗獷、嗜酒,酷愛摩托車、牛仔靴和女人。他強壯有力,可以 托起女演員在空中旋轉,使她們如同蝴蝶一樣優(yōu)美動人。據(jù)比斯爾的母親說,1957 年出生后七個月時,小比斯爾簡直就不是走,而是在跑了。帕特里克 10 歲時,姐姐 用自己的零花錢賄賂他,讓他去她的舞蹈班,因為她需要舞伴。他的協(xié)調感和耐力是他與生俱來的天賦,無不使人 嘆服。從那時起,他的命運就注定是跳舞了。芭蕾舞界對演員身體和情感素質的要求之殘酷是眾所周知的。其根本目標就是絕對完美。很多人相信,比斯爾 完全可能成為一個職業(yè)運動員,但芭蕾舞明星與職業(yè)運動員不同的是,他永遠也不會因為知道了自己的最終得分或 者比賽獲勝而感到滿足。他的競爭對手是自己。對一個完美主義者來說,這也許是最為殘酷的競爭。比斯爾的母親認為,年輕的比斯爾踏上人生道路時,身上就帶著導致他毀滅的種子。帕特里克是帕特麗夏.比 斯爾和唐納德?比斯爾 6 年之內生下的 5 個孩子之一。比斯爾夫婦雄心勃勃,到帕特里克 12 歲時,就已搬過 6 次家。在那些年里,帕特麗夏?比斯爾自己受到嚴重挫折。她深信自己對兒子在身心方面的屢次打擊使他的自尊心受 到了嚴重的損傷,所以在他還是個孩子的時候,便對自己懷有一種根深蒂固的仇恨。無論事實是否如此,帕特里克? 比 斯爾自很年輕之時起,生活就好像受到痛苦的折磨。各種跡象表明,比斯爾在舞蹈生涯的早期就已經對可卡因、烈酒和其他毒品上癮。但他力量巨大、技藝高超,能夠完成難度最高的動作,因此他的經紀人始終不知道真相。芭蕾舞女演員蓋爾賽?柯克蘭在自傳《墳墓上的舞蹈》中說,比斯爾在紐約城取得成功后不久,就引誘她吸食 可卡因。從此便開始了他們那種與性和毒品有關的秘密關系,這種關系持續(xù)了很長一段時間。她觀察到,比斯爾的 妄想癥發(fā)展到了睡覺時在床下放斧子、在枕頭下放刀子的地步。他會站在公寓門口達數(shù)小時,拿著一瓶梅斯催淚噴 射劑,來抵御想像中的侵犯者。1981 年 6 月,他的芭蕾舞生涯只有三年,比斯爾便割斷了自己的手腕。當醫(yī)務護理人員趕來時,比斯爾把瓶子 打碎作為武器,把他們趕走。第二天,他纏著繃帶,重返舞臺。顯然,到這時為止,他與柯克蘭都已失控。他們連續(xù)數(shù)周無節(jié)制地吸食可卡因。漸漸地,他們不去排練,演出遲到。他們雙雙被解雇,重新被雇傭,然后又被解雇。最后,蓋爾賽?柯克蘭去尋求幫助。帕特里克?比斯爾卻沒有。1987 年秋天,芭蕾舞公司將比斯爾送往加利福尼亞貝蒂福特中心去治療。他對朋友們說,他準備重新生活,他 希望有一個嶄新的開端。他提前一星期從中心出來,回到了紐約。12 月間,與比斯爾訂了婚的芭蕾舞女演員埃米?羅斯去了加州,準備 過完節(jié)后回紐約。比斯爾獨自一人在家,買了一棵圣誕樹,并裝飾了一下,放在他們的公寓里。12 月 23 日,他與父母通了一次長長的電話。母親求他回家團圓。他謝絕了母親,解釋說圣誕節(jié)獨自一人,可 以給他一個機會來證明沒有可卡因他也能夠堅強地生活。圣誕節(jié)后的第四天,埃米?羅斯走進公寓。她在起居室的沙發(fā)上發(fā)現(xiàn)了帕特里克的尸體。帕特里克?比斯爾死于超劑量服用可卡因和其他毒品。當時他剛剛 30 歲。帕特麗夏?比斯爾說起紐約時報上她兒子的死訊時泣不成聲。比斯爾的名字下,只有簡單的幾個字: “晚安,甜 蜜的王子?!?在帕特里克?比斯爾開始了漫長的死亡之舞后,我們很難說有什么可以拯救他。當他母親認識到自己的看法與 有些專家的看法不同時,提出了以下有力的見解: “我們很容易把這樣的悲劇歸罪于他人??同行的競爭壓力、緊張 的職業(yè)、毒販子,以及除了我們自己以外的所有其他人。但是,這類問題多數(shù)起源于家里,也就是在我們把孩子撫 養(yǎng)成人的時候。承認這一點對我來說很不容易,我沒有能夠在帕特里克身上培養(yǎng)面對生活所需要的自尊。無論他做 得多么好,他都覺得自己失敗了。他吸毒,是因為毒品能使他擺脫這種失敗感。當我們明白并且接受這一原因時,也許我們會為解決這個問題做點什么。”

      第五篇:安徽大學 研究生讀寫譯教程課文總結翻譯答案上冊(全)

      Unit One

      Text A How to Read A Book

      Introductory Remarks ―Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.‖ Francis Bacon warned readers several hundred years ago.However, what are the criteria for those books to be ―chewed and digested?‖ How to tell good literature from bad literature? On these issues, people don‘t seem to have reached an agreement.In the article, Nobel laureate Joseph Brodsky first states that people‘s life is generally much shorter than books, and that it is important for people to select good books to read.Yet, the author further argues that selecting good books from the ocean of literary works is no easy job;even book reviewers can‘t help much.In the end, the author suggests that reading poetry is the way to develop good taste in literature, because it is the supreme form of human locution, the most concise way of conveying the human experience, and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.Text-related Information

      1.The Last Judgment The last judgment(sometime referred to as universal judgment)is a firmly held belief of Roman Catholicism.Immediately upon death each soul undergoes a particular judgment, and, depending upon the state of that person's soul, goes to heaven, purgatory, or hell.The last judgment will occur after the resurrection of the dead and the reuniting of a person's soul with his or her own physical body.At the time of the last judgment Christ will come in his glory, and all the angels with him, and in his presence the truth of each man's relationship with God will be laid bare, and each person who has ever lived will be judged with perfect justice.Those already in heaven will remain in heaven;those already in hell will remain in hell;and those in purgatory will be released into heaven.The Roman Catholic Church holds no doctrinal position on the fate of those in Limbo.Following the last judgment, the bliss of heaven and the pains of hell will be perfected in that those present will also be capable of physical bliss/pain.After the last judgment the universe itself will be renewed with a new heaven and a new earth.2.The rhetoric “anticlimax”

      In rhetoric, climax is a figure of speech, in which words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing importance.Climax comes from the Greek word for “l(fā)adder”.Examples:

      There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love.But the greatest of these is love.“I think we've reached a point of great decision, not just for our nation, not only for all humanity, but for life upon the earth.” George Wald A Generation in Search of a Future, March 4, 1969.“...Lost, vaded, broken, dead within an hour.William Shakespeare, The Passionate Pilgrim, XIII.”...the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.“ Martin Luther King, I Have a Dream.Similarly an anticlimax is an abrupt declension(either deliberate or unintended)on the part of a speaker or writer from the dignity of the idea which he appeared to be aiming at;as in the following well-known distich:---

      ”The great Dalhousie, he, the god of war, Lieutenant-colonel to the earl of Mar.“

      An anticlimax can be intentionally employed only for a jocular or satiric purpose.It frequently partakes of the nature of antithesis, as in,”Die and endow a college or a cat.“

      3.Belles lettres

      Belles letters(from the French for literature, literally ”fine letters“)refers to literature that is appreciated for the beauty, artistry, and originality of its style and tone rather than for its ideas and informational content.Earlier the term was synonymous with literature, referring particularly to fiction, poetry, drama, criticism, and essays.However, belletristic literature has come to mean light, artificial writing and essays extolling the beauties of literature.Language Points

      1.On the whole, books are less limited than ourselves.Often they sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust---and it is precisely the appetite for this posthumous dimension that sets one?s pen in motion.On the whole, books have longer lives than the writers who write them.Long after the writer has died, his or her books may remain on bookshelves absorbing dust.It is due to the desire to be remembered after death that motivates the author to write continuously.2.So as we toss and turn these rectangular objects in our hands we won?t be terribly amiss if we surmise that we fondle, as it were, the urns with our returning ashes.Therefore, when we take a book in our hands, it is not totally wrong for us to think that we are, actually, handling the urn containing our own ashes.amiss adj.: not functioning properly;e.g.A few words of introduction may not come amiss.Is there anything amiss?

      surmise v: infer from incomplete evidence;

      e.g.We surmised that he must have had an accident.There‘s so little to go on, we can only surmise what happened.n.: a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence e.g.His surmise proved correct.Your first surmise was right.3.Whoever said that to philosophize is an exercise in dying was right in more ways than one, for by writing a book nobody gets younger.Some people say that to think philosophically is to experience the process of death.That is right in many aspects, as in the process of writing a book, the author only gets older and older.philosophize v.: conduct philosophical thinking;reason philosophically e.g., They spend their time philosophizing about the mysteries of life.a tendency to philosophize about racial harmony

      4.The paradox, however, lies in the fact that in literature “good” is defined by its distinction from “bad”.But, what seems contradictory is that in literature good works are identified by its distinction from bad works, i.e., a piece of work is good because it is not bad.5.That?s what may constitute bad literature?s best defense at the Last Judgment.That may be the reason why there exist so many pieces of bad literature.6.Of course, there is no denying the pleasure of holding up with a fat, slow-moving, mediocre novel;but in the end, we read not for reading?s sake but to learn.Of course, there is pleasure of some kind in reading a thick, lengthy and ordinary novel;but in the end, we do not read just for the sake of reading but read for learning something.there is no denying: it cannot be denied;one cannot deny the fact that e.g.There is no denying the enjoyment of a vacation after long period of hard work..There is no denying the fact that he is a faithful husband.7.Hence the need for the works that bring the human predicament into its sharpest possible focus.Hence, too, the need for some compass in the ocean of available printed matter.Therefore, we need to read works that reflect the puzzle of human beings.We also need some guidance in search of good works among all the books ever printed.bring … into focus: make something sharply visible;make something clear and understandable e.g.I adjusted the binoculars until I brought the bird sharply into focus.Please try to bring your major point into focus earlier in the essay.8.…h(huán)e can have strong predilections for a certain kind of writing or simply be on the take with the publishing industry …h(huán)e may have his own preference for a certain kind of writing or he may gain some profit from the publishing houses(by recommending books published by those publishing houses).on the take: taking or seeking to take bribes or illegal income;e.g.There were policemen on the take.The mayor is reported to have been on the take with the real estate enterprise.9.The alternative, therefore, would be to develop your own taste, to build your own compass, to familiarize yourself, as it were, with particular stars and constellations---dim or bright but always remote.Therefore, what you can do is develop your own judgment, establish your own criteria for guidance, familiarize yourself with particular authors or writers who may serve as guiders.These artists may be well or little known, but regardless they are always set apart.10.This, however, takes a hell of a lot of time and you may easily find yourself old and grey, heading for the exit with a lousy volume under your arm.However, this will take you a lot of time, so much so that when you are old and coming to the end of your life, you still cannot find the guidance for selecting good books and end up reading the ordinary ones.heading for the exit: coming to the end of one‘s life

      lousy adj.: very bad;mean;contemptible;e.g.The food was lousy and there was not enough of it.He wrote only lousy poems.11.The source of the suggestion to come belongs to the category of people for whom literature has always been a matter of some hundred names;to the people who feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discussing politics;the people who dislike themselves far more than their detractors do;who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to heroin or marijuana.The source of the following suggestion belongs to those people for whom literature has always been just a list of some hundred authors;to those people who feel ill at ease at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find philosophical excuses for adultery, and are fussy about discussing politics;to those people who dislike themselves even more than those who belittle them do;to those people who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs.12.“one will not find on the barricades and who never shoot themselves or their lover”.―those who won‘t be found to participate in street demonstrations and who never kill themselves or their lovers‖.13.If such people occasionally find themselves swimming in their blood on the floor of prison cells or speaking from a platform, it is because they object not to some particular injustice but the order of the whole world as a whole.If those people are found to be killed in a prison or are making a public speech on a platform, that‘s not because they object to any specific injustice but because they are against the general order of the whole world.14.They have no illusions about the objectivity of their views;on the contrary, they insist on their unpardonable subjectivity.They are very clear that their views are not objective, and they stick to their subjective views even though it is inexcusable to do so.15.… they consider vulnerability the primary trait of living matter.… they think that susceptibility to injury or attack is the attribute of all living things.16.This has less to do with masochistic tendencies than with their instinctive knowledge that extreme subjectivity, prejudice, and indeed idiosyncrasy are what help art to avoid cliché.This is not because they have the tendency to derive pleasure from being abused, but because they instinctively believe that extreme subjectivity, prejudice and idiosyncrasy are the best ways for art to avoid being ordinary.17.I am no union man.I do not belong to any literary association.18.The point is that being the supreme form of human locution, poetry is not only the most concise way of conveying the human experience;it also offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation---especially one on paper.The point is that, as the most advanced form of human language, poetry is not only the most concise way of expressing the human experience, but it also sets up the highest standards for all other language forms, especially for the written language.19.A child of epitaph and epigram, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose.Derived from epitaph and epigram, poetry sets the standards for prose.20.It teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, the technique of anticlimax.It teaches prose not only the value of each word but also thinking patterns outside the linear composition, techniques of omitting self-evident parts, of emphasizing the details, and of the use of anticlimax.mercurial adj.: changeable;varying e.g.a mercurial nature

      She has a mercurial turn of conversation.In Roman mythology, Mercury was a messenger, and a god of trade, profit and commerce.Mercury has influenced the name of a number of things in a variety of scientific fields, such as the planet Mercury, and the element mercury.The word mercurial is commonly used to refer to something or someone erratic, volatile or unstable, derived from Mercury's swift flights from place to place.knack n.: a special skill, talent, or ability;e.g.a knack for making clothes

      He‘s got the knack of getting people to listen.anticlimax n: a disappointing decline after a previous rise e.g.It was sad that his international career should end so anticlimactically.21.Above all, poetry develops in prose that appetite for metaphysics which distinguishes a work of art from mere belles letters.Most important of all, poetry directs prose toward the metaphysical forms, and it is in this pursuit that good literature becomes distinguished from bad literature.22.All I am trying to do is to be practical and spare your eyesight and brain cells a lot of useless printed matter.All I am trying to do is to be of some practical use to you and help you avoid those useless books.spare v.: refrain from harming;save or relieve from an experience or action e.g.I can't spare him today we need everybody here.The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as enjoyable as possible.It was a horrible accident---I'll spare you the details.23.All you have to do is to arm yourselves with the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century, and you will be in great shape.All you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, especially the poets from the first half of this century, and you will gain the most from reading.be in shape: be in good health;strong and healthy;fit.e.g.Bob exercises frequently, so he's in good condition.If I were in shape, I could run faster and farther.I'm really overweight.I have to try to get into shape.24.If, after going through the works of any of these, you drop a book of prose picked from the shelf, it won?t be your fault.After you have read the works of any of these poets, if you cannot keep on reading a book of prose taken randomly from the bookshelf, it won‘t be your fault.(Here, the author implies that

      the prose does not measure up to the standards of the works of those poets.)

      25.If you continue to read it, that will be to the author?s credit: that will mean that this author has something to add to the truth about our existence.If you can go on with the reading, the author, then, is worth reading, and it also means that this author has provided us with some truth about our lives.to sb.?s credit: worthy of praise;in one‘s name

      e.g.It is greatly to your credit that you gave back the money you found;your honesty does you credit.It is to my credit to help those in want.Key to Exercises I.Comprehension 1.Often books sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust./ Books remain on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has died.2.Because, according to the author, good literature is defined by its distinction from bad literature.That is to say, good literature is good because it is not bad, and bad literature is bad because it is not good.This is rather paradoxical.3.Since we are all moribund, and since reading books is time-consuming, we need a compass in the ocean of books.If we do not have such a compass, it is difficult for us to find the right books to read.4.a.he can be a hack, as ignorant as ourselves;

      b.he can have strong preference for a certain kind of writing or simply take bribery from the publishing house;

      c.he might turn his review writing into an independent art form.5.If he had been a publisher, he would be putting on the books‘ covers not only their authors‘ names but also the exact age at which they composed this or that work.By so doing, he would enable readers to decide whether they care to consider the views of a book written by a person so much younger or so much older than themselves.6.This group of people are special because literature has always been a matter of some hundred names to them, because they feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discussing politics;because they dislike themselves far more than their detractors do;because they still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs.These people won‘t participate in demonstrations, and they won‘t shoot themselves or their lovers.7.These people are unpardonably subjective in their views.8.The author suggests that the best way to develop good taste in literature is to read poetry.In the authors point of view, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose and teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, and the technique of anticlimax.9.If you believe in what the author says, all you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century.10.It means that the book, which has added something to the truth about our existence, is worth reading.It would also mean, at the same time, that you have developed an incurable addiction to reading which is good for your life.II.Vocabulary 1.dimension 2.idiosyncratic 3.reckon 4.stance 5.lousy 6.paradox 7.debunk 8.disciplinary 9.semblance 10.vulnerable

      III.Phrases 1.on the take 2.headed for 3.to his credit 4.putting…on;putting on 5.might as well 6.armed with 7.in more ways than one 8.act in IV.Error detection and correction 1.the greatest problems 2.in which 改成 which 3.credited 改成 credited with 4.Greatly high 改成 High 5.stood改成 standing 6.any other student 7.as much 改成as many 8.Though remembered 9.considering 改成 to consider 10.that they got 改成did they get

      V.Cloze 1.shaped 2.desperate 3.objectivity 4.hierarchies 5.expected 6.chiefly 7.driven 8.unimpeachable 9.evaluate 10.perspective 11.industrial 12.affiliation 13.sponsors 14.support 15.acknowledgement

      Text A 的參考譯文

      論讀書

      (趙亞莉 譯)

      總的來說,書本的壽命要比我們自己長。常常是寫書的人早已化為了一堆黃土而其著作卻依舊立在書架上積聚塵土,但恰恰是死后占有這一席之地的欲望促使人們筆耕不墜。

      所以,當我們手中擺弄和翻動這些方塊形物體的時候,設想我們手里撫弄的不是具體的書本,而是盛著我們自己回歸大地的骨灰的甕,那也沒什么不對。畢竟,寫一本書投入進去的,說到底是一個人只有一次的生命。有人說過進行哲學思考就是一步步趨向死亡。不管是誰說的,這種說法從幾種意義來說都是有道理的,因為一個人絕不會因為寫一本書而變年輕。

      同樣讀一本書也不會使人更年輕。既然如此,我們自然傾向于讀好書。然而,困難在于文學中的―好‖是通過區(qū)別―壞‖來鑒定的。此外,要寫出一本好書,一個作家必須閱讀大量平庸讀物,否則他是沒法找到必要的寫作標準的。這可能就會為壞文學作品在最后審判日為自己辯護的最佳理由。

      既然我們精力不濟,既然讀書很耗費時間,我們就必須找出一個能讓我們至少表面上省時省力的方法來。當然不可否認長時間讀一本厚厚的、情節(jié)發(fā)展緩慢的平庸小說所帶來的樂趣,但我們最終目的畢竟不是為讀書而讀書,而是為了學到點什么。因此,我們需要一些最大限度地濃縮人生矛盾困境的作品,需要一些在浩如煙海的書籍中類似指南針一樣的作品。

      當然,這個指南針的職責是由文學評論及評論家們來擔當?shù)?。不幸的是,指南針的針擺動得太沒譜了。對某些人來說它指北,而對另一些人來說卻是指南。評論家的問題有三:第一,他可能是個作品低劣的平庸文人,而且就和我們自己一樣無知;第二,他可能對某一類作品特別偏愛或者干脆從出版社得到好處;第三,如果他是一個有才華的作家的話,他會將他的評論寫成一篇獨立于原作的文 學作品,在這一點上喬治·路易斯·博爾赫斯就是一個典型例子。結果,你可能會只讀他的評論而不去管他評論的那本書了。

      無論何種情況,你都會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己漂流在海洋中,緊緊抓住一只你不知道它能漂浮多久的木筏。因此,你如另謀他途就只好培養(yǎng)你自己的品味,制造自己的指南針,親自去熟悉那些特殊的星星及星座,無論它們是暗淡的還是明亮的,但總是那么遙遠的。不過,這樣做要耗費大量的時間,以至于你很快就發(fā)現(xiàn)自己老了,頭發(fā)白了,胳肢窩里夾著一本一無是處的書,正在走向人生的終點。

      那么這樣漂浮究竟在哪兒著陸呢,哪怕僅僅只是一個荒無人煙的小島也好?我們的那個好人―星期五‖又在哪兒呢?在我提出我的建議之前,我想先就這一解決方法的提出者也就是鄙人說幾句,這不是出自我的個人虛榮,而是因為我相信一種意見的價值是與它提出的背景密切相關的。確實,如果我是個出版商的話,我必將在每本書的封面上不僅印上作者名字,還要把他們創(chuàng)作這部或那部作品的確切年齡都印上,讓讀者自己決定是否愿意考慮這個比他們年輕得多或者老得多的作者作品里的觀點。

      這個即將提出的建議出自這樣一類人,在他們看來,文學只不過是幾百個人的名字而已;他們在大型聚會上感到別扭,在晚會上不跳舞,喜歡為通奸找玄學上的借口,談論政治小題大作吹毛求疵;這類人比誹謗者更不喜歡他們自己;喜愛喝酒抽雪茄勝于吸海洛因或大麻――用WH奧登的話說,就是那種―你在街壘旁看不到,也絕不會朝自己或情人開槍的人?!绻@樣的人偶爾發(fā)現(xiàn)自己滿身是血倒在監(jiān)牢地板上,或是在講壇上發(fā)表演講的話,這是因為他們反對的不是某種特殊的非正義行為而是反對整個世界秩序。

      他們對于自己觀點的客觀性不抱任何幻想;相反,他們堅持認為自己有不可寬恕的主觀性。然而,他們這么做并非是為了掩護自己免受可能的攻擊。他們采取與達爾文相反的態(tài)度,認為脆弱是一切生物的主要特征。這與其說是對自己不利處境感到滿足,不如說他們本能地認識到極端的主觀性、偏見,而且還有個人古怪行為可以幫助藝術避免成為陳腐的東西。而對陳腐的抵制恰好是使藝術有別于生活的地方。

      現(xiàn)在你們知道了我要說的話的背景,我還是直說了好:培養(yǎng)良好文學情趣的方法就是讀詩。如果你認為我這么說是因為我自己干的這一行而有偏愛,你就錯了。因為我不屬于任何一個行業(yè)組織。我想說的是,詩是人類語言的最高形式,不僅用最簡潔的方式表述人類經驗,而且還為任何語言活動尤其是書面語言提供最高的標準。

      一個人詩讀得越多,就越不能容忍任何形式得贅述和羅嗦。詩是從墓志銘及格言警句脫胎而出的,它對散文起很大的規(guī)范作用。它不僅教會后者每個詞的價值而且教給它此種文體各種變換的思維模式,線性寫作之外的多種選擇,省略不言自明的東西的訣竅,強調細節(jié)以及運用突降法的技巧。最重要的是,詩在散文中培養(yǎng)起那種對形而上學的追求――那種把一部藝術作品與只具文學形式的作品區(qū)別開來的追求。

      請不要誤解我:我并不是要貶低散文。真實情況是文學開始于詩歌,游牧民族的歌要早于定居者寫下來的東西。我要做的就是務實,避免使你的視力及腦細胞浪費在毫無用處的文字材料上??梢哉f,詩歌就是為這個目的而發(fā)明出來的。

      你須做的是:讀用你母語寫的詩,以此來武裝自己,最好是從本世紀前半葉的詩讀起,那么你的狀況會非常好。

      如果你的母語是英語,我可以推薦你讀下列詩人的作品:羅伯特弗羅斯特,托馬斯哈代,葉芝,艾略特,奧登,瑪麗安莫爾以及伊麗莎白畢曉普。

      如果在讀完了上面提到的任何一個詩人的作品后,你把從書架上拿的一本散文書棄之一旁,這不能怪你,要是你能繼續(xù)往下讀這本散文,這個作者就值得稱贊;它意味著這個作者為我們生活的真理增添了某種有價值的東西。如果不是這樣,那可能意味著閱讀讓你上了癮,欲罷不能無法可想,單就這種隱而言,它并不是最壞的。

      Text B Critical Reading toward Critical Writing

      Key to Exercise 1.In order to write your own analysis of the subject, you will need to do careful critical reading of sources and to use them critically to make your own argument.2.Critical reading is one in which you make judgments about how a text is argued.It is a highly reflective skill requiring you to ―stand back‖ and gain some distance from the text you are reading.3.You need to avoid extracting and compiling lists of evidence, lists of facts and examples.4.The five techniques the author mentions are: a.First determine the central claims of purpose of the text(its thesis);b.Begin to make some judgments about context;c.Distinguish the kinds of reasoning the text employs;d.Examine the evidence(the supporting facts, examples, etc.)the text employs;e.Critical reading may involve evaluation.5.When you highlight argument, you need to pay attention to those areas in a text where an author explains her analytical moves, the concepts she uses, how she uses them, how she arrives at conclusions.6.It means that you should not substitute the quotation for your own articulation of a point.參考譯文

      批評性閱讀與批評性寫作 德保拉-諾特

      多倫多大學

      (李嶠

      譯)

      批評性寫作必須以批評性閱讀為基礎。我們寫的大多數(shù)文章都涉及對已有文章的研究與反思,因為這些文章對你的研究課題已經做出種種思考與探索。要對自己的研究課題進行深入的分析,必須對已有材料進行批評性研讀與甄別,并在此基礎上提出嚴謹?shù)恼擖c。你對已讀材料的評判與解讀是邁向明確闡述自己研究方法的第一步。

      批評性閱讀究竟是指什么呢?它是指對一篇文章的立論做出評價和判斷。這是一個需要思考的高難度的技能。你必須―退一步‖,從遠距離看這篇文章。(也許在深入細致地批評性研讀之前你得瀏覽全文。)

      關鍵是:不要只為或主要為獲取信息而閱讀。閱讀時留心尋找研究本課題的思考方式。閱讀或做重點標識以及做筆記時,避免對文中的例證事實做摘錄或編排。閱讀時不要問:―我能從文章中獲取什么樣的信息?‖而要問:―本文的論述如何?它又是如何展開論述的?其中的證據(jù)(事實,例子等)是如何安排和解釋的?最終的結論又是如何得出的?‖ 怎樣在閱讀中尋找研究的思考方式呢? 1.首先要找準文章的主旨(即主題)。批評性閱讀就是要辯析并評論文中的主要論點是如何一步步被推導論證的。

      2.對文章的寫作背景做出評判。如文章的目標讀者是誰?它在與誰進行對話式 討論?(比如對方很可能是持相反觀點的學者或作者。)文章是什么樣的歷史背景下完成的?所有這些背景因素都會對評判全文有很大幫助。

      3.對文章運用的推理方式進行判別。文章給哪些概念下了定義,又使用了哪些概念?本文是否支持一種或幾種理論?是否展示了某種特定的方法論?如果本文顯示了對某一特定概念,理論或方法的偏愛,那么這種概念,理論或方法又是如何被用來歸納解釋數(shù)據(jù)的呢?你也可以考察一下文章的布局結構。作者如何分析(或駁斥)這些材料的?注意不同學科(如歷史學,社會學,哲學,生物學)會運用不同的論證方法。

      4.對文中運用的證據(jù)(如支持論點的事實,例子等)進行檢驗。支持性的論據(jù)對論點是至關重要的。經過前三個步驟,你現(xiàn)在的任務就是要抓住這些論據(jù)是如何被運用來推動支持論點以及其它主要觀點理念的。前三個步驟是讓你在上下文大背景下看這些論據(jù)。接下來請仔細考慮本文運用了哪些類型的論據(jù)。在此論點中本論據(jù)的重要性是什么?該論據(jù)是數(shù)據(jù)性的,文學性的,還是歷史性的?諸如此類的問題。還有論據(jù)源于何處?這些出處是原始一手的還是間接二手的?

      5.批評性閱讀涉及評價與判斷。如果你在閱讀一篇文章時對其立論做出闡釋或一系列評判,你的閱讀就是批評性的閱讀。然而有的文章可能需要你對論點的優(yōu)缺點分別做出評價。如果文章立論有力,是什么原因?如果以其它方法來論證,是否效果更好?文中立論是否有遺漏或不一致之處?分析方法是否值得推敲?文中列出的論據(jù)還有其它解釋么?這些論據(jù)能確保必然得出這些結論嗎?其對立的論點又可能是什么呢? 一些實用性建議:

      1.批評性閱讀常發(fā)生在閱讀的預備階段。開始閱讀時要快速略讀全文。尤其是引言和結論部分,以便找準需要細讀的重要部分。

      2.在標出文中內容或摘錄筆記時,要學會突出文章的論點:諸如作者在何處解釋闡明她的分析步驟,她所運用的概念,以及如何運用這些概念。最后她又是如何得出結論的?不管文中的事實多么有趣,千萬不要過分突出或孤立看待它們。首先要找到那些賦予實例目的,使命和意義的大框架。而每段的開頭句很可能對此有所幫助。

      3.在你開始考慮如何把文中部分論點用在自己的論文中時,要充分了解此部分在原文論點中是如何與其上下文和諧統(tǒng)一的。充分注意上下文是至關重要的判斷的步驟。

      4.如果你的引用直接摘自原文,要謹慎運用此引言。也就是說你不能直接把引用部分當自己的話說出來。相反,在介紹引言時要說明你對它的評價以及選用它的原因。引言之后常付有進一步的分析說明。

      5.批評性閱讀技巧也是批評性地聽取的技巧。在課堂上不僅要聽取具體信息,也要注意其思考方式。老師往往對與某一學科相宜的思考方式予以詳細的講解和例示。

      Key to translation exercises:

      1.為什么有些人強詞奪理,專橫跋扈,而另一些人卻羞羞答答,優(yōu)柔寡斷?…… 為什么有些人貪婪自私,玩世不恭,而另一些人卻平易近人?

      2.從發(fā)展中國家的觀點來看,下一個十年應有一個大力加速科學技術合作的綱領,旨在廣泛傳播技術以滿足人們諸如營養(yǎng)、住宅、交通、衛(wèi)生保健之類的基本需要。

      3.盡管律師的見解和反應可能會提升新聞報道的質量,但記者最好憑借自己對該新聞意義的理解做出自己的判斷。

      4.達爾文在自傳中謙虛地指出,他經常很難清晰而簡潔地表達自己的思想,但他認為可能正因為有了這個困難,他才不得不對自己要說的每一句話進行長時間的認真思考,從而發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在推理和觀察中的錯誤,結果這反而成了他的優(yōu)點。

      5.Presently, an educational reform is under way that centers on curriculums and teaching materials.As our main goal, we will try to reform the educational system so that it focuses on the enhancement of the students‘ abilities instead of training them merely to pass exams.We used to have only one set of textbooks in line with a single syllabus for each course.With the reform deepening, we are beginning to have more than one series of textbooks under the same syllabus or, in some cases, even more than one syllabus for the same course.In order to enhance students‘ abilities and strengthen educational administration for the variety of syllabuses and teaching materials available, it is necessary for us to formulate teaching targets suited to China‘s situation and particular subjects.Formulation of such targets is a difficult scientific project that must be organized and coordinated by the appropriate state education authorities.Unit Two Text A Recession-proofing your career

      By Barbara Moses

      I.Introduction 1.Warm-up activities:

      a.Are you employable? Why? b.Discuss the positives and negatives of earning a doctorate degree for your career?s development.(Reference)A questionnaire about your potential employability: 1.How does the subject you choose to study relate to your interests, attibutes and abilities? 2.If you are working while you are studying, what skills and knowledge does this give you an opportunity to develop? 3.What extra-curricular activities are you participating in? How do these reflect your interests and abilities? 4.What are your achievements in life so far? What does they say about your strengths and weaknesses? 5.If you are living independently, how has this challenged you? What have you learned from the experience? 6.Describe your personality.Analyze what strengths it provides and what challenges it creates? 7.What five things do you want to achieve from your university career? 8.What are your life/career goals at this stage and explain how they are linked with what you know about yourself? 9.How should I present myself in an interview? What evidence should I give to back up my claims?

      2.Introductory remarks

      In the text, Dr.Barbara Moses describes a new career development paradigm for today‘s employees, that is, guaranteed jobs have already become history and it‘s high time to engage in a lifelong, self-monitored process which can help to promote and prepare oneself for a change, esp.during periods of recession.She then suggests some skills which are indispensable when responding to new work trends.She recommends discovering both your overt and covert talents, making sure a wide range of positions are available to you, and never committing to any ―hot job‖ which exceeds either your interest or talent.Moreover, being skilled or qualified is not the only criteria.You must be able to ―market‖ yourself, to convince the employer that you are the most suitable candidate for the job, for which purpose you have to establish a social network that can help you make your career decisions ―both inside and outside of your professions.‖ Always follow work trends.Finally, psychological elements are also important, so never let yourself down and find a balance between the ambitious Type A and more relaxed Type B.In a word, don't be under the misconception that your job is always secure and if you work hard you‘ll surely get a good job.You must be fully responsible for the future prospects of your chosen career.II.Additional Information for the Teachers? Reference

      1.Dr.Barbara Moses:

      Fast Company magazine called her a ―career guru.‖ Dr.Barbara Moses, president of BBM Human Resource Consultants, is an internationally best-selling author, a popular columnist, and a sought-after speaker.Through her career management tools, workshops, and speeches Barbara has counseled people in over 2000 organizations from all walks of life and of all ages throughout her career.She understands what people require for happiness and engagement, as well as the challenges they sometimes struggle with.Barbara is consistently praised for her practical insights into modern work and personal realities, her stimulating and compelling delivery, and her tell-it-like-it-is style.Barbara holds degrees in psychology from McGill University, The London School of Economics and the University of Toronto.2.Basics of career management

      Career management is defined by Ball, B.in Career management competences – the individual perspective(1997)as:1.making career choices and decisions;2.managing the organizational career – concerns the career management tasks of individuals within the workplace;3.managing 'boundaryless' careers;4.taking control of one's personal development.Careers were traditionally viewed as upward, linear progressions between one or two firms or as stable employment within a profession.Now someone‘s career is more likely to be driven by the individual(not by the organization)and reinvented from time to time, as both the person and the environment changes.Yesterday, employees exchanged loyalty for job security, but today they exchange their labor for the training and learning and development that will allow them to be marketable.Some companies are well aware of the change and accordingly adjust their policies towards their employees.For example, in traditional HR training and development, companies only tended to provide opportunities for learning skills, information and attitudes related to a specific job, but now they also provide career path information, individual growth orientation and so on.3.business cycle: A predictable long-term pattern of alternating periods of economic growth(recovery)and decline(recession), characterized by changing employment, industrial productivity, and interest rates.It is also called economic cycle.It consists of four stages:

      Stage One – Start-up/Creation: is the nascent phase of the business during which business plans and strategies are finally executed and the business organization comes into existence.Stage Two – Growth: In Stage two, or the growth phase, of the business cycle the business establishes its niche in the market.The growth phase is thus marked by increased sales, rise in profit margins and an establishment of the brand name in the market.Stage Three – Maturity: The brand identity and brand image of the business are well established at this stage.This is the stage where the profit margins are fairly stable.Stage Four – Recession/Decline: Every business at some point in time, undergoes a period where it experiences a decline in its‘ sales and an overall unfavorable atmosphere in the market, termed a recession.This is the phase where the company struggles to maintain its existence in the market and tries its best to equip itself for a quick recovery.4.Type A and Type B personality:

      Type A individuals can be described as impatient, excessively time-conscious, insecure about their status, highly competitive, hostile and aggressive, and incapable of relaxation.They are often high achieving workaholics who multi-task, drive themselves with deadlines, and are unhappy about the smallest of delays.Because of these characteristics, Type A individuals are often described as ”stress junkies.“ Type B individuals, in contrast, are described as patient, relaxed, and easy-going.There is also a Type AB mixed profile for people who cannot be clearly categorized.III.Language Points 1.Is your career recession-proof? Is your career planned well enough so that you are insured against recession?

      -proof(-proofs-proofing-proofed): that can resist sth.or protect against sth.specified

      a.combines with nouns and verbs to form adjectives

      e.g.In a large microwave-proof dish, melt butter for 20 seconds.b.combines with nouns to form verbs e.g.inflation-proofed pensions.c.See also bullet-proof, childproof, fireproof, fireproof, ovenproof, soundproof, waterproof.2.A future downturn in the business cycle will only accelerate the pace of change---and make careful career management more crucial.Years of prosperity will yield a future economic downturn, which will speed up changes, so it‘s high time to carefully plan our careers now.3.In this fast-shifting world, there can be no guarantee attached to any particular job The world is changing so fast that no jobs are secure.attach

      v.a.join or fasten to something e.g.For further information, please contact us on the attached form.b.join and stay with sb, sometimes without being invited to do so e.g.I attached myself to a group of tourists entering the museum.c.connect sth with sth;attribute sth to sth e.g.The authorities attached much significance to his visit.There will be considerable prestige attached to his new position.d.bind by personal ties(as of affection or sympathy)

      e.g.We've grown very attached to this house and would hate to move.4.To survive this scenario you must be able to evaluate the currency of your skills---not just by the standards set by your current employer, but by wider industry and professional standards.In case you lose your job in the future, you must be able to estimate how widely your current skills can be applied---not just to your current job, but to jobs in other, or wider, industries and professional fields.5.Begin to actively pursue learning and development opportunities, including ones that will stretch you.---Begin to actively pursue learning and development opportunities, including ones that will make you work hard and use all your energy and skills.6.Don?t let yourself be held back by a lack of skill portability, or fear of change.Don‘t shrink because your current skills cannot be transferred and applied to other jobs, or by fear of change.hold back

      a.hesitate before you do something because you are not sure whether it is the right thing to do.e.g.Melancholy and mistrust of men hold her back.b.prevent someone from doing something, or to prevent something from progressing e.g.Stagnation in home sales is holding back economic recovery c.not disclose information or make it public e.g.The government held back the findings of the report for fear of alienating voters d.keep sth.in reserve to use later.18 e.g.Farmers apparently hold back produce in the hope that prices will rise..e.not show emotions

      e.g.I felt my lower lip quiver from the effort of trying to hold back the tears I felt threatening the inside corner of my right eye.7.I often meet people who have been good performers in their own organization but who have discovered that they are stuck.---I often meet people who have been performing well in their own organization but who have discovered that they are unable to change the present job or get away from it.8.Because they have become so closely identified with a particular company or industry, their skills are not perceived as being readily transferable to other settings.Because they have been so closely associated with a particular company and industry, they tend to think that their current skills cannot be easily transferred to other work environments.identify with:

      a.regard oneself as sharing the characteristics or fortunes of sb;take sb as a model e.g.I know more that I am, and can identify with, all that is good, true, and beautiful.b.be closely associated or involved in some way;give support to sb./sth.e.g.The politician refuse to identify himself with the administration 's foreign policy.He tends to identify justice with legality.9.Don?t put all your eggs in one basket.Don‘t stake everything on a single cast of the dice;Don‘t put everything at risk.10.In other words, redefine the way in which you work, and your relationship to potential purchasers of your skills and knowledge to ensure your employability.---In other words, consider from a new perspective the way you work, and your relationship to the people who may be so interested in your skills and knowledge as to employ you, in which case you will have better chances of being employed in the future.11.They think it means they are without substance, with no enduring value, programmed to self-destruct every few years.They think it means that they are without importance or enduring value and their previous skills will become so unimportant that they will have to start over every few years.12.They fear they will be required to reinvent themselves constantly.---They fear that they will be required to change the way they behave or the things that they are doing from time to time.13.Actually, most people will not be embarking on entirely new careers so much as reconfiguring existing skills and experience in new ways.Actually, most people will not start completely new careers, but rather readjust existing skills and experience in new ways.embark on:(embarks, embarking, embarked)a.start(esp.sth.new or difficult)e.g.He's embarking on a new career as a writer.Never embark on what comes after without having mastered what goes before.b.go on board before the start of a journey.e.g.As millions of air travelers embark on holiday flights this week, some of them will be flying on jetliners fresh off the assembly line.not so much…as: not one thing but rather sth.else

      e.g.She's not so much poor as careless with money.The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer as what they miss.14.Like a child?s Lego pieces, these are the building blocks that you can continually reassemble, though in slightly new configurations, as you move through your career.---Like a child‘s Lego pieces, your core skills are the building blocks that you can bring together again and again, but as you change your jobs from time to time, the skills may be integrated in slightly different ways.15.Develop a work identity independent of your job, defining yourself by what you do rather than simply by your job title.---Don‘t limit your work identity within your present job, defining yourself by what you do rather than what your job is.16.In the new workplace, people must perform at an exceedingly high level now, while at the same time always marketing for the future---keeping one eye on the next work assignment and positioning themselves for it.In the new workplace, people must perform very well now, while at the same time continually advertising themselves to prepare for future job opportunities---paying attention to the next work assignment and readying themselves for getting the position.keep one eye on: watch carefully e.g.Jack is another of those greedy-guts who keep one eye on the bowl and the other on the pan

      17.In today?s hyperkinetic business environments, being able to give busy potential clients hard information that they can use may be much more desirable than just “schmoozing” them.---Today‘s business environments are overly stressed, so it is more desirable to offer busy potential clients substantial information that they can use than talk with them over nothing.18.Successful people reflect, in an honest way, on things that didn?t go well, but they don?t beat themselves up for it, endlessly revisiting the event.Successful people reflect honestly on the negative things, but when they recall the event from time to time, they don‘t always blame themselves for it.beat up: a.hit or kick the person many times e.g.The government supporters are beating up anyone they suspect of favouring the demonstrators.b.worry about sth.a lot or blame yourself for sth.(Informal)e.g.Tell them you don't want to do it any more.Don't beat yourself up about it.19.Given the complex economic, cultural and demographic global environment in which we operate, it is critical to stay tuned to larger cultural trends that affect the landscape and context of work.Given the complex economic, cultural and demographic global environment around us, it is necessary to keep up with larger cultural trends that affect the environment and background of work.20.While that certainly happens, I find that some of these individuals are not on top of key trends.While that certainly happens, I find that some of these individuals are not well informed about key trends.Key to Exercises I.Reading Comprehension 1.The business world today is a Tempworld where everything shifts rapidly and we are all temporary workers.2.Being an career activist means stepping back from the frenzy of daily business to reflect on what you are doing, why you are doing it, and whether it meets your short-and long-term needs.It means taking the long view of your career.3.―Employability‖ is a measure of your attractiveness, as a worker, to potential employers;―skill portability‖ refers to the transferability of a worker's skills when the worker changes jobs

      4.Developing a work identity means being independent of your job, defining yourself by what you do rather than simply by your job title.5.No.Don‘t enter a field just because you think that‘s where the hot jobs are, because it may not end up matching well with particular skills and abilities.6.To establish knowledge networks is to cultivate long-term relationships with people who know how to get things done.7.Type A is the achievement-oriented behavior style;Type B is able to feel good about oneself both when one is producing or not.Type A can sustain the pressures of intense productivity pressures better than Type B, but thinking a Type B can help one face setbacks.8.Being in tune with pop culture can help you establish personal relationships and manage your career more effectively.II.vocabulary 1.conventional 2.intoxicated 3.imperative 4.frenzy 5.scenario 6.temporary

      III.Phrases 1.in tune with 2.identified with 3.not so much/ as 4.attach to 5.hold back

      IV.Error detection and correction 1.The new tenant in the apartment was obviously both suspicious of and interested in his neighbors.2.The changes that have taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.3.A break in their employment,or a decision to work part time,will slow their raises and promotions.

      4.The distinguished biographer John Forster tried to afford his readers a view into Dickens‘s tormented soul by recounting the novelist‘s marital problems.5.Around 40 percent of the 4,000 people questioned admitted that they had lied about reading certain books just so they could join in conversation.6.Human society has demonstrated a persistent/insistent/consistent need to record and 7.enroll

      8.vulnerable 9.rigorous 10.embarked interpret the lives of real people: to celebrate their achievements, and also to explore their personalities 7.Dad never tried to be funny.He made you laugh because he tried so hard not to.8.Life here is not so much different from in the United States as it is slower-paced, lived with more style and more grace.9.Provence cannot be bottled or shipped home.It has to be lived, one day at a time, doing so little and enjoying it so much.10.Some years after marriage, a couple would rather maintain a minimum distance of three feet between themselves than occasionally hold hands as they did in their youth.V.Cloze

      1.worshipping 2.friends 3.deferential 4.privilege 5.tolerance 6.narcissistic 7.personal 8.feet 9.on 10.demand

      11.implications

      12.than 13.closer 14.communicate 15.debt

      參考譯文:

      如何使你的職業(yè)免受經濟衰退的沖擊

      你的職業(yè)經受得住經濟衰退的沖擊嗎?

      事實上,我談論的并不是你目前職業(yè)的穩(wěn)定性,因為現(xiàn)在沒有牢靠的職業(yè)。即使在經濟繁榮的時候,企業(yè)為了提高效率和競爭力也經常重組和裁員。而經濟循環(huán)的衰退前景只會加快變化的速度---因此,必須更加謹慎地規(guī)劃自己的職業(yè)業(yè)。

      如今,不管我們在職場從事的是什么工作,我們都只是臨時工。不管我們是傳統(tǒng)的專職工、還是零散工、合同工、或自由職業(yè)者,我們都生活和工作在一個―臨時世界‖ 之內。在這個世界里,一切都轉變的很快,沒有永久不變的東西。無論是你的工作地點,你從事的工作還是你的技能以及你的工作伙伴,一切都在變化當中。

      在這樣飛速變化的世界里,任何工作都沒有安全保障。但是你可以學習一些

      (方芳 譯)

      技能來更有效地規(guī)劃自己的事業(yè),使自己免受變化和經濟震蕩的影響。也就是說,你需要成為一名職業(yè)積極行動者。

      這意味著你要從紛繁的日常事務中抽身出來,認真反思你正在從事的工作,你做這件事的原因,以及它是否符合你的和長短期目標。也就是對你的事業(yè)作一個長遠規(guī)劃。

      面對充滿變數(shù)的臨時世界,你需要對新的職業(yè)趨勢采取針對性的應對策略,來保衛(wèi)你的事業(yè)免受經濟危機的影響。以下幾條建議可以幫助職業(yè)積極行動者更好地應對未來的經濟前景:

      1.確保你適應雇傭的標準

      如果某一天你失去了主要收入來源,那你能找到替代的收入渠道嗎?要做到這一點,你必須估算一下你的技能的通用性(不僅要依據(jù)你當前雇主的標準,也要參照更廣泛的產業(yè)和專業(yè)標準。)

      首先描述一下你在過去六個月中所學到的某個重要技能,再預測一下未來六個月里你打算學習的技能。積極地學習,追尋發(fā)展機遇,包括那些你傾注全力才能得到的機會。你學的越多,你的選擇就越多。

      要保障自己當前和未來的事業(yè),最重要的是確保自己有多種選擇。不要因為缺乏某種技能(我在這家公司已經工作這么長時間了,我不可能會做別的工作),或是因害怕變化而退縮。

      我經常遇到有些人在本公司工作的挺不錯,但卻缺乏應對變化的能力。因為他們已經認同了本公司或行業(yè)的經營方式,認為他們的技能很難適用于其它商業(yè)環(huán)境。要權衡你自己與社會標準和企業(yè)內部標準的差距。企業(yè)聯(lián)合會和網(wǎng)絡都會對你有所幫助。

      2.給自己留一條退路

      人力資源部經理卡羅爾·K為一家大型公共事業(yè)公司工作。預料到自己的工作會受到管理制度變化的影響,因此目前正在攻讀另類糾紛調解方面的文憑。―我知道我的工作很不穩(wěn)定,‖ 她說,―這么一來,就算情況再糟,我也能掛牌營業(yè),當一名糾紛調解員。‖

      別把蛋放在一個籃子里。如果你將自己的發(fā)展限制在某一特定領域或部門,那你也限制了自己的機會。當今社會重要的是要擁有多重選擇、多重途徑、多重角色。比如說,如果你只把自己看成是個員工,而不明白你的技能對于不同部門、不同行業(yè)的不同類型的雇傭關系有何作用,那你的職業(yè)選擇就相當局限了。

      給自己留一條退路意味著即使你寧愿當個專職雇員,你也不妨把自己當成個出售技能的合同工、自由職業(yè)咨詢顧問,或者是個小業(yè)主。換句話說,重新定義你工作的方式,以及你與有可能購買你技能和知識的買主的關系,從而確保將來能達到被雇傭的標準。這意味著發(fā)展一種新的思維模式。

      3.了解你的主要技能

      我們都聽說過,未來我們會同時從事五到七種職業(yè)。當我在工廠提到這個時,很多人覺得震驚。他們認為這意味著他們無足輕重,沒有長遠價值了,而且每隔幾年就注定要自我淘汰一次。他們害怕會被不時要求重塑自我。

      確實,與其說大部分人能從事完全不同的工作(建筑師變成農藝師),不如說,他們是以全新的方式重新規(guī)劃現(xiàn)有的技能和經驗(建筑師/園藝愛好者開始設計和建造溫室,并投入商業(yè)用途)。

      了解你的潛在或核心技能。這些技能就像孩子的積木一樣,你在職業(yè)生涯中可以對之不斷重新組合,其構成效果可能稍有不同。確定你的專長和主要技能需要嚴格的自我評估。問問自己有什么看家本領。

      你的工作定位不應依托于你的工作,要看看你能做什么,而不僅僅根據(jù)你的職位定義你的工作性質。把自己看成是獨家技能和能力的主人,而這些技能可以被應用于各種工作和項目。

      4.為自己能勝任的領域作準備

      在全球市場上,工作的轉變就像股市變幻一樣迅速。當前最熱門的工作將來可能就過時。有些人聽人鼓吹說目前嚴重缺乏信息技術人員,擔心自己不合雇傭條件,也去報名參加信息技術課程。如果你熱愛計算機,那這項工作選的不錯,但不要僅僅因為你認為那是熱門職業(yè)就去從事那份工作,即使你能得到相關工作,它也不一定適合你技能的發(fā)揮。先評估一下你自己的專長和愛好,然后再到就業(yè)市場上尋找最適合自己的位置。

      不要為具體的工作作準備,而要確定你想從事的工作領域,像軟件設計或市場分析類的技術部門還是像團隊建設、領導腦力工作者或公關建設類的非技術領域。

      5.推銷!推銷!推銷!

      在新的工作崗位上,人們必須展示極高的技能水平,同時還要能推銷自己,以備將來---密切注意下一個工作任務,并為此做好準備。

      推銷自己并不是沒完沒了地向全世界展示自己一連串的證書和成就,而是讓 25 其他的關鍵人物了解你的主要技能及其價值。你應該讓潛在客戶了解你的主要成就以及你如何運用這些成就滿足他們的要求。你應該在自己的行業(yè)內外建立和維持一個活躍的人際網(wǎng)絡。

      你要深思熟慮,不斷構建你的網(wǎng)絡,也就是要建立一個―信息網(wǎng)絡,‖而不僅僅是在商業(yè)或社交會議上交換名片或電郵地址。好的人際網(wǎng)絡是―聯(lián)網(wǎng)的‖。它們的涵蓋面廣,遠遠超出自己的行業(yè)邊界。會構建這些網(wǎng)絡的人與會辦事的人培養(yǎng)感情關系。他們知道找誰了解情況,找誰推薦,或找誰能得到美差。

      如果不習慣面對面的網(wǎng)絡交際,你可以用點別的辦法。你可以給一些商業(yè)雜志寫文章,在專業(yè)會議上發(fā)言,建立自己的網(wǎng)頁,或主持一個專業(yè)會議,從而讓人們知道你是某一領域的專家。當今的商業(yè)環(huán)境過度緊張,能給繁忙的潛在客戶提供確實的信息,要比僅僅向他們―夸夸其談‖好得多。

      要和人們建立長期的關系。我們會在不同的雇主之間奔波,你們很可能發(fā)現(xiàn)自己轉而又在為以前的雇主工作,所以要把每個共事者(無論是老板、同事、顧客,還是供應商)都當成潛在的客戶。

      6.像A型人那樣行動,像B型人那樣思考

      A型人追求成就的行為模式,曾經是我們社會上成功的典范。在當今的經濟環(huán)境中,人們仍然極其渴望像A型人一樣具備高度的目標感、責任感、毅力和強烈的上進心。

      無論工作有沒有成效,無論成績有沒有得到認可,B型人總是自我感覺良好。也就是說,我們要培養(yǎng)一種不受制于成就和成績的自我感覺。

      沉迷于工作的A型人要比更為放松的B型人更能承受強烈的工作壓力。所以,我們應像A型人那樣行動。

      但同時,我們的工作環(huán)境比以前的更加辛苦。我們得不到以前那樣的回報、表揚和積極的反饋,因為每個人都很忙。另外,有的時候,我們可能會失業(yè),這樣就失去了自我表現(xiàn)的機會。這對A型人來說非常糟糕,因為他們的自我評價完全取決于他們的表現(xiàn)和成就。

      所以,我們還得像B型人那樣思考。7.培養(yǎng)情感上的調適能力

      在―臨時世界‖里,你必須經得住失望的折磨,盡力應付緊張的局面,沉著地應對壓力。你要自我調節(jié),既能面對成功,也能應對失敗。不要因為失敗而崩潰,你必須從挫折中學習經驗以利將來。成功者誠實地看待失敗,不斷反思,但他們 26 從不沮喪。

      8.跟上文化潮流

      我常常感到吃驚的是,很多資深商務和專業(yè)人士在文化上卻是目光短淺。面對復雜的經濟、文化和人口的全球環(huán)境,關鍵是要跟得上那些影響我們工作環(huán)境和背景的文化大潮。

      應該閱讀專業(yè)范圍以外的東西。這意味著,無論是書評、國際商務雜志,還是與社會總趨勢有關的紀實文學,都要廣泛閱讀。要鉆研兼收并蓄的期刊和報紙或參加網(wǎng)上討論小組。關注流行文化,了解不同經濟部門和人口群體的觀點。世界大事和文化事件都會直接影響你的工作。

      要盡力從上述渠道中搜集那些能夠影響你的工作的重要動向、可能的技術應用新趨勢、競爭對手以及大眾的習慣走向。公眾觀點從來沒有像現(xiàn)在這樣在日常的政治和商務決策中起到如此重要的作用。

      有時候,老年人告訴我們他們因為年齡受到歧視。這種情況確實存在,但我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們有些人確實跟不上時代潮流。與時代思潮保持一致有助于你建立人際關系和更有效地開展業(yè)務。

      Text B The Roots of My Ambition

      Key to Exercises Reading Comprehension 1.Be ambitious and never give up.2.Russell‘s mother quoted the example of Edwin to show how far a man could go without much talent.She said this to encourage her son.3.He was most interested in reading newspapers.4.When I was employed by the Baltimore Sun and complained about the wages, mum encouraged me by saying ―If you work hard at this job, maybe you can make something of it.Then they‘ll have to give you a raise.‖;When I was sent to cover the White House and puffed up, mum said, ―Well, Russ, if you work hard at this White House job, you might be able to make something of yourself.‖ She always tried to keep me motivated.5.The new age exalted love, self-gratification and passive Asian philosophies that aimed at helping people resign themselves to the status quo.Much of this seemed preposterous to me.6.She might have put too much emphasis on money and position.7.He didn‘t think much of their lifestyle but he gradually accepted it as a different path to success.8.(open)

      參考譯文

      我的自強之源

      我的母親現(xiàn)已離開人世,但仍不時浮現(xiàn)在我心中。她有時天還未亮就把我叫醒,―如果有什么東西我不能容忍,那就是畏難而退的人。‖

      我一生中不斷聽到她說這句話?,F(xiàn)在,躺在床上,在黑暗中慢慢醒來,想重回夢鄉(xiāng)而不愿面對嶄新的一天,我感覺到了她正在怒氣沖沖的與我體內那個沒出息的懶漢作斗爭。

      我默默地抗議:我不再是個孩子了。我已經混出了點名堂,我完全可以睡會兒懶覺。

      ―羅素,你一點上進心都沒有,簡直像個呆頭呆腦的傻瓜。‖ 自從我還是個穿短褲的孩子時,她就用這些話激勵著我前進。―你要干出點名堂!‖ ―不要畏難而退!‖ ―要有點志氣,孩子?!?/p>

      我心里的那個―文明人‖嘲笑實利主義和那些追求成功的人。―他‖讀過哲學家和社會評論家的書,認為把一生花在追求金錢、權利和名聲上是庸俗的、無價值的,就在這時母親的話似乎又在耳邊響起---―有時你的表現(xiàn)簡直讓人覺得連拿子彈把你槍斃掉都嫌浪費?!?/p>

      外祖父死后除了債務外什么也沒留下,所以母親的日子一直很艱難。家里的房子沒有了,兄弟姐妹各奔東西,而外祖母又染上了致命的肺病,情緒沮喪,一心想要自殺,最后被送到了瘋人院。母親那時候剛上大學,卻不得不輟學找工作。

      結婚五年,生了三個小孩之后,丈夫于1930年死去,留下她一貧如洗,不得不把襁褓中的奧得麗送給別人收養(yǎng)。她做過的最勇敢的事可能就是把只有十個月大的奧得麗送給湯姆叔叔和戈爾迪嬸嬸。湯姆叔叔是我父親的兄弟,在鐵路上有份好工作,能使奧得麗過上舒適的日子。

      母親帶著我和另一個妹妹到新澤西州投奔艾倫舅舅,成了靠別人救濟的窮親戚。最終,她在一家洗衣店找到了工作---補輟雜貨店的工作服,一個星期十美元。

      如果我長大之后成為總統(tǒng)或是富商,母親可能會更喜歡。但是,雖然她很愛我,她也不會騙自己。我還在上小學的時候,她就看出我缺乏賺大錢和贏得眾人擁戴的天賦。于是,她開始促使我對文字產生興趣。

      文字天賦在她家世代相傳。從她的外祖父起,似乎就有一個文字基因代代傳承。他是個中學教師,女兒露莉會寫詩,兒子查理成為《巴爾的摩先驅報》駐紐約記者。那是正值新舊世紀之交,內戰(zhàn)后的美國南方仍然貧困,文字工作倒是條出路。

      最明顯的例子就是母親的大表兄埃德溫,他是《紐約時報》的總編,并且曾去過歐洲各地,這足以證明文字的魅力。它可以將你從弗吉尼亞州的窮縣僻壤送到那樣遙遠光輝的地方,讓你的親戚又驚又羨,目瞪口呆。因此,我母親常以埃德溫為例,說明一個人即使天分不高也可以前程遠大。

      ―埃德溫·詹姆士并不比別人聰明,可是你看看他如今的地位,‖母親一而再,再而三的說。結果我長大之后,竟把埃德溫看成個交了好運的呆子。或許,她真的是那么看的,但她的話其實另有深意。她是在告訴我:達到埃德溫的地位,不必特別聰明,要想攀上頂峰,秘訣就是:努力,努力,努力!

      當母親看出我可能有文字天賦時,便開始著意栽培。盡管窮的要命,她仍給我訂了一套《世界文學名著》,每本39美分,每月一本。

      我尊敬那些偉大的作家,但更喜歡讀報紙。我貪婪地讀著報上每一個字---恐怖的犯罪行為、可怕的事故以及發(fā)生在遙遠戰(zhàn)場的野蠻屠殺。我對有關殺人犯死在電椅上的描述很感興趣,甚至還十分留意死囚們點的快餐。

      1947年,我從約翰·霍普金斯大學畢業(yè),得知《巴爾的摩太陽報》需要一名采訪警方新聞的記者。我有兩三個大學同班同學也在申請這份工作,而為什么選中了我至今仍是個迷。這工作提供的薪水是每周30美元,我抱怨說這對大學畢業(yè)生來說簡直是個侮辱,但我母親絲毫不同情我。

      ―要是你努力做事,‖ 她說,―也許你能會干出點名堂,那時他們就會給你加薪?!?/p>

      七年后,《太陽報》派我報道白宮新聞。對于大多數(shù)記者而言,擔當白宮記者不亞于一步登天。我才29歲,不由得沾沾自喜。我去跟母親講了這個事情,想看到她高興的樣子。其實,我早該明白我不該抱這樣的期望。

      ―好啊,羅斯,‖她說,―要是你把報道白宮的事干好,或許你能弄出些名堂?!?/p>

      不斷前進、不斷向上就是她設定的道路。不應該憑借小小的成績驕傲自滿。停步不前、自我陶醉的人好景不常。即使攀上頂峰,你也最好不要松懈。―爬的越高,跌的越重‖是她最喜歡的格言之一。

      剛投身報界的頭幾年,我懷有一個充滿孩子氣的荒誕想法,想給表叔埃德溫來個―回敬‖。要是我成為個著名記者,連《紐約時報》都來聘請我,卻不知道我和偉大的埃德溫是親戚,豈不樂哉?要是埃德溫本人把我請進他的大辦公室,說,―小伙子,談談你的個人情況,‖豈不妙哉?當我回答,―我就是你的窮表妹露西·伊麗莎白·羅賓遜的獨生子,‖豈不快哉?

      一天,事情的發(fā)展竟然完全超出我那孩子氣的最荒唐的幻想。《紐約時報》 真的來叩門了,但當我去應聘時,表叔埃德溫已經離開了報社。最后,報社請我在上面開辟一個專欄,這在美國新聞界乃是最引人注目的目標之一。

      它不是一個傳播新聞的專欄,而是作家用不同的文學形式(隨筆、諷刺、打油詩,有時甚至是小說)評論時事的專欄。這證明了母親早年對我文學天賦的判斷和引導是十分正確的。

      這個專欄獲得了各種應得的獎勵,包括1979年的普利策獎。但母親永遠都不會知道了,因為前一年,她的腦循環(huán)系統(tǒng)出了問題,住進了療養(yǎng)院,從此和社會生活斷了聯(lián)系。

      我只能猜測母親得知我獲得普利策獎的反應。她一定會說,―干的不錯,孩子。說明你只要認真做事,努力加油,總有一天你會混出點名堂的?!?/p>

      終于,母親一再灌輸而我畢生身體力行的價值觀受到了攻擊。二十世紀六、七十年代,國內意見分化嚴重。那些承認想有所作為的人被看成是―功利主義者,‖ 因為他們把生命浪費在無休無止的瘋狂競爭當中。―進取‖一詞從語言中消失了。

      一開始,我試圖順應新時代的潮流,決定不像母親當年那樣,用陳腐的要求來激勵我的孩子們,要他們有所作為。

      新時代強調愛、自足和消極的亞洲哲學。這種哲學致力于勸導人們聽天由命、安于現(xiàn)狀??墒瞧渲写蟛糠钟^點對我來說都是十分荒謬的,但我也承認母親有可能會把我培養(yǎng)成一個粗俗的功利主義者(她的生活準則中,一個不足之處是強調金錢和地位),因此我就把這些非正統(tǒng)的疑問藏在心底。

      可是后來,認識到我根本沒有激起孩子的進取心,我終于爆發(fā)了。有一天吃晚飯的時候,我聽見自己大聲嚷嚷,―難道你們不想有所作為嗎?‖

      孩子們看上去莫名其妙。有所作為?多奇怪的話。我看的出來他們在想:爸爸不是真的生氣,都是他飯前喝的那幾杯馬蒂尼酒在作怪。

      我這樣嚷嚷并不是因為酒,而是因為母親。酒不過給了我勇氣向他們宣布。是的,上帝作證,我一直相信成功,一直相信沒有苦干和自律,一個人休想有何作為,因為他不配!

      事態(tài)隨后的發(fā)展表明:孩子們糟糕的成績單并不預示著他們是失敗者。他們只是不愿按照常人的做法亦步亦趨,我本應為此而高興?,F(xiàn)在,他們已經長大成人,有了自己的孩子,我們相親相愛,相聚時非常愉快。

      家庭都是這樣:我們繼承老一輩的傳統(tǒng),留給子女傳之將來。這使得先人在去世之后人仍長久地活在我們心中。

      ―如果有什么東西我不能容忍,那就是畏難而退的人。‖ 上帝啊,我仍聽見她在說話。

      Key to translation exercise:

      1.The ceaseless emergence and ceaseless resolution of contradictions constitute the dialectical law of the development of things.2.1967年聯(lián)合國文件要求在以色列撤出所占領的土地以及阿拉伯承認以色列的生存權的基礎上來解決中東沖突。

      3.侵略有多種方式:單方面廢除條約與國際義務,干涉別國內政,威脅弱小鄰國,強迫實行不平等,公然入侵別國領土瓜分別國,征服殖民地民族,否認自決權以及基本人權。

      4.海鷗善于飛行。它們可以連續(xù)飛很遠。能從一個國家的一端飛到另一端,此間只需偶爾短暫休息一下。海鷗也善于滑翔。它們仿佛在高空中沿著無形的滑道輕松滑翔。海鷗還善于游泳。海鷗長著腳蹼一—腳爪間相連的小塊皮膚一—游泳時就是小小的漿。海鷗還善于浮水,它們可以像木塊那樣浮在水上。這對海鷗非常有用,因為在漫長的越洋飛行中,它們可以落到水面上小憩一下。

      5.For many people in small towns and villages, the death of someone known to them or the installation of traffic lights at a busy street corner nearby can sometimes attract their attention more than a disaster far away in another country.That‘s why British local newspapers almost have as large a circulation as its national counterparts.The local newspapers often make no comment on problems of national importance and editors rarely hold with sides on political affairs.But they can often be of service to the community in expressing the public‘s feeling on local issues.32

      Unit Three Text A Lies

      Introductory Remarks People usually have very negative views regarding lies.Liars are frequently criticized, even cursed.Yet this passage exemplifies a different perspective, one which cruelly reveals the fact that everyone tells lies and that lies are indispensable for happiness, perhaps even our very survival.According to the author, lies are consoling elements that can soothe dying patients and help consolidate the requirements of a society.Lies make us feel superior to other species and disguise our mortal doom.Religions abound with myths and tales, which are basically lies that provide human beings with a sense of safety.People need big lies, though they are occasionally taken advantage of, because lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd.Text-related Information 1.Pablo Picasso:(October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973)an Andalusian-Spanish painter, draughtsman, and sculptor.As one of the most recognized figures in twentieth-century art, he is best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work.Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon(1907)and his depiction of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War, Guernica(1937).2.Crucifixion: an ancient method of execution, whereby the condemned person is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross(of various shapes)and left to hang until death.3.Immaculate conception: according to Roman Catholic dogma, the conception of Mary, the mother of Jesus without any stain of original sin.The dogma thus says that, from the first moment of her existence, she was preserved by God from the lack of sanctifying grace that afflicts mankind, and that she was instead filled with

      divine grace.It is further believed that she lived a life completely free from sin 4.the Flood: also known as the Deluge.The cause of this judgment was the corruption and violence that filled the earth in the ninth generation from Adam.God in righteous indignation determined to purge the earth of the ungodly.5.Resurrection: Christianity uses the term to refer to God's resurrection of Jesus.The resurrection of Jesus is the central doctrine in Christianity.The entire Christian faith hinges upon the centrality of the resurrection of Jesus on the third day, and the hope for a life after our own death.Christians annually celebrate the resurrection of Jesus at Easter time as well as weekly by holding services on Sunday(the day of the week of Jesus' resurrection)or Lord's Day.6.Reincarnation: literally ”to be made flesh again“, is a doctrine or metaphysical belief that some essential part of a living being(in some variations only human beings)survives death to be reborn in a new body.7.Andrew Greeley:(born February 5, 1928 in Oak Park, Illinois, to Andrew and Grace Greeley)is an Irish-American Roman Catholic priest, sociologist, journalist and best selling author.He has given numerous interviews on both radio and television.Greeley is also Professor of Sociology at the University of Arizona and is a Research Associate with the National Opinion Research Center(NORC)at the University of Chicago.He also writes a weekly column for the Chicago Sun-Times and contributes regularly to The New York Times, the National Catholic Reporter, America, and Commonweal.8.Adolf Hitler:(20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945)was an Austrian-born German politician who led the National Socialist German Workers Party, more commonly known as the Nazi Party.He was Chancellor of Germany(1933–1945)and Führer und Reichskanzler of Germany(1934–1945).Hitler was a decorated veteran of World War I who achieved leadership of the Nazi Party in Weimar Germany.Following his imprisonment after a failed coup, he gained support by promoting nationalism, antisemitism and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and

      propaganda.The Nazis executed or assassinated many of their opponents, restructured the state economy, rearmed the armed forces and established a totalitarian and fascist dictatorship.Hitler pursued a foreign policy with the declared goal of seizing Lebensraum(”living space“).The German invasion of Poland in 1939 caused the British and French Empires to declare war on Germany, leading to the outbreak of World War II in Europe.The Axis Powers occupied most of continental Europe and parts of Asia and Africa.Eventually the Allies defeated the Wehrmacht and Schutzstaffel(SS).By 1945, Germany was in ruins.Hitler's bid for territorial conquest and racial subjugation caused the deaths of 43 million people, including the systematic genocide of an estimated six million Jews, not including various additional ”undesirable" populations, in what is known as the Holocaust.During the final days of the war in 1945, as Berlin was being invaded by the Red Army, Hitler married Eva Braun.Less than 24 hours later, the two committed suicide in the Führerbunker.9.Jews: A Jew is a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.The Jewish people and the religion of Judaism are strongly interrelated, and converts to Judaism have been absorbed into the Jewish community throughout the millennia.10.Gypsies: members of a wandering race(by themselves called Romany), of Hindu origin, which first appeared in England about the beginning of the 16th century and was then believed to have come from Egypt.11.Alchemy: a part of the Occult Tradition, is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of several substances described as possessing unusual properties.The practical aspect of alchemy generated the basics of inorganic chemistry, namely concerning procedures, equipment and the identification and use of many current substances.35

      Language Points 1.You may not want to tell your very ill parent or relative or young child that he or she is terminally ill and will die a painful death.You will feel reluctant to tell someone, maybe your parent or relative or young child, the truth that they are suffering from a mortal disease and will die painfully.terminally: adv.A terminal illness or disease causes death, often slowly, and cannot be cured.e.g.He was eventually diagnosed as suffering from terminal cancer.2.Governments lie quite frequently to stay in power by persuading people that their needs and desires are being attended to and that they are safe.Governments often tell lies about how people‘s needs and requirements are fulfilled and how their lives are free from danger in order to maintain their dominance over the public.3.“Art is a lie that tells the truth”

      A famous quote from Spanish painter Picasso, which implies that art itself is not real, but it discloses some truth about the world.4.Historians select the information that they can fit into their scheme of history.They never have the whole story so they construct one.Historians do not know every detail of historical events, so they make up some historical facts according to their own understanding and preferences.5.Do you want to know that there is no life after death? That this brief, often perplexing journey on earth is all there is? Do you want to know that death is the end of one‘s life? And that death will put an end to your short and often troublesome life once and for all(i.e.no Resurrection)?

      perplex: v.If something perplexes you, it confuses and worries you because you do not understand it or because it causes you difficulty.e.g.It perplexed him because he was tackling it the wrong way.6.…that there are no biological differences that point to the superiority(or inferiority)of any group of people anywhere and that we share 99% of the DNA of chimpanzees? No one group of people is superior or inferior to any other group biologically and human beings are similar to chimpanzees in terms of DNA.superiority: n.If one thing or person is superior to another, the first is better than the second.e.g.The technical superiority of laser discs over tape is well established.inferiority: n.Something that is inferior is not as good as something else.e.g.I found it difficult to shake off a sense of social inferiority.7.We know which lies and which “truths” to transmit in order to maintain the kind of society the people in power(and many of its citizens)want and need.We share only the kinds of lies and truths that socially beneficial, that is, necessary and desired by the ruling class and its citizens.transmit: v.convey.If you transmit an idea or feeling to someone else, you make them understand and share the idea or feeling.e.g.He transmitted his keen enjoyment of singing to the audience.8.Because we need our lies to mask our fear and anxiety about life and death… Because we deliberately use lies to conceal our fear and anxiety about life and death…

      mask: v.If you mask your feelings, you deliberately do not show them in your behavior, so that people cannot know what you really feel.Conceal, hide.37 e.g.Dena lit a cigarette, trying to mask her agitation.9.We play the part(s)required by our institutions in order to maintain order, stability and predictability;we participate actively in our own deception!We act in accordance with the requirements of our society so as to keep it orderly, stable and under control.We are conscious of our lies when we use them for such purpose.predictability: noun form of predictable.If you say that an event is predictable, you mean that it is obvious in advance of its occurrence.e.g.This was a predictable reaction, given the bitter hostility between the two countries.10.Security is the result of a social order that has clearly defined rules and rituals and a corpus of necessary lies transmitted from generation to generation that maintain that society.Social safety is derived from the detailed principles, conventions and a collection of lies that are embraced by every generation.corpus: n.A corpus is a large collection of written or spoken texts, usually used for language research.pl.corpora or corpuses

      11.It is the price we pay for our sanity and safety.We live in a world of lies in exchange for a sensible and safe life.sanity: n.If there is sanity in a situation or activity, there is a purpose and a regular pattern, rather than confusion, worry and chaos.e.g.Rafsanjani has been considering various ways of introducing some sanity into the currency market.12.Religion offers security in the form of a god or gods who created the world

      and who guides and protects man if he does what he is told to do, if not, he will be punished by famine, flood, pestilence, failure in life, or an eternity in some kind of Hell.Religion employs a god or gods and assigns them the role of initiating the world.Further, these [deities] direct and protect obedient man.If man doesn‘t obey, he will suffer certain disasters.pestilence: n.Pestilence is any disease that spreads quickly and kills large numbers of people.eternity: n.Eternity is time without an end or a state of existence outside time, especially the state which some people believe they will pass into after they have died.e.g.I have always found the thought of eternity terrifying.13.Myths and tales abound in all religions that explain man, the world and god.Each religion contains many myths and tales that tell stories about man, the world and god.14.If you say the right prayers in the right way and at the right time and in the right place, you have a good chance of being protected by the omnipotent god or gods and of getting what it is you wish in life.If you pray appropriately, you will be protected by a powerful force and receive the very things you want.omnipotent: n.Someone or something that is omnipotent has complete power over things or people.All-powerful.e.g.Doug lived in the shadow of his seemingly omnipotent father.15.God was constructed out of mankind?s need for hope, for purpose, for meaning: an invisible protector and conscientious father.Human beings need hope, purpose and meaning in life, so God was created to serve the role of a protector and father, who cannot be seen, yet is responsible.39

      invisible: a.If you describe something as invisible, you mean that it cannot be seen, for example because it is transparent, hidden, or very small.e.g.The lines were so finely etched as to be invisible from a distance.16.But it is illusion, make believe;there are no gods, just man in nature.But it is just an illusion, a product of our imagination.The truth is that there are no gods, only human beings in the natural world.17.We cannot bear the truth that we are the progeny of thousands of generations of evolution-the result of the random distribution of genetic material that equips us to survive for a time.We will not accept the truth that we are randomly formed by the process of evolution.Confined by our biological nature, we only live temporarily.progeny: n.You can refer to a person's children or to an animal's young as their progeny.(FORMAL)e.g.Davis was never loquacious on the subject of his progeny.18.Such facts deprive us of the illusion of being special, the chosen rulers of the world so we replace them with encouraging lies.We employ encouraging lies to cover the fact that we are not superior to other species and that we are not the chosen citizens of God.19.But the story of evolution is not as dramatic as the intriguing myths about death and resurrection or reincarnation or wonderful visits to Heaven where one meets his God and lives a wonderful life, pain-free, worry-free forever.Compared to the theories of evolution, the stories of religions are more vivid and appealing.These stories elaborate how one dies and comes to life again, goes to heaven to meet God, and thereby lives a life free from pain and worry.40 intrigue: v.If something, especially something strange, intrigues you, it interests you and you want to know more about it.Fascinate.e.g.The novelty of the situation intrigued him.20.…that Catholics like their heritage because it “has great stories.” Stories embody psychological truths and wishes that reassure us…

      The religion-believers like the religious stories because they seem to express the psychological truths and wishes that comfort us…

      reassure: v.If you reassure someone, you say or do things to make them stop worrying about something.e.g.I tried to reassure her, `Don't worry about it.We won't let it happen again.'...She just reassured me that everything was fine.21.Most people want something more consoling than such facts.Mankind must have lies-the bigger the better.Most people prefer lies that soften cruel facts.This is why people need lies.The bigger the lie the larger its potential audience.console: v.If you console someone who is unhappy about something, you try to make them feel more cheerful.e.g.Often they cry, and I have to play the role of a mother, consoling them.22.Lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd.We use lies to conceal such truths as our inevitable death, our shortcomings, our fears, anxieties, and feelings of loneliness,(though outwardly), we present a gregarious demeanor.disguise: v.To disguise something means to hide it or make it appear different so that people will not know about it or will not recognize it.e.g.He made no attempt to disguise his agitation.41 Key to exercises I.Reading Comprehension

      1.All kinds of lies: little lies, big lies, necessary lies, in order to insure social and psychological peace and comfort.2.Human beings are biologically similar to chimpanzees.Therefore, we are not superior to other species.3.Lies comprise our ―reality‖.We consciously choose lies over reality in order to keep our worlds ordered.4.Religion offers human minds security in the form of god or gods, myths and tales.5.Because myths and tales are more vivid and appealing while the truth is cruel.6.Without religion, magic, and the arts man would be in constant fear and anxiety regarding the purpose of his existence and what will happen when he dies.7.Hitler and other tyrants told ―big lies‖ to create their own ―truths‖ about German Aryan supremacy over Jews, Gypsies and others.Bigger lies, sensational lies, are more difficult to doubt.8.Open.II.Vocabulary

      1.mask 2.embodying 3.shield 4.agonizing 5.manipulating 6.disguise 7.perplexed 8.permeates 9.enchanted 10.consoled

      III.Phrases 1.adjusting to 2.gained an advantage over 3.yearning for 4.abound in 5.deprived of 6.by chance 7.points to 8.attend to

      IV.Error Correction 1.Considering the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources that are poured into space exploration.2.Problem solving is a useful in obtaining happiness, but if you know that, given your inability to resolve a particular concern, you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent.3.Knowledge of several languages is essential when studying other majors because without it one can only read books in translation.

      4.There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media.One might reasonably wonder what‘s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.5.People with gray hair are often given discounts without even asking for them;yet,millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy and solvent.V.Cloze:(1)funerals(2)yielded to(3)condolence(4)deceased(5)insisted on(6)abrupt(7)turn out(8)tempting to(9)survivors 43(10)makes sense(11)lie in(12)omnipotence(13)wakes up(14)attend to(15)outgrow

      參考譯文

      謊言

      你也許覺得這個標題很怪,但我希望這篇文章能使你明白這個標題其實不怪。所有的人都時而說謊――小慌,大慌,善意的慌言,為確保社會安寧和心情舒暢非說不可的慌。你也許不愿對身患重病的父母、親戚或小孩講真話,告訴他(她)得了不治之癥,會痛苦地死去。你也許為了顧全面子或者在交際中占上風,對朋友撒謊。商人在貨物的價格和質量上說瞎話蒙騙顧客。推銷員為了說服人們買下興許不需要的東西而扯謊。政府為了維護統(tǒng)治,要使老百姓相信他們的需求正在得到關注、生活安定,而三天兩頭講假話。藝術家們同意畢加索的說法:―藝術是揭示真理的謊言?!瑲v史學家挑選能編進符合他們歷史觀的資料,如果完整的資料無法弄到,便憑空編造。

      你是否想知道自己的癌癥正在迅速擴散,在劇痛折磨下最多只能再活半年?你如何改變這處境?你又能夠做些什么呢?你是否想知道死后生命不復存在?想知道這往往繁復而短暫的世途便是人生的一切嗎?你是否想知道科學與歷史的事實常因某種意圖而被篡改或無視嗎?你是否真想知道沒有任何生理差異能夠表明什么地方的什么民族優(yōu)于(劣于)其他民族嗎?你是否真的想知道人類的DNA有99%和黑猩猩相同嗎?你是否想知道政府和企業(yè)操縱經濟以維持各階層之間的不公平?

      我們都十分明白應該傳播哪些謊言和哪些―事實‖,以維持執(zhí)政者(以及許多市民們)所企望和需求的社會。我們在自己的才智、外貌、做或不做某事的動機等等方面說謊。既然謊話、真話或事實都不是絕對的,所以很容易將它們加工,塑造成合乎我們對現(xiàn)實和真實看法的東西。

      我們不說謊就無法生存。謊言指導我們的日常思想和行動,構成我們的―現(xiàn)實‖。那么,為什么我們就不能實話實說呢?這是因為我們需要用謊言掩飾我們對生死,對許許多多我們不能理解、不能控制事物的恐懼和焦慮。我們像是社會訓練成的好演員,為了維持社會的秩序、穩(wěn)定和前瞻性,扮演社會機構分配給我們的各種角色;我們是在積極地參與自我欺騙!

      有誰能長久生活在一個動蕩不定、難以預測的家庭或社會里?社會秩序,在它明確規(guī)定維持社會所必需的法制、禮節(jié)和代代相傳的那一套謊言以后,會給人以安全感。我們有必要相信,我們能夠信賴他人,我們能夠相當準確地預料他人對我們的言行所作的反應。因此我們遵從我們所屬群體的思想見解、價值觀念和行為方式,接受這個群體的謊言和事實。這是我們?yōu)樽约壕窠∪桶踩堤┒冻龅拇鷥r。我們不能接受這一無可爭辯的事實:我們必將死亡,永遠消失,生命是偶然機遇的產物而已。

      宗教則采用一神或多神的形式給人以安全感。這一神或多神創(chuàng)造了世界,人若遵其意旨行事,便會得到指引和庇護。反之則會受到饑荒、洪水、瘟疫、挫折或在地獄中無盡期受苦等懲罰。解釋人類、世界和神靈的神話故事充斥于每一種宗教。不管這個神被稱為耶穌基督、佛陀、穆罕默德,還是毗瑟挐,內容總是如出一轍:你該這樣做人,你該這樣敬神,這樣才能確保你在這個兇險的世界上安康幸福。如果你在適當?shù)牡胤揭赃m當?shù)姆绞竭M行適當?shù)钠矶\,你就大有希望得到全能的神或諸神的保佑,滿足生平的心愿。如若不然,就會……

      每一種宗教都要求形式各異的捐獻和供奉,以充實其財力,保持其勢力。信徒們從出生時起就受到訓導,對于父母、鄰居、牧師或薩滿教僧或拉比或毛拉要求他們相信的事物篤信并以其教授的方式篤信。比如基督降生和上十字架這樣的神話,圣母無沾成胎的神話,世界各地的神創(chuàng)造天地萬物的神話,洪水滅世的神話等,都對生命的起源與意義作了解釋。然而,這些都是謊言!人類出于對希望、意義、價值的需要而造出了神:一位冥冥之中的保護者和有良心的養(yǎng)育者。但這是幻覺,是虛假的。自然界中沒有神靈,只有人類。我們不能接受我們是經歷千萬代進化的生物的后代――使我們得以存活一時的遺傳物質的偶然配合的產物。人類和黑猩猩的DNA99%以上相同!一切生命互相依存,相互聯(lián)系。這種種事實使我們自以為特殊、是上帝選定的世界統(tǒng)治者的錯誤觀念歸于幻滅,因此我們 45 以謊言替代事實,給自己打氣。

      我們以為自己是唯一能夠思維和交流的生物,但實際上并非如此。一切生物為了生存――結成配偶,保護自身,獲取食物――都會交流思想。生存的基礎是自然選擇――生物適應或改變環(huán)境的能力,不能適應環(huán)境變化的生物就會滅亡,被能夠適應環(huán)境變化的生物取而代之。這一過程根本不需要什么神靈。但是進化論的描述不如宗教神話那樣激動人心。宗教神話令人神往地描述死亡復活、輪回轉世、在天堂里奇妙的游歷,和上帝會面,過上幸福生活,永無痛苦憂慮。這些故事富于感人的魅力。它們給人以希望,一條擺脫這個你爭我奪,一片混亂的真實世界的出路。我們迷醉在神話、環(huán)境和戲劇性事件之中。著名神父安德魯格里利說,天主教教徒喜歡天主教的精神遺產,因為其中―有好多美妙的故事‖。這些故事具體表達了心理真實和愿望,給我們安全感。而事實真相可能是令人心悸的。

      然而,有這么一種對立的說法:假如沒有宗教、巫術、法道,人類就會陷入無窮無盡的恐懼和焦慮之中:他為什么在這兒?死后會發(fā)生什么事情?宗教故事使人類不至于看到真相:他之所以在這兒完全是出于偶然,是數(shù)億個精子中的一個進入卵子的偶發(fā)事件。為什么在此刻進入這個卵子的是這粒精子?純屬偶然。但大多數(shù)人希望能有比這些事實更令人欣慰的說法。人類就是要有謊言――越大越好。越大就越不容易遭到懷疑;誰會相信竟然會有制造這樣彌天大謊的人嗎?希特勒那幫專制暴君深明此理。他們撒下―彌天大謊‖,編造了所謂德國雅利安人比猶太人、吉普賽人以及其他民族優(yōu)越的―事實‖。它一度奏效。人類一向相信各色各樣的謊言和錯誤觀念:巫術,飛碟,鬼魂,輪回轉世,天堂地獄,種族優(yōu)越性,煉金術,煉丹術,等等等等。

      說謊掩蓋了人的必死性,缺陷,恐懼,焦慮,以及在熙熙攘攘的人群中所感到的孤獨。耳熟能詳?shù)闹e言會創(chuàng)造一個較易應付的現(xiàn)實。人渴望從這些謊言中得到安慰。

      (方媛媛譯,參考原載The World of English譯文)

      Text B Cheating Key to Comprehension Questions 1.Academic cheating is epidemic in the country's high schools and colleges.2.Advances in technology have made cheating easier, but a more significant factor is the change in society‘s values, an increasing ambivalence towards cheating and other dishonest behaviors.3.People try to hide academic cheating by using different forms of technology.So technology helps encourage and mask the act of cheating.4.It's fast and quick and allows you to be in total denial about what you're doing.5.(open)6.Now parents are angry at institutions for doing something that might blot their kids' records.They do not care about cheating because they are practicing it themselves.7.Some schools have banned cell phones, cameras and other gadgets during school hours.Honor codes and honor councils have been reinvigorated.And teachers are using technology to turn the tables on cheaters.A number of institutions now rely on turnitin.com.8.To monitor and prevent the act of academic cheating in schools.Text B參考譯文

      堪薩斯州立大學的三年級學生打算孤注一擲了。由于受到哮喘病的困擾,大二時他就是勉勉強強過關,被允許大三試讀一年。而今年,他的政治科已經兩次缺考,如果再得到一次F,就會掛掉此科,不得不停學。而這就意味著他一直期待得到的大學學位隨之泡湯了。他決不能讓這發(fā)生。他選擇了另一條路。

      出生并成長于美國中西部的他熱愛閱讀,并曾在高中的樂團擔任司號。由于曾在學校的信息技術系兼職,他可以進入到教授的在線記分冊。只敲擊了幾個鍵盤,他便將他自己并未參加過的考試加上了通過的成績。然而,他還沒有聰明到

      可以消除一切作弊的蹤跡。很快事情敗露,他被停學,從此負疚不已。

      在2005年這一事件發(fā)生后,他匿名寫信給學校的誠信委員會,聲明―對于我的行為我沒有任何借口或理由‖。他作弊的原因是―我這樣做完全是一時的驚恐造成的‖。

      這個學生和他的教授們都認為這是一場源于一時判斷力失誤的意外,然而可悲的事實卻是:這并不是一次偶然事件。很多證據(jù)表明學業(yè)欺騙在高中和高校十分盛行??纯匆韵聨讉€例子:9個馬里蘭大學商學院學生在會計課考試的時候使用他們的手機接收答案被抓了現(xiàn)行。一個德克薩斯州十多歲的小孩被指控向同學出售偷來的考試答案,據(jù)稱答案是通過鏈接到老師電腦上的解碼工具獲得的。7位堪薩斯州德學生被指抄襲因特網(wǎng)上的論文。

      專家們指出了更多的信息,這些信息大多來自于學生自己。這些信息揭示了作弊的泛濫。去年六月熱爾省大學教授 Donald McCabe 提交給學術誠信中心的報告中指出:60所大學70%的學生承認在前一年作弊過,四分之一的學生承認有過很嚴重的作弊行為,如抄襲別人的答案,使用小抄,或幫助別人作弊。McCabe所調查的高中同樣形式嚴峻:在過去四年被調查的來自全國的18000學生中,70%的來自公立學校的學生承認有過至少一次嚴重的學術作弊行為。十分之六的人有過某種剽竊行為。而私立學校則有差不多一半的學生承認曾經作弊過。

      蓋洛普民意調查證實了這些結果。2003年和2004年對13至17歲學生連續(xù)兩年的調查結果發(fā)現(xiàn):65%的學生認為他們所在的學校存在―相當數(shù)量‖或者說―大規(guī)?!淖鞅住R话氡徽{查學生承認他們曾經以某種形式在考試中作弊過。同樣在2004年,位于洛杉磯的非營利性組織,致力于提升個人和組織道德水平的Josephson道德研究所發(fā)布了對24763名高中學生的問卷調查結果,結果顯示62%的學生承認在考試中作弊。

      作弊并不是什么新鮮事。自從人類有了規(guī)矩,就不斷有人試圖打破它們。然而,研究所的創(chuàng)始人Michael Josephson指出:目前作弊行為的泛濫和囂張令人擔憂。

      Josephson說:―在過去,作弊的人只占少數(shù),他們努力地掩蓋自己的行為,即使是朋友間也不能說。而今天作弊的人占到了大多數(shù),而且對此他們直言不諱。今天如果你問孩子們對作弊的看法,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們認為作弊代表了一種騎士精 48 神,比你的統(tǒng)計結果還要駭人?!?/p>

      堪薩斯州教授Phil Anderson同意這種看法:―我們很多學生持有這種態(tài)度:為了成功我要不惜一切代價。這個觀點十分盛行。‖

      為了成功不惜代價

      Josephson,Anderson以及其他正與作弊行為作斗爭的人士都認為道德的敗壞有兩個驅動力量:一個是科技的進步,特別是因特網(wǎng)和移動電子設備,使得作弊原來越容易。另外一個重要的因素就是充斥現(xiàn)代社會的反面例子:球手們服用興奮劑,經理們篡改數(shù)據(jù),新聞記者們捏造新聞,甚至連老師們都會偽造考試成績好讓學校看起來更體面。這種種現(xiàn)實都傳遞了一個信號:為了讓成功不受威脅,什么都可以不受限制。

      《作弊的文化》作者,David Callahan說:―作弊已經被正?;?。每個人都在這么做。如果你不做,你會覺得自己像笨蛋?!?/p>

      紐約私立學校朋友學院的畢業(yè)班學生Tomas Rua認為是想要成功的壓力使得一些人從很早就開始作弊。

      他說:―你所做的一切無非是為了最大限度地發(fā)掘你的潛能。很多人會使用一切可能的手段去實現(xiàn)目標。大學里瘋狂的事太多了,而從中學開始你就會有所耳聞?!?/p>

      印地安那州埃文斯鎮(zhèn)的北高中畢業(yè)班學生Emily Borerman同樣認為:―每天都可以見到作弊。太多的成功都是不擇手段的?!?/p>

      加利福尼亞州Central Valley的 Turlock高中學生Daniel的態(tài)度是:―如果我想要得到更高的成績,我就會作弊。毫無疑問的??傊兀鎸嵉氖澜缋餅榱说玫礁玫毓ぷ髂憔偷媒弑M所能。‖

      Daniel說他和他的大多數(shù)朋友都會從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上下載材料,考試的時候用短信接收答案,或是在考試的時候使用流行多年了的小抄條。

      他說:―我從七年級就開始作弊,我有進取心,所以常常尋找更好的作弊方法。‖

      Turlock校長Dana Trevethan聲稱Daniel的話記載了一些學生毫無羞恥的態(tài)度。她說:―他是個好孩子,但是很有競爭精神。他的名字中間應該加個割喉者(指非常有競爭精神者)的稱號。‖

      數(shù)碼作弊

      在當今的作弊之風中,很難理解技術扮演的角色。學生涌向在線的論文制作工場,那里可以提供任何題目的文章,而且常常是格式正確,參考書目俱全。他們使用可拍照手機發(fā)送傳輸試卷的圖片。他們的MP3可以保存電子版的筆記。他們的圖表計算器可以儲存解決數(shù)學難題的所需公式。

      朋友學院的英語系主任Maria Fahey指出:―作弊與因特網(wǎng)及即時通訊的匿名性質有關。它們是快捷的,且能容你全盤否認自己所做的事情?!?/p>

      康涅狄格大學教育心理學副教授Jason Stevens將之與現(xiàn)今社會的―抓一把就走‖的文化聯(lián)系起來:―下載音樂或是論文,或是剪切和粘貼句子和段落都和這個文化有關?!?/p>

      對一些人來說,對和錯之間界限模糊不清了。Jonathan Cross, 維吉尼亞州Fairfax縣Robinson 中學畢業(yè)班學生,也同意這個看法。過去人們要是作弊,一般都是兩個鄰座傳遞紙條,或是一個人偷看另外一人的試卷,這是非常明顯的,是赤裸裸的明確的作弊行為。而今人們使用不同形式的技術努力隱藏這個錯誤的行為。

      父母干嘛去了

      技術的進步或許可以解釋當今作弊―如何‖盛行的問題。那么―為什么‖的問題呢?

      Stevens說:―教育已經變成了一個商品,能夠幫助我們得到物質財富和地位,而這兩樣是我們文化中值得褒獎和炫耀的東西。傳遞給青少年的大量信息就是:經濟上的富裕要比成為一個道德高尚的人更加重要和有價值?!?/p>

      Michael Josephson聲稱如果這個觀點占了上風,結果就太過可怕了。他說:―我們正在將下一代訓練成海盜。如果你覺得安然或是Worldcom公司發(fā)生的事情已經夠糟糕了,那么你就等著瞧吧。我們缺少的是正直的憤慨,道德上的義憤,以及一點真實的害怕之情?!?/p>

      教育者們認為還缺少的是父母的聲音。他們太喜歡為孩子們的家庭作業(yè)提供幫助,但是卻不能清楚地教導孩子們遵守規(guī)則的重要性。

      圣地亞哥大學教授Larry Hinman說:―過去20年發(fā)生的一個大的變化是在過去如果學生被抓到作弊,他們會覺得羞辱。他們的父母也會責備他們。而今天,50

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