第一篇：禮貌原則在口譯中的應(yīng)用

Introduction

Along with the trend of economic globalization and cultural diversification, communication among people from different countries and different cultures is more frequent and important.Interpreters are enjoying a constantly improved position in international communication, acting as the bridge which make people of different languages and backgrounds connected.Gradually, more elements should be considered in interpretation, especially keeping the communications smooth by using polite expression.In this case, the study of application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation will bring enlightenment to the future work.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of hard and complex job.Politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it also can be applied into interpretation which can be seen as a special conversation.However, interpretation is a study with a short history, which needs more help from other fields.Nowadays, the study of interpretation is concentrated on language training, interpreting skills, exams and so on.Few people pay attention to the application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Thus, politeness communicative principle in interpretation is so important and deserves more attention.Except for the introduction and conclusion, this thesis is composed of three parts.Part one gives a view of related theories;Part two is main part of the paper, which includes preconditions for using politeness communicative principle and feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle;Part three is the enlightenment to interpretation after the research, including strategies for applying politeness 1

communicative principle in interpretation.2

1.Literature review of interpretation and politeness communicative principle In 1978, English scholars Brown & Levinson wrote an article “Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena”.Soon after that, Leech delivered his six criteria of politeness in 1983.Since then, there are some researches about the two fields of politeness communicative principle and interpretation respectively.1.1 General review of interpretation In order to identify the relationship between interpretation and politeness communicative principle, it is necessary to review related interpretation theory at home and abroad.1.1.1 Definition of interpretation Interpretation is a form of translation, converting one language to anther so that the target language could convey the intended message in source language.Interpretation essentially is “an oral translation of oral discourse”(Gile, 1995: 1)and “ an extempore oral reproduction, in one language of what is said in another language ”(Zhong, 1999: 1).Interpretation is a form of translation in which a first and final rendition in another language is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation of an utterance in a source language(Pochhacker 2004: 11).Compared to translation which is used when the immediate result of the work is a written text, interpretation has its outstanding characteristics as being used when the immediate result is a speech reproduced orally in a language other than that spoken by the original speaker.That is to say, interpretation is a communicative process which faithfully and orally transfer the information from one language to another.3

1.1.2 Type and development of interpretation Interpretation consists of consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation and whispering interpretation, among which consecutive interpretation is the most popular and widely used.In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter listens to a speech segment and then delivers the whole segment in the target language.While in simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter conveys the meaning to the listeners while listening.In whispering interpretation, the interpreter is for speeches with one to two foreign listeners or as accompanying interpreter for your international guests outside the actual event programme.Lacking of historical record makes it difficult to find the exact date when interpretation got into shape.And interpretation came into being and developed gradually when people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other.In the past, there were middlemen, who helped people speaking different languages communicate with each other.They were usually immigrants who knew two or more languages and also called dragoman, but these people were not trained professionally.When people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other more frequently, quick and effective interpretation was in urgent.Interpreter becomes an international profession in the First World War.It is in the Paris Peace Conference interpreters who have been trained professionally to meet the requirements of the conference.After that, interpretation has become a popular profession in the world.4

1.2 An overview of politeness communicative principle theories Politeness as a social phenomenon can be observed in all languages and cultures, and it has long been an important object of study in linguistics.As a common social phenomenon, politeness is not only an universal virtue but also a popular way to realize effective communication.1.2.1 A general view of politeness communicative principle Politeness is an universal phenomenon in society.However, different linguists and scholars give different explanations of politeness.In western countries, Leech says that there exists a set of maxims that guide and constrain the conversation between people, he suggests that cooperative principle should be expanded because Gricean’s cooperative principle can not sufficiently explain why people so often convey meaning indirectly.It is for this reason that politeness principle can be seen not just as another principle to be added to cooperative principle, but as its necessary complement.Leech introduces the politeness principle which runs as follows: Minimize the expression of impolite beliefs, Maximize the expression of polite belief.1.2.2 Politeness theories at home and abroad

Many scholars have made great contribution to the study of politeness theories.Among them, Leech and Gu Yueguo play a significant role, which serves as the foundation of the politeness research for other scholars.Politeness communicative principle is proposed to explain how politeness operates in conversational exchange, which has a series of maxims.Leech defines politeness as forms of behavior that establish and maintain comity.That is the ability of participants in a social interaction 5

to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony.Leech specifies degree of politeness principle which are the means required in a certain situation.(1)The Tact Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other, maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.(2)The Approbation Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other;Maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other.(3)The Generosity Maxim

Minimize the expression of benefit to itself;Maximize the expression of cost to itself.(4)The Modesty Maxim

Minimize the expression of praise of self;Maximize the expression of dispraise of self.(5)The Agreement Maxim

Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other;Maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.(Leech, 1999:20-21)While in China, the real study of politeness principle only began in the 1980s when pragmatics was introduced into China.The most influential figure in this area is Gu Yueguo.He puts forward his own set of politeness maxims in two thesis “Politeness Pragmatics and Culture” and “Politeness phenomena in modern China”.His theory has distinctive characteristics of Chinese culture.He proposed four basic 6

notions: respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and refinement.According to Gu, politeness principle includes five maxims:“Self-denigration and Respecting Maxim, Addressing Maxim, Elegancy Maxim, Conforming Maxim, Virtue, Words and Behavior Maxim.”(Gu, 2005: 10)

1.3 The relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation

Interpretation is understood as the mental process and communicative act of reproducing orally in a target language what a speaker is expressing in a source language.(Zhong, 1999: 1)

From the above explanation, it is easy to find that interpretation is a kind of special conversation.The success of this conversation needs a media of interpreter.During interpretation, interpreters need to cooperate both with the speakers and the listeners, and they also need to control the atmosphere of this conversation and keep the conversation polite.Besides, politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it can be applied into interpretation.So far, there have been some studies related to relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation, especially in recent years.For instance, Guo Yingzhen has published the issue of “Politeness Principle and Interpreting” by analyzing politeness principle and nine types of politeness in interpretation.She says, “ Based on the politeness principle and the experience of the author’s practice during past years, the honorific expressions in the process of interpreting can be divided into and applied to in nine different situations, namely, greetings, request, inquiry, 7

complaint and regret, advice, apology, imperative, and agreement”(Guo, 2004: 15).She tries to encourage readers to use honorific expressions in interpretation so that his or her own interpreting ability could be reflected.Wang Xiaowen discusses the complementarily and contradiction between cooperative principle and politeness principle, she mentions about the importance of politeness communicative principle in interpretation, “As two important theories in the field of pragmatics, Grice’s cooperative principle and Leech’s politeness principle both have great insights on interpreting with latter complimentary to the former.The approbation of the two principles to interpreting can effectively promote the successful cooperation between the two parties of communication.”(Wang, 2006: 18)1.4 Previous studies on interpreter’s subjectivity

With the increasing attention paid on the role of interpreters, the subjectivity of which arouse interest of scholars.Qiu Jixin observes the translator’s subjectivity and its restrictions by introducing thought of foreign scholars and analysis of translation.He says, “As a subject, translators can carry out their subjectivity during the translating process.Yet, the subjectivity must be restricted by certain factors.The two are combined closely with each other.”(Qiu, 2004: 12)Later, Hon Linping and Jiang Siping write complete conclusion on the study of the issue, on the subjectivity studies over the past ten years.They talk about the root, developing stages, some limitations and problems of all the previous researches.In general, just as what they state in the review,“the concept of interpreter’s subjectivity has gained more and more attention in China’s translation 8

study over the last decades.Analyzing the studies of the translator’s subjectivity in China from 1996 to 2005, the scholars explore the positive roles and limitations that the new trend could play in translation, the authors maintain that the translator’s turn will prevail in the 21 century.”(Hon & Jiang, 2006)These people do some research on the interpreter’s subjectivity and leave some evidence for others.Lv Binghua, from the perspective of subjectivity, proposed three norms, self-restriction on expressions and arrangement of message.It is a generalization of the forms of interpreter’s subjectivity from a rather macro perspective.Few scholars concern about the subjectivity of interpreters although the issue of interpreter’s subjectivity has been studied for years.That’s the greatest regret in the study of the issue.2.Feasibility and strategies for interpreters to apply politeness communicative principle in interpreting

From the above analysis of the research conducted by many linguists and interpretation theorists, it is easy to find that politeness communicative principle plays an important role in interpretation.No matter whether politeness communicative principle in western countries or in China, the essence is similar only with different emphasis.This chapter, which is based on the analysis of politeness communicative principle, explains the feasibility for interpreters and explores the instructive function of the politeness communicative principle in interpretation.2.1 Possible steps to deal with subjectivity

When politeness communicative principle is used in interpretation, at least two 9

things should be noticed.Firstly, it is possible to deal with subjectivity when interpret.Secondly, it is possible to apply politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Actually the process of interpreting can be divided into two parts: preparation before real interpretation and the actual interpretation process.“Translation procedure involves far more than step-by-step procedures for producing a translation from a source text.”(Nida, 2004: 131)In the following part, the author will discuss when and how interpreters can manipulate with subjectivity.2.1.1 Preparation before interpreting

It is well-known that enough preparation work is a key factor of a successful interpretation.Many things can be done before interpretation and will be later used.Generally speaking, prepared knowledge includes the glossary items, background knowledge of a certain field, understanding of the speaker’s culture and so on.In order to specify the above statement and make it clear and easy to be understood, the author sets an example in the following part.For example, There is going to be an English speaker talking about technology in clone.Preparation work will be done differently.Interpreter A may know well about clone, he masters all the background information and latest researches in the field.But he has no idea about the speaker except that the speaker is from England.In this situation, interpreter A may prepare in following steps.Firstly, since he knows well about the issue, the preparation of background knowledge may be very simple.Secondly, since the speaker comes from England, which needs to know more 10

about clone in England.Therefore, A should review the clone in England.Thirdly, given that A knows nothing about the speaker, he should seek a way to get familiar with culture and courtesy in England.Last but not least, A should know more about the situation whether in a conference or casual dialogue.Imagine another quite different situation: If interpreter B knows the English speaker very well.However, he knows little about clone, let alone clone in England.In this case, B would seek for different methods to deal with, which is quite different from A.Instead of paying much attention to the background of the speaker, B has to spend much time learning about clone, especially in England.Therefore, he had better read some scientific books and surf the Internet to gain more information about clone.Above all, it is easy to find that different interpreters choose different ways to prepare based on their own conditions though given the same situation.That leads to the possibility of choosing for interpreters in this process.2.1.2 Understanding of original speech Understanding of Original Speech is a vital process during the interpretation.If one can’t grasp the original meaning, he may mislead the intention of the speaker, even worse, spoil the whole conversation.Basil Hatim and Ian Mason once wrote in their book Discourse and the Translator, “The less evaluative the text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more scope there may be for modification.The less culture-bound a text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more 11

space there may be for modification.”(Hatim & Mason,1999: 3)In China, Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s understandings and opinions are always influenced by times, nation, language, history, custom, culture and so on.Thus, the subjectivity of translators is strongly needed because of the differences in these factors in source text, the disparity between source and target language, and the strong demonstration of times, national feature and culture capital in the source text”.(Qi, 2003)In the following, the author would show that interpreters may have different understandings towards the same original sentence.For example, It’s my great honor to be invited as your friend.Interpreter1: 作為朋友收到邀請，我十分榮幸。Interpreter2: 我十分榮幸以朋友的身份收到邀請。

In this case, the emphasis of the interpreter is different.Interpreter 1 strengthens the meaning of “great honor to be invited” with thanks.While interpreter 2 highlights the words “as your friend” to focus on the true friendship.Therefore, the hidden meaning of the sentence is “The friendship between us is precious to me and I really appreciate it”.Both of the understandings are right if the speaker expresses the sentence without the paragraph.Still, differences between two interpreters don’t influence the quality of interpretation.It can be concluded from the above example that one sentence may lead to different understandings and the interpreters can choose their own understanding according to the atmosphere of situation, the context or the relevant information.This clearly proves that interpreters are able to manipulate during the understanding 12

process and sometimes the subjective choosing may even be of great significance.2.1.3 Production of the interpreted version

As Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s subjectivity can be reflected not only from the comprehension of the source language, but also from the choosing ways of expressions.If we put it in another way, production of the translators gradually form their own translation styles, characteristics and features.There is a close relation between them.In a certain period and under certain historical and cultural background, translators form their own thoughts and senses of values, tastes and interests, as well as translation abilities, which are shown in his translation version.”(Qi, 2003)From the translation theory above, it is aware that translator’s subjectivity is what she talks about.It is the same with interpreters,too.Being an excellent interpreter requires abundant interpreting experiences, careful observation and daily practices.The author will give an example to illustrate this point.For example, Shenzhen today is quite different from what she looked like twenty years ago.Version1: 今日的深圳不同于20年前的深圳。

Version2: 今日的深圳比20年前不可同日而語。

When you talk about Shenzhen’s development and her achievement with a foreigner, such a sentence can be seen very often.In a real interpreting case, it is common that both of the translation versions are acceptable, with no mistake or misunderstanding between communicative parties.However, the two versions have obvious difference.Version 2 gives a more brief idea of difference in Shenzhen which 13

strikes the speaker most.While version 1 is close to literal meaning of the original sentence.The two versions have difference in ways of expression and the author believes that it can reflect the interpreter’s characteristics in some degree.Although the original sentence is a kind of praise of Shenzhen’s great development, the sentence itself does not show that Shenzhen becomes stronger or prosperous.It can be predicted that in terms of characteristics, version 2 is more direct than version 1 since he or she wishes to express the intended meaning in an obvious way.2.2 Feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle in interpretation Since it has been proved that politeness communicative principle is one of the principles that should be adopted in our daily conversation.Adopting politeness communicative principle in interpretation will help create harmonious atmosphere and enable the exchange of words and thoughts to be smooth and successful.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of exchanging and talking since two communicative parties cannot communicate directly because of language and culture differences.Thus, an interpreter is needed to exchange words between the two communicative parties, which is a very important job in such kind of indirect interaction.During interpreting, a sense of being polite is badly needed.In this part, the author will talk about the application of politeness communicative principle and set examples to prove the feasibility to interpretation.The process of application of politeness communicative principle can be divided into three different forms, namely choosing of words, choosing of sentences and choosing 14

ways of expressions.2.2.1 Choosing of words Interpreters may have different words that can be used during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose proper words from them.Therefore, interpreters can find the most polite words under the direction of politeness communicative principle.First of all, some words that can help the interpreters are discussed.Firstly, application of model verbs in politeness communicative principle will be discussed.When we choose proper language form to express politely, some appropriate model verbs can make the sentence like an euphemism.In our conversations or dialogues, these model verbs are easy to find here and there, such as “should, shall, would, could”.In order to express the meaning more clearly, the author will set two examples in the following.When we put the model verb “could” ahead in a question sentence, it is a euphemistic expression.For example, “could you tell me about the story?” The word “would” can be used in a euphemistic expression, especially in the request and suggested sentence.For instance,“I would be a shame to disturb your dialogue.” “would you like to pass the book to me ?”and “wouldn’t it be better to stop it right now?” All the sentences above are more polite than those do not use model verb.Secondly, tense of verb deserves our attention.In a sentence, past tense is another way to express request politely, while past continuous tense is more polite than past tense.For instance,“Sorry, I did it again”.This sentence means this is not the first time he made mistake, and the intended meaning of which is he or she really feels 15

regrettable about what he or she does.From above, it can be found that past tense can also express apologize.Thirdly, some words expressing possibility could also express politeness.when we talk something about suggestion, advice and criticism, we could use “maybe” “perhaps” and “possible”.”Possibly” mainly used in a request sentence, if it is used together with model verbs “can” and “could”, it would be more polite.When we give an invitation, suggestion, requirement and criticism, we can use the word “wonder”, because it is also a euphemism.Another example, the word “quite” can be used in the negative sentence to express politeness:“That’s not quite what I said, you know.” Some examples related to the three pairs of maxims will be discussed next.2.2.1.1 Tact maxim and generosity maxim

From the brief introduction of maxim before, it is easy to know that these two maxims are intended to maxim of benefit to others and cost to oneself.The typical case is as followed.“This is a brief introduction brochure of our school”

Version1: 這是我校的宣傳冊。

Version2: 這是美國某大學(xué)的宣傳冊。

According to Tack and Generosity Maxim, it is polite to maximize the listener’s benefit even cost the speaker more.In this situation, since the interpreter is the direct speaker to the Chinese students attending an exhibition, the interpreter has to interpret the complete meaning while maximize benefit for the listener.Based on the given situation, version2 is more proper than version1, not only for 16

sake of better advertisement of the school, but also help the listener leave a deep impression of this school, which is different from other schools they heard before.From this point of view, the choosing of version “美國某大學(xué)” rather than “我?！?realizes the minimization of other’s cost.2.2.1.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.The following is an example:

“我們產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量比你方更好?！?/p>

Version1: Our product’s quality is better than yours.Version2: It seems that our product’s quality is better than yours.In this case, version2 doesn’t maximize praise of listeners and dispraise of him or her.The speaker states the meaning of “better than you”, which is going to cause unhappy feelings to the listeners.2.2.1.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim demand maximization of agreement between oneself and others.An example is as followed:

你同意我的想法嗎？

Not really.Version1: Do you agree with me?

我不同意。

Version2: Do you agree with me?

我們的想法可能有些出入。

This is a kind of “agree-or-not” sentence.Agreement should be given based on the Agreement and Sympathy Maxim.Therefore, when the interpreter chooses the expression “有些出入” instead of “不同意”.The atmosphere is more polite and harmonious.2.2.2 Choosing of sentences

Interpreters may have different sentences that come into mind during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose the most suitable one from them.As a result, interpreters can find the most polite one under the direction of politeness communicative principle.2.2.2.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim Two conclusions can be drawn from these maxims.Firstly, offering is more polite than request in an imperative sentence.Secondly, politeness communicative principle in language can be classified into various degrees because more indirect expressions give listeners more freedom to choose what they want.If a sentence is delivered in a more indirect way, it would be more polite.Example1, Answer the phone.I want you to answer the phone.Will you answer the phone?

Can you answer the phone?

Would you mind answering the phone?

Could you possibly answer the phone?

Example 2, Call a taxi for me.18

I want you to call a taxi for me.Will you call a taxi for me?

Would you mind calling a taxi for me? In each example, the last one is the most polite because it gives the listener more opportunity to refuse.It is successful to minimize the cost to others and maximize benefit to others.More examples can be found at the beginning of a press conference.In order to keep the meeting going quietly, the host would say to the reporter just as “請各位與會人員關(guān)閉手機”.Under this circumstance, interpreters have these choices:“Turn off the cell phone.” “Can you turn off the cell phone?” or “Can I probably ask you to turn off the cell phone?”.Among them, the degree of being polite is deeper and deeper, then the last one is the most polite.In order to show politeness, interpreters usually express ideas in a mild and roundabout way.For example, when disagreeing with somebody, one would say,“I don’t think you are right” rather than“you are wrong”.Another example“You don’t seem to understand” instead of “You don’t know” so directly.2.2.2.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.They contain two aspects and the first is “negative praise” which means saying something good to somebody instead of criticizing others.An example is followed,“Do you like my skirt?” “Well, yes.But it’s not my favorite.” Although B does not like A’s skirt, he expresses his feelings in a polite way.The second type is “exaggerated praise”, which is common in interpretation from Chinese to English

because English speakers like to exaggerate their feelings, while Chinese are more implicit in comparison.Here is an example: after a party, guests coming from China say to the host,“謝謝你的邀請，我們度過了一個愉快的夜晚。” Interpreter can express like this,“Thank you so much for inviting us, we had a wonderful night”.In this version “so much” is an exaggerated word.Another example is, when praising others, one usually addresses in this way, ”What a beautiful house!” or “What a cute boy”.Another example,“你覺得我們有機會合作這個項目么？”

Hopefully, let’s wait and see.Version1: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on the project?

希望可以，讓我們邊走邊看。

Version2: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on this project?

希望能有這個合作機會，讓我們邊走邊看。

Based on Approbation and Modesty Maxim, it is polite for the interpreter to maximize praise of the Chinese party.The Chinese party asks the question about the cooperation possibility in this situation.For some reasons, Without exact comment on the possibility, the foreigner gives an ambiguous answer to the question.Thus, the second version is recommended.2.2.2.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim

These two maxims demand maximization of agreement between oneself and 20

others.English speakers usually express disagreement in this way:“sorry”or“Excuse me”.For instance,A says,“I like these pictures, they are beautiful”.Then B says “Well, I don’t have any eye for beauty, I’m afraid”.From this example, it is easy to see that although B does not agree with A, he does not express that in a direct way, which not only decreases the conflict between them, but also increases the accordance with the speaker.That is to say, in order to make the listener happier, good details should be talked.For instance,“That was the great Oscar for John” and “That was the great news about John”.The first sentence brings more happiness to the listener.On the contrary, when we talk about some sad news, try to say some vague words instead of details.In western culture, the expression of “death” is a typical one.For example,“be asleep in the arms of God”“be taken to paradise and go to heaven”.Another example,“I was sorry to hear about your husband” is more polite than “I was sorry to hear about your husband’s death”.2.2.3 Choosing of expressions

Choosing of expressions means that during interpreting, an interpreter is likely to choose different ways to express the idea.Among these choices, he or she would find the most polite one according to politeness communicative principle, which includes the changing of sentence structure or custom of expression in different languages.The author would illustrate the point in following aspects.2.2.3.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim

Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.21

你看過那份計劃了嗎？

真不好意思，我昨天去看父母了。

Version1: Sorry, I went to visit my parents yesterday.Version2: Sorry, I haven’t seen it though, since I went to visit my parents yesterday.In this situation, the hidden meaning of Chinese speaker is that he hasn’t looked into the proposal yet.According to Chinese culture, the reason is given at first.However, person asks the question in order to know whether the proposal is seen though or not.Thus, in order to show respect to the leader, he or she had better choose the latter one to give the direct answer first and if time permits, giving reasons in a simple way.In this way, the modest attitude of speaker can be clearly reflected and thus gaining opinion of Chinese audience.2.2.3.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.That is all my speech, If you have any question concerning my speech, welcome.Version1: 我的演講完畢，有問題可以問我。

Version2: 我的演講完畢，如有問題，歡迎隨時提問。

The original sentence is a traditional English way of expression with no offence.However, the translated version1 may seem a bit rude to the audience in China.Thus, although violating the literal meaning of the original words, interpreters maybe choose the latter one to show politeness and create a harmonious atmosphere.22

2.2.3.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim

Under the direction of these two maxims, the author will list an example:

Do you agree with our arrangement?

Yes, the transportation and accommodation are great.Version1: 是的，交通和住宿都不錯。

Version2: 安排的很好，尤其是住宿和交通。

In order to be polite, version2 chooses the expression “安排的很好”，which is not heightened in the original words.The change of expression adds the degree of agreement and sounds more agreeable than just saying“是的”.Therefore, the listener will be glad to your interpretation.3 Strategies for applying politeness communicative principle in interpretation

Since a great many researches have been done on the strategies whenever concerning politeness or subjectivity, the author is going to mention three of them simply.There are substitution when the speaker does not mention, treason when the speaker does mention but not polite to the audience and omission to name just a few.3.1 Substitution Interpretation needs substitution sometimes.Since it has already been proved that interpreter is able to cope with subjectivity, substitution cannot be avoided because of different languages, backgrounds, styles and so on.When comes to politeness communicative principle, substitution can be utilized in following: The key point of Tack and Generosity maxims is to reduce the cost of others.In some cases, people are not willing to talk about death, disease, body part and so on.23

Instead, they would use indirect words replacing them.For instance, “big C” stands for “cancer” “mentally handicapped” replaces “retarded”, “psychiatric hospital” rather than “mental hospital”.Concerning about unemployment, they would use the words: “unwaged, between jobs”.It’s good for one to try hard to agree with others,if not that matters, and it is the key issue of Agreement and Sympathy maxims.When one agrees with the other but he or she omits the words like “yes” or “sure” and directly continue the topic.On such occasions, it is greater if the interpreter say like “of course” or “definitely” to emphasize the agreement.Substitution can be found quite often in opening and end of speeches, informal lectures and interviews, which allows to establish harmonious atmosphere without influencing the content or final result.3.2 Treason In some occasions, if we translate the sentences literary, it would cause misunderstanding due to different cultural backgrounds.As bridge of communication, it is interpreter’s responsibility to promote better interactions, even sometimes not being loyalty to the original words.In order to maximize praise of others and minimize praise to oneself, interpreters may sometimes behave modest on behalf of the speaker.Such kind of situation can be found when communicative parties come from different cultural backgrounds.For instance, the Westerners tend to be direct while Chinese are used to behave modest.It is the guest speaker’s or sometimes interpreter’s responsibility to use words or concept of the host speakers and that can also be regarded as a kind of agreement to 24

the host party and its custom for sake of offering more agreement to others.Situations exist when parties hold different opinions toward one issue or when slip of tongue occurs.Interpreters should be pay attention to this strategy, be loyalty to the original words and pass on the meaning to the listeners.3.3 Omission Facing with difficulties in interpretation, omission is one of the strategies most often applied.Omission concludes deletion of words, phrases, sentences or even a paragraph.Here is an example: Please turn to page 20, maybe 22.let me see, yes, 25.Version1:請翻到書的20頁，也許是22頁，讓我看看，第25頁。

Version2:請翻到書的第25頁。

It costs a lot for the audience to hear page 20, 22and 25 getting themselves busy in turning to pages that are not certain.Thus, it is wise and polite for the interpreter to slip to the final page which is quite certain, or else it will cause a confusing situation.However, this strategy is not proper in all conditions.When comes to important content, no random omission is allowed.Conclusion

Through this paper, the author draws the conclusion that it is very important and feasible to use politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Therefore, when interpreters understand preconditions of the principle and adopt related interpretation strategies, the interpreted version would be better.Since interpreters are already aware of the importance to be polite and feasibility to subjectivity.Besides, some possible ways to deal with subjectivity, interpretation strategies under the direction of politeness communicative principle are are listed in the paper.It is conductive to the improvement of the quality of interpretation and the development of interpreters themselves.Since this paper is done with the aid of many reference books and some papers, there may exist weakness and limitations during the process.Besides, there are causes that actually lead to these limitations: Firstly, as a college student, it is unlikely for the author to get in touch with interpreters in everyday life;Secondly, not doing or observing enough interpreting practice, it is impossible for the author to collect a large number of materials and cover all the areas.Finally, the author has little experience in interpretation, which causes the big trouble to perfect the paper.As a result, based on the materials available and current condition, the author tries best to make the paper reliable.The author hopes that the future researches can spare more efforts in the following aspects.Firstly, researches may collect as much materials as they can through all possible channels in future.If time permits, such kind of collection may 26

produce a more reliable research than this one.Secondly, there is no space and time left for strategies and suggestions.The author just lists three of them to name just a few.It is the hope of the author that future researcher can lay more emphasis on the strategy part to make this research more complete and systematic.Bibliography Brown.P &Levinson, S.Universals in Language Usage [J].Shanghai: Shanghai

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Press, 1995.Grice, H.P.Logic and Conversation [J].New York: Academic Press, 1975.Hatim, B.&Mason, I.Discourse and Translator [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Education Press, 2001.Nida, E.A.Language, Culture and Translating [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Education Press, 2004.Pochhacker.F.Introducing Interpreting Studies [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Education Press, 2004.Zhong Shukong.A Practical Handbook of Interpretation [M].Beijing: Beijing

External Translation Press, 2001.顧曰國.跨文化交際 [M].北京: 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社, 2005.郭英珍.語用中的禮貌原則與口譯的敬體形式 [J].華北水利水電學(xué)報, 2004(2).侯林平, 姜泗平.我國近十年來譯者主體性研究的回顧與反思 [J].山東科技大

學(xué)學(xué)報, 2006(3).利奇.語義學(xué) [M].上海: 上海外語教育出版社, 1996.呂炳華.譯者主體性的體現(xiàn).[J] 山東外語外貿(mào)大學(xué)學(xué)報, 2005(1).戚偉燕.譯者主體性的體現(xiàn)和強弱.[J] 杭州電子工業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)報.2004(1).裘姬新.譯者主體性及其制約因素 [J].河南科技大學(xué)學(xué)報, 2004(1).28

王曉雯.合作、禮貌原則與口譯 [J].安徽冶金科技職業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)報.2006(2).29

第二篇：會議口譯中技巧的應(yīng)用

會議口譯中技巧的應(yīng)用

摘要：針對翻譯工作者和口譯人員來說，會議中所涉及的翻譯工作具有較強的挑戰(zhàn)性。會議口譯中口譯人員該具備何種能力，已不停留于中英語知識或者口譯技能上。會議中，由于不少內(nèi)容均為現(xiàn)場發(fā)揮，為達(dá)到理想的氣氛，口譯工作者往往還需掌握非語言知識、應(yīng)變能力以及較高的職業(yè)素養(yǎng)等。換而言之，口譯人員在會議中應(yīng)學(xué)會巧妙使用翻譯技巧，不斷融入會議氛圍，從而保證整個會議、翻譯的優(yōu)質(zhì)完成。

關(guān)鍵詞：會議口譯；技巧；應(yīng)用

會議口譯，屬于跨語言、涉及多種文化的交流職業(yè)，位于口譯領(lǐng)域的高端。通常，會議口譯表現(xiàn)為交替、同聲傳譯兩種基本模式?？谧g聽解過程中，譯員有必要集中注意力去聽取，用自己的思維對源語予以加工，強調(diào)意義并抓住信息的著手點，從而有序完成記憶、表達(dá)等各項任務(wù)。傾聽時，還應(yīng)積極調(diào)用個人的百科、情景以及專業(yè)等“非語言知識”。對非語言知識的掌握程度會從很大程度上影響口譯的準(zhǔn)確性和流暢性，一名合格的口譯員需要具有優(yōu)秀的語言能力和相當(dāng)?shù)膶I(yè)知識背景。

一、順句驅(qū)動

和同聲傳譯相比，會議交替?zhèn)髯g的要求相對較低。盡管譯者無需立即翻譯出源語言，但時間上也相對較為緊迫。區(qū)別于筆譯工作者，會議交替?zhèn)髯g沒有太多的時間去分析原材料，必須在約定的時間內(nèi)予以翻譯。基于此，會議交替?zhèn)髯g并不需要譯者對原文進行100%的翻譯，而是涉及大概內(nèi)容、傳達(dá)出正確的信息便可。也正因為這樣，口譯工作中往往使用順句驅(qū)動法，這也是口譯人員有必要掌握的一項技巧。

很顯然，順句驅(qū)動也就是根據(jù)源語言中不同語句所出現(xiàn)的順序，對原文依次進行翻譯。中英文在語言上存在不少差異，口譯人員通過該種翻譯法很難對原文進行全面把握。不過，鑒于口譯工作的時效性要求較高，該方法能為譯員節(jié)省更多的時間，減輕工作強度，改善翻譯效率。以賴斯演講為例，我們這里對順句驅(qū)動做初步分析。

例句：Different nations will find ways to express democratic values that reflect their own cultures and their own ways of life.通過上面提及的順句驅(qū)動法，我們可做出如下翻譯：“在不同的國家，人們的民主意識、文化背景和生活方式均會存在差異?！?/p>

二、斷句

針對譯者，若要正確把握順句驅(qū)動，第一步就必須學(xué)會如何斷句，懂得怎樣抓好復(fù)雜句子內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的不同信息點。學(xué)會了斷句，我們自然可以掌握順句驅(qū)動。英語語言中有很多繁瑣的長句，怎樣斷句，這是很多中國學(xué)生面臨的難題，對譯員的語言功底也是極大地考驗。不過，這里所說的斷句并不是純粹以斷句為目的，而是要服務(wù)于口譯的需要，講究合理、合適性，以便對某些冗雜的英文句子進行翻譯。

若中英信息在表達(dá)方式、主要內(nèi)容上十分接近，則可不采用斷句方法，該種情況較為少見。不同的語言或多或少會存在差異，譯者在漢語翻譯中會看到很多長句，這就必須熟練應(yīng)用斷句技巧?；诖?，譯者第一步應(yīng)對講話內(nèi)容予以認(rèn)真傾聽，腦海中對所有長句及其關(guān)鍵信息點進行賺取；根據(jù)聽到的順序逐次予以翻譯。正因為差異的客觀性，翻譯時譯者還有必要對句子做出調(diào)整或者是修補。這里仍以賴斯的講話為例，其中有這么一句：Democracy is the most realistic way for diverse peoples to resolve all differences，and share power，and heal social divisions without violence or repression.很明顯，上述為英語長句。我們在翻譯前，有必要進行斷句，并得到最終結(jié)果：民主具有較高的有效性，能夠?qū)θ罕姞幎擞枰越鉀Q、實現(xiàn)權(quán)利共享，消除社會上存在的分歧。

三、重復(fù)

漢語文學(xué)中，很多人會借助重復(fù)的手法對句子氣勢予以渲染。相對來說，英文文學(xué)中則幾乎不會使用該種手法，有時甚至是刻意禁止的。朱自清家所執(zhí)筆的散文《匆匆》中，“匆匆”的出現(xiàn)頻率高達(dá)5次，其目的是為了渲染氣氛。漢語更注重意合，其句子、詞匯的結(jié)構(gòu)可以背重復(fù)，特別是在禮儀場合。而英語則重形合，若反復(fù)出現(xiàn)肯定會臃腫，我們在翻譯時有必要關(guān)注重點。

由于不同文體間存在差異，有時重復(fù)手法也很有必要。就比如下列句型：Worse than?Worse than?Or perhaps worse than...。在政治文體文中，適當(dāng)用重復(fù)和反問的語氣有助于增強氣勢。從某種層面上看，中英文中均適用于重復(fù)手法。因此，上述句子也可理解為：“會比...更糟糕么？還會比...更糟糕么？或者比...更糟糕嗎？”

四、轉(zhuǎn)譯

顧名思義，語言翻譯中經(jīng)常會使用轉(zhuǎn)譯這一技巧，它在很多翻譯形式中也較常出現(xiàn)。會議交替?zhèn)髯g同樣如此，必然會使用該種翻譯方法。全面地使用轉(zhuǎn)譯，有助于維持譯文的通暢性，讓譯文變得更具可讀性。不過，轉(zhuǎn)譯的界定較為寬泛，一般可分成詞性和邏輯轉(zhuǎn)換，以及句式調(diào)整等形式。為便于讀者更好地分析，這里我們將以此舉例分析。

（一）詞性轉(zhuǎn)換

例句1：The problem is that too many peaceful human rights activists，and journalists，and bloggers are sitting in prison for actions that should not be considered crimes in any country.翻譯：問題在于：越來越多熱衷和平、倡導(dǎo)人權(quán)的記者、民主人士以及博主紛紛入獄，但這些人身上的罪在所有民主國家均難以立足。該句話的翻譯，將peaceful當(dāng)成動詞，釋義為熱愛和平。

（二）句式調(diào)整

例句2：The reason is that America desires no permanent enemies that we can imagine a better relationship with North Korea，and we are working to build it through the Six Party Talks.翻譯：美國不想結(jié)交長久的敵人，我們希望借助六方會談構(gòu)建更加和諧的美朝關(guān)系。在對該句話進行翻譯時，我們會對語序進行調(diào)整和翻譯。

（三）邏輯轉(zhuǎn)換

例句3：The main problem for democracy in the Middle East hasn’t been that people are not ready for it.The problem is that there are violent forces of reaction that cannot be allowed to triumph.翻譯：中東地區(qū)所面臨的民主問題在于：戰(zhàn)勝不了的武力反抗分子依然存在，而并不是人們未做足準(zhǔn)備。上句中，顯然是邏輯被成功轉(zhuǎn)換再進行翻譯的。

五、增補

我們都知道，中文強調(diào)意合，句中不同的意群、成分均有著某種緊密的聯(lián)系。很多情況下，中文都不需要使用連接詞或者介詞，其句子形式相對而言較松弛。英語則強調(diào)形合，句子的不同意群或者成分結(jié)合均有必要借助連接詞或者介詞予以實現(xiàn)。也正是如此，英語形式要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)很多。不過，中英文句式上存在的差異，必然需要譯者在兩種語言互譯中學(xué)會增補。特別是英文譯為中文時，更需使用增補方法。看如下例句：Worse than the tyranny of Saddam Hussein at the heart of the Middle East，who terrified his neighbors and whose legacy is the bodies of 300，000 innocent people that he left in unmarked mass graves？

根據(jù)上下文，我們可巧妙地予以增補。這里我們可將原文譯為：伊拉克作為中東中心，被薩達(dá)姆專制政權(quán)所占領(lǐng)；他威懾他人人民，并對30余萬名群眾予以殺害，形成了很多無名墳?zāi)?，還有什么比這更糟糕？需要注意的是，增譯法的存在并不是無中生有，也不是憑空添加原文當(dāng)中本沒有的意義，雖然在增譯的部分當(dāng)中是無法從原文當(dāng)中找到相對應(yīng)的詞語的，但由于其目的是要表達(dá)原文的信息，或者將翻譯的內(nèi)容更符合譯入語的表達(dá)風(fēng)格，增譯的現(xiàn)象是非有不可的。

六、省略

有增補，自然也會出現(xiàn)省略?？谧g期間，省略可以說無法避免。原因在于：人的處理能力相對有限，口譯現(xiàn)場肯定會受到噪音等因素限制，譯員想要徹底聽取原文并將其傳送給給譯入語聽眾，難度很大，而且完全形式上的對應(yīng)往往不符合譯入語聽眾的語言習(xí)慣，會使翻譯內(nèi)容生硬，翻譯腔明顯。大量的口譯實踐表明，省略極為普遍，哪些情況下需用到省略？

例句：No，ladies and gentlemen，the past order in the Middle East is nothing to extol，but it does not make the challenges of the present less difficult.這里，我們可將句子做如下翻譯：不，女士和先生們，以往的中東不具有稱頌價值，我們當(dāng)下遭遇的挑戰(zhàn)也讓人堪憂。句子中，“past order”等詞可不予翻譯。

在這個句子當(dāng)中我們不難看出，實際上減譯法在句子當(dāng)中很難體現(xiàn)得很清楚，因為減譯的目的就是為了讓語言更加流暢和自然。

七、結(jié)語

本文站在會議口譯的角度上，探討口譯過程中技巧應(yīng)用的重要性，例如關(guān)于增補和省略的實用性，以及通過舉出事例，令人們意識到增譯與減譯的重要性。在世界一體化進程中，不同領(lǐng)域之間的合作仍在增加。很多國際會議或者是國際活動，要求大量的翻譯人才，尤其是口譯人才，但提出的要求也愈來愈高。該類會議中，會議交替?zhèn)髯g可謂是占主導(dǎo)地位之一的翻譯形式。會議口譯過程中，譯者有必要結(jié)合實際選擇相應(yīng)的翻譯技能，將發(fā)言人的句子流暢、準(zhǔn)確地呈現(xiàn)給聽眾，正所謂“運用之妙，存乎一心”，個人能力與素養(yǎng)的逐步提升，則是通過加強練習(xí)、學(xué)習(xí)和實踐習(xí)得的。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]何其莘.管窺同聲傳譯中的一些技巧[J].上海外國語大學(xué)學(xué)報，2009（12）.[2]劉宓慶.同聲傳譯中的反譯與順譯[J].齊齊哈爾大學(xué)學(xué)報，2010（11）.[3]蘇沖.淺析中英會議傳譯技巧――以賴斯在2008世界經(jīng)濟達(dá)沃斯年會開幕式上的發(fā)言為例[J].青年文學(xué)家，2014（1）.作者簡介：王少興，對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學(xué)英語學(xué)院在職人員高級課程研修班學(xué)員。

第三篇：兩性言語交際中禮貌原則的應(yīng)用

摘要: 本文根據(jù)Leech所提出的禮貌原則對男女兩性言語交際行為進行了分析, 旨在提高人們對性別言語差異的認(rèn)識, 使兩性能得體地進行交際。關(guān)鍵詞: 禮貌原則;男女兩性;言語交際

禮貌是人類社會生活中一項具有道德和倫理意義的行為準(zhǔn)則, 是人類文明的標(biāo)志。因此,自古以來一直極受推崇。在語言活動中, 遵循禮貌原則是實行合作性會話的重要方面, 它對于人與人之間能否實現(xiàn)溝通起著重要的作用。男女兩性在社會中扮演不同的角色, 不論是哪一個國家,哪一種文化, 人們對男女的社會期望(social expectation)是不同的, 因此男女在言語交際中的表現(xiàn)也有很大的差異。

一、有關(guān)禮貌原則的研究

禮貌作為一種社會現(xiàn)象一直受到人們的關(guān)注。很早以前, 人們就從社會學(xué)、心理學(xué)、倫理學(xué)和文化學(xué)等諸多方面進行了深入研究, 但關(guān)于禮貌的語言問題研究卻始于20世紀(jì)50年代美國學(xué)者戈夫曼(E.Goffman)的面子行為理論(the theory of facework)。接著英國學(xué)者布郎(P.B rown)和萊文森(S.Levison)在1987年發(fā)表了一篇題為語言應(yīng)用的普遍現(xiàn)象: 禮貌現(xiàn)象(Unversals in Language U sage: Politeness Phenomena)的文章, 第一次對禮貌、面子等問題作了系統(tǒng)的探討。他們認(rèn)為: 禮貌就是

典型人(Mode l Person)為滿足面子需求所采取的各種理性行為。人的言語行為本質(zhì)上都是一些所謂威脅面子的行為(face threaten ing acts), 講究禮貌就是要減輕某些交際行為給面子帶來的威脅。人一般有積極面子需求和消極面子需求。80年代, 英國語言學(xué)家利奇(G.Leech)從語用學(xué)和人際修辭的角度對交際活動中的禮貌原則進行了新的歸納和分類。Leech的禮貌原則通過說話人和聽話人之間損益的動態(tài)變化來體現(xiàn)兩者之間的禮貌互動格局, 主要由六條策略準(zhǔn)則組成, 分別是得體準(zhǔn)則(Tact Maxim)、寬宏準(zhǔn)則(Generosity Maxim)、表揚準(zhǔn)則(Approbation Maxim)、謙虛準(zhǔn)則(Modesty Maxim)、求同準(zhǔn)則(Agreement Maxim)和同情準(zhǔn)則(Sympathy Maxim)。Leech的禮貌原則在整個語言界引起了很大的反響。我國語言學(xué)學(xué)者如劉潤清(1987)、顧曰國(1992)、徐盛恒(1992)、何恒幸(1994)等, 也對禮貌問題作了適合于中國文化的理論研究, 他們對利奇的禮貌原則提出了改進意見, 各自有了一些新穎的提法, 其中較有影響的是顧曰國提出的貶已尊人準(zhǔn)則和稱呼原則。本文正是在Leech所提出的六條準(zhǔn)則的基礎(chǔ)上對兩性言語行為加以討論的。

二、兩性言語行為中禮貌原則的遵守與違反

(一)得體準(zhǔn)則和寬宏準(zhǔn)則(Tact Maxim &Generosity Maxim)得體準(zhǔn)則指的是盡量減少對他人的損失, 盡量增大對他人的利益;而寬宏準(zhǔn)則是指盡量減少 對自己的利益, 盡量增大自己的損失。得體準(zhǔn)則和寬宏準(zhǔn)則是言語交際中概括性很高的會話原則, 也是語用學(xué)的重要準(zhǔn)則, 它要求雙方言語交際必須盡量多為他人著想。體現(xiàn)在言語里, 就是必須真實、恰如其分, 不言過其實, 從而使交際能順利進行并獲得最佳效果。得體準(zhǔn)則和寬宏準(zhǔn)則受交際對象、交際者的語言修養(yǎng)、交際的具體情境、社會文化規(guī)范等因素的制約。女性在交談中語氣委婉、客氣, 如在建議別人做某事時她們不用生硬的祈使句, 而用情態(tài)動詞、一般疑問句和反意疑問句等來使語氣變得柔和。例如她們常常使用

Would you mind taking the heavy bag for me? Open the door for me, could you? 等語句。男性正好相反, 更多使用祈使句表示命令的語氣, 如Lie down!Don’t move!Sit right here!等多出于男性之口。這樣的例子在文學(xué)作品中也很常見, 例如在Jane Eyre的第十三章中就有這樣一個例子: “Ah!That pricks pride.Well, fetch me your portfolio, if you can vouch for its contents being original;but don t' pass your word un less you are certain: I can recognize patchwork。” “Then I will say nothing, and you shall judge for yourself, sir.” I brought the portfolio from the library.“Approach the table” said he;and I wheeled it to h is couch.Adle and Mrs.Fair fax drew near to see the picture.“No crowding,” said M r.Rochester: “ take the drawing from my hand as I finish with them;but don’t push your faces up to me.”(Bront?.C, 1999: 115)在這段文字中Mr.Rochester向Jane詢問她的受教育情況, 并且想看她的畫, 他完全違反了得體和寬宏準(zhǔn)則采用了命令的語氣。而Jane為了維持對話則盡可能地表現(xiàn)出含蓄與委婉。當(dāng)然在這個例子中男女主人公的不同表現(xiàn)除了與他們的性別有關(guān)外, 還與他們所處的階級地位有關(guān)。綜上所述, 男性在很多情況下違背得體準(zhǔn)則和寬宏準(zhǔn)則;女性則盡可能地遵守它們。(二)表揚準(zhǔn)則(Approbation Maxim)表揚準(zhǔn)則指的是盡量減少對他人的貶低, 盡量增大對他人的贊譽。兩性比較而言, 女性喜歡使用恭維語。在日常語交際中, 女性善于較頻繁地使用恭維語來表達(dá)對他人的積極評價、羨慕、鼓勵、欣賞和感激等, 以滿足對方正面面子的需求,同時也較多地受到別人的恭維, 特別是在服飾, 外貌方面。男性受到的恭維較少, 而且受到的恭維多來自工作方面。如我們在生活中能發(fā)現(xiàn)以下的例子: 一群婦女在餐館吃飯, 有一位陌生的男士走到桌邊對其中一個女士說:

我一直在注意你, 你的微笑太美了, 使整間餐館都為之生輝。說完這些話, 這位男士離開了餐館, 消失了。那位受恭維的女士會很樂于接受;反過來如果是一位女士走向陌生的男士恭維他的笑容, 卻是完全令人無法想象和接受的。Homles(1988)分析了484 件恭維的個案, 發(fā)現(xiàn)其中51% 的女人互相恭維, 9% 是男人互相恭維, 23.1%是男人恭維女人, 16.5% 是女人恭維男人。由此可見, 女人比男人更遵守表揚準(zhǔn)則。(三)謙虛準(zhǔn)則(Modesty Maxim)謙虛準(zhǔn)則指的是盡量減少對自己的贊譽, 盡量增大對自己的貶低。女性比男性更遵守謙虛準(zhǔn)則。這一點可在漢語的降格稱呼的使用上找到例證。降格稱呼是指新婚夫婦一旦有了孩子, 在稱呼上就要降格, 即降到孩子的角度去稱呼他人, 如稱呼自己的父母往往用爺爺、奶奶(這在江浙一帶很普遍), 稱呼自己的兄弟姐妹用伯伯、舅舅、姑姑等;稱呼同事用叔叔、阿姨(在孩子在場的情況下)。這種降格稱呼是顧曰國教授總結(jié)的貶已尊人準(zhǔn)則和稱呼原則的體現(xiàn)(顧曰國, 1992), 更多見于女性的稱呼語中。實際上, 以貶已達(dá)到尊人的禮貌目的, 是漢文 化禮貌中最突出的特點。由于歷史、社會、宗教、心理等方方面面的原因, 女性的社會地位仍低于男性, 降格稱呼法和古時候女子的自謙語諸如奴婢、臣妾等一樣無不體現(xiàn)了女性用貶已來達(dá)到表示禮貌的目的。在英語中男女交際活動也能看到應(yīng)用謙虛準(zhǔn)則的例子。我們還是以Jane Eyre 中的一段材料為例, “Have you read much? ” “Only such books as came in my way;and they have no t been numerous or very learned.”(115)(Bron?t C., 1999: 115)在這個例子中Rochester問Jane是否讀過很多書, Jane回答既不“ numerous”也不“ very learned”。實際上, Jane 是通過盡量減少對自己的贊譽, 盡量增大對自己的貶低來表達(dá)對顧主的尊敬和禮貌。

(四)求同準(zhǔn)則(AgreementMax im)求同準(zhǔn)則指的是盡量減少與他人的不同意見, 盡量增大與他人的相同意見。女性在交談中常表現(xiàn)出溫柔、耐心, 喜他人之喜, 憂他人之憂, 避免矛盾和敵意, 以求交際雙方的心理平衡。相反,男性常表現(xiàn)出對立、自信、有競爭力。因此, 女性總是傾向于遵守求同準(zhǔn)則, 而男性則更傾向于違背求同準(zhǔn)則。具體表現(xiàn)在以下兩個方面;

1、談話角色轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則的遵守。女性在交談中表現(xiàn)得比較合作, 通常是大家輪流講, 人人都有說話的機會,很少發(fā)生個別人長時間占據(jù)發(fā)言權(quán)的情況。開始講話時, 女性傾向于明確提及前面別人已經(jīng)說過的, 并盡量將自己要說的與之相聯(lián)系, 比較注意保持交談的連貫與順暢。因此, 她們往往會圍繞同一個話題談上較長時間, 話題轉(zhuǎn)換較為緩慢。說話過程中女性比較注意聽者的反應(yīng)與參與, 交談中的女性會很自然地找到生活中各種各樣的共聚點;與此相反, 男性不斷轉(zhuǎn)換自己感興趣的話 題、打斷他人的話題、控制話題, 這些行為表現(xiàn)出男性希望自己的言行能引起別人的注意和重視,以表明自己的權(quán)威。

2、表明自己不同觀點的方式。當(dāng)自己的觀點與他人不同時, 女性傾向于迂回地表明自己的不同看法甚至委屈自己遷就他人, 而男性往往直截了當(dāng)提出不同想法。如在下面的一段對話中: Mary: H ere is a nice sofa.Tom: Yes, it is.But it is too expensive, too.Its' $ 489.99.That’s almost 500 dollars.Mary: I know.Bu t I guess good furniture is always expensive.Tom: No, not very much.Mary: I don 't either.Oh, Tom, how do you like this chair? Tom: Yes, but that’s too expensive.Mary: Do you like this one? It s' on sale.It s' only $ 199.99.Tom: How much is it? Mary: Never mind the price.Do you like it? Tom: But 很顯然這對男女在買沙發(fā)的問題上有不同的看法。Mary喜歡漂亮的沙發(fā), 而Tom更喜歡便宜的沙發(fā)。每一次Mary做出選擇時, Tom 都表示不同意, 而無論Tom 說什么Mary都表示同意。這一對話充分表現(xiàn)出男女對求同準(zhǔn)則的遵守和違反傾向。(五)同情準(zhǔn)則(Sympathy Maxim)同情準(zhǔn)則是指減少雙方反感, 盡量增加雙方同情。男女雙方在對這一準(zhǔn)則的遵守與違反上也表現(xiàn)出極大的差異。我們以禁忌語為例, 在一般情況下禁忌語和詛咒語的使用會引起他人反感。男性常常違背同情準(zhǔn)則使用damn, fuck, bull shit,這樣的禁忌語。女性通常本能地回避污穢的語言, 喜歡用精煉、含蓄、間接語言來表達(dá), 如oh,dear, goodness等。下面的話語發(fā)生在家庭里:A1: Oh, dear, you v'e put the peanu t butter in the refrigerator.A2: Shit, you v'e put the peanut butter in there frigerator.顯然, A1是出自妻子之口, 她在抱怨犯錯誤的丈夫;而A2則是丈夫抱怨妻子的。漢語中也是

如此。女性在抱怨自己運氣不好的時候常常會說

天啦!我怎么這倒霉!, 男性則會說

他媽的!老子真倒霉!。同情準(zhǔn)則下的男女差異還表現(xiàn)在對他人的話語產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)方面。女性一般耐心傾聽他人說話,常與說話者產(chǎn)生共鳴, 對他人遇到的困難或麻煩產(chǎn)生同情并能給予安慰。而男性卻很少表現(xiàn)出同情, 他們往往以困難的解決者的身份自居, 向?qū)Ψ街甘之嬆_。如: A: 我昨天自行車丟了。B1: 真的呀!你是怎么丟的? B2: 是嗎? 你應(yīng)該把它鎖好的。

B3、哎喲, 真的嗎? 太可惜了, 我上個星期也丟了自行車, 當(dāng)時我也很煩。B4: 真的啊!不過別太難過了, 舊的不去, 新的不來。

B1和B2多半出于男性之口, B3和B4 回答則更可能來自于女性。

三、結(jié)語

總之, 會話是最常見的交際行為, 禮貌保證了言語交際的順利進行。了解男女對禮貌規(guī)則運用中的性別差異, 能夠幫助交際者針對不同的交際對象, 把握好交際中禮貌的度, 使男女兩性都能得體地進行人際交往。參考文獻(xiàn): [1] Bronte.C.Jane Eyre.北京: 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社, 1999.[2] Brow n, P& S.Levinson, Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.[3] Holmes, J.Paying comments: A Sex – preferred Positive.Politeness strategy [J].Journal of Pragmatics.1988,(12).[4] Leech.G.Principle of Pragmatics [M].New York: Longman Inc, 1983.[5]顧曰國.禮貌、語用與文化[J].外語教學(xué)與研究, 1992,(4): 11-17.[6]何兆熊.新編語用學(xué)概要[M].上海: 上海外語教育出版社, 2000.[7]冉永平& 何自然.語用與認(rèn)知[M].北京: 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社, 2001.[8]熊學(xué)亮& 劉國輝.也談禮貌原則[J].四川外語學(xué)院學(xué)報, 2002,(3): 60-62.

第四篇：口譯中禮貌用語和稱呼語的跨文化交際差異

一、口譯中禮貌用語的跨文化交際差異：

對于同中國人交往的外國人來說，要弄清楚漢語的禮貌語言也是夠麻煩的了。究其原因就是英語中很少使用謙詞與敬語。下級給上級寫信，可能客氣一點，但也沒有很多特別的謙詞與敬語。不必考慮對方的年齡、頭銜、地位等。下面是漢、英之間的一些例子：

1、漢語中常用的套語

劉師傅---Master...令郎---one’s son

丫頭---one’s daughter

高見---a good idea 貴姓---Your name

久仰大名---I’ve heard a lot about you 哪里，哪里。---Thank you.大作---one’s book/article,etc.府上---your home;the place you are from 耽誤您的時間了。---Thank you for your time.慚愧，慚愧！---I’m flattered.I’m very much honored.2、寒暄語

您好！吃了嗎？——Hi!/ Hello!/ How have you been?

上哪兒去啊？——How are you? / How are you doing?

It’s a nice day, isn’t it ?

回頭見?！猄ee you later / soon.好久不見了。——I haven’t seen you for a long time.Long time no

see.How have you been for these days?

請隨便?！狟e at home,please.請留步。慢走。走好。慢點騎?！猅ake care.不見不散?！狟e there,or be square.We won’t leave until we see each other,shall we?

3、問候

辛苦了?！猋ou’ve had such a hard time.Thank you for your time.你一定很累了?！猋ou must be very tired / exhausted.辛苦了，先生?！?Did you have a)Hard time,sir?

4、客套用語

勞駕。借光。請問?！狤xcuse me./ Can you help me?

愿意效勞。——It’s my(a)pleasure.請便。——Please yourself.您（老）先走。女士優(yōu)先?！狝fter you./ Ladies first.里面請?！猈elcome./ Come in,please.請隨便?！狟e at home,please.請自己動手?！狧elp yourself to...還有比如“這是我應(yīng)該做的?！边@句漢語通常表達(dá)的含義是客套、客氣；英文則應(yīng)該表達(dá)的是某人的工作、義務(wù)，非做不可。這句話中英結(jié)構(gòu)、表達(dá)形式都類似，但實際含義則差異很大。如果翻譯成“It’s my duty.”顯然不合理，應(yīng)該翻譯成：It’s a(my)pleasure.造成中西方禮貌語言差異的原因與中西方文化背景、道德觀、價值觀等方面的不同有密切聯(lián)系，如果把一種文化中的語言使用規(guī)則直接搬到另一種文化中去，則往往會造成誤會甚至沖突。中國人與西方

人使用禮貌語言有明顯的區(qū)別，主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：

A.從不同角度反映客觀事實；

B.從不同的方面體現(xiàn)說話人與聽話人的關(guān)系； C.用不同手段表示自己的意圖。

二、口譯中稱呼語的跨文化交際差異

（一）姓名稱呼

在英漢兩種語言中都可以使用全稱來稱呼對方，但是值得一提的是由于在漢語文化中直呼其姓名很多時候都會被認(rèn)為是不禮貌的現(xiàn)象。在兩種語言中直呼其名的現(xiàn)象也是共同存在的。例如：“李曉梅”可稱“曉梅”，“Mary Lee”可稱“Mary”。漢語中多用于比較熟悉的人之間體現(xiàn)一種彼此間的親密關(guān)系。但是在英語中直呼其名是很常見的稱呼方式，無論身份地位、親疏關(guān)系、年齡長幼都可以直呼其名，這在中國文化中是難以接受的。在西方人看來這卻體現(xiàn)了彼此間平等、友好、融洽的關(guān)系。英語中還可以直呼其姓，這在漢語中是沒有的現(xiàn)象，漢語中更習(xí)慣在姓氏前加上“老”表（示年長、見識廣博和具有豐富經(jīng)驗）或“小”來表示對被稱呼者的尊敬。這正是中國文化中尊老愛幼思想的體現(xiàn)，而這也是在英語中沒有的現(xiàn)象，你決不會看到用 “l(fā)ittle／old Smith”來對被稱呼著表示尊敬，相反“old＇＇在英語中涉及比較敏感的年齡問題．通常會給被稱呼者造成“年老無用”的感覺

（二）親屬稱呼

漢語受到傳統(tǒng)的民族文化的影響，按照宗親和姻親血緣關(guān)系及長幼順序，對親屬稱呼進行了嚴(yán)格劃分，以表示親屬之間的親疏關(guān)系。

在英語中則恰恰相反，西方人更多地體現(xiàn)了追求自由和平等的人文觀

念，因此英語中的親屬稱呼顯得簡單而且籠統(tǒng)化，往往一個英語中的稱呼語要對應(yīng)好幾個漢語中的稱呼語。１．宗親和姻親親屬關(guān)系

中國傳統(tǒng)文化中“男尊女卑”的思想突出，講究父系傳宗接代的正統(tǒng)血緣關(guān)系。具體體現(xiàn)在父系親屬（宗親）和母系親屬姻（親）都各自具有不同的稱呼語。在漢語中，父系親屬的祖輩稱呼“祖父（爺爺）”“祖母（奶奶）”。母系則稱“外祖父（外公）”“外祖母

（外婆）”，母系親屬明顯多一個“外”字，同樣講究這種父系正統(tǒng)思想的稱呼有“堂兄（哥）／堂姐／堂弟／堂妹（父系同輩親屬）孫‘子／孫女孫（輩）”，分別對應(yīng)母系的“表兄（哥）／表姐／表弟／表妹母（系同輩親屬）”和“外孫，外孫女（孫輩）”。此外，漢語還包括對祖父母、外祖父母兄弟姐妹及其配偶的稱呼（如“伯祖父／伯祖母（父系）”“叔祖父／叔祖母（父系）

舅‘公／舅婆 母（系）”等）、父母兄弟姐妹的稱呼（如父系稱呼伯父一伯母，叔叔一嬸嬸，姑姑一姑父；母系稱呼舅舅一舅媽。姨媽一姨父）等。在西方國家，沒有這種傳統(tǒng)的守舊思想，并且大家族的血緣關(guān)系觀念也比較模糊，因此在英語中這類稱呼就顯得比較簡單．通常是一個英語稱呼語對應(yīng)幾個漢語稱呼語。如： “祖父?外‘祖父”都叫 ｇｒａｎｄｐａ； “祖母”“外祖母”都叫ｇｒａｎｄｍａ；“伯父”“叔叔”“舅舅”“姑父”“姨父”都稱為ｕｎｃｌｅ：“伯母”“嬸嬸”“舅媽”“姑姑”“姨媽”都稱為 ａｕｎｔ；“堂兄（哥）／堂姐／堂弟／堂妹”以及“表兄（哥）／表姐／表弟／表妹”用cousin一詞表示即可。

2、中國文化中講究長幼尊卑，西方文化中提倡人生來平等。

在英語中，親屬稱呼與名字結(jié)合可以用來稱呼長輩，比如“Uncle Sam”、“Aunt Rose＇’“Father Smith”、“Sister Linda”等。即使是兩兄弟，也更多的是叫名字。這在中國文化中簡直是難以想象的，漢語親屬稱呼屬于敘述式，精細(xì)、具體、復(fù)雜，英語中哥哥和弟弟都用brother 英語稱呼語中的表現(xiàn)就是稱呼語顯得較為簡單自由。頂 多在前面加上“old(elder)／little(younger)”來表示長幼，但是它卻沒法區(qū)分“大哥和二哥?二‘姐和三姐”等。(三)職業(yè)、職位及職稱稱呼差異

漢語中一般可以將職位職稱直接用于稱呼當(dāng)中，一般的方式為“姓+職位／職稱”。就職業(yè)上來講，老師、醫(yī)生、護士、工程師、律師等在人們心目中比較高尚或者被人們稱之為“白領(lǐng)”的職業(yè)可以采用這種稱呼方式，如：張老師、王醫(yī)生等，值得一提的是，像工程師這樣的名稱較長的職業(yè)，人們一般習(xí)慣用簡化的方式進行稱呼，如：李工。另外，某些職業(yè)還可以和親屬稱呼結(jié)合構(gòu)成稱呼語，如：警察叔叔、解放軍叔叔、司機大哥、護士阿姨等等。就職位上來講，一般是高職位才會用于這種稱呼，特別是管理者，如：王經(jīng)理、劉局長、李總等，而且在稱呼副職的時候常常將“副”字去掉以表示對被稱呼方的尊敬，如直接稱呼“李副局長”為“李局長”。就職稱上來講，一般只有“教授”一詞用來作稱呼比較常見，如：李教授、王教授 英語中除了“doctor”“president”“mayor”“judge”“ professor”“manager” 等少數(shù)幾個職位職稱詞用于稱呼外，一般少用這類詞表

示稱呼，通常情況下是在姓氏前面加上Mr．／Mrs．／Miss／Ms．表示對對方的尊敬，并且在稍微熟悉之后就直呼其名了，這似乎在漢語中是很少見的。而西方國家的人如果在聽到“Teacher Smith，Manager Liu，Engineer Zhang，Boss Yang等稱呼時也同樣會覺得不可理解。

第五篇：《人際交往,禮貌應(yīng)用》活動策劃

《人際交往，禮貌應(yīng)用》活動策劃

【活動背景】

講文明、有禮貌、重禮儀是個人內(nèi)在修養(yǎng)的表現(xiàn)，也是他們將來走向社會人際交往的必備素質(zhì)。但現(xiàn)在許多學(xué)生細(xì)節(jié)行為上卻不注意，沒有意識到文明禮貌其實在細(xì)節(jié)上，在生活中的時時處處。禮貌關(guān)乎個人，也關(guān)系到民族、國家形象。

【活動目的】

通過本次主題班會使同學(xué)們認(rèn)識自己的行為習(xí)慣，意識到文明禮儀的重要性，并在生活與學(xué)習(xí)中不斷學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)用和改進，講文明，知禮儀的好學(xué)生，為和諧校園的創(chuàng)建盡一份力。

【活動時間】2010年5月16日

【活動地點】城建405教室

【參與人員】建裝0901班全體學(xué)生

【活動形式】詩歌朗誦、小品、相聲、小游戲、自由發(fā)言、活動、唱歌

【活動準(zhǔn)備】

1、提前布置主題班會內(nèi)容，選出二位主持人，主持人準(zhǔn)備好講稿，叫同學(xué)們查閱有關(guān)文明禮儀的相關(guān)知識。

2、叫同學(xué)們結(jié)合校園中文明與不文明的現(xiàn)象做好發(fā)言準(zhǔn)備，說明班會基本的流程，并把全班分成兩個小組。

3、制定游戲規(guī)則，排練小品、朗誦。

【活動流程】

一、團支書宣布活動開始

二、主持人宣布班會開始，引入主題

1、詩歌朗誦《微笑》

2、小品/相聲

3、最牛的廣告語。

4、最美得廣告語

5、妙猜禮貌用語

三、總結(jié)

他們的事例給了我們什么啟示？

在生活中我們應(yīng)該怎么做，才能讓我們周圍充滿和諧、愉快？ 除了微笑，除了積極主動，除了內(nèi)心謙和，要使生活更美好，我們還應(yīng)該怎么做？

四、主持人小結(jié)：

五、當(dāng)一回小作家

1、為社會創(chuàng)作幾個公益廣告詞。

2、寫幾首關(guān)于文明禮貌的小詩。

3、推選出我班的文明禮貌口號。

六、結(jié)束

中華民族是禮儀之邦，傳統(tǒng)美德應(yīng)該發(fā)揚。讓我們從點滴做起，讓我們從現(xiàn)在做起，注意自己的語言和行動，革除丑惡陋習(xí)，塑造良好形象，用實際行動告訴大家：文明禮儀就在我們身邊。相信，只要你我共同努力，文明禮儀之花一定會將我們的生活裝點得燦爛輝煌，香滿校園。

活動到此結(jié)束。

本班文明形象大使選舉（備用）

選出我班的禮儀形象大使

在我們身邊也有許多在平時表現(xiàn)文明禮貌的同學(xué)。今天就來做個小小的調(diào)查，讓我們從言行舉止上塑造文明中學(xué)生的良好形象。從班里的同學(xué)中，選出一男一女作為我們班的文明大使，來發(fā)揚我班最top的文明與修養(yǎng)~?。?/p>

大家用小紙條寫好后，交到小組長那里，然后小組長統(tǒng)計好后，交到計票員手里。讓我們來看看我們的形象大使。

建裝0901班團支部

2010年5月14日