第一篇:關(guān)于英語新詞的構(gòu)成方式和翻譯技巧論文
文獻(xiàn)綜述
新詞的定義
新事物,新現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)要求人們用新的詞語來描述。一般來說,新詞是在口語或者書面語中,用來描述反應(yīng)新事物新現(xiàn)象,表意明確,易于交際的詞語。新詞具有時(shí)間性和限制性。從時(shí)間上看,必須是在近期內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的。從范圍上看,它必須是被權(quán)威英語詞典吸收到詞典中來的詞語。還有一些舊詞隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展被賦予了新的含義也被看做新詞。
我們一般采用neologism一詞來表達(dá)新詞的這一概念。權(quán)威詞典對新詞做出如下解釋① a new word or a new meaning for an established word;② the use of , or the practice of creating , new words or new meanings for estab-lished words.英語新詞的構(gòu)成方式
英語新詞的構(gòu)成途徑很多,本章擬對英語新詞新語的構(gòu)成進(jìn)行全方位的梳理,歸納出四種最為常見的類型的構(gòu)詞法,即傳統(tǒng)構(gòu)詞法、舊詞衍生新義、吸收外來詞和創(chuàng)造新詞。
傳統(tǒng)構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)成的新詞
傳統(tǒng)構(gòu)詞法是英語新詞新語的主要來源,英語中的大部分新詞新語是通過這一途徑形成的。
1.合成法(Composition / Compounding)合成法也叫組合法,是英語最為普遍,簡單和常見的構(gòu)詞法,它通常有兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的詞按照一定的順序連接起來,構(gòu)成新的詞語。按照這種方式構(gòu)成的詞叫做復(fù)合詞。復(fù)合詞在英語新詞中占有最大的比例。它具有靈活性和變化性。合成詞可以是名詞,形容詞和動(dòng)詞。合成詞中的詞干可以寫在一起,可以用連字符連接,也可以分開寫。帶有連字符的合成詞體現(xiàn)了英語新詞構(gòu)成的趨勢。當(dāng)人們找不到準(zhǔn)確的單詞來表達(dá)他們的想法的時(shí)候,就把一個(gè)詞組中的 幾個(gè)單詞甚至一個(gè)句子中的單詞用連字符連起來。這是新聞?dòng)浾吆屯ㄋ鬃骷页S玫姆椒āT诖蟊娒襟w中我們經(jīng)常碰到像這樣表達(dá)的合成詞:它通常包含兩個(gè)以上的詞干,實(shí)際上他們本來是自由詞組,只是用連字符連了起來,形成了一個(gè)單位。使得語言簡明扼要。
如。。
2.拼綴法(Blending)
拼綴法實(shí)際上是截短法(clipping)和合成法(composition)的組
合,即對原有的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞進(jìn)行剪裁,取舍其中的首部或
尾部,或保持一個(gè)詞的原形取另一個(gè)詞或兩個(gè)詞的一部分組成一
個(gè)新詞新語。這是一種混合構(gòu)詞法,它所構(gòu)成的新詞生動(dòng)、簡潔,因而已成為當(dāng)代英語中經(jīng)常使用的一種構(gòu)詞手段。例如~切mber
第二篇:科技翻譯論文英語知識(shí)論文翻譯方法與技巧論文
科技翻譯論文英語知識(shí)論文翻譯方法與技巧論文科技翻譯論文英語知識(shí)論文翻譯方法與技巧論文
談科技翻譯中英語知識(shí)特點(diǎn)
摘要:隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和國防建設(shè)的發(fā)展,科技翻譯在科研、實(shí)驗(yàn)、設(shè)計(jì)、加工、科技信息和科技管理中充當(dāng)著日益重要的角色,因此提高科技翻譯能力是很有必要的。本文從翻譯學(xué)習(xí)的角度闡述了科技翻譯中英語知識(shí)特點(diǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:科技翻譯 英語知識(shí) 翻譯方法與技巧
從明末清初的科技翻譯至今,人們對科技翻譯的需求越來越大。這個(gè)“信息爆炸”的時(shí)代,無論是高校的科技教學(xué)與交流,還是社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的科技創(chuàng)新和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,都離不開科技翻譯。翻譯的方法、樣式、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和風(fēng)格無不與時(shí)俱進(jìn)。但是科技翻譯中英語知識(shí)特點(diǎn)是不變的。
一個(gè)翻譯人員,如果他的外語達(dá)不到他母語水平的60%-70%,就很難勝任有關(guān)的翻譯工作。一篇科技文章中其實(shí)只有少量自己特定的東西,大多背景和術(shù)語都是差不多的。真正著手時(shí)翻譯人員會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有想象得那么難。一個(gè)文科出身的翻譯人員,如果不能從事工程技術(shù)等翻譯工作,并不是因?yàn)槭芪目茖I(yè)的限制,而是其本身的功力不夠。是否具有扎實(shí)的英語知識(shí)是影響科技翻譯的決定性因素??萍挤g幾乎涵蓋了所有理工常見的學(xué)科、專業(yè)和行業(yè),而且是一種跨文化和地域的交流活動(dòng)。這些特征決定了翻譯人員只有具備較高的英語知識(shí)技能水平,才能提高雙語對比知識(shí)及運(yùn)用的能力,進(jìn)而拓展更有廣度的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)面和培養(yǎng)思維轉(zhuǎn)換應(yīng)變能力。所以,要真正提高科技翻譯水平,必須了解科技翻譯中英語知識(shí)特點(diǎn),努力在實(shí)踐中提高自己的科技翻譯水平。
一、英語詞匯
科技翻譯中的英語詞匯要注意到詞匯量和專業(yè)術(shù)語這兩個(gè)方面。詞匯量少,望文生義會(huì)導(dǎo)致把握詞語的準(zhǔn)確度差且錯(cuò)詞率高??萍甲髌分?,不同的專業(yè)有不同的專業(yè)術(shù)語,不能隨意改換,所以科技翻譯人員除了要掌握原語和譯入語的基本技能以外,還應(yīng)熟悉所翻譯的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的技術(shù)術(shù)語,在翻譯時(shí)盡量使用這些術(shù)語,特別是針對一些概念性詞匯。比如,在同一篇科技譯文中,科技名詞、專業(yè)術(shù)語務(wù)求統(tǒng)一,原則上還必須采用國家自然科學(xué)出版機(jī)構(gòu)的詞典或者其他有關(guān)政府部門規(guī)范所規(guī)定的名詞術(shù)語。對于詞匯的翻譯,有三方面的影響因素。首先,許多科技詞匯是通過構(gòu)詞法而來,對其詞義的推敲便離不開詞素的語義語境,所以,了解英語構(gòu)詞法對我們準(zhǔn)確理解科技術(shù)語詞義和翻譯科技術(shù)語是有幫助的。此外,周圍詞和所在句及所在段落影響一個(gè)詞的詞義,該詞詞義的確切含義通常需要從其詞語語義語境、句子語境或段落語義語境中獲取。如原文:science and technological advances are enabling us comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.譯為:科技進(jìn)步正在使我們能夠探索宇宙的邊陲。這里的reach不應(yīng)該為原意“到達(dá)”,根據(jù)語境引申為“邊陲”。再次,大量科技新成果的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致大量科技新詞的產(chǎn)生。遇到新詞時(shí),有必要請教專業(yè)人員或查閱相關(guān)工具。
二、造句
科技文章的造句也講究文采,這種文采體現(xiàn)在:長句的邏輯性、表達(dá)客觀和描述練達(dá)。這也是準(zhǔn)確、規(guī)范達(dá)意并及時(shí)有效的翻譯不可或缺的途徑。把握好句子的文采不僅節(jié)省讀者看原文時(shí)拆解長句的時(shí)間,而且使他們得以專心致志地研讀原文的技術(shù)內(nèi)涵,快速進(jìn)入閱讀狀況。反之,如果翻譯還得讓讀者去揣摩核對原文和譯文,就違背了我們科技文獻(xiàn)翻譯的初衷。
1、大量使用長而復(fù)雜的句子是科技文章的一大特點(diǎn)。漢語長句與英語長句在結(jié)構(gòu)上不同,漢語句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較松散,主句與從句之間缺乏應(yīng)有的連結(jié),但意義的連貫、起、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合一般都隱含在字里行間;而英語長旬的脈絡(luò)比較清楚,很容易從形式上加以判斷。因此,翻譯長句的基本要點(diǎn)是如何組織句子,翻譯時(shí)要避免翻譯為英語的流水句和復(fù)雜句。
如:pure science is primarily concemed with the development of theories and the establishment of the relations between the phenomena of the universe.譯文:理論科學(xué)的主要任務(wù)是發(fā)展理論,建立宇宙間各種現(xiàn)象之間的關(guān)系。
分析:這里把英語名詞development和establishment轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動(dòng)詞“發(fā)展”和“建立”。雙語的靈活轉(zhuǎn)換
增強(qiáng)了譯文的準(zhǔn)確性和流暢度。
2、科技文章中“非人稱主語+人稱主語使用的動(dòng)詞謂語”的現(xiàn)象由客觀性決定,所以翻譯時(shí)少用人稱主語,而多用非人稱主語。
3、為使科技翻譯避免表達(dá)臃腫,句意不清,應(yīng)該在充分、正確理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上,努力使譯文做到言簡意賅。
如:in my personal opinion。we must listen to and think overin a punctilious manner each and every suggestion that is offer to us.這樣的譯文應(yīng)改寫為:we must consider each suggestion carefully.分析:listen to and think over和in a punctilious manner可以分別概括為簡單的詞避免冗長,listen to and think over和eachand every同義詞可以并列,every suggestionthatis offerto us中offer隱含給別人的suggestion,可以替換。
三、語法
如果在語法結(jié)構(gòu)、句型方面不了解中文和英文兩種語言表達(dá)上的差異,會(huì)造成譯文的錯(cuò)誤。掌握數(shù)量、時(shí)態(tài)、照應(yīng)和句子成分等基本的語法,利于對原文作出正確的理解,從而提高譯文的質(zhì)量??萍挤g的語法特點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)在:使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)及名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。在對原理、規(guī)律、性質(zhì)、特征、科學(xué)結(jié)論、調(diào)查結(jié)果和試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)等客觀真理和科學(xué)事實(shí)的描述時(shí),需要采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。翻譯中要根據(jù)具體情況選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài),體現(xiàn)科技文獻(xiàn)的客觀性;使用被動(dòng)語態(tài),為避免采用第一、二人稱或施事者為主語而造成的主觀臆斷,被動(dòng)語態(tài)在科技文獻(xiàn)中大量使用也使句子意思表達(dá)清晰,結(jié)構(gòu)簡潔,客觀性強(qiáng)。如“必須注意這臺(tái)機(jī)器的功能”可以譯為被動(dòng)句attention must be paid to the function of the machine;采用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)減少主觀色彩,用名詞作為語句的表述主體可以有助于科技英語描述客觀世界,客觀地表達(dá)技術(shù)、學(xué)術(shù)、專業(yè)的內(nèi)容,體現(xiàn)研究者或表達(dá)者的客觀態(tài)度。一般名詞作主語被名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)代替,可改變句型和動(dòng)作行為的表達(dá)方式,由表示動(dòng)作變?yōu)楸硎緺顟B(tài)、特征或事實(shí),因而增加表述的客觀性。如“this experience removed any magnetism there was in london”中的magnetism就要比 “l(fā)ondon was less magnetic”中的形容詞magnetic更精準(zhǔn)。
四、語篇
語篇,從語言建構(gòu)功能來看,是不能分割、具有相對獨(dú)立性且能夠單獨(dú)處理的連貫語言片斷。翻譯實(shí)踐也證明,那種字對字、旬對句的觀念束縛了譯者的大局觀,致使譯文組織松散,表達(dá)不力,削弱了譯文的可讀性,給譯文留下許多遺憾。
如加拿大翻譯理論家delisle(1988:10)曾說“翻譯的過程充滿了艱辛,因?yàn)樵闹幸呀?jīng)明示的內(nèi)容以及只是隱含的內(nèi)容都必須在目標(biāo)語中再現(xiàn)”。每個(gè)概念段都有一個(gè)核心以及與之相應(yīng)的附屬成分,核心與附屬成分邏輯關(guān)系明確。科技文體的邏輯性、信息性很強(qiáng),較有規(guī)律性。歸納出其中規(guī)律,對這種邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行突出,避免信息傳遞時(shí)附屬信息對核心信息的干擾,以提高了譯文的可讀性,有助于讀者更好地把握作者欲言。
五、修辭
一般我們習(xí)慣于將修辭與文學(xué)聯(lián)系在一起,認(rèn)為修辭是傳遞美學(xué)信息的。但是科技寫作和翻譯與修辭的手法是有聯(lián)系的。修辭從本質(zhì)上說是抽象的思維物質(zhì)符號化的一種外在直觀的表達(dá)形式,而借助語符和修辭手法可以將人們有關(guān)科學(xué)的思維物質(zhì)符號化。恰當(dāng)?shù)奈捏w和修辭手法會(huì)使科學(xué)的思維和理念展現(xiàn)得準(zhǔn)確、簡潔有效。
科技論文寫作和翻譯的修辭是以符合科技論文的要求、以某種程度上有別于文學(xué)作品的修辭形式把科學(xué)的思維和理念組織、表述和展示出來,使科學(xué)的邏輯思維用與之相配的修辭形式,清晰簡潔地在譯文中得以重現(xiàn)??萍嘉牡姆g研究范圍內(nèi)的修辭是在內(nèi)容上和表達(dá)上偏重于煉字鍛句、明確流暢,在形式和結(jié)構(gòu)上偏重于平勻縝密、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)妥貼。它以在傳遞科技信息方面以有效地發(fā)揮語言的交際功能為要旨,有別于文學(xué)體裁中一般概念的美學(xué)修辭。科技文章大多用概念、判斷、推理等方法說明需要解決的問題具有極強(qiáng)的邏輯性。
六、科技翻譯原文涉及的各個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域
翻譯人員通常被稱作是“萬金油”,特別是科技人員,他們的專業(yè)是無法固定的,說不定遇到什么課題和談話內(nèi)容。所以說翻譯人員的知識(shí)面越寬,就越有助于發(fā)展。眾所周知,嚴(yán)復(fù)提出的“信、達(dá)、雅”的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但就科技翻譯而言,最重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是準(zhǔn)確、客觀、規(guī)范、簡練地表達(dá)原文??萍挤g中一般強(qiáng)調(diào)“信”的重要性,指的就是科技翻譯工作者加強(qiáng)專業(yè)學(xué)科的學(xué)習(xí)以及親身深入科技實(shí)踐,使科技翻譯做到準(zhǔn)。
缺乏文化背景知識(shí),就會(huì)引起知識(shí)運(yùn)用面狹窄、譯文可接受性差,所以,專業(yè)知識(shí)是影響科技翻譯的重要因素。多數(shù)科技翻譯工作者為高校的外語專業(yè)畢業(yè)生,對科技的翻譯專業(yè)知識(shí)生疏,因此,應(yīng)該盡可能地加入企業(yè)和單位生產(chǎn)和科技實(shí)踐,接受潛移默化的技術(shù)熏陶,以熟悉每一道工序、流程、技術(shù)難點(diǎn)、專業(yè)行話等等。實(shí)際情況不允許他花上一兩年時(shí)間去熟悉資料背景的情況下,也可以找?guī)妆拘再|(zhì)類似的資料,盡可能地了解有關(guān)技術(shù)內(nèi)容與文體特點(diǎn);查閱專業(yè)工具書和用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對信息進(jìn)行分類檢索義;向?qū)<一蜃髡哒埥痰?。走上工作崗位以后,則可能涉及到機(jī)械、化工、外貿(mào)等多專業(yè)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域。要求我們不僅要有扎實(shí)的外語及本族語語言功底,不斷擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面,并且盡可能多地掌握各科技領(lǐng)域?qū)I(yè)詞匯及縮略語等。
七、結(jié)語
翻譯界常聞的譯事三難,具體到科技英語漢譯就是:英語理解難,漢語表達(dá)難,專業(yè)知識(shí)能力要求高。本文對科技翻譯中英語知識(shí)特點(diǎn)的一般性討論,有助于翻譯實(shí)踐之前正確地定位自己,使自己進(jìn)入角色,在實(shí)踐中改善和提高。
The translation of scientific English translation skills and methods of knowledge in science and technology translation in English translation skills and methods of the knowledge On the characteristics of English knowledge in science and technology translation Abstract: with the development of the national economy and national defense construction, technical translation plays an increasingly important role in scientific research, experiment, design, processing, information technology and scientific management, so improve the ability of translation is necessary.In this paper, from the perspective of translation study English knowledge in science and technology translation.Keywords: translation of scientific English translation skills and methods Since the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty's translation of science and technology, the demand for the translation of science and technology is more and more big.The “information explosion” era, both teaching and communication of science and Technology University, or the social economic and technological innovation and economic development, all cannot do without science and technology translation.Methods of translation, style, standard and style are keeping pace with the times.But the knowledge of English translation of science and technology is invariant features.A translator, if his language is not up to his native level 60%-70%, it is difficult to do the translation work.A scientific article actually only a small amount of their specific things, mostly background and terminology are similar.The real start when translators will find not so difficult to imagine.A liberal arts background of translators, if not engaged in engineering technology and other translation work, not because of liberal arts professional restrictions, but its lack of skill.Have solid knowledge of English is a decisive factor in influencing the translation of science and technology.Translation covers almost all science and engineering disciplines, the common professional and industry, but also is a kind of cross culture and regional exchange activities.These characteristics determine the translator must have high level of English knowledge and skills, to improve the ability of bilingual contrastive knowledge and application of knowledge structure, and to further expand the scope of more and thinking transformation strain capacity.So, to improve the level of science and technology translation, must understand the English knowledge in science and technology translation, and strive to improve their level of science and technology in translation practice.One, the English Vocabulary Translation of scientific English vocabulary should pay attention to vocabulary and terminology of these two aspects.Vocabulary, take the words too literally can lead to grasp the word accuracy and high rate of wrong words.Science and technology works, different professional terminology is different, can not arbitrarily change, so technology translators in addition to master basic skills of source language and target language, technical terms should also be familiar with the translation of the professional field, use as far as possible in the translation of these terms, especially for some conceptual vocabulary.For example, in the same piece of technology in the translation, terminology, terminology to unification, in principle must also terms stipulated by the National Natural Science Publishers dictionary or other relevant government departments to standardize the.For the translation of words, there are three factors.First of all, many scientific vocabulary by means of word formation, semantic context, the meaning of study cannot do without or so, understand English word formation for us to understand scientific meaning and translation of technical terms is helpful.In addition, the surrounding words and the sentences and paragraphs of the meaning of a word, the exact meaning of the word is usually obtained from the semantic context, semantic context in the sentence context or paragraph.Such as the original: Science and technological advances are enabling us comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.translated as: scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.Here reach should not be willing to “reach”, according to the context meaning “border”.Once again, the emergence of a
large number of new achievements in science and technology leads to the generation of a large number of science and technology of new words.In a word, it is necessary to consult a professional or related tools.Two, make sentences
A technical articles also pay attention to literary grace, this literary grace is reflected in: long logic, expression and description of objective particulars.This is accurate, the indispensable means to regulate feelings and timely and effective translation.A good grasp of the sentence will not only save the reader time dismantling sentences see the text, but also make their technical content to devote oneself heart and soul to read text, quickly enter the reading situation.Conversely, if the translation is to let readers try to check the original translation, is against our original intention of science and technology literature translation.1, use a lot of long and complex sentences is a major characteristic of scientific articles.Chinese English and English long sentences differ in structure, the Chinese sentence structure is loose, a lack of connection between the main clause and the clause, but the significance of coherence, play, bearing, rotating, and generally implied in between the lines;while the English long, context clear, easily from the form to be judged.Therefore, the basic point is how to organize the sentence translation of long sentences, translation should be avoided for the English translation of flowing water sentence and complex sentence.Such as: pure science is primarily concemed with the development of theories and the establishment of the relations between the phenomena of the universe.Translation: the main task of scientific theory is the development theory, establishes the relationship between the universe phenomena.Analysis: the English noun development and establishment into the establishment of Chinese verb “development” and “".Flexible conversion bilingual and enhance the accuracy and fluency of translation.2, scientific articles ”impersonal subject + person subject using the verb predicate“ phenomenon from objective decision, so the translation is less personal subject, and more impersonal accustomed to rhetoric is in connection with literature, that rhetoric is conveying aesthetic information.But the scientific writing and translation and rhetoric techniques are linked.Rhetoric is essentially a form of external expression of thinking matter abstract symbols of intuitive, and with the help of language symbols and rhetoric can connect people thinking about science of material symbols.Proper style and rhetoric makes scientific thinking and ideas show was accurate, simple and effective.Technical writing and translation of rhetoric is to meet the requirements of scientific papers, to a certain degree has rhetorical form different from literary works of the scientific thinking and idea of organization, representation and display, make the scientific logical thinking with the rhetoric form with the match, clarity and simplicity in translation to reproduce.EST translation study within the scope of rhetoric is in the content and expression of emphasis on diction forging sentence, clear and smooth, in the form and structure of emphasis on homogeneous careful, rigorous.It takes in the transfer of scientific and technological information in order to effectively play the function of language communication as the essence of aesthetic rhetoric, there is different from the general concept of literature.Scientific articles mostly use concept, judgment, reasoning that need to solve the problem is very logical.Six, the science and technology translation involves all fields The translator is often called a ”one size fits all“, especially in scientific and technical personnel, their professional is not fixed, perhaps meet what topics and conversation.So knowledge of translators is wider, more conducive to the development of.As everyone knows, Yan Fu's ”letter and elegance,“ the criteria of translation, but the translation of science and technology, the most important standard is accurate, objective, standard, concise expression of the original.In EST translation emphasizes the importance of general ”letter", refers to the translation of science and technology workers to strengthen the professional disciplines of learning and personal in-depth practice of science and technology, the science and technology translation standard.The lack of cultural background knowledge, will cause the knowledge narrow, acceptability is poor, so, professional knowledge is an important factor to influence the translation of science and technology.Most technical translators for College English major graduates, on science and technology Translation of professional knowledge is strange, therefore, it should be possible to join enterprises and units of production and the practice of science and technology, the influence of technology acceptance influence character by environment, familiar with every process, process, technical difficulties, the professional jargon.The actual situation does not allow him to spend one or two years time to get familiar with the data context, can also find several of the similar nature of the data, as much as possible about the relevant technical content and stylistic features;access to professional books and classifies information retrieval meaning to consult experts or the Internet;etc..Go after work, may be related to mechanical, chemical, foreign trade and other areas of expertise.We are required not only to have foreign language and native language skills, expand their knowledge, and as much as possible to master the technology in the field of special terms and abbreviations.Seven, the conclusion
Translators often heard the translation difficulties, specific to the EST Translation: English is difficult to understand, difficult to express Chinese, professional knowledge and ability requirements.In this paper, the general knowledge of the English translation of science and technology in the characteristics of discussion, is helpful for translation practice before correctly positioning ourselves, make ourselves into the role, and improve in practice.
第三篇:談話的方式和技巧
談話的方式和技巧
中國人與西方人在談話的方式和技巧方面有很多不同,因此在交談時(shí)有時(shí)候會(huì)出現(xiàn)誤會(huì)和誤解,這是因?yàn)殡p方的文化背景和文明程度不同的緣故。下面介紹一些與西方人交談應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)。
選擇談話主題:交談中能否選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)恼勗捴黝},往往決定著一次交談的基調(diào)及成效。所謂恰當(dāng)?shù)脑掝},就是雙方都感興趣的話題。
交談要領(lǐng):與老年人交談,語速要較慢且聲音要大一些;與年輕人交談,要輕聲慢語,語調(diào)要柔和,使對方產(chǎn)生安全感;遣詞造句和口氣要考慮對方的文化程度。
避免涉及穩(wěn)私:凡是涉及隱私、非議他人、讓人反感或格調(diào)不高、枯燥乏味的話題都應(yīng)該主動(dòng)回避。西方人不會(huì)隨意問別人的收入、錢財(cái),對女士不會(huì)問年齡。對于有關(guān)宗教信仰、政治態(tài)度、疾病以及感情等問題也盡量避免涉及。
目光交流方式:中國人不喜歡在交談時(shí)盯著對方,這是不禮貌的表現(xiàn),而西方人對注目禮很重視,往往利用目光幫助彼此的溝通,這一點(diǎn)需要注意。
肢體語言:中國人點(diǎn)頭通常表示“我知道了”,西方人點(diǎn)頭則表示“我同意”,這是東方人與西方人在肢體語言方面的差異;中國人在交談時(shí)很少借助于手勢,如果在說話時(shí)指手畫腳,會(huì)被認(rèn)為是不禮貌;而西方人則要用靈活的雙手來表達(dá)自己內(nèi)心的想法,因而談話時(shí)手勢比較多。
最后還有一點(diǎn)要注意的是,東方人講話比較含蓄,西方人講話則比較直截了當(dāng),再有東方人講話時(shí)用夸獎(jiǎng)和感謝的詞匯比較少,而西方人則比較愛用這一類詞語,語氣比較夸張,因此在與西方人談事情時(shí),一定要清楚明白地說明你的目的。
第四篇:英語長句翻譯技巧1
哈爾濱師范大學(xué)
本科高等教育學(xué)生實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告
報(bào)告題目
大慶化工廠實(shí)習(xí)總結(jié)
報(bào)告作者:何云龍
學(xué)號:2007020396
作者單位:哈師大化學(xué)系11班 指導(dǎo)教師:李錦州
專業(yè):材料化學(xué)
2010年7月
大慶化工廠實(shí)習(xí)總結(jié)
(一)、實(shí)習(xí)簡述
這次能有機(jī)會(huì)去工廠實(shí)習(xí),我感到非常榮幸。雖然只有五天的時(shí)間,但是在這段時(shí)間里,在老師和工人師傅的幫助和指導(dǎo)下,對于一些平常理論的東西,有了感性的認(rèn)識(shí),感覺受益匪淺。這對我們以后的學(xué)習(xí)和工作有很大的幫助,我在此感謝學(xué)院的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和老師能給我們這樣一次學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì),也感謝老師和各位工人師傅的悉心指導(dǎo)。
(二)、實(shí)習(xí)工作說明
我們這次實(shí)習(xí),主要在大慶油田的化工廠。在合成氨、聚乙烯、醋酸等車間共四個(gè)工段進(jìn)行了半天的實(shí)習(xí),在車間師傅的細(xì)心講解和悉心指導(dǎo)下,我們詳細(xì)的了解了每個(gè)車間的設(shè)備和操作系統(tǒng),初步了解了工廠各個(gè)車間的工藝指標(biāo),對工廠的管理制度也進(jìn)行了簡單得了解,在實(shí)習(xí)的最后一天,我們還參觀了大慶鐵人紀(jì)念館和石油科技館,豐富了我們的知識(shí)。
(三)、實(shí)習(xí)單位簡介
大慶煉化公司于2000年10月18日由原中國石油天然氣股份有限公司林源石化公司和原中國石油天然氣股份有限公司大慶油田公司化工總廠合并組建的,隸屬于中國石油天然氣股份有限公司,公司地處黑龍江省大慶市讓胡路區(qū),下轄所屬林源和馬鞍山兩個(gè)生產(chǎn)區(qū),總占地面積20.3平方公里,員工7215人,平均年齡30歲,大專以上學(xué)歷1526人,占員工總數(shù)的21.15%,其中研究生57人,中級以上職稱的專業(yè)技術(shù)人員896人。公司機(jī)關(guān)設(shè)九個(gè)處(室),下轄13個(gè)二級廠(公司)。固定資產(chǎn)原值118億元,凈資產(chǎn)88億元。原油加工能力800萬噸/年,現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)裝置32套,生產(chǎn)工藝和工程設(shè)備均處于國內(nèi)同行業(yè)先進(jìn)水平。公司目前可生產(chǎn)16種100多個(gè)牌號的石油化工產(chǎn)品,其中優(yōu)質(zhì)品和免檢產(chǎn)品占總量的80%,年銷售收入120億元,是集煉油-潤滑油-化工-化纖
于一體的國內(nèi)大型煉化企業(yè)。
化工集團(tuán)組建于2003年12月25日,2004年6月29日正式在大慶高新開發(fā)區(qū)登記注冊,工商注冊為大慶油田化工有限公司。注冊資本為8億元,大慶石油管理局出資7.74億元,占96.75%;大慶油田建設(shè)集團(tuán)出資0.26億元,占3.25%。集團(tuán)自成立以來累計(jì)上繳利稅75235.7萬元,是大慶高新開發(fā)區(qū)創(chuàng)效大戶?;ぜ瘓F(tuán)下屬9個(gè)單位:甲醇分公司、輕烴分餾分公司、東昊投資有限公司、醋酸分公司、技術(shù)開發(fā)研究院、綜合服務(wù)分公司、銷售分公司、項(xiàng)目管理中心、物資管理中心。
現(xiàn)有在冊職工2893名,其中:管理人員979名、專業(yè)技術(shù)人員155名、生產(chǎn)操作和服務(wù)人員1732名、銷售人員27名;具有大專以上學(xué)歷人員1420名、碩士研究生29名、在讀碩士研究生41名、在讀博士研究生4名;職工平均年齡34.3歲。截至2008年7月底,集團(tuán)固定生產(chǎn)原值35.18億元,凈值25.68億元。
化工集團(tuán)組建以來,充分依托油田的油氣資源,加快機(jī)構(gòu)整合和資源共享,面對高溫高壓、易燃易爆的安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不斷克服困難、謀求發(fā)展。主營業(yè)務(wù)收入由2004年的16.72億元增加到2007年的20.95億元,累計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤11.9億元。構(gòu)建了具有化工特色的安全文化,形成了發(fā)揚(yáng)大慶精神的“五精”管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)。2007年躋身“中國化工企業(yè)500強(qiáng)”行列。
面對新形勢、新任務(wù)、新使命,化工集團(tuán)將堅(jiān)持以科學(xué)發(fā)展觀為指導(dǎo),傳承大慶精神、鐵人精神,在百年油田創(chuàng)建和4000萬噸原油持續(xù)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)中,再做新貢獻(xiàn)!
(四)、主要生產(chǎn)裝置
1.天然氣化工產(chǎn)業(yè)
兩套10萬噸/年甲醇裝置:一套為1991年建成投產(chǎn)的6萬噸/年甲醇裝置,2001年進(jìn)行了節(jié)能擴(kuò)產(chǎn)改造,現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)能力達(dá)到10萬噸/年,該套裝置采用同比能耗更低、技術(shù)更加先進(jìn)的兩
段轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)。資產(chǎn)原值1.50億元,凈值0.69億元;另一套為1998年建成投產(chǎn)的10萬噸/年甲醇裝置,該套裝置采用傳統(tǒng)的一段轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)。資產(chǎn)原值3.15億元,凈值1.33億元。5萬噸/年合成氨裝置:2006年建成投產(chǎn),采用德國林德公司的LAC工藝,產(chǎn)品為液氨、氫氣、二氧化碳。資產(chǎn)原值4.58億元,凈值3.57億元。該裝置是一套原料性裝置,主要為油田注劑和化工集團(tuán)下游產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的延續(xù)提供原料。目前液氨是生產(chǎn)聚乙烯酰胺的主要原料,氫氣是集團(tuán)正在規(guī)劃的1,4-丁二醇的主要原料。
20萬噸/年醋酸裝置:這是為延長天然氣化工產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈而建的甲醇下游項(xiàng)目。以甲醇、二氧化碳、氧氣和焦碳為原料,采用“低壓液相羰基合成”先進(jìn)技術(shù)生產(chǎn)醋酸,該套裝置于2007年10月建成投產(chǎn),總投資15.02億元。
2.輕烴精深加工產(chǎn)業(yè)
20萬噸/年輕烴分餾裝置:2000年11月建成投產(chǎn),資產(chǎn)原值
2.41億元,凈值1.14億元。該裝置采用八塔連續(xù)分餾裝置,主要產(chǎn)品有液化石油氣、汽車用液化石油氣、工業(yè)丁烷、工業(yè)戊烷、混合幾烷、工業(yè)正幾烷、工業(yè)庚烷、工業(yè)辛烷、庚辛烷殘液、工業(yè)混合烷等11種產(chǎn)品。該套裝置是目前國內(nèi)最大的輕烴分餾生產(chǎn)裝置。
5萬噸/年戊烷精細(xì)分離裝置:該裝置主要是將20萬噸/年輕烴餾分餾裝置生產(chǎn)的混合戊烷產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行深加工,延長產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈而建設(shè)的,2003年10月建成投產(chǎn),資產(chǎn)原值0.70億元,凈值0.45億元。裝置采用四塔連續(xù)分餾裝置,主要產(chǎn)品有正戊烷、異戊烷、環(huán)戊烷及復(fù)配后的發(fā)泡劑系列產(chǎn)品。該套裝置目前是亞洲最大的戊烷精細(xì)分離裝置,其高附加值效益逐年增加。
3.油田三采表活劑產(chǎn)業(yè)
2萬噸/年重烷基苯磺酸裝置和6萬噸/年重烷基苯磺酸裝置: 重烷基苯磺酸裝置是依據(jù)大慶油田“十一五” 三采表活劑規(guī)
劃用量建設(shè)的。多年來化工集團(tuán)一直配合油田進(jìn)行三元復(fù)合驅(qū)礦場實(shí)驗(yàn),大力開發(fā)表活劑產(chǎn)品,形成了自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),重烷基苯磺酸鹽被確定為三元復(fù)合驅(qū)的主表面活性劑。2萬噸/年重烷基苯磺酸裝置于2005年8月建設(shè),2006年4月投產(chǎn),資產(chǎn)原值0.44億元,凈值0.35億元。6萬噸/年重烷基苯磺酸裝置,投資1.79億元,于2007年4月開工建設(shè),2008年3月中旬竣工。化工集團(tuán)被油田確定為重烷基苯磺酸鹽的唯一供應(yīng)商,被集團(tuán)公司確定為重烷基苯磺酸鹽生產(chǎn)基地。
4.180萬噸/年原油穩(wěn)定裝置:
該裝置2004年10月建成投產(chǎn),設(shè)計(jì)年處理原油180萬噸,資產(chǎn)原值0.60億元,凈值0.44億元。2006年經(jīng)過改造和優(yōu)化運(yùn)行,原油處理量提高至230萬噸/年,年生產(chǎn)輕烴12萬噸。
(五)心得體會(huì)
在實(shí)習(xí)的歷程中,本身學(xué)到了許多原先在課本上學(xué)不到的工具,而且可以使本身更進(jìn)一步接近社會(huì),領(lǐng)會(huì)到市場躍動(dòng)的脈搏,如果說在象牙塔是看市場,還是比力感性的話,那麼當(dāng)你身臨企業(yè),直接接觸到企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)與發(fā)賣的話,就理性的多。因?yàn)?,在市場的競爭受市場競爭法則的約束,從采購、生產(chǎn)到發(fā)賣都與市場有著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系,如何規(guī)避危害,如何拓寬市場,如何包管企業(yè)的生存發(fā)展,這一切的一切都是那麼的現(xiàn)實(shí)。于是理性的判斷就顯得重要了。在企業(yè)的實(shí)習(xí)歷程中,我發(fā)明了本身看問題的角度,思慮問題的方式也逐漸拓寬,這與實(shí)踐密不可分,在實(shí)踐歷程中,我又一次感受到充實(shí),感受成長。
第五篇:英語諺語及其翻譯技巧
英語諺語及其翻譯技巧
公元前55年,古羅馬統(tǒng)帥愷撒征服不列顛島,而英國歷史上真正的“羅馬人的征服”(Roman Conquest)是在公元43年開始的。從此羅馬人占領(lǐng)不列顛400年之久。羅馬人的文化對不列顛的影響仍留在島上,在今天的英語諺語中仍然可以找到歷史的痕跡。
BC, the Roman commander in chief Kai Caesar conquered the British Isles, British history, real Romans conquered the Roman, of Conquest in 43 AD.Since then, the Roman occupation of Britain 400 years.Romans cultural impact on Britain to remain on the island, you can still find traces of history in today's English proverbs
例如:
Do in Rome as the Romans do.在羅馬就要過羅馬人的生活。(喻:入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。)
Rome was not built in a day.羅馬不是一天建成的。(喻:偉業(yè)非一日之功。)
All roads lead to Rome.條條道路通羅馬.(喻:殊途同歸。)
諺語的產(chǎn)生與人們生活和勞動(dòng)的地理環(huán)境習(xí)習(xí)相關(guān)。英國是一個(gè)島國,位于歐洲西部大西洋中的不列顛諸島上,南面有英吉利海峽(the English Channel),多拂爾海峽(the straits of Dover),東面隔北海(the North Sea)。這里的海上運(yùn)輸業(yè)和漁業(yè)特別發(fā)達(dá),因此留下了不少與航海業(yè)和漁業(yè)有關(guān)的諺語。
Proverb generation and people's lives and labor of the geographical environment breeze.Britain is an island, located in western Europe in the Atlantic Ocean on the British Isles, the south the English Channel(the English Channel), and more brush Seoul Strait(the straits of Dover), the east separated from the North Sea(the North Sea).Of maritime transport and fisheries developed, thus leaving a lot of proverbs related to the maritime industry and fisheries
例如:
All is fish that comes to his net.進(jìn)到網(wǎng)里的都是魚。
這條諺語的比喻意義是“任何有用的東西或有好處的東西都來者不拒”,含有貶義。
Never offer to teach fish to swim.不要教魚兒游泳。
這條諺語的比喻意義是“不要在行人面前賣弄自己”。相當(dāng)于漢語諺語“不要班們弄斧”。
He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet.要想抓魚就不能怕弄濕衣。
這條諺語的比喻意義與漢語諺語“要吃龍肉,就得親自下?!钡谋扔饕饬x相似。
The great fish eat up the small.大魚吃小魚。
這條諺語形象的描繪出自然界和人類社會(huì)的激烈斗爭,相互傾軋的狀況。
He that would sail without danger must never come on the main sea.誰在航行時(shí)不冒險(xiǎn),他就永遠(yuǎn)不要來到大海上。
這條諺語比喻“不付出就沒有收獲”,相當(dāng)于漢語諺語“不入虎穴,焉得虎子”。
大不列顛島是典型的溫帶海洋性氣候,雨量充沛,風(fēng)大霧多,降雨量特別大。因此產(chǎn)生了一條諺語:It never rains but it pours.(不雨則己,一雨傾盆)。
這條諺語的比喻意義是“倒霉的事情總是一起發(fā)生的”,相當(dāng)于漢語成語“禍不單行”的意思。
風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣是一個(gè)地區(qū)的人的生活方式,包括的東西很多,涉及生活的各個(gè)地域。它既受到一個(gè)民族的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、宗教、文學(xué)等方面的影響,又必然反映出該民族的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,諺語更是與風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣緊密相關(guān),英語諺語的翻譯離不開對英美風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的了解。The customs of the lifestyle of a region, including a lot of things involving the life of the various geographical.It necessarily reflect the customs of the nation by a nation's political, economic, religious, literary and other aspects of Proverbs more closely related with the customs of English proverbs and their translation is inseparable from the understanding of the Anglo-American customs.任何一個(gè)民族都有自己喜歡的動(dòng)物,因此寵物文化有鮮明的地域性。中國人一般都鄙視狗,常用狗來比喻壞人壞事。但英美國家大都對狗有好感,認(rèn)為狗是忠實(shí)可靠的朋友,其中一部分受到外來文化的影響而含有貶義外,大部分沒有貶義。在英美文化中,“狗”經(jīng)常用來比喻人的生活,派生出許多諺語。
Any other people have their favorite animals, pet culture distinct regional.Chinese people generally despise dogs, used dogs to describe the bad guys a bad thing.But the Anglo-American countries, mostly the dog a good impression, that a dog is a loyal and reliable friends, some of which by the influence of foreign cultures which contain derogatory, no negative connotation.Anglo-American culture, “dog” is often used to describe the person's life, derived from the many proverbs.Every dog has his own day.(每只狗都有他的好時(shí)光。)
這條諺語比喻“人人都有得意的一天?!?/p>
An old dog barks not in rain.(老狗不亂吠。)
這條諺語比喻“老年人做事有經(jīng)驗(yàn)?!?/p>
Dog does not eat dog.(狗不吃狗。)
這條諺語比喻“一個(gè)人不應(yīng)該攻擊或傷害同伙,或賺他的錢?!迸c這條英語習(xí)語相近的漢語有:“同室不操戈,同類不相殘?!?/p>
Love me, love my dog.(喜歡我,也要喜歡我的狗。)He that lies down with dogs must rise up with fleas.(與狗同眠的人身上必然有跳蚤。)這條諺語的比喻意義近似與漢語諺語“近朱者赤,近墨者黑?!?/p>
貓也是英美文化的寵物,多用來比喻女人,貓和狗一樣,常被比喻成人,自然也引出不少諺語。
All cats are grey in the dark.(所有的貓?jiān)诤诎抵卸际腔疑?。?/p>
這條諺語比喻“人在未成名時(shí),很難看出有什么區(qū)別”。
A cat has nine lives.(貓有九命。)
在英美文化習(xí)俗中,傳說貓?zhí)熨Y聰明,動(dòng)作靈敏,在很多其他動(dòng)物會(huì)被傷害的情況下,貓都能逃脫劫難。這條諺語比喻“生命力極強(qiáng)”。
A cat in gloves catches no mice.(戴手套的貓捉不到老鼠。)
這條諺語比喻“四肢不勤的人,什么事也做不出來”。
宗教是一種文化現(xiàn)象,諺語與文化的關(guān)系極為密切。更能折射出宗教對諺語的影響。英美國家,基督教起著特別重要的作用,所以很多諺語源自《圣經(jīng)》,或與基督教有關(guān)。了解英美人的信仰對翻譯相關(guān)諺語起重要作用。
Religion is a cultural phenomenon, the relationship between proverbs and culture are very close.More a reflection of the religious proverbs.Anglo-American countries, Christianity plays a particularly important role, so a lot of proverbs from the Bible, or related to Christianity.Anglo-American faith plays an important role of translation-related proverbs
The heart knows his own bitterness.《圣經(jīng)?箴言》
一顆心知道它自己的痛苦。
Every man must carry his own cross.(每個(gè)人必須背他自己的十字架。)
這條諺語來自《圣經(jīng)》,cross(十字架)是耶穌走向死亡之地所帶的十字架,釘上十字架而死。cross一詞就有了“苦難”的轉(zhuǎn)義。這條諺語的意思是,人人都要忍受生活中的苦難,承擔(dān)自己的生活負(fù)擔(dān)。
Forbidden fruit(禁果)一語也出自《圣經(jīng)》,并為眾人所周知。在《創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》中,亞當(dāng)在伊甸園所吃的蘋果是禁果,這個(gè)典故使“Forbidden fruit”一語獲得“因被禁止反而想弄到手的東西”的轉(zhuǎn)義。從而產(chǎn)生:
Forbidden fruit is sweet.禁果是甜的。這句諺語表示“不讓得到的東西格外有誘惑力”。
在英語諺語翻譯的過程中,除了以上四個(gè)主要的因素需要認(rèn)真考慮外,我們還要考慮到寓言神話、文學(xué)藝術(shù)和體育美術(shù)等因素還會(huì)影響到我們對英語諺語的翻譯和理解。
In addition to these four major factors that need to be carefully considered in the process of English proverbs, we have to take into account the allegorical myth, literature and art and sports art and other factors will also affect to our translation of English proverbs and understanding
英語翻譯之英語諺語的譯法
《辭海》說:諺語是“熟語的一種,流傳于民間的簡練通俗而富有意義的語句,大多反映人民生活和斗爭的經(jīng)驗(yàn)?!冬F(xiàn)代漢語詞典》說:諺語是”“在群眾中間流傳的固定語句,用簡單通俗的話反映出深刻的道理?!睗蔂柊秃照f:“諺語是凝結(jié)的群眾智慧?!庇渭壹s翰·羅素說:“諺語是一個(gè)人的才智,也是許多人的才智?!?/p>
Said: “Ci Hai” proverb “Sayings of a spread in the community's concise popular and meaningful statement, most of them reflect the experience of people's lives and struggles.” Modern Chinese Dictionary “says: Proverbs are spread among the massesfixed statement to reflect the profound truth, with a simple and popular.”Zell Bach said:“ the proverb is a condensation of the wisdom of the masses.”British statesman John Russell said:“ Proverbs are the daughters of a person's intelligence, the talents of many people.”
英語(論壇)的maxim意為:格言、箴言;諺語;原理、主義;行為準(zhǔn)則等。proverb意為:諺語、古話;俗語、箴言等。quotation意為語錄、名言、諺語。學(xué)好諺語,對于英語的提高非常有幫助,一些諺語如果能夠做到信手拈來,會(huì)讓你的文采增色不少。比較諺語的中文和英文,也會(huì)讓你體會(huì)到不同文化之間很多道理都是相同的。有的智慧是如此的相似,簡直如出一轍。不得不感慨人類之偉大。希望大家真正學(xué)好諺語,并提高自己的英語水平。
English(Forum)maxim means: maxims, proverbs;proverb;principle, doctrine;Code of Conduct.The proverb means: proverbs, an old saying;saying, Proverbs.quotation word for quotations, sayings, and proverbs.Learn proverbs, very helpful for the improvement of English proverbs do come in handy, make your literary talent considerably.Compare proverbs in Chinese and English, but also make you feel a lot of sense between the different cultures are the same.Some wisdom is so similar, almost identical.But feeling the greatness of mankind.I hope we truly learn proverbs, and to improve their English language proficiency.1、Rome was not built in a day
羅馬不是一天建成的。
2、Dripping water wears away stone.水滴石穿
3、Where there’s a will, there’s a way.有志者事竟成。
4、A good beginning is half done.好的開始是成功的一半。
5、Actions speak louder than words.事實(shí)勝于雄辯。
6、A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一塹,長一智。
7、A hedge between keeps friendship green.君子之交淡如水。
8、A good book is the best of friend, the same today and forever.好書正如良友,會(huì)讓你受益終生。
9、A good conscience is a soft pillow.不做虧心事,不怕鬼敲門。
10、Let bygones be bygones.既往不咎。
11、Fear always springs from ignorance.恐懼源于無知。
12、He who risks nothing gains nothing.收獲與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并存。
13、Necessity is the mother of invention.需求是發(fā)明的動(dòng)力。
14、There is no general rule without some exception.任何規(guī)則均有例外。
不善始者不善終。2.A bad thing never dies.遺臭萬年。
4.A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush.一鳥在手勝過雙鳥在林。
5.A boaster and a liar are cousins-german.吹牛與說謊本是同宗。
6.A bully is always a coward.色厲內(nèi)荏。
7.A burden of one's choice is not felt.愛挑的擔(dān)子不嫌重。
8.A candle lights others and consumes itself.蠟燭照亮別人,卻毀滅了自己。9.A cat has 9 lives.貓有九條命。
10.A cat may look at a king.人人平等。
11.A close mouth catches no flies.病從口入。
12.A constant guest is never welcome.??土钊藚?。13.Actions speak louder than words.事實(shí)勝于雄辯。14.Adversity leads to prosperity.窮則思變。
15.Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.逆境出人才。
16.A fair death honors the whole life.死得其所,流芳百世。17.A faithful friend is hard to find.知音難覓。
18.A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一塹,長一智。
19.A fox may grow gray, but never good.江山易改,本性難移。20.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難見真情。
21.A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友難,失朋友易。
22.A friend is never known till a man has need.需要之時(shí)方知友。23.A friend without faults will never be found.沒有十全十美的朋友。
24.“After you” is good manners.“您先請”是禮貌。
25.A good beginning is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半。26.A good beginning is half done.善始者善終。
27.A good book is a good friend.好書如摯友。
28.A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever.一本好書,相伴一生。
29.A good conscience is a soft pillow.不做虧心事,不怕鬼叫門。30.A good fame is better than a good face.美名勝過美貌。
31.A good husband makes a good wife.夫善則妻賢。
32.A good medicine tastes bitter.良藥苦口。
33.A good wife health is a man's best wealth.妻賢身體好是男人最大的財(cái)富。34.A great talker is a great liar.說大話者多謊言。
35.A hedge between keeps friendship green.君子之交淡如水。