第一篇：寫作中100個(gè)典型替代詞

1.important=crucial(extremely important), significant(amount or effect large enough to be important);substantial;

2.common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)

3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants);adequate;sufficient;

4.stick to=adhere to, cling(hold on something tightly)

5.neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something;ignore means no attention.)disregard;

6.near=adjacent(two things next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)

7.pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it.FORMAL)court;

8.accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail)

9.vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people)

10.top=peak, summit

11.competitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)

12.blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable);criticize;denounce;reproach;

13.opinon=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)

14.fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation

15.build=erect(you can erect something as buildings,FORMAL), establish;found;

16.insult=offend=dishonor=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)

17.complain=grumble(complain something in a bad-tempered way)

18.primary=radical(very important and great in degree), fundamental;elementary;

19.relieve=alleviate(alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)=lessen;reduce;narrow;moderate;

20.force=coerce sb into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to), compel

21.enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)expand;broaden;widen;

22.complex=intricate(if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)

23.lonely=solitary(if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her)

24.small=minuscule(very small), minute

25.praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)

26.hard-working=diligent=studious=sedulous=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly)

27.difficult=formidable=arduous(if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)

28.poor(soil)=barren, infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it)

29.fragile=delicate=brittle, vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)

30.show=illustrate=indicate=demonstrate(to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.)

31.big=massive(large in size, quantity, or extent), enormous=immense, colossal(use this word, you emphasize something is large), marvelous, tremendous(INFORMAL)

32.avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep

away from it.)

33.fair=just=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)

34.attack=assault(physically attack someone), assail(attack violently)

35.dislike=detest=abominate=abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons), loathe(dislike very much)

36.ruin=destroy=devastate(it means damage something very badly, or utterly destroy it.)

37.disaster=catastrophe(a catastrophe is an unexpected event that cause great suffering and damages)=calamity =tragedy

38.finally=eventually(espcially after a lot of delays), ultimately(after complicated series of events)

39.always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)

40.forever=eternal=permanant=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes),immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed)

41.surprise=startle(it means surprise you slightly), astound(surprise you to a large degree), astonish(the same as astound)

42.enthusiasm=zeal(a great enthusiasm), fervency(sinere and enthusiasm);ardor, passion;

43.quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet), peaceful;

44.expensive=unreasonable=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)

45.luxurious=lavish(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive)

46.boring=tedious(if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating)

47.respect=esteem(if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her.FORMAL)

48.worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)

49.cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold);frigid;freezing;

50.hot=burning=boiling(very hot)

51.dangerous=risky=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health)

52.nowadays=currently

53.only=unique(the only one of its kind), distinctive

54.stop=terminate=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)

55.part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)

56.result=consequence(the results or effects of something)

57.obvious=apparent, manifest;

58.based on=derived from(can see or notice them very easily)

60.quite=fairly

61.pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing)

62.field=area=realm=domain(a particular field of thought, activities or interest)

63.appear=emerge(come into existence)

64.whole=entire(the whole of something)

65.wet=moist(slightly wet), damp(slightly wet), humid(very damp and hot)[dampen]

66.wrong=mistaken=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct)

67.difficult=formidable

68.change=convert(change into another form)

69.typical=characteristic=representative=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something)

70.careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible)

71.ability=capacity, capability(the same as ability)

72.strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her

opinion is different from most people)

73.rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)

74.use= utilize(the same as use)

75.dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)

76.satisfy=gratify(if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)

77.short=fleeting, ephemeral(if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time)

78.scholarship=fellowship

79.angry=furious=irate=enraged(extremely angry)

80.smelly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant smell)

81.ugly=horrible=terrible=hideous(if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)

82.attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal)

83.diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous group consists of many different kinds of things)

84.disorder=disarray, chaos;

85.crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)

86.rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)

87.ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)

88.despite=notwithstanding(FORMAL)

89.best=optimal=optimum(used to describe the best level something can achieve)/

90.sharp=acute(severe and intense)

91.unbelievable=incredible=inconceivable(if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen

92.puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)

93.method=means=avenue(away of getting something done)

94.famous=celebrated=renowned=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)

95.ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)

96.decorate=ornament=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)/

97.possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)

98.so=consequently, accordingly,99.rare=infrequent(doesn’t happen often)

100.greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish)

第二篇：英語代詞典型例題

[讀卷]2009年“專轉(zhuǎn)本”英語代詞典型例題

1.“How often do you take the medicine ?” “______ four hours.”

A.For

B.Any

C.Every

D.Each 【答案及解析】答案選 C 2.“Is this bike yours?” “No，it's ______.”

A.Bob

B.Bobs

C.Bob's

D.Bobs' 【答案及解析】答案選 C

3.“Is there ______ good on TV this evening?” “Sorry，nothing good.” A.nothing

B.something

C.anything

D.everything 【答案及解析】答案選 C 肯定句中用something，否定句和疑問句中用anything.4.You have a good suggestion，but it's not as practical as _______.A.he

B.him

C.his

D.her 【答案及解析】答案選 C

5.A chemist prepares his experiments carefully before trying to carry _____ in his lab.A.it out

B.out it

C.them out

D.out them 【答案及解析】答案選 C carry out 實(shí)施 賓格放在詞組中間，名詞放在詞組后面 如，carry out his experiments.1.Nowadays _____ seems to enjoy looking at fat girls.That is why many companies have developed special foods to help people to slim（苗條）

A.everyone

B.anybody C.somebody

D.no one

【答案及解析】答案選D enjoy doing sth.anybody在疑問句和否定句中指沒有人，在肯定句中指任何人

2.You have to hurry up if you want to buy eggs because there's hardly _____ left.A.anything

B.something C.nothing

D.everything 【答案及解析】答案選A hardly 否定詞，幾乎不 3.He felt bad because he had drunk too _____ the night before.A.many

B.much

C.few

D.little 【答案及解析】答案選B 本題主要考查可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 drink too much 喝多了

too much wine 太多的酒

4.She promised her parents to write _______ while she was away.A.other day

B.another day C.every other day

D.any other day 【答案及解析】答案選C every other 每隔?? 5.It was terrible.One passenger was killed，and _____ was badly hurt.A.the others

B.rest C.the rest D.the other 【答案及解析】答案選D he others后面謂語動詞接復(fù)數(shù)

1.Some people hope to be more successful while _____ simply want to feel more comfortable.A.the others

B.others C.the other

D.another 【答案及解析】答案選 B some others, comfortable 舒適的

2.If anyone happens to call while I am out of the office，please have ________ leave a message for me.A.he

B.him

C.they

D.them 【答案及解析】答案選B have sb.do sth.讓某人做某事

3.The first thing that my brother and _______ did in the early morning was to go out to see the pony.A.I

B.me

C.mine

D.my 【答案及解析】答案選A pony 小馬,主語 first thing，謂語動詞 was to go out to see，賓語 the pony.4.“I'd like some more bananas.” “I'm sorry，there is _______ left.” A.no

B.some

C.few

D.none 【答案及解析】答案選D

5.There are two windows in this bedroom._______ of them face south，overlooking a beautiful park.A.Both

B.One

C.The two

D.Either 【答案及解析】答案選A either 開頭謂語動詞要接單數(shù)，both謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)

1.“I felt a bit hungry.” “Why don't you have ______ bread?”

A.any

B.Some

C.little

D.a piece 【答案及解析】答案選 B習(xí)語 Why don't you have some??

2.The jacket doesn't fit Terry，as he has _______ huge body and the jacket is _____ small.A.such a； such

B.such a； so C.so ； so

D.so ； such a 【答案及解析】答案選 B such修飾名詞，so修飾形容詞 so huge the body 3.“Why are you smiling?”

“Oh，I've just thought of _________.” A.funny something

B.something funny C.nothing funny

D.funny anything 【答案及解析】答案選 B 形容詞修飾不定代詞要放在不定代詞的后面 不定代詞：something，anything，somebody，anybody，nothing，nobody.4.Young babies can use _________ hand equally well.A.either

B.each

C.both

D.every 【答案及解析】答案選A 強(qiáng)調(diào)兩者之中任何一個(gè) 5._______ road out of town is good，but this one is better than the other.A.Both

B.All

C.None

D.Neither 【答案及解析】答案選 D

1.It was at the music hall _______ we met each other for the first time.A.when

B.where

C.which

D.that 【答案及解析】答案選 D 強(qiáng)調(diào)句

2.Modern technology has made ______ possible for the whole world to be closer than ever before.A.this

B.that

C.it

D it's 【答案及解析】答案選 C it is possible ??是可能的

3.It is during his spare time _______ John has been studying a course in French.A.when

B.that

C.which

D.what 【答案及解析】答案選 B it is?? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句 4.“Have you heard the news about Tom?” “No，what _______ ?” A.was it

B.were they

C.are they

D.is it 【答案及解析】答案選 D news 當(dāng)消息講是不可數(shù)名詞

5.I wonder why ________ possible for you to do the work by yourself.A.you

B.you are

C.it isn't

D.you were 【答案及解析】答案選 C I wonder why 賓語從句 1.“Did Amy's parents leave her any money?” “No，she has to support ______ now.” A.herself

B.by herself C.all alone

D.on her own 【答案及解析】答案選 A support oneself 養(yǎng)活自己

2.In _____ own way，mathematics can be as creative and exciting as poetry.A.It

B.Its

C.their

D.theirs 【答案及解析】答案選 B mathematics 數(shù)學(xué)（單數(shù)）

3.Neighbors ought to respect _______.A.themselves

B.one another

C.each one

D.to each other 【答案及解析】答案選 B

4.This furniture is different from _______.A.ones

B.your

C.that one

D.that 【答案及解析】答案選 D furniture是不可數(shù)名詞，5.For ______ interested in nature，the club offers hikes and overnight camping each week during the summer.A.that

B.this

C.these

D.those 【答案及解析】答案選 D hike 徒步旅行，overnight camping在野外露營

1.“May I help you with some shoes，sir?” “Yes，I'd like to try on those brown _______.” A.one

B.ones

C.two

D.pair

【答案及解析】答案選 B shoes是復(fù)數(shù)，對應(yīng)ones, try on 試穿

2.“Do you like the book Sidney gave you?” “Very much.It's exactly _______ I wanted.” A.one which

B.the one

C.one that

D.one what 【答案及解析】答案選 B 下文提到上文提到的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，用the one

3.“Shall I mail the letter for you?” “Yes，I'd appreciate ________.”

A.that you do B.you to do it

C.this

D.it 【答案及解析】答案選 D 指代前面提到的事，用it.4.The patient chiefly lived on milk and fruit because he had ______ to eat.A.nothing else

B.anything else C.something other

D.nothing other 【答案及解析】答案選 A 修飾不定代詞的形容詞放在不定代詞的后面 live on 以??為生 5.________ doesn't matter what you do at this point.A.They

B.All

C.He

D.It 【答案及解析】答案選 D it doesn't matter 沒關(guān)系 1.People have proved _________ to be true that the heat we get from coal and oil comes from the sun.A.that

B.it

C.this

D./ 【答案及解析】答案選 B it 是形式賓語，that從句是真正的賓語

2.I don't think ________ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.it

B.that

C.this

D.those 【答案及解析】答案選 A

3.“Were all three people in the car injured in the accident?” “No，______ only the two passengers who got hurt.” A.it was

B.there is C.it were

D.there was 【答案及解析】答案選 A 強(qiáng)調(diào)句

4.__________ he realized it was too late to return home.A.No sooner it grew dark than B.Hardly it grew dark when C.It was not until dark that D.Scarcely it grew dark when 【答案及解析】答案選 D no sooner than=as soon as 一??就??, scarcely when=as soon as, hardly when=as soon as

5.It was not until she arrived in class ________ realized she had forgotten her book.A.and

B.when she

C.She

D.that she 【答案及解析】答案選 D not until 直到??才 6.It was ______ who arrived there first，despite our detour（繞路）

A.us

B.we

C.our

D.ours 【答案及解析】答案選 B

7.It was _______ the next morning that Kunta began to think about where he was going.A.after

B.before

C.when

D.not until 【答案及解析】答案選 D after 在??之后, before 在??之前, when 當(dāng)??時(shí)候, not until 直到??才

8.It was _______ he got a map that he started on his away.A.until

B.till

C.not until

D.not till 【答案及解析】答案選 C until 直到, till 直到, not until 直到??才

第三篇：英漢寫作中人稱代詞的差異比較

英漢人稱比較

1人稱簡介

（1）通過一定的語法形式表示行為、動作是屬于誰的。第一人稱(我)屬于說話人,第二人稱(你)屬于聽話人,第三人稱(他)屬于說話人、聽話以外的人.人稱代詞所指的是說話的人叫第一人稱，如“我、我們”；所指的聽話的人叫做第二人稱，例如“你、你們”；所指的是其他的人或事物叫第三人稱，如“他、她、它、它們”。名詞一般是第三人稱。

（2）這三種人稱各有其表達(dá)效果與優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

第一人稱的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是，增加對事情對人物敘述的真實(shí)性，讀者認(rèn)為這所描述的一切是作者親歷的。第二人稱敘述的好處是，增加親切感，這種方法的效果就好像是作者面對我們娓娓而談一樣，無形之中拉近了讀者的距離。第三人稱敘述則顯得比較客觀公正，這是以一個(gè)冷靜的旁觀者的身份來進(jìn)行敘述的方法。

2英漢人稱比較 英語中的人稱

第一人稱：I me we us 第二人稱 ：you 第三人稱：he him she her it they them 等

漢語中的人稱

第一人稱： 我 我們“咱們

第二人稱 ：“你”（“您”）、“你們”

第三人稱：“他”、“她”、“它”、“她們”及“它們 等

1.漢語沒有格的區(qū)分，但是漢語的第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)形式比英語的第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)更具體。漢語第三人稱有性的區(qū)別，如“他”、“她”、“它”、“他們”、“她們”、“它們”。這些都是文字上的區(qū)分，語音里是沒有性的差別的。漢語里的“他”、“她”、“它”都發(fā)成[ta：]。

“他們”和“她們”在性上有很大區(qū)別。

2.還存在兩種不同的代詞“咱們”和“我們”都指第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)形式?！澳笔恰澳恪钡淖鸱Q形式，用來表示對對方的尊敬。至于其他人稱形式，英漢都能相互對等。

3． 總體來看，就敘事體小說這種文體來看，英語的代詞使用頻率比漢語代詞使用頻率高；（1）第三人稱代詞在英語中的使用頻率比漢語中第三人稱代詞的使用頻率要高；

（2）不論是英語還是漢語，第三人稱代詞在兩種語言中的使用頻率均最高，而第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)代詞和第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)代詞在兩種語言中使用頻率均較低。

4.大小寫之別。

在英語中，一般只是每個(gè)句子的第一個(gè)字母以及人名、地名等專有名詞要大寫，但“I”不論在句子中處于何處均一概大寫，在兩邊各矮一截的小寫字母中顯得鶴立雞群，頂天立地。至于you、they、he、she，則無緣享受此殊榮。

而漢語則無大小寫之分，不論是我、你、他或她還是我們、你們、他們或她們均一視同仁，淹沒在大小相等的文字當(dāng)中，誰也不起眼。

第一人稱比較：

1．稱用單數(shù)代詞I 與“我”表示時(shí)的社交功能和普通語言的人稱指示語一樣，I和“我”的基本含義就指代說話者本人。英語的第一人稱指示語I指說話者本人，沒有其他相應(yīng)的表達(dá)方式；漢語的“我”指說話者本人，“但它也有一些非指示用法，如虛指和泛指等”。漢語中有時(shí)用“本人指說話者自己，不過用得相對較少?，F(xiàn)代漢語用“本人”除了表示客觀冷靜陳述以外。似乎還給人一種自大、高傲的感覺。所以，大多數(shù)語境下用“我”，較少用“本人”。相同

1、第一人稱指示語如用復(fù)數(shù)代詞表示 在英漢語中都有兩個(gè)用法：其一，用于包括談話對方；其二，用于不包括談話對方

（1）我們都是有幾十年教齡的老教師，應(yīng)該能理解學(xué)生的心情。（包括聽話人）

（2）We both should understand students for we are experienced teachers for many years.（3）您安心養(yǎng)病吧！我們過幾天再來看你。（不包括聽話人）

（4）You’d better take a good rest.We will come to you in a few days.2、用復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱代替單數(shù)第一人稱來指說話人自己，即在體現(xiàn)中將單數(shù)的說話者編碼為復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況在漢語、英語中都不少見:（1）看過了前面擺出的種種材料、做法和看法，我們(=我)有些初步意見??

（2）We(=I)have been observing the phenomenon for years, but at this stage we are(=I am)still unable to be very specific about its nature of its cause.its nature of its cause.例2 看過了你的個(gè)人簡歷，我們(= 我)有些初步意見??

例1 這種用“我們”來代替“我”的用法多見于學(xué)術(shù)寫作中，是說話人謙虛的表現(xiàn)，似乎在說他所取得的成就不完全歸功于他個(gè)人。從另一角度來講，“we”的使用，可以使文章減少主觀自負(fù)的意味，這樣便于拉近讀者與作者的心理距離，同時(shí)也是話語禮貌原則的具體體現(xiàn)。在撰寫論文時(shí)，盡管文章是作者獨(dú)立撰寫的，但為使自己提出的觀點(diǎn)或發(fā)現(xiàn)的事實(shí)易于被人認(rèn)同與接受，也常用“我們”或“we”，而不用“我”或“I”。這種為了避免話語者過于主觀和自我為中心，用不包括受話者的“we”來指稱自己的用法叫做“編輯的我們”(editorial we)（姜望琪：2000），它能使對方感覺到與發(fā)話者之間的平等、友好的關(guān)系。

而例2 則與以上情況不盡一樣，說話者覺得自己以“我”或“I”的口吻說話分量不夠，權(quán)威性不強(qiáng)，恐怕難以讓他人確信時(shí)，便會使用“我們”或“we”，借助他人的力量，來增強(qiáng)其話語的權(quán)威性和可信度，以使聽者覺得這不是個(gè)人所言，而是一個(gè)團(tuán)體或一個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)集團(tuán)的意見或主張，代表著集體的智慧和抉擇。以上兩種情況在英漢語中都存在，但是在談到過失或缺點(diǎn)時(shí)，便不能這樣用，否則便成了推卸責(zé)任了”，雖然“we”和“我們”都可以代指第一人稱單數(shù)“我”，但兩者的語用意義并不完全一樣。英語中，“we”是皇室成員指稱自己的一種特有用法，例如一個(gè)英國國王可以這樣說：We will ourself reward the vistor.但漢語卻沒有此

用法。第let’s 在非常通俗的口語中有時(shí)可用作單數(shù)，這就是說它可以不包括談話的對方，而只借指單數(shù)的“讓我”，相當(dāng)于let me:(3)Let’s(=me)give you a hand.差別

1不同的第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)之間的差別：

在北方話里，包括說話人和聽話人雙方的第一人稱指示語是“咱們”，“我們”卻只指說話人及其伴隨者一方。在普通話中，“我們”、“咱們”都可用于包括談話對方。

這兩種不同的第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)之間的差別在英語中沒有直接的反映，但間接地在let us 和它的縮略形式let’s之間的差別上反映出來。let us可能包括談話對方,也可能不包括。（5）Let us know the time of your arrival.(不包括談話對方)（6）Let us work hard.(可能包括，也可能不包括談話對方)而let’s 一般情況下包括談話對方在內(nèi)。如：（7）Let’s go to the cinema.(包括聽話人)因此不能說： Let’s go to see you tomorrow.2、在漢語里，“我們”還可以作為一種修飾語，以使語言顯得親切、友好。例如 :（1）有我們這位老叔，你想聽歌容易，要多少，有多少?！?李有才板話》

3、在英語里 w e 可 以指人或其它一事物，而漢語只有在童話語言中才有。（1）May we come in? We 在這里可以指說話人和他們的寵物，如狗、貓等動物。英語的第一人稱指示語的復(fù)數(shù)代詞表示說話人和伴隨者時(shí)，伴隨者可以指人或?qū)櫸?，而漢語只有在童話語言中才有，這是兩種文化的差異所導(dǎo)致，因?yàn)樵谖鞣絿胰藗儼褜櫸锂?dāng)作是自己生活的伙伴來看待的?？梢娺@種用法在英漢兩種語言中有相同的部分，也有差異。

4.英語在并列主語中，第一人稱代詞“I”通常放在最后，漢語“我”卻不這樣。Peter and I are studying in the same schoo1．

我和彼得在同一學(xué)校讀書。

5、當(dāng)談話雙方不是面對面進(jìn)行交談(如在電話中、廣播中、有時(shí)也在電視上),在作自我介紹時(shí) ,英語中往往不用第一人稱指示語,而改用第三人稱指示信息;漢語中向?qū)Ψ阶髯晕医榻B時(shí)，則只用第一人稱指示語。

（1）Hello, this is John Smith.(or John Smith speaking.)

第二人稱比較 差別

1、漢語中第二人稱指示信息有時(shí)可以通過第一人稱指示語表達(dá)。漢語的“我們”和“咱們”都可以用來借指“你”或“你們”而這種第二人稱批示信息在英語中極少見，英語往往直接用 you 表現(xiàn)出來。下面是一些例子:（1）我相信,我們(二 你們)每個(gè)青年同志一定不會辜負(fù)黨和國家對我們(= 你們)的期望。

（2）(你)要記住，我們(= 你)是學(xué)生 ,我們(=你)的主要任務(wù)是學(xué)習(xí)。

這種“移花接木”的指示信息 常給聽話人一種親切感,故在正式場合多出自長者、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)之 口，而在非正式場合，則為顧客、父母所樂于使用。

2、用第一、第二人稱單數(shù)指代第一、二人稱復(fù)數(shù)的情況在漢語中常?？梢砸姷?，而在英語中卻少見。

（1）走，咱(咱們)今晚看電影去。

（2）你(=你們)大國敢不仁，我(=我們)小國也敢不義!（3）還我(=我們的)河山!

第三人稱比較 相同 英、漢兩種語言都存在專有名詞和稱謂名詞作為第三人稱指示語指說話人和聽話人的情況（1）“老天爺你長眼呀，你視呀，要不是吾，這些家伙何時(shí)會從娘肚子里拱出來？他們（=你們）吃谷米，還沒長成個(gè)人樣，就爛肝爛肺，欺侮吾娘崽呀？”（韓少功《爸爸爸》）

例（1）中“他們”實(shí)指“你們”，丙崽的媽媽在兒子受到欺負(fù)的時(shí)候，對那些后生崽的稱呼，由于她心存顧忌，沒有敢直呼“你們”,而用了“他們”，這是一種指桑罵槐的方式。

英語第三人稱代詞it在“It?s me”中使用，這也是說話人向聽話人介紹自己的用語，但只限于說話人認(rèn)為對方能從他的聲音中認(rèn)出他來時(shí)才使用

第三人稱借指聽話人不一定只限于代詞，專有名詞和稱謂名詞也可以借指聽話人。在漢語中第三人稱借指第一人稱，主要使用了一些稱謂語和專名，其中幼兒與父母之間的話語最典型。

例如：

（1）誰欺負(fù)寶寶（=你）了，叔叔找他說理去。這種情況通常表現(xiàn)在幼兒與父母或長輩之間的談話中。

（2）人家（=我）可不是小兒科。

（3）Sunday school teacher: “Can my little boy(=you)tell me what children go to Heaven?”

（4）Bill（=I）wants an ice-cream, Mummy.（5）有的人（=你）就是不講信用，借了錢該還不還

例（5）中“有的人”指代“你”，由于說話人礙于面子，不好直說，靠這種方式委婉地提醒、告誡對方。

第三人稱指示語借指聽話人和說話人，是語用學(xué)所注意的問題。這些情況都是在特定的語境下表達(dá)出特定的交際效果和語用效果，從而達(dá)到成功的交際目的。

“這是學(xué)生的一點(diǎn)心意。顯然比“這是我的一點(diǎn)心意”更顯得情深意濃。

2、第三人稱可泛指任何人

第三人稱的泛指，不再表示確定的所指對象，而是面向任何人，話語中傳達(dá)的語義內(nèi)涵，對任何人都適用。

例如：

（10）不管張三還是李四，只要是公民，他就有選舉權(quán)。

（11）別管他是誰，只要有困難，我們就應(yīng)該幫助他。

（12）To succeed,one has to do one?s best.（13）This book gives one a good idea of life in the tropics

例（10）中“他”泛指任何公民，例（11）中“他”泛指任何有困難的人。例（12）中“one”泛指任何人，為了成功，必須努力。例（13）中“one” 泛指任何讀這本書的人。

四、第三人稱指示語的虛指用法

泛指用法雖不能明確所指對像，但確有所指，而且有一定的指稱范圍，即所指稱的是該群體中的任何人，其意義是實(shí)在的。而虛指用法中人稱代詞在語句中根本沒有所指對象，基本上沒什么實(shí)際的指稱意義。

例如：

(14)任他（或你）是刀山火海，我也要闖一闖。

(15)我先扣他十個(gè)球給你們看看。

（16）我今年先種他幾畝試試。

例（14）——（16）中“他”即使去掉也不影響句子基本意義的表達(dá)。

五、其他情況

1.第一、三人稱單復(fù)數(shù)交叉互指

（1）(Secretary to another with reference to their boss)We?(=He)re in a bad mood today.（2）“老金,你以后成了咱們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),咱們先說好,你可別在咱們這些弟兄面前擺牛;你啥時(shí)擺牛，咱啥時(shí)給你頂回去！”

其他幾個(gè)人說：“對,對,給他頂回去!到咱們縣上，給他吃?四菜一湯?！”

金全禮說：“一個(gè)副專員，牛還能牛到哪里去？到縣上不讓吃飯，他(=我)照樣得下館子！

大家哄笑：“對，對，擺牛讓他下館子！”（劉震云《官場》）

在一定的情景語境中,第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)“我們(we)”可指稱在談話現(xiàn)場的第三者“他(he)”,如例(18)，第三人稱單數(shù)“他”也可指稱說話人自己“我”，如例(19)。方經(jīng)民認(rèn)為，“第三人稱代詞既跟先行成分互指，構(gòu)成話語回指，又直接指稱現(xiàn)場中的人物，構(gòu)成現(xiàn)場直指，這種情況為現(xiàn)場話語回指?！崩?19)話語中的“他”跟上文的“副專員”構(gòu)成話語回指，同時(shí)又跟現(xiàn)場的說話人“金全禮”自己構(gòu)成現(xiàn)場直指。

結(jié)語

通過以上的對比分析可以看出, 人稱指示語的形式非常簡單, 但其用法有時(shí)卻有些復(fù)雜。人稱和它們在構(gòu)成語句時(shí)的含義往往取決于話語的語境和說話人的意圖。我們常常需要借助具體的語境, 弄懂說話者所要傳達(dá)的信念和意圖。對人稱的研究有助于我們更好地完成和理解話語, 這也是語用學(xué)的目的之一。

第四篇：45個(gè)very替代詞：告別英語詞匯貧乏的尷尬

45個(gè)very替代詞：告別英語詞匯貧乏的尷尬

very good, very beautiful, very...每次表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈語氣時(shí)，還在使用very？作家們發(fā)話了，very這個(gè)詞是詞匯匱乏和懶惰的表現(xiàn)！小編為你整理45個(gè)“高大上”單詞，下次說英語時(shí)不要總說very啦！作家們是這樣吐槽very的：

Mark Twain：Substitute 'damn' every time you're inclined to write 'very;' your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.馬克·吐溫：每次想要用very的時(shí)候就用damn代替吧；你的編輯會直接幫你刪掉它，這樣文章才是它該有的樣子。

Florence King:'Very' is the most useless word in the English language and can always come out.More than useless, it is treacherous because it invariably weakens what it is intended to strengthen.弗羅倫斯·金：very是英文中最沒用的單詞，但又總是會出現(xiàn)。比起無用，它簡直就是個(gè)隱患，因?yàn)樗倳魅跄阆霃?qiáng)調(diào)的那個(gè)詞。

N.H.Kleinbaum：So avoid using the word 'very' because it's lazy.Don't use very sad, use morose.Language was invented for one reason, boysand, in that endeavor, laziness will not do.N·H·克萊伯姆：不要使用very這個(gè)詞，因?yàn)橛盟褪峭祽?。用morose代替very sad。語言的作用只有一個(gè)，小子們，就是用來哄女孩的。如果偷懶的話，怎么哄得到！

45個(gè)單詞擺脫very：當(dāng)你想在黑色的詞（見下表）前加上very時(shí)，請用紅色的詞代替，不要再用very啦。

第五篇：45個(gè)very替代詞：告別詞匯貧乏的尷尬

45個(gè)very替代詞：告別詞匯貧乏的尷尬

very good, very beautiful, very...每次表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈語氣時(shí)，還在使用very？作家們發(fā)話了，very這個(gè)詞是詞匯匱乏和懶惰的表現(xiàn)！以下45個(gè)“高大上”單詞，下次說英語時(shí)不要總說very啦！作家們是這樣吐槽very的：

Mark Twain : Substitute “damn” every time you’re inclined to write “very”, your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.馬克·吐溫：每次想要用very的時(shí)候就用damn代替吧，你的編輯會直接幫你刪掉它，這樣文章才是它該有的樣子。

Florence King: 'Very' is the most useless word in the English language and can always come out.More than useless, it is treacherous because it invariably weakens what it is intended to strengthen.弗羅倫斯·金：very是英文中最沒用的單詞，但又總是會出現(xiàn)。比起無用，它簡直就是個(gè)隱患，因?yàn)樗倳魅跄阆霃?qiáng)調(diào)的那個(gè)詞。

N.H.Kleinbaum: So avoid using the word “very” because it’s lazy.Don’t use very sad, use morose.Language was invented for one reason, boysand, in that endeavor, laziness will not do.N·H·克萊伯姆：不要使用very這個(gè)詞，因?yàn)橛盟褪峭祽?。用morose代替very sad。語言的作用只有一個(gè)，小子們，就是用來哄女孩的。如果偷懶的話，怎么哄得到！

45個(gè)單詞擺脫very：當(dāng)你想在黑色的詞(見下表)前加上very時(shí)，請用紅色的詞代替，不要再用very啦！