第一篇：探討英語語篇中的語調(diào)功能-以奧巴馬就職演說為例

摘要：在日常交流中，人們經(jīng)常借助語調(diào)實現(xiàn)話語的涵義，表達(dá)自己的情感、態(tài)度、判斷和評價。而英語語調(diào)是英語語音中的重要組成部分，它通常反映了說話者話語中的音高的高低和抑揚(yáng)的變化。本文以美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的就職演說為例，探討了口語語篇中英語語調(diào)的表意功能。

關(guān)鍵詞：英語語調(diào) 口語語篇 奧巴馬就職演說 表意功能

一、引言

英語是世界上最受歡迎，也是應(yīng)用最廣的一門語言。其聲調(diào)抑揚(yáng)頓挫，音節(jié)輕重緩急，節(jié)奏清晰明快，富有音樂美（朱成鵬、白志敏，1994），因此，語調(diào)也經(jīng)常被稱為“語言的韻律”。目前關(guān)于英語語調(diào)的研究多為傳統(tǒng)的研究，對于英語語調(diào)在語篇中的功能研究更是鳳毛麟角（曲明文，2006），本文從口語語篇的實例分析入手，對英語語調(diào)的實際應(yīng)用作一探討。

二、英語語調(diào)的語法功能

在口頭交流中，英語語調(diào)對表達(dá)意思、傳遞信息起著重要的作用，它使聽話者更加容易理解說話者所要傳遞的信息。英語語調(diào)的語法功能已被廣泛地接受，它把語調(diào)與句子結(jié)構(gòu)聯(lián)系起來改變語調(diào)。語調(diào)與語法緊密相關(guān)，我們甚至可以說它是語法的一部分。如：（本文語料皆選自奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的就職演說的文化價值）

1.Forty-four Americans/have now`taken/the presidential`oath.2.That we are in the midst of′crisis/is now well`understood.（“/”表示停頓，“`”表示降調(diào)，“′”表示聲調(diào)，“ˇ”表示降升調(diào)，“^”表示升降調(diào)，下同）陳述句中用降調(diào)標(biāo)志一句話的結(jié)束，表示說話者的肯定語氣。升調(diào)則常用于疑問句中，尤其是一般疑問句。降升調(diào)表示限制性肯定，通常含有言外之意。一般情況下，陳述句、祈使句、感嘆句和特殊疑問句使用降調(diào)，一般疑問句使用升調(diào)，其它句型和從句也都有固定的語調(diào)模式（朱成鵬、白志敏，1994）。但是需要注意一點，在句型與聲調(diào)之間沒有一對一的聯(lián)系，它們是兩個各自獨立的系統(tǒng)，卻互相和諧地對語篇的意義起著重要作用。

三、英語語調(diào)的表態(tài)功能

語調(diào)最普通的功能就是用來表達(dá)態(tài)度或情感。在口頭交流中，我們使用聲調(diào)來告訴聽話者我們的感覺、狀態(tài)還有處境。相同的一句話如果我們以不同的語調(diào)來表達(dá)，就可能是生氣、高興、感激、厭煩等情緒。但在實際的交流中，語調(diào)是根據(jù)情境或說話者的不同而發(fā)生變化的。英語語調(diào)在口語表達(dá)中具有顯著的表態(tài)作用，有重要的修辭價值。如：

1.`Homes have been`lost；`jobs`shed；`businesses`shuttered.Our health`care is too`costly；our`schools`fail too many...2.On this`day，we gather because we have chosen`hope over`fear，unity of`purpose

over`conflict and`discord.On this`day，wecome to proclaim an`end to the petty`grievances and`falsepromises，the`recriminations and worn out`dogmas，that for far toolong have`strangled our`politics.這兩段話中說話者奧巴馬都運(yùn)用了排比句，并且句子的調(diào)心都用了降調(diào)，表示其對于解決經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)問題態(tài)度的堅決和肯定，對于安撫和鼓勵美國人民受挫的信心起到了重要作用。盡管我們可以簡單地說語調(diào)和態(tài)度相關(guān)聯(lián)，卻不得不承認(rèn)它們之間也沒有直接的對應(yīng)關(guān)系。人們在表達(dá)態(tài)度或情感時還結(jié)合了其它復(fù)雜的成分，如：聲音條件、詞匯選擇、非語言行為、語境等。

四、英語語調(diào)的強(qiáng)調(diào)功能

語言中英語的強(qiáng)調(diào)手段多種多樣。英語語調(diào)的強(qiáng)調(diào)功能是指說話者為了表達(dá)自己的思想感情，在講話時，利用停頓、增加音素的長度、加強(qiáng)重音等語音手段，對句子的某個或某些詞加以強(qiáng)調(diào)（朱成鵬、白志敏，1994）。當(dāng)說話者想要在話語中強(qiáng)調(diào)某個信息的時候，最有效的方法就是變該詞為調(diào)核重音，由音調(diào)的變化表示話語中的主次要信息。如：

1.But know this，America-theyˇwill be`met.2....the God-given promise that`all are equal，`all are free，and`all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happi-ness.3.All this we`can do.And all this we`will do.節(jié)選的這三句話，說話者奧巴馬都利用了語調(diào)的變化強(qiáng)調(diào)了某一部分內(nèi)容（強(qiáng)調(diào)部分加粗表示）。例句一奧巴馬在美國公民面前肯定地表示了面對危機(jī)，所有的困難政府都將會解決的決心。同時“will”一詞運(yùn)用了降升調(diào)，表示了對于問題解決時間的不確定性，但是這只是一個時間問題。例句2中，奧巴馬想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是世界所有人民平等、自由、追求幸福的權(quán)利，體現(xiàn)了美國平等自由的思想。最后的例子則是堅定地鼓勵了所有民眾應(yīng)該各盡其職、各盡其能為國家的發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)。

五、結(jié)語

英語語調(diào)是語言學(xué)研究一個較復(fù)雜的分支，正如韓禮德所說，語篇分析中取得的最令人興奮的發(fā)展是在語調(diào)方面的研究。本文屬首次分析了英語語調(diào)在口語語篇實例中的表意功能，還需要更多學(xué)者作進(jìn)一步的研究與擴(kuò)展。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

［1］Brown，G.，Yule，G.Discourse Analysis.Cambridge：Cam-bridge University Press，1983.［2］Halliday，M.A.K.Introduction and Grammar in BritishEnglish.The Hague：Mouton，1967.［3］Halliday，M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar.London：Arnold，1985.［4］McCatthy，M.Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers.Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2002.［5］Roach，P.English Phonetics and Phonology：A PracticalCourse.Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2000.［6］曲明文.英語語調(diào)在口頭語篇中的意義［J］.外語教學(xué)，2006，（3）.［7］朱成鵬，白志敏.英語語調(diào)的表意功能［J］.山西大學(xué)師范學(xué)院學(xué)報（綜合版），1994，（2）.

第二篇：奧巴馬就職演說

奧巴馬就職演說

MR.OBAMA: Thank you.Thank you so much.Vice President Biden, Mr.Chief Justice, Members of the United States Congress, distinguished guests, and fellow citizens:

謝謝，非常感謝大家。拜登副總統(tǒng)、首席大法官先生、國會議員們、尊敬的各位嘉賓、親愛的公民們。

Each time we gather to inaugurate a president, we bear witness to the enduring strength of our Constitution.We affirm the promise of our democracy.We recall that what binds this nation together is not the colors of our skin or the tenets of our faith or the origins of our names.What makes us exceptional – what makes us American – is our allegiance to an idea, articulated in a declaration made more than two centuries ago:

每一次我們集會慶?？偨y(tǒng)就職都是在見證美國憲法的持久力量。我們都是在肯定美國民主的承諾。我們重申，將這個國家緊密聯(lián)系在一起的不是我們的膚色，也不是 我們信仰的教條，更不是我們名字的來源。讓我們與眾不同，讓我們成為美國人的是我們對于一種理念的恪守。200多年前，這一理念在一篇宣言中被清晰闡述：

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”

“我們認(rèn)為下述真理是不言而喻的，人人生而平等。造物主賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢蓜儕Z的權(quán)利，包括生存、自由和追求幸福的權(quán)利?！?/p>

Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time.For history tells us that while these truths may be self-evident, they have never been self-executing;that while freedom is a gift from God, it must be secured by His people here on Earth.The patriots of 1776 did not fight to replace the tyranny of a king with the privileges of a few or the rule of a mob.They gave to us a Republic, a government of, and by, and for the people, entrusting each generation to keep safe our founding creed.今天，我們繼續(xù)著這一未竟的征程，架起這些理念與我們時代現(xiàn)實之間的橋梁。因為歷史告訴我們，即便這些真理是不言而喻的，它們也從來不會自動生效。因為雖 然自由是上帝賦予的禮物，但仍需要世間的子民去捍衛(wèi)。1776年，美國的愛國先驅(qū)們不是只為了推翻國王的暴政而戰(zhàn)，也不是為贏得少數(shù)人的特權(quán)，建立暴民的 統(tǒng)治。先驅(qū)們留給我們一個共和國，一個民有、民治、民享的政府。他們委托每一代美國人捍衛(wèi)我們的建國信條。

For more than two hundred years, we have.在過去的200多年里，我們做到了。

Through blood drawn by lash and blood drawn by sword, we learned that no union founded on the principles of liberty and equality could survive half-slave and half-free.We made ourselves anew, and vowed to move forward together.從奴役的血腥枷鎖和刀劍的血光廝殺中我們懂得了，建立在自由與平等原則之上的聯(lián)邦不能永遠(yuǎn)維持半奴隸和半自由的狀態(tài)。我們贏得了新生，誓言共同前進(jìn)。

Together, we determined that a modern economy requires railroads and highways to speed travel and commerce;schools and colleges to train our workers。

我們共同努力，建立起現(xiàn)代的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系。架設(shè)鐵路與高速公路，加速了旅行和商業(yè)交流。建立學(xué)校與大學(xué)，培訓(xùn)我們的工人。

Together, we discovered that a free market only thrives when there are rules to ensure competition and fair play.我們一起發(fā)現(xiàn)，自由市場的繁榮只能建立在保障競爭與公平競爭的原則之上。

Together, we resolved that a great nation must care for the vulnerable, and protect its people from life’s worst hazards and misfortune.我們共同決定讓這個偉大的國家遠(yuǎn)離危險，保護(hù)她的人民不受生命威脅和不幸的侵?jǐn)_。

Through it all, we have never relinquished our skepticism of central authority, nor have we succumbed to the fiction that all society’s ills can be cured through government alone.Our celebration of initiative and enterprise;our insistence on hard work and personal responsibility, these are constants in our character.一路走來，我們從未放棄對集權(quán)的質(zhì)疑。我們同樣不屈服于這一謊言：一切的社會弊端都能夠只靠政府來解決。我們對積極向上與奮發(fā)進(jìn)取的贊揚(yáng)，我們對努力工作與個人責(zé)任的堅持，這些都是美國精神的基本要義。

But we have always understood that when times change, so must we;that fidelity to our founding principles requires new responses to new challenges;that preserving our individual freedoms ultimately requires collective action.For the American people can no more meet the demands of today’s world by acting alone than American soldiers could have met the forces of fascism or communism with muskets and militias.No single person can train all the math and science teachers we’ll need to equip our children for the future, or build the roads and networks and research labs that will bring new jobs and businesses to our shores.Now, more than ever, we must do these things together, as one nation, and one people.我們也理解，時代在變化，我們同樣需要變革。對建國精神的忠誠，需要我們肩負(fù)起新的責(zé)任，迎接新的挑戰(zhàn)。保護(hù)我們的個人自由，最終需要所有人的共同努力。因為美國人不能再獨力迎接當(dāng)今世界的挑戰(zhàn)，正如美國士兵們不能再像先輩一樣，用步槍和民兵同敵人(法西斯主義與共產(chǎn)主義)作戰(zhàn)。一個人無法培訓(xùn)所有的數(shù)學(xué) 與科學(xué)老師，我們需要他們?yōu)榱宋磥砣ソ逃⒆觽儭Ｒ粋€人無法建設(shè)道路、鋪設(shè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、建立實驗室來為國內(nèi)帶來新的工作崗位和商業(yè)機(jī)會。現(xiàn)在，與以往任何時候相 比，我們都更需要團(tuán)結(jié)合作。作為一個國家，一個民族團(tuán)結(jié)起來。

This generation of Americans has been tested by crises that steeled our resolve and proved our resilience.A decade of war is now ending.An economic recovery has begun.America’s possibilities are limitless, for we possess all the qualities that this world without boundaries demands: youth and drive;diversity and openness;an endless capacity for risk and a gift for reinvention.My fellow Americans, we are made for this moment, and we will seize it – so long as we seize it together.這一代美國人經(jīng)歷了危機(jī)的考驗，經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)堅定了我們的決心，證明了我們的恢復(fù)力。長達(dá)十年的戰(zhàn)爭正在結(jié)束，經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇已經(jīng)開始。美國的可能性是無限的，因 為我們擁有當(dāng)今沒有邊界的世界所需要的所有品質(zhì)：年輕與活力、多樣性與開放、無窮的冒險精神以及創(chuàng)造的天賦才能。我親愛的同胞們，我們正是為此刻而生，我 們更要在此刻團(tuán)結(jié)一致，抓住當(dāng)下的機(jī)會。

For we, the people, understand that our country cannot succeed when a shrinking few do very well and a growing many barely make it.We believe that America’s prosperity must rest upon the broad shoulders of a rising middle class.We know that America thrives when every person can find independence and pride in their work;when the wages of honest labor liberate families from the brink of hardship.We are true to our creed when a little girl born into the bleakest poverty knows that she has the same chance to succeed as anybody else, because she is an American, she is free, and she is equal, not just in the eyes of God but also in our own.因為我們，美國人民，清楚如果只有不斷萎縮的少數(shù)人群體獲得成功，而大多數(shù)人不能成功，我們的國家就無法成功。我們相信，美國的繁榮必須建立在不斷上升的 中產(chǎn)階級的寬闊臂膀之上，我們知道美國的繁榮只有這樣才能實現(xiàn)。只有當(dāng)每個人都能找到工作中的自立與自豪時才能實現(xiàn)。只有當(dāng)誠實勞動獲得的薪水足夠讓家庭 擺脫困苦的懸崖時才能實現(xiàn)。我們忠誠于我們的事業(yè)，保證讓一個出生于最貧窮環(huán)境中的小女孩都能知道，她有同其他所有人一樣的成功機(jī)會。因為她是一個美國 人，她是自由的、平等的。她的自由平等不僅由上帝來見證，更由我們親手保護(hù)。

We understand that outworn programs are inadequate to the needs of our time.We must harness new ideas and technology to remake our government, revamp our tax code, reform our schools, and empower our citizens with the skills they need to work harder, learn more, and reach higher.But while the means will change, our purpose endures: a nation that rewards the effort and determination of every single American.That is what this moment requires.That is what will give real meaning to our creed.我們知道，我們已然陳舊的程序不足以滿足時代的需要。我們必須應(yīng)用新理念和新技術(shù)重塑我們的政府，改進(jìn)我們的稅法，改革我們的學(xué)校，讓我們的公民擁有他們 所需要的技能，更加努力地工作，學(xué)更多的知識，向更高處發(fā)展。這意味著變革，我們的目標(biāo)是：國家可以獎勵每個美國人的努力和果斷。這是現(xiàn)在需要的。這將給我們的信條賦予真正的意義。

We, the people, still believe that every citizen deserves a basic measure of security and dignity.We must make the hard choices to reduce the cost of health care and the size of our deficit.But we reject the belief that America must choose between caring for the generation that built this country and investing in the generation that will build its future.For we remember the lessons of our past, when twilight years were spent in poverty, and parents of a child with a disability had nowhere to turn.We do not believe that in this country, freedom is reserved for the lucky, or happiness for the few.We recognize that no matter how responsibly we live our lives, any one of us, at any time, may face a job loss, or a sudden illness, or a home swept away in a terrible storm.The commitments we make to each other – through Medicare, and Medicaid, and Social Security – these things do not sap our initiative;they strengthen us.They do not make us a nation of takers;they free us to take the risks that make this country great.我們，人民，仍然認(rèn)為，每個公民都應(yīng)當(dāng)獲得基本的安全和尊嚴(yán)。我們必須做出艱難抉擇，降低醫(yī)療成本，縮減赤字規(guī)模。但我們拒絕在照顧建設(shè)國家的這一代和投 資即將建設(shè)國家的下一代間做出選擇。因為我們記得過去的教訓(xùn)：老年人的夕陽時光在貧困中度過，家有殘障兒童的父母無處求助。我們相信，在這個國家，自由不 只是那些幸運(yùn)兒的專屬，或者說幸福只屬于少數(shù)人。我們知道，不管我們怎樣負(fù)責(zé)任地生活，我們?nèi)魏稳嗽谌魏螘r候都可能面臨失業(yè)、突發(fā)疾病或住房被可怕的颶風(fēng) 摧毀的風(fēng)險。我們通過醫(yī)療保險、聯(lián)邦醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助計劃、社會保障項目向每個人做出承諾，這些不會讓我們的創(chuàng)造力衰竭，而是會讓我們更強(qiáng)大。這些不會讓我們成為充滿不勞而獲者的國度，這些讓我們敢于承擔(dān)風(fēng)險，讓國家偉大。

第三篇：預(yù)設(shè)論文：奧巴馬就職演說中的預(yù)設(shè)分析—從預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語的角度

預(yù)設(shè)論文：奧巴馬就職演說中的預(yù)設(shè)分析—從預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語的角度

【中文摘要】預(yù)設(shè)是語言學(xué)中的一個重要研究議題,尤其是在其分支學(xué)科語用學(xué)和語義學(xué)中。德國哲學(xué)家弗萊格是第一位研究預(yù)設(shè)的學(xué)者,后來的學(xué)者們跟隨著弗萊格的研究,對預(yù)設(shè)理論的相關(guān)議題存在著爭議和認(rèn)同。隨著對預(yù)設(shè)理論的不斷深入研究,學(xué)者們發(fā)現(xiàn),出現(xiàn)的問題也越來越多,不能一蹴而就。正如萊文森所總結(jié)的：弗萊格關(guān)于預(yù)設(shè)的評論已經(jīng)是90年前的事了,但我們?nèi)耘f只是理解了預(yù)設(shè)的一小部分,因此研究語義學(xué)和語用學(xué)是怎樣相互作用的會是一個重要的議題。仔細(xì)觀察語言,你會發(fā)現(xiàn),我們使用的語言中充滿了預(yù)設(shè),預(yù)設(shè)無處不在。在與他人交流時,說話者喜歡預(yù)設(shè)信息,想當(dāng)然的認(rèn)為聽話者也知道這些信息。人們預(yù)設(shè)的信息有時是事實性的,能夠反映若干事實,有的預(yù)設(shè)能夠反映之前一段時間的狀態(tài),而有的預(yù)設(shè)卻是與事實相反的。當(dāng)我們研究奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的就職演說時,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)其中充滿了預(yù)設(shè)。能夠觸發(fā)預(yù)設(shè)的詞項和句法結(jié)構(gòu)被稱之為預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語。卡圖南收集了三十一種預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語,萊文森主要討論了其中的十三種觸發(fā)語,在借鑒卡圖南和萊文森的研究基礎(chǔ)上,黃衍對預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語做了一些修補(bǔ)。萊文森和黃衍的預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語研究對本論文的研究都具有借鑒意義和價值。因此本篇論文的研究將結(jié)合二者的觀點。本篇論文通過對預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語的統(tǒng)計分析,主要回答四個問題：即奧巴馬總統(tǒng)就職演說中都用了哪些類型的預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語；使用頻率最高的預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語是

哪些；為什么某些特定預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語比其他觸發(fā)語使用頻繁,而這些預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語又向我們傳遞了什么信息；通過對奧巴馬總統(tǒng)就職演說中預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語的統(tǒng)計分析能否幫助我們確定就職演說的大體內(nèi)容。論文的局限在于預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語是人工收集的,會有一些遺漏和錯誤收集。希望本文能促進(jìn)預(yù)設(shè)理論的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展并且讓讀者更好的理解奧巴馬總統(tǒng)就職演說辭。

【英文摘要】Presupposition is an important research issue in linguistics, especially in its subfield of semantics and pragmatics.The first scholar who have explored this research area is the German philosopher Gottlob Frege(1892), and then followed his study, there have been debatings and agreements on the related issues concerning presupposition among scholars, and the more linguists have explored this area, the more they find that there appeared increasing problems that can not be solved at one go.Just as Levinson(1983, P.225)concluded, “presupposition remains, ninety years after Frege’s remarks on the subject, still only partially understood, and an important ground for the study of how semantics and pragmatics interact.” If you observe language carefully, you will find that the language we use is full of presuppositions, that is, presuppositions are ubiquitous.When communicating with others, the speakers usually take a lot for granted, most of the time

people presuppose information.Some of the information that people presupposed is factive, which can reflect several facts and some presuppositions can reflect the state of a previous time period, and some presuppositions are even conterfactual.When we examine the language used in President Barack Obama’s inaugural address, we also find that it is full of presuppositions.Lexical items and syntactical constructions that can trigger off presuppositions are called presupposition triggers.Karttunen(1971)has collected thirty-one kinds of presupposition triggers, and Levinson(1983)have mainly discussed thirteen kinds of presupposition triggers chosen from Karttunen’s collection.Based on their studies, Yan Huang(2009)has made some modifications on the classification of these presupposition triggers.In this thesis, we find that both Levinson and Yan Huang’s classification of presupposition triggers are valuable and meaningful, therefore the study in this thesis will be based on the combination of their views on presupposition triggers.In this thesis, through a statistical study of presupposition triggers, we mainly answer four questions, they are:what types of presupposition triggers are used in President Barack Obama’s inaugural address;which presupposition triggers are the most frequently used ones;why

some specific presupposition triggers are used more frequently than others and through these triggers what information can be conveyed to us;through a statistical analysis of the presupposition triggers used in President Barack Obama’s inaugural address, can this help us to determine the main idea of his address.However, our limitation in this thesis is that the presupposition triggers are detected manually, there may have some omissions or incorrect collections.It is hoped that this thesis will contribute to the further development of the presupposition theory and offer a better understanding of President Barack Obama’s inaugural address.【關(guān)鍵詞】預(yù)設(shè) 預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語 就職演說

【英文關(guān)鍵詞】Presupposition Presupposition Triggers Inaugural Address 【目錄】奧巴馬就職演說中的預(yù)設(shè)分析—從預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語的角度AbstractIntroductionStudy118-911-13

摘要10-11

Chapter One

1.1 Necessity and Significance of the

11-12

1.3 1.2 Objectives of the Thesis

1.4 Data Outline of the ThesisSource12-13Review13-36Presupposition

Chapter Two Literature

2.1 The Philosophical Origin of 13-15

2.2 Semantic Presupposition and

Entailment15-172.3 A Distinctive Feature of

17-18

2.4 Presupposition:Constancy under NegationPresupposition TriggersDescriptions18-19

18-25

2.4.1 Definite

19-20

2.4.3

2.4.2 Factive VerbsImplicative Verbs20

2.4.4 Change of State Verbs20-212.4.5 Iteratives

2.4.6 Verbs of Judging21-222.4.7 Temporal Clauses22

2.4.8 Cleft Sentences

22-23

2.4.9 Implicit Clefts with Stresses Constituents23

2.4.10 Comparison and Contrast232.4.11 Non-restrictive Relative Clauses23-242.4.12 Counterfactual Conditionals24

2.4.13 Questions

24-25

2.5 Yan Huang’s Classification of Presupposition Triggers25-272.5.1 Definite Descriptions25-26

2.5.2 Factive Predicates262.5.3 Aspectual/Change of State Predicates26

2.5.4 Iteratives

2.5.5 Implicative Predicates26

2.5.6 Temporal Clauses26-27

2.5.7 Cleft Sentences

2.5.8 Counterfactual Conditionals27

2.6 Beaver and Geurts’Collection of Presupposition Triggers27-29

2.6.1 Factives28

2.6.2 Aspectual Verbs28

2.6.3

s

Temporal Clauses282.6.4 Manner Adverbs282.6.5 Sortally Restricted Predicates of Various Categories28QuantifiersDescriptions28-2929

2.6.6 Cleft Sentences

2.6.8 Definite 2.6.9 Names29

2.6.10 28

2.6.7 Intonation29PresuppositionPresuppositionProblem31-32Projection ProblemAnalysis34-36

2.7 The Pragmatic Approach to 29-3630-31

2.7.1 Defeasibility of 2.7.2 The Projection

2.7.3 Karttunen’s Approaches to the 32-34

2.7.4 Gazdar’s Cancellation

Chapter Three Presupposition Analysis in

36-55

3.1 A Detailed Analysis Obama’s Inaugural Addressof the Presuppositions in Obama’s Inaugural Address36-54

3.2 The Frequency Distribution Table of Presupposition Triggers in Obama’s InauguralAddressConclusion55-58Thesis55-57Study57-58-63

54-55Chapter Four

4.1 Main Findings of the

4.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Further

References58-62

Acknowledgements62學(xué)位論文評閱及答辯情況表

第四篇：以美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的就職演說為例對美國“清音濁化”進(jìn)行研究

摘 要:文章以美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的就職演說及其他VOA節(jié)目的錄音為語料,對美國英語語流中詞首[s]后的清音[p], [t], [k]的音變進(jìn)行了聲學(xué)分析。聲譜圖分析表明:美國英語語流中詞首[s]后的[p],[ t], [k]在爆破之前聲帶并沒有振動,爆破之時即出現(xiàn)元音共振峰紋樣和基頻曲線。聲學(xué)分析表明美國英語語流中詞首[s]后的[p], [t], [k]是非送氣的清音,不是濁音。

關(guān)鍵詞:美國英語 清音 濁化 VOT 聲譜圖

一、英語塞音的“清音濁化”

英語有六個塞音: [p], [t], [k], [b], [d], [g]。按照發(fā)音部位不同分為三組,每組又按發(fā)音時聲帶振動與否分為清濁。這六個音均可出現(xiàn)在詞首、詞中和詞尾三個位置。出現(xiàn)在詞首時, [p], [ t],[k]送氣, [b], [d], [g]不送氣。李桂榮認(rèn)為清音濁化是指在發(fā)音時清輔音受到后面元音的影響從而改變了發(fā)音方式而變成濁輔音。認(rèn)為元音的聲帶振動影響了前面的清輔音使之也成了聲帶振動的音。

[1]26李桂榮還對英語的爆破音(塞音),破擦音(塞擦音)進(jìn)行了研究,認(rèn)為美國英語中清音濁化現(xiàn)象更為普遍,而且無論在哪種英語中基本上都是語速越快,清音濁化現(xiàn)象越多。[1]30

PeterRoach以英國英語為研究對象進(jìn)行研究后,指出英語語流中詞首[s]后的[p], [t], [k]為非送氣音,本族語人感知到的是[b], [d], [g]。而且,把錄有sp, st, sk開頭的單詞的磁帶剪掉[s]后播放,本族人感知到的仍是[b], [d],[g]。[2]33作者雖然沒有說明此種情況聲帶是否振動,但作者卻指出位于詞首的[b], [d], [g]實際聲帶震動很微弱,只有在非常仔細(xì)、非常慢的語速下,聲帶才在整個持阻階段振動,在語速快的時候聲帶根本就不振動。詞首的[p], [t], [k]和[b], [d], [g]的區(qū)別不在清濁而在送氣與否。[2]

32二、塞音的清濁之分和濁音起始時間VOT(Voice OnsetTime)

很多語言或者方言中都有清塞音和濁塞音的區(qū)分。形成塞音要經(jīng)過成阻(closure phase)、持阻(hold phase)、除阻(release phase)和除阻后(post-release phase)四個階段。[2]31一般說來,濁塞音的特征就是在閉塞持阻的階段出現(xiàn)聲帶的振動,即是帶音的。如果在這一階段不出現(xiàn)聲帶振動,即不帶音,就是清塞音。[3]120

VOT是專對塞音說的,即濁音起始時間(Voice OnsetTime),王士元譯為“相對清濁度”。[4]76主要是指塞音除阻和聲帶顫動之間的時間關(guān)系,能比較精確地說明塞音的清濁和送氣的情況,可以用上圖

1(VoiceOnsetTime in closingand opening of vocal tract)來說明。[5]63以除阻時間點(pointof release)為數(shù)軸的0, 0之前時間為負(fù)值, 0之后時間為正值,VOT的單位通常用毫秒。如果塞音除阻之前聲帶就開始顫動,VOT為負(fù)值,為濁塞音,VOT的絕對值越大,濁音特點越明顯;如果塞音除阻之后聲帶才開始顫動,VOT為正值,為清塞音,VOT的絕對值越大,送氣程度越強(qiáng);如果塞音在除阻時聲帶立即顫動,VOT為0,為不送氣的清音。也就是說,只有VOT值為負(fù)值時,即在除阻前聲帶振動是濁塞音的重要特征之一。在語圖上表現(xiàn)為沖直條(spike)之前在低頻區(qū)域出現(xiàn)相對較淡的寬橫杠(voiced bar)。輔音的清濁主要就表現(xiàn)在這條低頻橫杠的有無上。[6]81石鋒在分析其他多名學(xué)者對塞音的研究后對塞音的清濁區(qū)別作了這樣的說明:在開首位置上是濁音起始時間,送氣程度,基頻調(diào)型,后接元音的音長,相對音強(qiáng)等聲學(xué)音征起作用。[3]127所以,判斷英語語流中詞首[s]后的[p], [ t], [k]是否濁化,需要考慮兩個方面的聲學(xué)特征,即VOT值和送氣程度。我們可以借助寬帶聲譜圖來看基頻、塞音的沖直條、送氣亂紋等的特點。本文所有語音材料均由praat軟件錄自VOA節(jié)目,采樣頻率22050Hz,最后再由praat做出語圖進(jìn)行分析。下列語圖中的細(xì)線是音強(qiáng)曲線(50-100dB),粗線是基頻曲線

(75-500Hz)。圖2是美語“but”的寬帶語圖,該語圖最明顯的特征就是在沖直條(箭頭所指處)出現(xiàn)之前,即[b]爆破之前,低頻區(qū)域已有基頻和諧音紋樣,產(chǎn)生了濁音橫杠(18.7709秒之后馬上出現(xiàn)的陰影并非是濁音橫杠,和基頻曲線同時出現(xiàn)的條紋狀的陰影才是濁音橫杠),這是濁音的顯著特點,VOT值為負(fù),濁音聽感也較明顯。

但是必須指出的是,英語塞音[b], [d], [g]的濁化色彩并非十分突出。根據(jù)Harold T Edwards所提供的有關(guān)美國英語塞音的VOT數(shù)據(jù)顯示, [b]的VOT值最小也只是-23.17msec, [d]的VOT值最小為-5.20msec,兒童所發(fā)的[d](dime)的VOT甚至是正值, [g]的VOT值最小為-0.08msec,兒童所發(fā)的[ g](goat)的VOT也是正值。[5]74-98所以,即使是我們所說的英語濁音[b], [d],[g],在實際的言語中,也并非所有人都是發(fā)濁音的。

我們接著看塞音的送氣與否在聲譜圖上的各自表現(xiàn)。送氣塞音所送出的氣流表現(xiàn)為雜亂紋樣,但比擦音亂紋分布廣,一般也略淡一些。不送氣塞音在聲譜圖上沒有送氣所表現(xiàn)出來的雜亂紋樣,塞音的沖直條馬上緊跟后面元音的共振峰紋樣。圖2中[b]除了具有爆破(箭頭所指處)之前就有聲帶振動的VOT值為負(fù)的濁音特征外,同時[b]和后面的元音之間結(jié)合緊密,即證明[b]爆破之時沒有送氣;圖3[p]的沖直條(箭頭所指處)和后面的元音振動,即基頻之間,還有一小段亂紋,那是送氣聲音的語圖表現(xiàn)。塞音的送氣與否即表現(xiàn)在這段雜亂紋樣的有無上。本文從聲譜圖考察塞音的VOT值的正負(fù)和塞音的送氣與否,以此研究美國英語語流中詞首[s]+[p], [t], [k]中的清音的聲學(xué)特點。

三、美國英語“清音濁化”現(xiàn)象的聲學(xué)分析

依據(jù)praat所錄的美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的就職演說錄音及VOA其他節(jié)目的錄音,我們對美國英語語流中詞首[s]后的塞音[p], [ t], [k]的聲學(xué)特征如沖直條、寬橫杠、VOT值、音強(qiáng)曲線的特點進(jìn)行分析。下面,我們逐一分析各聲譜圖的語音表現(xiàn)。圖4是英語“spend”的寬帶語圖,其起首處是紊音[s]形成的雜亂紋樣,接著是塞音[p]的持阻階段的空白間隔,然后才是[p]除阻之時釋放能量而產(chǎn)生的沖直條(箭頭所指處)。很明顯,沖直條之前沒有產(chǎn)生濁音橫杠,濁音橫杠在沖直條出現(xiàn)之時才產(chǎn)生, VOT值為零。同時,塞音[p]除阻之后,馬上就出現(xiàn)了元音的共振峰紋樣,出現(xiàn)了基頻曲線。[p]和其后的元音之間連接緊密,沒有出現(xiàn)送氣音所具備的雜亂紋樣,可見[p]爆破之時沒有出現(xiàn)送氣。所以,語流中的“spend”的[p]既不是濁音,也沒有送氣。

圖5的英語“start”的寬帶語圖由紊音[s]的雜亂紋樣開頭,接著是[t]的持阻階段所產(chǎn)生一段空白間隔,之后是塞音[t]除阻所產(chǎn)生的沖直條(箭頭所指處),緊接著聲帶振動,產(chǎn)生了基頻和共振峰。顯然,[t]除阻之前是空白間隔,聲帶并沒有振動。沖直條出現(xiàn)之后聲帶馬上振動,雖然聲譜圖顯示沖直條和基頻之間還有一點空間,但并非亂紋,而是聲帶振動產(chǎn)生的諧波,VOT值仍為零。所以“start”中的[t]也并不是濁音。同時,和“spend”語圖的[p]相似, [t]除阻之后即連接上后面元音的共振峰和基頻曲線,之間并無送氣音的雜亂紋樣。所以[t]既不是濁音也不是送氣音。

圖6是采自奧巴馬總統(tǒng)就職典禮演講錄音中的“skill”的寬帶聲譜圖。和上述兩個例子差不多,紊音

[s]的雜亂紋樣之后是一段空白持阻時間,然后出現(xiàn)沖直條(箭頭所指處),沖直條處音強(qiáng)有比較明顯的變化,形成一個小峰。雖然沖直條稍后才出現(xiàn)基頻,但是其低頻區(qū)域已經(jīng)有元音共振峰紋樣,所以沖直條和元音的聲帶振動幾乎是同時產(chǎn)生的,VOT仍為零。據(jù)此,“skill”中的[k]既不是濁音也不送氣。

四、結(jié)論

根據(jù)以上的聲譜圖分析歸納,我們認(rèn)為,美國英語語流中詞首[s]后的[p], [t], [k]在其除阻之前聲帶沒有振動,沒有濁音橫杠,所以它們并非是音變成濁音,所謂“清音濁化”的說法值得商榷。同時,美國英語語流中詞首[s]后的[p], [t], [k]的沖直條出現(xiàn)時即出現(xiàn)基頻曲線或者共振峰紋樣,完全和送氣音的紋樣不同,VOT值由正值變?yōu)榱?證明其都已經(jīng)音變成非送氣音了,其語感被同族人認(rèn)為是[b],[d], [g]。所以,我們只能說美國英語語流中詞首[s]后的[p], [ t], [k]具有“濁化的傾向”,并且已由送氣音音變?yōu)榉撬蜌庖簟?/p>

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1] 李桂榮.英語語流中的語音語調(diào)[M]·北京:經(jīng)濟(jì)管理出版社, 2003·

[2] PeterRoach.英語語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)實用教程[M]·北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社, 2000·

[3] 石鋒.語音學(xué)探微[M]·北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,1990·

[4] 王士元,彭剛.語言、語音與技術(shù)[M]·上海:上海教育出版社, 2006·

[5] Edwards, Harold T.Applied Phonetics: the sounds ofAmerican English [M]·San Diego: Singular Publish-ingGroup, Inc.1992·

[6] 林燾,王理嘉.語言學(xué)教程[M]·北京:北京大學(xué)出版社, 1992·

第五篇：美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬2010年開學(xué)英語演講稿

Thank you!Hello!(Applause.)Thank you.Thank you.Well, hello, Philadelphia!(Applause.)And hello, Masterman.It is wonderful to see all of you.What a terrific introduction by Kelly.Give Kellya big round of applause.(Applause.)I was saying backstage that when I was in high school, I could not have done that.(Laughter.)I would have muffed it up somehow.So we are so proud of you and everything that you’ve done.And to all the students here, I’m thrilledto be here.謝謝！你們好！（掌聲。）謝謝。謝謝。你好，費(fèi)城?。ㄕ坡?。）你好，馬斯特曼。見到你們真是太好了。Kelly的介紹真是太棒了。讓我們對Kelly報以熱烈的掌聲。在后臺的時候我說，我上高中的時候我就做不這么好，我可能會弄的一團(tuán)糟。所以讓我們?yōu)槟愫湍阕龅囊磺凶院腊?。站在這里我很激動。

kelly 在奧巴馬總統(tǒng)演講前，一名叫Kelly的學(xué)生做了演講。backstage n.后臺

muff v.笨拙地處理，將事情弄糟 thrilled a.激動的

We’ve got a couple introductions I want to make.First of all, you’ve got the outstandinggovernor of Pennsylvania, Ed Rendell, in the house.(Applause.)The mayor of Philadelphia, Michael Nutter, is here.(Applause.)Congressman Chaka Fattah

我想介紹幾個人。首先，來到這兒的有，杰出的賓夕法尼亞州州長，Ed Rendell。（掌聲。）費(fèi)城市長，is here.(Applause.)Congresswoman Allyson Schwartz is here.(Applause.)Your own principal, Marge Neff, is here.(Applause.)The schoolsuperintendent, Michael Nutter。國會議員Fattah和Allyson Schwartz（掌聲）。你們的Arlene Ackerman, is here and doing a great job.(Applause.)And the Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan, is here.(Applause.)outstanding a.杰出的 Congressman n.國會議員 principal n.校長 superintendent n.院長

And I am here.(Applause.)And I am thrilled to be here.I am just so excited.I’ve heard such great things about what all of you are doing, both the students and the teachers and the staff here.Today is about welcoming all of you, and 校長Marge Neff（掌聲）。學(xué)校管理人Arlene Ackerman是這個學(xué)校的，并且為學(xué)校做了很大的貢獻(xiàn)。（掌聲）。還有教育部秘書長Arne Duncan。（掌聲）

還有我。（掌

聲），我感到非常的激動。我耳聞了你們

做的那些偉大的事，這里面有在校的學(xué)生，老師和工作人員。

今天歡迎你們，all of America’s students, back to school, even though I know you’ve been in school for a little bit now.And I can’t think of a better place to do it than at Masterman.(Applause.)Because you are one of the best schools in Philadelphia.You are a leader in helping students succeed in the classroom.Just last week, you were recognized by a National Blue Ribbon--as a National Blue Ribbon School because of your record of achievement.And that is a testament to everybody here –-to the students, to the parents, to the teachers, to the school leaders.It’s an example of excellence that I hope communities across America can embrace.歡迎每一個美國學(xué)生回校上課，當(dāng)然你們在學(xué)校已經(jīng)呆了一段時間了。我想不出除了在Masterman外，還有哪個地方更適合做這件事。（掌聲）因為你們是費(fèi)城最好的學(xué)校之一。你們在教育方面是領(lǐng)頭軍。就在上周，由于你們的卓越貢獻(xiàn)，被授為國家藍(lán)絲帶勛章。這是對每個人的見證，對學(xué)生，家長，老師還有學(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。我希望全美的社會團(tuán)體都能欣然接受這個杰出代表的例子。

embrace vt.擁抱；接受

Over the past few weeks, Michelle

幾周前，我和Michelle為

Sasha和Malia上學(xué)的事做準(zhǔn)and I have been getting Sasha and Malia ready for school.And they’re 備。她們兩個對這非常的期excited about it.I’ll bet they had the same feelings that you do--you’re a little sad to see the summer go, but you’re also excited about the

待。我敢打賭她們和你們一樣，有著相同的感覺。你們?yōu)橄奶斓氖湃ザ駛?，但是你們更?yīng)該期待新的一年。possibilities of a new year.The possibilities of building new friendships and strengthening old ones, of joining a school club, or trying out for a team.The possibilities of growing into a better student and a better person and making not just your family proud but making yourself proud.build friendships 結(jié)交新朋友

如你們可以結(jié)交新的朋友，加深同老朋友的感情，加入學(xué)校俱樂部，參加各種團(tuán)隊的選拔賽。成長為一個更優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生和個人，不僅僅讓你的家人自豪，同樣讓你們自己也很有成就感。

But I know some of you may also be

我知道，你們中有些

人在新學(xué)年會有些緊張。a little nervous about starting a new

或許你剛從小學(xué)升到初school year.Maybe you’re making the jump fromelementary to middle school, or from middle school to high school, and you’re worried about what that’s going to be like.Maybe you’re starting a new school.You’re not sure how you’ll like it, trying to figure out how you’re going to fit in.Or maybe you’re a senior, and you’re anxious about the whole college process;about where to apply and whether you canafford to go to college.elementary school n.小學(xué) figure out 想明白，弄清楚

中，從初中升到高中，會擔(dān)心，新的學(xué)年將會是什么樣的呢。也許你進(jìn)入一所新的學(xué)校，不知道是否會喜歡這個學(xué)校，想著怎么來融入這個學(xué)校?；蛟S你到了高三年級，對整個的大學(xué)入學(xué)程序感到不安，比如申請那里的學(xué)校，能不能支付上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用等等。fit in 融入，適應(yīng) afford to do 承擔(dān)得起

除此之外，我知道你們還有來自困難時期的壓know a lot of you are also feeling the strain of some difficult times.You 力。你們知道新聞內(nèi)容，知道你們一些家庭中發(fā)發(fā)know what’s going on in the news and you also know what’s going on in some 生的事情。你們讀過有關(guān) And beyond all those concerns, I of your own families.You’ve read about the war in Afghanistan.You hear about the recession that we’ve been through.And sometimes maybe you’re seeing the worries in your parents’ faces or sense it in their voice.strain n.壓力

So a lot of you as a consequence, because we’re going through a tough time a country, are having to act a lot older than you are.You got to be strong for your family while your brother or sister is serving overseas, or you’ve got to look after younger siblings while your mom is working that second shift.Or maybe some of you who are little bit older, you’re taking on a part-time job while your dad’s out of work.as a consequence 結(jié)果，所以

tough time 困難時期【tough a.艱難的】

所以，因為我們國家面臨困難時期，你們許多人的行為看上去比實際年齡要大。姐姐哥哥在海外工作，你們會表現(xiàn)得堅強(qiáng)，或許媽媽去值第二班，你們就要照顧年幼的弟弟妹妹?；蛟S你們有些人年長一點的，父親失了業(yè)，你們還要做兼職。阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭的信息，聽說過我們經(jīng)歷過的經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣。有時你們還看到了雙親臉上掛著的憂慮，或從他們的聲音中感受到了這些。sibling n.兄弟姐妹，同胞 shift n.輪班

有太多事情要做了，很多是你們不應(yīng)該做than you should have to handle.And it 的。這讓你們迷茫，不may make you wonder at times what your

知道自己的未來會是什own future will look like, whether you’re

么樣，在學(xué)校能不能取going to be able to succeed in school, And that’s a lot to handle.It’s more whether you should maybe set your sights a little lower, scale back your dreams.handle v.處理，應(yīng)對 scale back 縮減

But I came to Masterman to tell all of you what I think you’re hearing from your principal and your superintendent, and from your parents and your teachers: Nobody gets to write yourdestiny but you.Your future is in your hands.Your life is what you make of it.And nothing--absolutely nothing--is beyond your reach, so long as you’re willing to dream big, so long as you’re willing to work hard.So long as you’re willing to stay focused on your education, there is not a single thing that any of you cannotaccomplish, not a single thing.I

但是，我來到馬斯特曼，告訴你們一句話。我想這句話你們的校長、院長、父母以及老師都曾告訴過你們，那就是，沒有人，只有你才能書寫你自己的命運(yùn)。未來在你自己手中，生活由自己締造。只要志向遠(yuǎn)大，并努力為之奮斗，沒有什么是不能得到的。只要你專注于學(xué)業(yè)，沒有什么事不能實現(xiàn)的。我確信。

得好成績，是不是應(yīng)該把目光降低些，把理想放低些。believe that.destiny n.命運(yùn) accomplish v.完成

And that last part is absolutely essential, that part about really working hard in school, because an education has never been more important than it is today.I’m sure there are going to be times in the months ahead when you’re staying up late doing your homework orcramming for a test, or you’re dragging yourself out of bed on a rainy morning and you’re thinking, oh, boy, I wish maybe it was a snow day.(Laughter.)absolutely ad.絕對地

cram v.臨時抱佛腳；吃得過飽

But let me tell you, what you’re doing

但是讓我告訴你，你

所做的一切都是值得is worth it.There is nothing more 的。你們現(xiàn)在要做的事important than what you’re doing right now.Nothing is going to have as great an impact on your success in life as your education, how you’re doing in school.情無比重要。沒有什么比你的受教育程度以及你在學(xué)校的所做之事更能決定你的成功。

最后這一點，在學(xué)校努力奮斗是必要的。因為教育從未像現(xiàn)在這樣重要。我確信，幾個月后會有一段時間，你們會完善熬夜寫作業(yè)，為考試臨時抱佛腳，或者在一個雨天的早晨把自己從被窩里拖出來，想，哦天，怎么不是下雪天？?。ㄐΓ?/p>

More and more, the kinds of

能否能抓住機(jī)遇，越來越opportunities that are open to you are 取決于你們在學(xué)校的努力。going to be determined by how far you go in school.The farther you go in school, the farther you’re going to go in life.And at a time when other countries are competing with us like never before, when students around the world in Beijing, China, or Bangalore, India, are working harder than ever, and doing better than ever, your success in school is not just going to determine your success, it’s going to determine America’s success in the 21st century.你們在學(xué)校的表現(xiàn)越好，生活中就能走得越遠(yuǎn)。當(dāng)今，其他國家正與我們競爭，而且比以往任何時候都激烈。在中國北京或者印度邦加羅爾的學(xué)生比以前更加努力，而且比以前表現(xiàn)更好。你們在學(xué)校的成功并不只決定了自己一人的成功，還決定了美國在21世界是否能夠成功。

So you’ve got an obligation to yourselves, and America has an obligation to you, to make sure you’re getting the best education possible.And making sure you get that kind of education is going to take all of us working hard and all of us working hand in hand.obligation n.責(zé)任，義務(wù)

所以，你們要承擔(dān)起這樣的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。同時國家也向你們承擔(dān)責(zé)任和義務(wù)，那就是為你們提供最好的教育，為此我們要努力，共同奮斗。

It takes all of us in government--所有政府工作人員，從from the governor to the mayor to the 州長到市長，到院長，到總

統(tǒng)，所有人都要履行職責(zé)為superintendent to the President--all

我們的學(xué)生做好準(zhǔn)備，幫助of us doing our part to prepare our students, all of them, for success in the classroom and in college and in a

他們在教室、在大學(xué)、在事業(yè)上取得成功。這就需要我career.It’s going to take an outstanding principal, like Principal Neff, and outstanding teachers like the ones you have here at Masterman--teachers who are going above and 們有一個杰出的校長，像校長Neff，和優(yōu)秀的老師，正如你們的馬斯特曼的老師們。老師們要履行好對學(xué)生所應(yīng)擔(dān)負(fù)起的責(zé)任。我也希beyond the call of duty for their 望家長負(fù)起責(zé)任。

students.And it’s going to take parents who are committed to your education.佳句欣賞

Nobody gets to write your destiny but you.Your future is in your hands.Your life is what you make of it.沒有人，只有你才能書寫你自己的命運(yùn)。未來在你自己手中，生活由自己締造。