第一篇：中國的人力資源狀況

中國的人力資源狀況[全文] 目 錄

前 言???????????????????

一、中國人力資源的基本狀況?????????

二、人力資源開發(fā)的法律體系?????????

三、履行政府公共管理服務(wù)職責(zé)????????

四、發(fā)揮市場配置的基礎(chǔ)性作用????????

五、加強(qiáng)對勞動(dòng)者權(quán)益的保護(hù)?????????

六、積極開展國際交流與合作?????????

結(jié)束語???????????????????

前 言

中國是世界上人口最多的發(fā)展中國家，１３ 億人口中蘊(yùn)涵著極其豐富的人力資源。積極開發(fā)人力資源，充分發(fā)揮每個(gè)人的潛能和價(jià)值，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展，為國家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)提供強(qiáng)大的人力和智力支撐，實(shí)現(xiàn)由人力資源大國向人力資源強(qiáng)國的轉(zhuǎn)變，是中國政府始終面臨的重大課題和不懈推進(jìn)的重大事業(yè)。

新中國成立后特別是２０ 世紀(jì)７０ 年代末實(shí)行改革開放以來，中國政府堅(jiān)持以人為本的理念，積極貫徹“尊重勞動(dòng)、尊重知識(shí)、尊重人才、尊重創(chuàng)造”的方針，制定了一系列解決就業(yè)問題和發(fā)展教育、科技、文化、衛(wèi)生、社會(huì)保障事業(yè)的政策措施，努力為實(shí)現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的環(huán)境和條件。當(dāng)前，中國就業(yè)形勢保持總體穩(wěn)定，國民受教育程度和健康水平顯著提高，一大批國家建設(shè)急需的各類人才脫穎而出，為推動(dòng)中國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)各項(xiàng)事業(yè)發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。

按照建立社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的要求，為推動(dòng)科學(xué)發(fā)展，促進(jìn)社會(huì)和諧，中國政府注重發(fā)揮市場配置人力資源的基礎(chǔ)性作用，大力推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技、教育等體制改革，不斷深化干部人事制度改革，實(shí)施科教興國戰(zhàn)略、人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，建立和完善人力資源培養(yǎng)、吸引、使用和保障機(jī)制，加快人力資源法制建設(shè)，走出了一條適合中國國情的人力資源開發(fā)道路。

一、中國人力資源的基本狀況

人口眾多、勞動(dòng)力資源豐富是中國的基本國情。多年來，中國政府采取積極有效的政策措施，大力加強(qiáng)人力資源的開發(fā)利用，使中國的人力資源狀況發(fā)生了顯著變化。人力資源規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大。截至２００９年底，中國總?cè)丝谶_(dá)到１３３４７４萬人（不含香港、澳門特別行政區(qū)和臺(tái)灣?。?，其中，勞動(dòng)力資源１０６９６９萬人，比２０００年增加１１２６７萬人；就業(yè)人員７７９９５萬人，其中，城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員３１１２０萬人，分別比２０００年增加５９１０萬人和７９６９萬人。

國民受教育水平明顯提高。中國實(shí)行教育優(yōu)先的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，建成了比較完善的現(xiàn)代國民教育體系。２０００ 年實(shí)現(xiàn)了基本普及九年制義務(wù)教育和基本掃除青壯年文盲的目標(biāo)。高中階段教育普及率大幅提升，職業(yè)教育得到重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)，高等教育進(jìn)入大眾化階段。２００９年，全國普通高中在校生２４３４.２８萬人，各類中等職業(yè)教育在校生２１９５.１６萬人；普通高等教育本?？圃谛Ｉ玻保矗?６６萬人，在學(xué)研究生１４０.４９萬人。教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展，使就業(yè)人員的受教育水平顯著提高。截至２００９ 年底，全國１５歲以上人口平均受教育年限接近８.９ 年；主要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)年齡人口平均受教育年限為９.５年，其中受過高等教育的比例為９.９％ ；新增勞動(dòng)力平均受教育年限達(dá)到１２.４年。

就業(yè)人員產(chǎn)業(yè)布局日趨優(yōu)化。隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，第一產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員比例大幅下降，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員比例有較大提高。２００９年，第一、二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員的比例由２０００ 年的５０.０ ∶２２.５ ∶２７.５ 改變?yōu)椋常?１ ∶２７.８ ∶３４.１。

人才資源開發(fā)取得積極進(jìn)展。人才是指具有一定的專業(yè)知識(shí)或?qū)ｉT技能，進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性勞動(dòng)并對社會(huì)作出貢獻(xiàn)的人，是人力資源中能力和素質(zhì)較高的勞動(dòng)者。中國政府制定和實(shí)施一系列重大方針政策，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)黨政人才、企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人才、專業(yè)技術(shù)人才、高技能人才、農(nóng)村實(shí)用人才和社會(huì)工作人才等各類人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)。經(jīng)過多年努力，人才資源總量不斷增加，人才素質(zhì)明顯提高，人才結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化，人才使用效能逐漸提高。截至２００８年底，全國人才資源總量達(dá)到１.１４ 億人。

收入、衛(wèi)生、社會(huì)保障等人力資源發(fā)展的保障條件逐步改善。隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，城鄉(xiāng)居民收入實(shí)現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)步增長。城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入，由１９４９年的不足１００元人民幣提高到２００８年的１５７８１元人民幣；農(nóng)村居民人均純收入由１９４９年的４４元人民幣提高到２００８年的４７６１元人民幣。國家大力開展公共衛(wèi)生體系建設(shè)，為國民健康水平的提高提供保障，截至２００９年底，全國共有衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)２８.９ 萬個(gè)、衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員５２２萬人、醫(yī)院和衛(wèi)生院床位３９６萬張。近年來，中國政府大力推動(dòng)社會(huì)保障制度建設(shè)，加快建立覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)居民的社會(huì)保障體系，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)人人享有基本生活保障。２００９ 年，城鎮(zhèn)基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)２３５５０萬人；城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)和新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)合計(jì)超過１２億人；失業(yè)、工傷和生育保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)分別達(dá)到１２７１５萬人、１４８９６萬人和１０８７６萬人。中國實(shí)行最低生活保障制度，截至２００９年底，有２３４７.７萬城鎮(zhèn)居民和４７５９.３ 萬農(nóng)村居民享受了政府最低生活保障。國家在全國范圍內(nèi)實(shí)施有計(jì)劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)，２００９年農(nóng)村貧困人口減少為３５９７萬人，貧困發(fā)生率為３.６％。

第二篇：2009年中國的人力資源狀況(白皮書)

中國的人力資源狀況

（2010年9月）

中華人民共和國 國務(wù)院新聞辦公室

目錄

前言

一、中國人力資源的基本狀況

二、人力資源開發(fā)的法律體系

三、履行政府公共管理服務(wù)職責(zé)

四、發(fā)揮市場配置的基礎(chǔ)性作用

五、加強(qiáng)對勞動(dòng)者權(quán)益的保護(hù)

六、積極開展國際交流與合作

結(jié)束語

前言

中國是世界上人口最多的發(fā)展中國家，13億人口中蘊(yùn)涵著極其豐富的人力資源。積極開發(fā)人力資源，充分發(fā)揮每個(gè)人的潛能和價(jià)值，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展，為國家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)提供強(qiáng)大的人力和智力支撐，實(shí)現(xiàn)由人力資源大國向人力資源強(qiáng)國的轉(zhuǎn)變，是中國政府始終面臨的重大課題和不懈推進(jìn)的重大事業(yè)。

新中國成立后特別是20世紀(jì)70年代末實(shí)行改革開放以來，中國政府堅(jiān)持以人為本的理念積極貫徹“尊重勞動(dòng)、尊重知識(shí)、尊重人才、尊重創(chuàng)造”的方針，制定了一系列解決就業(yè)問題發(fā)展教育、科技、文化、衛(wèi)生、社會(huì)保障事業(yè)的政策措施，努力為實(shí)現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的環(huán)境和條件。當(dāng)前，中國就業(yè)形勢保持總體穩(wěn)定，國民受教育程度和健康水平顯著提高，一大批國家建設(shè)急需的各類人才脫穎而出，為推動(dòng)中國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)各項(xiàng)事業(yè)發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。

按照建立社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的要求，為推動(dòng)科學(xué)發(fā)展，促進(jìn)社會(huì)和諧，中國政府注重?fù)]市場配置人力資源的基礎(chǔ)性作用，大力推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技、教育等體制改革，不斷深化干部人事制度改革，實(shí)施科教興國戰(zhàn)略、人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，建立和完善人力資源培養(yǎng)、吸引、使用和保障機(jī)制，加快人力資源法制建設(shè)，走出了一條適合中國國情的人力資源開發(fā)道路

一、中國人力資源的基本狀況

人口眾多、勞動(dòng)力資源豐富是中國的基本國情。多年來，中國政府采取積極有效的政策措施大力加強(qiáng)人力資源的開發(fā)利用，使中國的人力資源狀況發(fā)生了顯著變化。人力資源規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大截至2009年底，中國總?cè)丝谶_(dá)到133474萬人（不含香港、澳門特別行政區(qū)和臺(tái)灣?。?，其中勞動(dòng)力資源106969萬人，比2000年增加11267萬人；就業(yè)人員77995萬人，其中，城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員31120萬人，分別比2000年增加5910萬人和7969萬人。

國民受教育水平明顯提高。中國實(shí)行教育優(yōu)先的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，建成了比較完善的現(xiàn)代國民教育體系。2000年實(shí)現(xiàn)了基本普及九年制義務(wù)教育和基本掃除青壯年文盲的目標(biāo)。高中階段教育普及率大幅提升，職業(yè)教育得到重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)，高等教育進(jìn)入大眾化階段。2009年，全國普通高中在校生2434.28萬人，各類中等職業(yè)教育在校生2195.16萬人；普通高等教育本?？圃谛Ｉ?144.66萬人，在學(xué)研究生140.49萬人。教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展，使就業(yè)人員的受教育水平顯著提高。截至200年底，全國15歲以上人口平均受教育年限接近8.9年；主要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)年齡人口平均受教育年限為9年，其中受過高等教育的比例為9.9%；新增勞動(dòng)力平均受教育年限達(dá)到12.4年。

就業(yè)人員產(chǎn)業(yè)布局日趨優(yōu)化。隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，第一產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員比例大幅下降，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員比例有較大提高。2009年，第一、二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員的比例由20年的50.0:22.5:27.5改變?yōu)?8.1:27.8:34.1。

人才資源開發(fā)取得積極進(jìn)展。人才是指具有一定的專業(yè)知識(shí)或?qū)ｉT技能，進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性勞動(dòng)并對社會(huì)作出貢獻(xiàn)的人，是人力資源中能力和素質(zhì)較高的勞動(dòng)者。中國政府制定和實(shí)施一系列重大方針政策，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)黨政人才、企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人才、專業(yè)技術(shù)人才、高技能人才、農(nóng)村實(shí)用人和社會(huì)工作人才等各類人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)。經(jīng)過多年努力，人才資源總量不斷增加，人才素質(zhì)明顯提高，人才結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化，人才使用效能逐漸提高。截至2008年底，全國人才資源總量達(dá)到1.1億人。

收入、衛(wèi)生、社會(huì)保障等人力資源發(fā)展的保障條件逐步改善。隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展城鄉(xiāng)居民收入實(shí)現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)步增長。城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入，由1949年的不足100元人民幣提高到2008年的15781元人民幣；農(nóng)村居民人均純收入由1949年的44元人民幣提高到2008年的476元人民幣。國家大力開展公共衛(wèi)生體系建設(shè)，為國民健康水平的提高提供保障，截至2009年底全國共有衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)28.9萬個(gè)、衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員522萬人、醫(yī)院和衛(wèi)生院床位396萬張。近年來，中國政府大力推動(dòng)社會(huì)保障制度建設(shè)，加快建立覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)居民的社會(huì)保障體系，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)人人享有基本生活保障。2009年，城鎮(zhèn)基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)23550萬人；城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)和新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)合計(jì)超過12億人；失業(yè)、工傷和生育保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)分別達(dá)到12715萬人、14896萬人和10876萬人。中國實(shí)行最低生活保障制度，截至2009年底，有2347.7萬城鎮(zhèn)居民和4759.3萬農(nóng)村居民享受了政府最低生活保障。國家在全國范圍內(nèi)實(shí)施有計(jì)劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)，2009年農(nóng)村貧困人口減少為3597萬人，貧困發(fā)生率為3.6%。

二、人力資源開發(fā)的法律體系

中國堅(jiān)持依法治國方略，積極推進(jìn)民主立法、科學(xué)立法，為人人享有公正平等的發(fā)展權(quán)利為科學(xué)開發(fā)人力資源提供法制保障。經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展，中國逐步形成以憲法為根本依據(jù)，以勞動(dòng)法公務(wù)員法為基礎(chǔ)，以勞動(dòng)合同法、就業(yè)促進(jìn)法、勞動(dòng)爭議調(diào)解仲裁法為主體，其他單項(xiàng)法律和行政法規(guī)為重要組成部分的人力資源開發(fā)法律體系。

促進(jìn)就業(yè)的法律制度

為實(shí)現(xiàn)擴(kuò)大和穩(wěn)定就業(yè)的發(fā)展目標(biāo)，1994年中國頒布《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)法》，明確提出國家通過促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造就業(yè)條件，擴(kuò)大就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。2007年頒布《中華人民共和國就業(yè)促進(jìn)法》，確立了國家執(zhí)行“勞動(dòng)者自主擇業(yè)、市場調(diào)節(jié)就業(yè)、政府促進(jìn)就業(yè)”的方針，建立促進(jìn)就業(yè)的政府責(zé)任體系，實(shí)施有利于促進(jìn)就業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)、投資、財(cái)稅政策，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域和不同社會(huì)群體的就業(yè)，建立失業(yè)預(yù)警制度，完善公共就業(yè)服務(wù)制度、職業(yè)培訓(xùn)制度和就業(yè)援助制度這些法律的實(shí)施，有效推動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與促進(jìn)就業(yè)的良性互動(dòng)。

國家保障勞動(dòng)者依法享有平等就業(yè)和自主擇業(yè)的權(quán)利。1988年以來，頒布了《中華人民共和國殘疾人保障法》、《中華人民共和國婦女權(quán)益保障法》、《中華人民共和國未成年人保護(hù)法和《女職工勞動(dòng)保護(hù)規(guī)定》、《禁止使用童工規(guī)定》、《殘疾人就業(yè)條例》等法律和行政法規(guī)《就業(yè)促進(jìn)法》專門設(shè)立了“公平就業(yè)”章，規(guī)定勞動(dòng)者就業(yè)不因民族、種族、性別、宗教信仰等不同而受歧視，并特別指出農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)者進(jìn)城就業(yè)享有與城鎮(zhèn)勞動(dòng)者平等的勞動(dòng)權(quán)利。

國家通過立法促進(jìn)職業(yè)教育和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。1995年以來，頒布了《中華人民共和國教育法》《中華人民共和國職業(yè)教育法》、《中華人民共和國民辦教育促進(jìn)法》等法律，建立了“市場引導(dǎo)培訓(xùn)、培訓(xùn)促進(jìn)就業(yè)”的職業(yè)教育與培訓(xùn)機(jī)制。依托各級(jí)各類職業(yè)院校和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)，完善多形式、多層次的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，形成不同層次教育相銜接、職業(yè)教育和普通教育相溝通的職業(yè)教育和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)制度。

國家積極規(guī)范專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的管理。1993年至今，中國頒布了《中華人民共和國教師法》《中華人民共和國執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師法》、《中華人民共和國律師法》、《中華人民共和國注冊會(huì)計(jì)師法》《中華人民共和國注冊建筑師條例》等法律法規(guī)，對專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的資質(zhì)條件、職業(yè)資格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接受繼續(xù)教育權(quán)利以及職業(yè)道德規(guī)范作出明確規(guī)定，規(guī)范了專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的職業(yè)準(zhǔn)入，提高了專業(yè)服務(wù)質(zhì)量。

公共人力資源管理的法律制度

1993年，中國頒布《國家公務(wù)員暫行條例》，實(shí)行公務(wù)員制度。2006年開始施行《中華人民共和國公務(wù)員法》，并陸續(xù)出臺(tái)了公務(wù)員錄用、培訓(xùn)、考核、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、職務(wù)任免與升降、調(diào)任處分、申訴、辭去公職、辭退、錄用考試違紀(jì)違規(guī)行為處理、新錄用公務(wù)員任職定級(jí)等一系列配套規(guī)章。在機(jī)關(guān)與事業(yè)單位工資福利、事業(yè)單位人事管理、人才流動(dòng)管理、人力資源宏觀調(diào)控等方面，國家制定規(guī)范性文件1000多件，涵蓋了公共人力資源管理的主要環(huán)節(jié)。

人力資源權(quán)益保護(hù)的法律制度

20世紀(jì)80年代中期，中國開始試行勞動(dòng)合同制度。到90年代，《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)法正式確立了勞動(dòng)合同制度。2007年頒布的《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)合同法》及此后出臺(tái)的《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)合同法實(shí)施條例》，進(jìn)一步完善了勞動(dòng)合同制度，明確用人單位和勞動(dòng)者的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，對勞動(dòng)合同的訂立、履行、變更、解除或者終止以及相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任作出了明確規(guī)定，時(shí)針對勞動(dòng)用工形式多樣化的發(fā)展趨勢，對勞務(wù)派遣和非全日制用工等行為專門進(jìn)行了規(guī)范。

中國積極發(fā)揮集體協(xié)商和集體合同制度的作用?！吨腥A人民共和國勞動(dòng)法》和《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)合同法》相繼對集體合同制度作出了規(guī)定。鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)積極開展集體協(xié)商，簽訂集體合同逐步形成以企業(yè)集體協(xié)商為主體、以區(qū)域性和行業(yè)性集體協(xié)商為補(bǔ)充的集體合同制度框架。近年來，集體合同制度覆蓋面不斷擴(kuò)大，實(shí)效性逐步增強(qiáng)，初步建立了以工會(huì)或職工代表與企業(yè)或企業(yè)組織平等協(xié)商為特征的集體勞動(dòng)關(guān)系調(diào)整機(jī)制。

為公正、及時(shí)解決勞動(dòng)爭議，中國2007年頒布了《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)爭議調(diào)解仲裁法》明確勞動(dòng)爭議調(diào)解和仲裁的范圍、程序、組織機(jī)構(gòu)、人員和處理機(jī)制。建立由政府部門、工會(huì)組織、企業(yè)組織共同協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的三方機(jī)制，強(qiáng)化調(diào)解、完善仲裁、加強(qiáng)司法救濟(jì)，及時(shí)妥善理勞動(dòng)爭議，維護(hù)當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益。頒布實(shí)施《勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察條例》，明確了勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察的責(zé)、實(shí)施、法律責(zé)任，為維護(hù)勞動(dòng)者的合法權(quán)益提供重要法律保障。

三、履行政府公共管理服務(wù)職責(zé)

近年來，中國政府積極發(fā)揮人力資源公共管理與服務(wù)的職能作用，加快職能轉(zhuǎn)變，健全政府責(zé)任體系，努力為勞動(dòng)者的體面勞動(dòng)和優(yōu)秀人才的脫穎而出，創(chuàng)造良好的政策環(huán)境與社會(huì)環(huán)境

實(shí)施積極的就業(yè)政策

長期以來，中國面臨著勞動(dòng)力供大于求的總量性矛盾，穩(wěn)定和擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的任務(wù)十分繁重。中國政府始終把促進(jìn)就業(yè)作為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的優(yōu)先目標(biāo)，以充分開發(fā)和合理利用人力資源為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，實(shí)施擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，促進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者提高整體素質(zhì)，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)更加充分的社會(huì)就業(yè)。不斷強(qiáng)化各級(jí)政府在促進(jìn)就業(yè)方面的責(zé)任，持續(xù)加大公共投入，促進(jìn)平等就業(yè)通過加強(qiáng)就業(yè)援助，開展職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，幫助就業(yè)困難人員和零就業(yè)家庭實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)。建設(shè)城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)一的人力資源市場，為城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者提供平等的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和服務(wù)。通過政策扶持和市場導(dǎo)向，解決了國有企業(yè)3000多萬下崗職工再就業(yè)問題，實(shí)現(xiàn)下崗職工基本生活保障向失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的并軌。200年至2009年，全國城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)5000多萬人，農(nóng)業(yè)富余勞動(dòng)力向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)近4500萬人。2009年末，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)人數(shù)921萬人，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率4.3%。

2008年國際金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)后，為應(yīng)對國際金融危機(jī)的沖擊，中國政府實(shí)施更加積極的就業(yè)政策。實(shí)施困難企業(yè)緩繳社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)或降低部分社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率、相關(guān)稅收減免等政策，鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)穩(wěn)定和增加就業(yè)。實(shí)施特別職業(yè)培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃，開展就業(yè)服務(wù)系列活動(dòng)，多渠道開辟就業(yè)崗位。以高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)為重點(diǎn)，大力促進(jìn)高校畢業(yè)生到城鄉(xiāng)基層、到中小企業(yè)和非公有制企業(yè)就業(yè)。2009年全年城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)超過1100萬人，高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率達(dá)到87.4%，下崗失業(yè)人員再就業(yè)超過50萬人，困難群體再就業(yè)超過150萬人。

實(shí)施人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略

人才是經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的第一資源，在國家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。中國歷來重視人才工作，進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)作出實(shí)施人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略的重大決策，努力造就數(shù)以億計(jì)的高素質(zhì)勞動(dòng)者、數(shù)以千萬計(jì)的專門人才和一大批拔尖創(chuàng)新人才，建設(shè)規(guī)模宏大、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、素質(zhì)較高的人才隊(duì)伍。2001年，中國政府將實(shí)施人才戰(zhàn)略納入國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展五年規(guī)劃。2006年以來，加強(qiáng)對人才資源開發(fā)的頂層設(shè)計(jì)和系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃，先后制定《國家中長期科學(xué)和技術(shù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（200—2020年）》、《國家中長期人才發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010—2020年）》和《國家中長期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010—2020年）》等三個(gè)國家中長期發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要，確立在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中人才優(yōu)先發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略布局，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域、產(chǎn)業(yè)、行業(yè)和不同所有制人才資源開發(fā)，促進(jìn)人人等享受人才政策和平等參與人才開發(fā)，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)各類人才隊(duì)伍協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。

為適應(yīng)建設(shè)創(chuàng)新型國家的需要，中國政府設(shè)立“863計(jì)劃”、“973計(jì)劃”、國家科技支撐計(jì)劃、自然科學(xué)基金等國家科技計(jì)劃（基金），建設(shè)國家工程研究中心和國家工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室，實(shí)“百千萬人才工程”、“長江學(xué)者獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)計(jì)劃”等重大人才項(xiàng)目，不斷增加科技投入，實(shí)施專業(yè)術(shù)人才知識(shí)更新工程，培養(yǎng)造就了一支具有較大規(guī)模和較高水平的科技人才隊(duì)伍，引進(jìn)了一批海外高層次人才。2008年，全國研究與發(fā)展（R&D）折合全時(shí)人員達(dá)196.54萬人年，其中科學(xué)家工程師159.34萬人年，分別是1991年的2.9倍和3.4倍；全國設(shè)立博士后科研流動(dòng)站2146個(gè)博士后科研工作站1642個(gè)，博士后研究人員達(dá)7萬多人。

為適應(yīng)走新型工業(yè)化道路和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)的需要，中國政府實(shí)施國家技能人才振興計(jì)劃，建立公共實(shí)訓(xùn)基地和國家高技能人才培養(yǎng)示范基地，努力培養(yǎng)造就一支門類齊全、技藝精湛的技能人才隊(duì)伍。國家大力培養(yǎng)農(nóng)村實(shí)用人才隊(duì)伍，實(shí)施農(nóng)村實(shí)用人才素質(zhì)提升計(jì)劃和新農(nóng)村實(shí)用人才培訓(xùn)工程，全面提高農(nóng)村實(shí)用人才的科技素質(zhì)、職業(yè)技能和經(jīng)營能力，大力培養(yǎng)教師、醫(yī)生、農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)人員等農(nóng)村發(fā)展急需人才，鼓勵(lì)和引導(dǎo)各類人才向農(nóng)村流動(dòng)。

促進(jìn)教育公平

全面實(shí)現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)免費(fèi)義務(wù)教育。從2006年開始，中國政府改革并逐步調(diào)整完善了農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育經(jīng)費(fèi)保障機(jī)制，并從2008年開始，免除城市義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生學(xué)雜費(fèi)，將九年義務(wù)教育全面納入國家財(cái)政保障范圍。

積極推進(jìn)義務(wù)教育均衡發(fā)展。堅(jiān)持公共教育資源向農(nóng)村地區(qū)、邊遠(yuǎn)貧困地區(qū)和民族地區(qū)傾斜實(shí)施國家貧困地區(qū)義務(wù)教育工程、西部地區(qū)農(nóng)村寄宿制學(xué)校建設(shè)工程、農(nóng)村中小學(xué)現(xiàn)代遠(yuǎn)程教育工程、中西部農(nóng)村初中改造工程、中西部地區(qū)特殊教育建設(shè)規(guī)劃等扶持計(jì)劃，努力縮小城鄉(xiāng)和區(qū)域差距，保障困難群體接受教育。

健全國家助學(xué)體系。中國政府在普通高校、職業(yè)學(xué)校實(shí)行國家獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、助學(xué)金和國家助學(xué)貸款等制度，加大資助力度，保障家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生不因貧困而失學(xué)。2009年底，中等職業(yè)學(xué)校學(xué)生受助面達(dá)到90%，高等學(xué)校學(xué)生受助面超過20%，資助學(xué)生4306萬人次。從2009年開始，國家對中等職業(yè)學(xué)校農(nóng)村家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生和涉農(nóng)專業(yè)學(xué)生免除學(xué)費(fèi)。

加強(qiáng)人力資源培訓(xùn)

國家把干部教育培訓(xùn)擺在突出位置，制定頒布了《干部教育培訓(xùn)工作條例（試行）》、《200—2010年全國干部教育培訓(xùn)規(guī)劃》和《關(guān)于2008—2012年大規(guī)模培訓(xùn)干部工作的實(shí)施意見》。圍繞政府中心工作以及職位要求，對公務(wù)員進(jìn)行初任培訓(xùn)、任職培訓(xùn)、專門業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn)和在職培訓(xùn)實(shí)施對口培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃，促進(jìn)學(xué)歷培訓(xùn)，實(shí)行掛職鍛煉，有效開發(fā)公務(wù)員人力資源，促進(jìn)公務(wù)員職業(yè)的發(fā)展。

國家對專業(yè)技術(shù)人員實(shí)施專業(yè)技術(shù)人才知識(shí)更新工程，有計(jì)劃、有步驟地在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展和科技發(fā)展的重要領(lǐng)域，對中高層專業(yè)技術(shù)人才，開展新理論、新知識(shí)、新技術(shù)、新方法的專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)，2005年至2009年，共培訓(xùn)300萬名中高級(jí)專業(yè)人才。構(gòu)建分層分類的專業(yè)技術(shù)人才繼續(xù)教育體系，充分發(fā)揮各方面積極性，逐步形成以需求為導(dǎo)向，政府主導(dǎo)與單位自主相結(jié)合，個(gè)人履行義務(wù)與自覺自愿學(xué)習(xí)相結(jié)合的繼續(xù)教育運(yùn)行機(jī)制。2009年，全國專業(yè)技術(shù)人員參加繼續(xù)教育達(dá)3000萬人次。為加強(qiáng)西部地區(qū)人才開發(fā)，中國政府制定《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)西部地區(qū)人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)的意見》，實(shí)施新疆、西藏少數(shù)民族科技骨干和青海三江源地區(qū)專業(yè)技術(shù)人才培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃。2009共培養(yǎng)2888名少數(shù)民族科技骨干人才和急需專業(yè)技術(shù)人才。

針對不同群體就業(yè)需要和勞動(dòng)者職業(yè)生涯發(fā)展不同階段需要，國家開展相應(yīng)的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，建立了以技工學(xué)校為骨干、職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)為補(bǔ)充的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)體系，并充分發(fā)揮工會(huì)、共青團(tuán)、婦聯(lián)等人民團(tuán)體和社會(huì)組織在職業(yè)培訓(xùn)等方面的作用。截至2009年底，全國共有技工學(xué)校和就業(yè)訓(xùn)練中心6000多所、民辦職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)2萬多所；建立巾幗科技示范基地26萬多個(gè)，為1.2億次婦女提供各類教育培訓(xùn)，增強(qiáng)了婦女的自我發(fā)展能力。針對城鄉(xiāng)未能繼續(xù)升學(xué)的初高中畢業(yè)生實(shí)施勞動(dòng)預(yù)備制培訓(xùn)，幫助其掌握一門職業(yè)技能或取得相應(yīng)職業(yè)資格證書后再進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場針對失業(yè)人員開展再就業(yè)培訓(xùn)，加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)的針對性、實(shí)用性和有效性，提高失業(yè)人員的再就業(yè)力。針對有創(chuàng)業(yè)愿望并具備一定創(chuàng)業(yè)條件的城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者開展創(chuàng)業(yè)能力培訓(xùn)，提高其創(chuàng)辦小企業(yè)的能力。針對擬向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)和城鎮(zhèn)轉(zhuǎn)移的農(nóng)村富余勞動(dòng)力開展職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，實(shí)施“陽光工程”“農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃”、“星火科技培訓(xùn)”、“雨露計(jì)劃”等專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)，提高其轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)能力。

為全面提高勞動(dòng)者素質(zhì)，增強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)者的就業(yè)能力和工作能力，1994年以來，國家建立職業(yè)資格證書制度。截至2009年底，全國累計(jì)有1843.3萬人取得各類專業(yè)技術(shù)人員職業(yè)資格證書；計(jì)有超過1億人次取得不同等級(jí)技能人員職業(yè)資格證書。

完善人力資源公共服務(wù)

逐步增加公共投入。2008年，中國人力資本投資占GDP比例達(dá)到10.75%。2009年，中央財(cái)政用于教育支出1981.39億元人民幣，比2007年增長84.1%；用于醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生支出1273.21億元人民幣，比2007年增長91.66%；用于就業(yè)和社會(huì)保障支出3296.67億元人民幣，比2007年增長43.2%；用于科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的支出1512.02億元人民幣，比2007年增長51.2%。

完善公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)體系。建立縣區(qū)以上綜合性服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，街道（鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)）社區(qū)服務(wù)口以及就業(yè)訓(xùn)練、創(chuàng)業(yè)服務(wù)等服務(wù)實(shí)體，形成了覆蓋省、市、縣（區(qū)）、街道（鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)）、社區(qū)（行政村）的五級(jí)服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。截至2009年底，全國共有縣（區(qū)）以上公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)萬多個(gè)；街道、鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)服務(wù)窗口共3.7萬個(gè)，覆蓋了97%的街道和89%的鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)。公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)職能不斷增強(qiáng)，免費(fèi)開展政策咨詢、市場供求信息發(fā)布、職業(yè)介紹、職業(yè)指導(dǎo)、就業(yè)援助創(chuàng)業(yè)服務(wù)，承擔(dān)就業(yè)登記、失業(yè)登記管理，提供人力資源社會(huì)保障事務(wù)代理、檔案管理、考試認(rèn)證、專家服務(wù)等服務(wù)項(xiàng)目。

提高人力資源服務(wù)的信息化程度。實(shí)施“金保工程”，初步建立以中央、省、市三級(jí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)依托，覆蓋全國的統(tǒng)一的勞動(dòng)和社會(huì)保障電子政務(wù)系統(tǒng)。通過發(fā)行社會(huì)保障卡，開通12333專公益服務(wù)電話號(hào)碼、短信平臺(tái)和建立政府服務(wù)網(wǎng)站等形式，為政策咨詢、信息獲取、業(yè)務(wù)辦理個(gè)人賬戶查詢等提供便捷的信息化服務(wù)。

深化干部人事制度改革

改革開放以來，中國不斷深化干部人事制度改革，先后頒布《深化干部人事制度改革綱要和《2010—2020年深化干部人事制度改革規(guī)劃綱要》，針對黨政機(jī)關(guān)、事業(yè)單位和國有企業(yè)的不同特點(diǎn)實(shí)行分類管理，逐步形成廣納群賢、人盡其才、能上能下、公平公正、充滿活力的干部事制度。

黨政機(jī)關(guān)推行公務(wù)員制度。從進(jìn)入隊(duì)伍到職務(wù)晉升引進(jìn)競爭機(jī)制，普遍推行公開選拔、競爭上崗等競爭性選拔干部方式，促進(jìn)了優(yōu)秀人才脫穎而出。2006年至2009年，全國通過考試共錄用公務(wù)員52.8萬余人。2003年至2009年，全國共公開選拔黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部4萬人，各級(jí)黨政機(jī)關(guān)通過競爭上崗走上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位的干部共33.9萬人。在干部選拔任用、考核評價(jià)、管理監(jiān)督等環(huán)節(jié)充分發(fā)揚(yáng)民主，民主推薦成為干部選拔任用的必經(jīng)程序，民意調(diào)查、民主測評得到廣泛運(yùn)用，干部工作民主化程度進(jìn)一步提高。干部交流力度不斷加大，重點(diǎn)部門、關(guān)鍵崗位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部交流形成制度，圍繞國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和人才戰(zhàn)略、地方經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展布局和支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)及重大項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)，加強(qiáng)了市、縣和中央國家機(jī)關(guān)、省級(jí)黨政機(jī)關(guān)之間領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的相互交流，從中央國家機(jī)關(guān)和東部發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)選拔大批干部到西部地區(qū)掛職、任職。2003年至2009年，全國機(jī)關(guān)干部共交流230.2萬人。完善職務(wù)任期、退休和辭退、辭職等制度，推進(jìn)干部能上能下，形成正常的更新交替機(jī)制。實(shí)行國家統(tǒng)一的職務(wù)與級(jí)別相結(jié)合的公務(wù)員工資制度，合理體現(xiàn)了工作職責(zé)大小與工資高低的關(guān)系。

事業(yè)單位推行人員聘用制度。通過簽訂聘用合同，規(guī)范單位和職工的人事關(guān)系。建立崗位設(shè)置、公開招聘、競爭上崗、考核獎(jiǎng)罰、辭職辭退等制度，逐步形成權(quán)責(zé)清晰、分類科學(xué)、機(jī)制靈活、監(jiān)管有力的事業(yè)單位人事管理制度。截至2009年底，全國事業(yè)單位簽訂聘用合同的人員達(dá)到80%。2009年，22個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）事業(yè)單位新進(jìn)人員中，采用公開招聘方式的占總數(shù)80%以上事業(yè)單位實(shí)行崗位績效工資制度，初步建立了與工作人員崗位職責(zé)、工作業(yè)績、實(shí)際貢獻(xiàn)緊密系和鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造的分配激勵(lì)機(jī)制，調(diào)動(dòng)了事業(yè)單位各類人力資源的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。

國有企業(yè)人事制度不斷健全完善。按照現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度要求，國有企業(yè)推進(jìn)規(guī)范董事會(huì)的建設(shè)為企業(yè)持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展提供了體制保障。建立健全企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人才選拔任用、業(yè)績考核、激勵(lì)監(jiān)督等管理制度。建立市場機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)、企業(yè)自主分配、職工民主參與、政府監(jiān)控指導(dǎo)的工資分配制度，促進(jìn)了企業(yè)的發(fā)展和職工工資水平的提高。注重發(fā)揮市場配置人才的基礎(chǔ)性作用，初步建立起市場化選人用人機(jī)制，2003年至2009年通過公開招聘、競爭上崗等方式選聘的經(jīng)營管理人才，從33.4萬人增加到52.1萬人。

建立國家榮譽(yù)和表彰獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度

中國政府堅(jiān)持精神獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與物質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)相結(jié)合、以精神獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)為主的原則，建立健全國家榮譽(yù)和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度。

國家設(shè)立“全國勞動(dòng)模范”和“全國先進(jìn)工作者”榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)，授予在國家建設(shè)事業(yè)中作出重大貢獻(xiàn)的勞動(dòng)者。1989年以來，中國政府一般每五年召開一次全國勞動(dòng)模范和先進(jìn)工作者表彰大會(huì)，對全國各行各業(yè)涌現(xiàn)出的先進(jìn)人物予以表彰，其中授予工人、農(nóng)民、企業(yè)管理人員等“全國勞動(dòng)模范”榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)，授予機(jī)關(guān)事業(yè)單位工作人員“全國先進(jìn)工作者”榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)。截至目前共表彰“全國勞動(dòng)模范”和“全國先進(jìn)工作者”14578人。

國家設(shè)立科學(xué)技術(shù)獎(jiǎng)，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)在科學(xué)技術(shù)工作中作出突出貢獻(xiàn)的公民、組織。自2000年以來共有27772人獲得國家科學(xué)技術(shù)獎(jiǎng)。其中有16名杰出科學(xué)家獲得國家最高科學(xué)技術(shù)獎(jiǎng)。國家設(shè)立科學(xué)院和工程院院士稱號(hào)，中國科學(xué)院院士和中國工程院院士是國家在科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域和工程科技領(lǐng)域設(shè)立的最高學(xué)術(shù)稱號(hào)，截至2009年底，共評選產(chǎn)生中國科學(xué)院院士1143人、中國工程院士861人。自1990年起，中國政府實(shí)行政府特殊津貼制度，向作出突出貢獻(xiàn)的專家、學(xué)者、技術(shù)人員和高技能人才頒發(fā)榮譽(yù)證書，發(fā)放政府特殊津貼。到2009年，全國共有15.8萬人享政府特殊津貼。建立全國優(yōu)秀專業(yè)技術(shù)人才表彰制度，自1999年以來共有200人獲得“全國杰出專業(yè)技術(shù)人才”稱號(hào)。建立中華技能大獎(jiǎng)和全國技術(shù)能手評選表彰制度，自1995年以來已有120人榮獲“中華技能大獎(jiǎng)”稱號(hào)，2976人榮獲“全國技術(shù)能手”稱號(hào)，樹立了一批中國高技人才楷模人物。建立全國農(nóng)村優(yōu)秀人才表彰制度，自2000年以來已表彰了160名全國農(nóng)村優(yōu)秀人才。

四、發(fā)揮市場配置的基礎(chǔ)性作用

隨著社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制在中國的逐步建立，中國政府遵循人力資源開發(fā)的客觀規(guī)律，以市場配置人力資源為改革取向，尊重勞動(dòng)者的自主擇業(yè)權(quán)，努力培育和發(fā)展人力資源市場，逐實(shí)現(xiàn)人力資源從計(jì)劃配置到市場配置的轉(zhuǎn)變。

人力資源市場配置機(jī)制基本形成

20世紀(jì)80年代以來，以公有制為主體，多種所有制形式共同發(fā)展，逐步形成了多元化的市場用人主體。1998年至2009年，在城鎮(zhèn)從業(yè)人員中，國有單位就業(yè)人員從9058萬人下降到642萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從41.9%下降到20.6%；有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司就業(yè)人員從894萬人上升到3389萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從4.1%上升到10.9%；私營單位和個(gè)體經(jīng)濟(jì)就業(yè)人員從3232萬人上升到9789萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從15.0%提高到31.5%。

20世紀(jì)80年代中期以來，中國逐步改革計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下“統(tǒng)包統(tǒng)配”的固定工制度，落實(shí)單位用工自主權(quán)和勞動(dòng)者自主擇業(yè)權(quán)，以雙向選擇、自主協(xié)商、訂立勞動(dòng)合同作為確立勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的基本方式，增強(qiáng)了人力資源市場的活力和效率。為適應(yīng)建立社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的要求，中國政府改革社會(huì)保障制度、戶籍制度、高校畢業(yè)生分配制度，不斷破除勞動(dòng)者自由流動(dòng)的體制性障礙，勞動(dòng)者跨地區(qū)、跨部門、跨行業(yè)流動(dòng)日趨活躍。2009年，在各類人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)登記求職的勞動(dòng)者達(dá)到9700萬人次，成功實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)和轉(zhuǎn)換工作的達(dá)到3600萬人次，分別比2000年增加7700萬人次和2600萬人次。同年，全國外出就業(yè)和本地非農(nóng)從業(yè)6個(gè)月以上的農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力總數(shù)達(dá)到22978萬人，其中外出農(nóng)民工達(dá)到14533萬人，就近到二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)的本地農(nóng)民工達(dá)到8445萬人。

人力資源服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速

20世紀(jì)80年代以來，中國人力資源服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)模和水平不斷提升。服務(wù)領(lǐng)域和內(nèi)容日益多元化，從最初的招聘服務(wù)、人事代理發(fā)展到包括培訓(xùn)服務(wù)、勞務(wù)派遣、就業(yè)指導(dǎo)、人才測評管理咨詢和人力資源服務(wù)外包等多種業(yè)務(wù)，形成較為完善的服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。2008年，全國各類人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)達(dá)4.9萬余家，基本形成由公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)、民營人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)、外合資人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)共同組成的多層次、多元化的人力資源市場服務(wù)體系。

中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織以來，積極履行承諾，使進(jìn)入中國市場的外資人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)逐步增加。2009年，中國境內(nèi)的中外合資人才服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)從2003年的30家增加到160家。

五、加強(qiáng)對勞動(dòng)者權(quán)益的保護(hù)

尊重人的勞動(dòng)權(quán)利，注重勞動(dòng)者的權(quán)益保護(hù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)人的體面勞動(dòng)，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展，是中國政府一貫堅(jiān)持的發(fā)展理念。中國政府采取一系列政策措施加強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)者權(quán)益保護(hù)，有效促進(jìn)人力資源的良性發(fā)展。

保障平等就業(yè)

近年來，中國政府加強(qiáng)統(tǒng)一規(guī)范的人力資源市場的建設(shè)與管理，努力打破歷史原因造成的城鄉(xiāng)分割、身份分割和地區(qū)分割等問題，消除人力資源市場的體制性障礙，形成城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者平等就業(yè)的制度。國家有關(guān)部門通過完善市場監(jiān)管體系，開展人力資源市場執(zhí)法檢查活動(dòng)，清理整頓市場不法行為，有力維護(hù)了求職者等市場主體的合法權(quán)益。

國家高度重視并保障婦女享有與男子平等的勞動(dòng)權(quán)利，努力消除阻礙婦女平等就業(yè)的壁壘動(dòng)員和組織社會(huì)力量拓寬吸納女性勞動(dòng)力就業(yè)的渠道，制定和執(zhí)行扶持婦女自主創(chuàng)業(yè)的政策。充分發(fā)揮各級(jí)婦聯(lián)組織在反映婦女訴求、促進(jìn)平等就業(yè)和同工同酬、提供維權(quán)服務(wù)等方面的積極作用。到2008年，全國就業(yè)人口中女性超過45.4%。

中國政府加強(qiáng)對殘疾人就業(yè)的統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，實(shí)行集中就業(yè)與分散就業(yè)相結(jié)合的方針，保障殘疾人的勞動(dòng)權(quán)利。制定和實(shí)施促進(jìn)殘疾人就業(yè)政策，規(guī)定用人單位安排殘疾人就業(yè)的比例不得低于1.5%，對安置殘疾人員達(dá)到職工總數(shù)25%比例的集中使用殘疾人的用人單位給予稅收優(yōu)惠，指導(dǎo)和幫助殘疾人組織興辦殘疾人福利企業(yè)，鼓勵(lì)和支持殘疾人通過多種形式靈活就業(yè)。中國各級(jí)殘疾人聯(lián)合會(huì)努力維護(hù)殘疾人合法權(quán)益，幫助殘疾人平等參與社會(huì)生活。建立省、市、縣級(jí)殘疾人就業(yè)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)3043個(gè)，專門為殘疾人提供就業(yè)援助服務(wù)。截至2009年底，全國城鎮(zhèn)實(shí)際在業(yè)疾人數(shù)443.4萬，農(nóng)村殘疾人有1757萬實(shí)現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。

國家高度重視保障農(nóng)民工權(quán)益。農(nóng)民工是中國改革開放和工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中出現(xiàn)的特殊勞動(dòng)群體，為國家經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。2006年，國務(wù)院建立農(nóng)民工工作聯(lián)席會(huì)議制度，統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)和指導(dǎo)全國農(nóng)民工工作。取消各種針對農(nóng)民進(jìn)城就業(yè)的不合理限制，加強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)安全衛(wèi)生培訓(xùn)，擴(kuò)大農(nóng)民工參加社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)覆蓋面，建立養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)接續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)移制度，實(shí)施“春暖行動(dòng)”“春風(fēng)行動(dòng)”等專項(xiàng)扶持計(jì)劃。截至2009年底，有8014.82萬農(nóng)民工成為工會(huì)會(huì)員，近80%的農(nóng)民工隨遷子女在城鎮(zhèn)公辦中小學(xué)免費(fèi)接受義務(wù)教育，全國參加工傷保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、城鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的農(nóng)民工分別達(dá)到5587萬人、4335萬人、2647萬人和1643萬人。

建立勞動(dòng)關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制

全面推進(jìn)勞動(dòng)合同制度的實(shí)施。截至2009年底，全國規(guī)模以上企業(yè)勞動(dòng)合同簽訂率達(dá)到96.5%；勞動(dòng)合同內(nèi)容趨于規(guī)范，勞動(dòng)合同履行情況良好。積極推進(jìn)集體協(xié)商和集體合同制度，增進(jìn)勞動(dòng)者與用人單位之間的相互理解和信任，推動(dòng)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系雙方互利共贏。截至2009年底，全國當(dāng)期有效集體合同達(dá)到70.3萬份，覆蓋職工9400多萬人。

充分發(fā)揮協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系三方機(jī)制的作用。2009年，全國地級(jí)以上城市和26個(gè)省份的縣（市區(qū)建立了由政府、工會(huì)和企業(yè)方面代表組成的協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系三方機(jī)制，各級(jí)協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系三方機(jī)制組織共計(jì)1.4萬多家。協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系三方機(jī)制圍繞勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的重大問題，積極溝通，加強(qiáng)合作消除分歧，在促進(jìn)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系和諧穩(wěn)定中發(fā)揮了重要作用。

大力推動(dòng)和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系創(chuàng)建活動(dòng)。2006年，中國開始開展“創(chuàng)建勞動(dòng)關(guān)系和諧企業(yè)與工業(yè)園區(qū)”活動(dòng)，通過制定、實(shí)施和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系創(chuàng)建標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、推動(dòng)建立勞動(dòng)關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制、表彰先進(jìn)典等措施，促進(jìn)企業(yè)和工業(yè)園區(qū)內(nèi)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的和諧穩(wěn)定。截至2009年底，全國31個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市開展了和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系創(chuàng)建活動(dòng)。

積極發(fā)揮工會(huì)組織的重要作用。中國工會(huì)組織是職工利益的代表者和維護(hù)者，在創(chuàng)建和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的過程中，發(fā)揮著重要的、不可替代的作用。2009年，全國基層工會(huì)組織有184.5萬個(gè)覆蓋企事業(yè)機(jī)關(guān)單位395.9萬家，全國工會(huì)會(huì)員總數(shù)達(dá)2.263億人。各級(jí)工會(huì)組織積極履行維權(quán)職責(zé)，幫助指導(dǎo)勞動(dòng)者與用人單位依法訂立勞動(dòng)合同，代表職工與企業(yè)開展集體協(xié)商和簽訂集體合同，組織職工參與本單位民主決策、民主管理和民主監(jiān)督，參與勞動(dòng)人事爭議調(diào)解仲裁，為職工提供法律服務(wù)，督促用人單位遵守國家法律法規(guī)。

加強(qiáng)對企業(yè)職工的人文關(guān)懷。近年來，針對個(gè)別企業(yè)用工方面存在的問題，中國各級(jí)政府采取積極措施，督促、倡導(dǎo)企業(yè)切實(shí)加強(qiáng)對職工的人文關(guān)懷，改善職工生產(chǎn)生活條件，完善職工訴求表達(dá)機(jī)制，建立職工交流互助平臺(tái)，開展職工心理健康咨詢服務(wù)。同時(shí)積極引導(dǎo)社會(huì)輿論，努力形成共建和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的良好社會(huì)氛圍。

公正及時(shí)解決勞動(dòng)人事爭議

通過調(diào)解仲裁解決勞動(dòng)人事爭議，是一項(xiàng)具有中國特色的權(quán)益救濟(jì)和保障制度。仲裁委員會(huì)由政府行政主管部門代表、工會(huì)代表和用人單位代表三個(gè)方面組成，以保證爭議案件審理過程的透明度和公正性。截至2009年底，中國共有仲裁辦案機(jī)構(gòu)4800多個(gè)、仲裁員3.3萬人。

勞動(dòng)人事調(diào)解仲裁工作遵循公正原則，鼓勵(lì)協(xié)商，先行調(diào)解，及時(shí)妥善處理勞動(dòng)人事爭議維護(hù)當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益。2009年，全國各級(jí)勞動(dòng)人事爭議仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)共處理勞動(dòng)人事爭議案件87.萬件；立案受理勞動(dòng)爭議案件68.4萬件，比上年下降1.3%；涉及勞動(dòng)者101.7萬人，比上年下降16.3%。依據(jù)中國法律，當(dāng)事人對勞動(dòng)人事爭議仲裁裁決不服的，可以向人民法院提起訴訟。2009年，中國各級(jí)人民法院審結(jié)勞動(dòng)爭議案件31.7萬件，有效維護(hù)了當(dāng)事人雙方合法權(quán)益。

加大勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察力度

勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察執(zhí)法是維護(hù)勞動(dòng)者合法權(quán)益的重要途徑。勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)的主要職責(zé)是，積極宣傳勞動(dòng)保障法律法規(guī)，接受并依法查處勞動(dòng)者投訴舉報(bào)案件，并主動(dòng)對用人單位守法情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)督檢查。截至2009年底，中國共建立勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)3291個(gè)，配備專職監(jiān)察員2.3萬名

近年來，勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)開展專項(xiàng)檢查，對違反勞動(dòng)保障法律法規(guī)的突出問題進(jìn)行集中整治；加強(qiáng)對社會(huì)反映強(qiáng)烈的重大違法案件的專項(xiàng)督辦工作，及時(shí)組織查處。通過監(jiān)察執(zhí)法，保障了勞動(dòng)者在職業(yè)介紹、勞動(dòng)合同簽訂、工作時(shí)間、工資支付、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、特殊勞動(dòng)保護(hù)等方面益的落實(shí)。2009年，全國勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)共主動(dòng)檢查用人單位175.1萬戶，涉及勞動(dòng)者9029.萬人，查處各類勞動(dòng)保障違法案件43.9萬件，督促用人單位為1073.7萬名勞動(dòng)者補(bǔ)簽勞動(dòng)合同

從2009年起，中國政府在全國60個(gè)城市開展了勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察網(wǎng)格化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化管理工作試點(diǎn)對用人單位進(jìn)行全面動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)管，實(shí)現(xiàn)對勞動(dòng)糾紛的早期預(yù)防和及時(shí)介入。試點(diǎn)工作取得良好成效即將在全國范圍逐步推行。

六、積極開展國際交流與合作

中國政府高度重視人力資源領(lǐng)域的國際交流與合作，認(rèn)真履行國際義務(wù)，不斷拓寬渠道和領(lǐng)域，推動(dòng)形成全方位、多層次的交流與合作格局。

中國尊重《聯(lián)合國憲章》促進(jìn)人權(quán)和基本自由的宗旨與原則，致力于維護(hù)人的生存權(quán)和發(fā)權(quán)，合理確定、依法頒布和逐步完善勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國政府結(jié)合本國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展實(shí)際，先后批準(zhǔn)了《男女同工同酬公約》、《準(zhǔn)予就業(yè)最低年齡公約》、《消除最惡劣形式童工公約》、《消除就業(yè)和職業(yè)歧視公約》等25個(gè)國際勞工公約，并積極實(shí)施有關(guān)公約。中國不斷完善本國人力資源開發(fā)的法律法規(guī)，推動(dòng)包括國際勞工組織核心勞工公約的批準(zhǔn)進(jìn)程。

中國政府高度重視與國際勞工組織、聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計(jì)劃署、亞太經(jīng)合組織、世界銀行、亞洲開發(fā)銀行等國際組織或機(jī)構(gòu)建立人力資源領(lǐng)域的合作關(guān)系，積極發(fā)展與其他國家或地區(qū)雙邊或多邊的人力資源交流與合作。中國政府自1983年正式恢復(fù)在國際勞工組織的活動(dòng)以來，積極參加國際勞工事務(wù)，在促進(jìn)就業(yè)、完善社會(huì)保障制度、建立和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系以及制定勞動(dòng)法律法規(guī)方面開展了一系列國際合作。2004年和2007年，中國與國際勞工組織共同舉辦了“中國就業(yè)論壇”和“亞洲就業(yè)論壇”。自1992年以來，中國政府積極參與亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源開發(fā)領(lǐng)域的合作并發(fā)揮出重要作用。2001年，中國成功舉辦亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源能力建設(shè)高峰會(huì)議，通過了《北京倡議》。2010年9月，第五屆亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源開發(fā)部長級(jí)會(huì)議在北京舉行，為亞太各經(jīng)濟(jì)體討論金融危機(jī)后的就業(yè)、人力資源開發(fā)等提供重要平臺(tái)。中國1994年加入國際社會(huì)保障協(xié)會(huì)成為正式會(huì)員。2004年第28屆國際社會(huì)保障協(xié)會(huì)全球大會(huì)在北京召開，通過了《北京宣言》截至2009年底，中國政府人力資源和社會(huì)保障部門已經(jīng)與80多個(gè)國家和一些重要的國際組織建立了合作伙伴關(guān)系。為便利人員流動(dòng)，中國先后與德國、韓國簽署了社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)互免協(xié)定。

改革開放以來，中國實(shí)施更加開放的人才政策。中國政府堅(jiān)持“支持留學(xué)、鼓勵(lì)回國、來去自由”的留學(xué)方針，努力拓寬留學(xué)渠道，積極吸引人才回國，為留學(xué)人員回國工作、為國服務(wù)回國創(chuàng)業(yè)提供支持，創(chuàng)造良好的生活和工作環(huán)境。從1978年至2009年底，中國各類出國留學(xué)員總數(shù)達(dá)162.07萬人，留學(xué)回國人員總數(shù)達(dá)49.74萬人。實(shí)施“中國留學(xué)人員回國創(chuàng)業(yè)啟動(dòng)支持計(jì)劃”和“海外赤子為國服務(wù)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃”，鼓勵(lì)和吸引海外留學(xué)人員回國工作、創(chuàng)業(yè)。中國視和支持外國公民來華留學(xué)，從1978年至2009年，中國接受的來華留學(xué)人員累計(jì)達(dá)到169萬人次，輻射190個(gè)國家和地區(qū)。中國積極利用國際教育培訓(xùn)資源培養(yǎng)人才，實(shí)施領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部經(jīng)濟(jì)管培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目、高級(jí)公務(wù)員海外培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目等培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃，2009年共選派5.02萬人出國（境）培訓(xùn)。中國積極協(xié)助聯(lián)合國在華舉行“國家競爭考試”，推薦優(yōu)秀人才到國際組織任職，截至2009年底共有1002名中國國際職員在各類國際組織中任職。中國政府積極引進(jìn)國外智力，2009年來中國大陸工作的境外專家約48萬人次。2009年末持外國人就業(yè)證在中國工作的外國人共22.3萬人截至2009年底，中國累計(jì)授予1099名外國專家“友誼獎(jiǎng)”，授予43名外國專家“國際科學(xué)技術(shù)合作獎(jiǎng)”。

結(jié)束語

伴隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，中國的人力資源事業(yè)有了長足進(jìn)步。但中國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家，仍然面臨著就業(yè)壓力大、人力資源結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾突出、高層次創(chuàng)新型才匱乏等問題。中國人力資源發(fā)展面臨的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)前所未有。

在新的歷史起點(diǎn)上，中國政府將堅(jiān)持以人為本，關(guān)心人的全面發(fā)展，鼓勵(lì)和支持人人都作貢獻(xiàn)，人人都能成才；堅(jiān)持以促進(jìn)教育公平為重點(diǎn)，以提高教育質(zhì)量為核心，構(gòu)建完備的終身教育體系，讓全體人民學(xué)有所教、學(xué)有所成、學(xué)有所用；堅(jiān)持就業(yè)是民生之本，更好地實(shí)施擴(kuò)大就的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和更加積極的就業(yè)政策，促進(jìn)以創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動(dòng)就業(yè)；堅(jiān)持人才優(yōu)先，更好地實(shí)施人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略，突出培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型科技人才，大力開發(fā)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域急需緊缺專門人才，統(tǒng)推進(jìn)各類人才建設(shè)；堅(jiān)持管理創(chuàng)新，通過不斷深化改革，擴(kuò)大開放，破除不合時(shí)宜的體制機(jī)制障礙，營造充滿活力、富有效率、更加開放的社會(huì)環(huán)境。

在未來的歲月里，中國人民的智慧與力量一定會(huì)更好地迸發(fā)出來，國家的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步一定會(huì)有更加堅(jiān)實(shí)的人力與人才資源基礎(chǔ)。

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第三篇：中國的人力資源狀況白皮書(漢英對照版)

中國的人力資源狀況 前 言

中國是世界上人口最多的發(fā)展中國家，13億人口中蘊(yùn)涵著極其豐富的人力資源。積極開發(fā)人力資源，充分發(fā)揮每個(gè)人的潛能和價(jià)值，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展，為國家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)提供強(qiáng)大的人力和智力支撐，實(shí)現(xiàn)由人力資源大國向人力資源強(qiáng)國的轉(zhuǎn)變，是中國政府始終面臨的重大課題和不懈推進(jìn)的重大事業(yè)。

新中國成立后特別是20世紀(jì)70年代末實(shí)行改革開放以來，中國政府堅(jiān)持以人為本的理念，積極貫徹“尊重勞動(dòng)、尊重知識(shí)、尊重人才、尊重創(chuàng)造”的方針，制定了一系列解決就業(yè)問題和發(fā)展教育、科技、文化、衛(wèi)生、社會(huì)保障事業(yè)的政策措施，努力為實(shí)現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的環(huán)境和條件。當(dāng)前，中國就業(yè)形勢保持總體穩(wěn)定，國民受教育程度和健康水平顯著提高，一大批國家建設(shè)急需的各類人才脫穎而出，為推動(dòng)中國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)各項(xiàng)事業(yè)發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。

按照建立社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的要求，為推動(dòng)科學(xué)發(fā)展，促進(jìn)社會(huì)和諧，中國政府注重發(fā)揮市場配置人力資源的基礎(chǔ)性作用，大力推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技、教育等體制改革，不斷深化干部人事制度改革，實(shí)施科教興國戰(zhàn)略、人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，建立和完善人力資源培養(yǎng)、吸引、使用和保障機(jī)制，加快人力資源法制建設(shè)，走出了一條適合中國國情的人力資源開發(fā)道路 中國人力資源的基本狀況

人口眾多、勞動(dòng)力資源豐富是中國的基本國情。多年來，中國政府采取積極有效的政策措施，大力加強(qiáng)人力資源的開發(fā)利用，使中國的人力資源狀況發(fā)生了顯著變化。人力資源規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大。截至2009年底，中國總?cè)丝谶_(dá)到133474萬人（不含香港、澳門特別行政區(qū)和臺(tái)灣?。?，其中，勞動(dòng)力資源106969萬人，比2000年增加11267萬人；就業(yè)人員77995萬人，其中，城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員31120萬人，分別比2000年增加5910萬人和7969萬人。

國民受教育水平明顯提高。中國實(shí)行教育優(yōu)先的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，建成了比較完善的現(xiàn)代國民教育體系。2000年實(shí)現(xiàn)了基本普及九年制義務(wù)教育和基本掃除青壯年文盲的目標(biāo)。高中階段教育普及率大幅 伴隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，中國的人力資源事業(yè)有了長足進(jìn)步。但中國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家，仍然面臨著就業(yè)壓力大、人力資源結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾突出、高層次創(chuàng)新型人才匱乏等問題。中國人力資源發(fā)展面臨的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)前所未有。

在新的歷史起點(diǎn)上，中國政府將堅(jiān)持以人為本，關(guān)心人的全面發(fā)展，鼓勵(lì)和支持人人都作貢獻(xiàn)，人人都能成才；堅(jiān)持以促進(jìn)教育公平為重點(diǎn)，以提高教育質(zhì)量為核心，構(gòu)建完備的終身教育體系，讓全體人民學(xué)有所教、學(xué)有所成、學(xué)有所用；堅(jiān)持就業(yè)是民生之本，更好地實(shí)施擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和更加積極的就業(yè)政策，促進(jìn)以創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動(dòng)就業(yè)；堅(jiān)持人才優(yōu)先，更好地實(shí)施人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略，突出培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型科技人才，大力開發(fā)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域急需緊缺專門人才，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)各類人才建設(shè)；堅(jiān)持管理創(chuàng)新，通過不斷深化改革，擴(kuò)大開放，破除不合時(shí)宜的體制機(jī)制障礙，營造充滿活力、富有效率、更加開放的社會(huì)環(huán)境。

在未來的歲月里，中國人民的智慧與力量一定會(huì)更好地迸發(fā)出來，國家的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步一定會(huì)有更加堅(jiān)實(shí)的人力與人才資源基礎(chǔ)

人才資源開發(fā)取得積極進(jìn)展。人才是指具有一定的專業(yè)知識(shí)或?qū)ｉT技能，進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性勞動(dòng)并對社會(huì)作出貢獻(xiàn)的人，是人力資源中能力和素質(zhì)較高的勞動(dòng)者。中國政府制定和實(shí)施一系列重大方針政策，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)黨政人才、企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人才、專業(yè)技術(shù)人才、高技能人才、農(nóng)村實(shí)用人才和社會(huì)工作人才等各類人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)。經(jīng)過多年努力，人才資源總量不斷增加，人才素質(zhì)明顯提高，人才結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化，人才使用效能逐漸提高。截至2008年底，全國人才資源總量達(dá)到1.14億人。

收入、衛(wèi)生、社會(huì)保障等人力資源發(fā)展的保障條件逐步改善。隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，城鄉(xiāng)居民收入實(shí)現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)步增長。城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入，由1949年的不足100元人民幣提高到2008年的15781元人民幣；農(nóng)村居民人均純收入由1949年的44元人民幣提高到2008年的4761元人民幣。國家大力開展公共衛(wèi)生體系建設(shè)，為國民健康水平的提高提供保障，截至2009年底，全國共有衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)28.9萬個(gè)、衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員522萬人、醫(yī)院和衛(wèi)生院床位396萬張。近年來，中國政府大力推動(dòng)社會(huì)保障制度建設(shè)，加快建立覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)居民的社會(huì)保障體系，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)人人享有基本生活保障。2009年，城鎮(zhèn)基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)23550萬人；城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)和新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)合計(jì)超過12億人；失業(yè)、工傷和生育保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)分別達(dá)到12715萬人、14896萬人和10876萬人。中國實(shí)行最低生活保障制度，截至2009年底，有2347.7萬城鎮(zhèn)居民和4759.3萬農(nóng)村居民享受了政府最低生活保障。國家在全國范圍內(nèi)實(shí)施有計(jì)劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)，2009年農(nóng)村貧困人口減少為3597萬人，貧困發(fā)生率為3.6%

二、人力資源開發(fā)的法律體系

中國堅(jiān)持依法治國方略，積極推進(jìn)民主立法、科學(xué)立法，為人人享有公正平等的發(fā)展權(quán)利，為科學(xué)開發(fā)人力資源提供法制保障。經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展，中國逐步形成以憲法為根本依據(jù)，以勞動(dòng)法、公務(wù)員法為基礎(chǔ)，以勞動(dòng)合同法、就業(yè)促進(jìn)法、勞動(dòng)爭議調(diào)解仲裁法為主體，其他單項(xiàng)法律和行政法規(guī)為重要組成部分的人力資源開發(fā)法律體系。促進(jìn)就業(yè)的法律制度

為實(shí)現(xiàn)擴(kuò)大和穩(wěn)定就業(yè)的發(fā)展目標(biāo)，1994年中國頒布《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)法》，明確提出國家通過促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造就業(yè)條件，擴(kuò)大就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。2007年頒布《中華人民共和國就業(yè)促進(jìn)法》，確立了國家執(zhí)行“勞動(dòng)者自主擇業(yè)、市場調(diào)節(jié)就業(yè)、政府促進(jìn)就業(yè)”的方針，建立促進(jìn)就業(yè)的政府責(zé)任體系，實(shí)施有利于促進(jìn)就業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)、投資、財(cái)稅政策，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域和不同社會(huì)群體的就業(yè)，建立失業(yè)預(yù)警制度，完善公共就業(yè)服務(wù)制度、職業(yè)培訓(xùn)制度和就業(yè)援助制度。這些法律的實(shí)施，有效推動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與促進(jìn)就業(yè)的良性互動(dòng)。

國家保障勞動(dòng)者依法享有平等就業(yè)和自主擇業(yè)的權(quán)利。1988年以來，頒布了《中華人民共和國殘疾人保障法》、《中華人民共和國婦女權(quán)益保障法》、《中華人民共和國未成年人保護(hù)法》和《女職工勞動(dòng)保護(hù)規(guī)定》、《禁止使用童工規(guī)定》、《殘疾人就業(yè)條例》等法律和行政法規(guī)?！毒蜆I(yè)促進(jìn)法》專門設(shè)立了“公平就業(yè)”章，規(guī)定勞動(dòng)者就業(yè)不因民族、種族、性別、宗教信仰等不同而受歧視，并特別指出農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)者進(jìn)城就業(yè)享有與城鎮(zhèn)勞動(dòng)者平等的勞動(dòng)權(quán)利。

國家通過立法促進(jìn)職業(yè)教育和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。1995年以來，頒布了《中華人民共和國教育法》、《中華人民共和國職業(yè)教育法》、《中華人民共和國民辦教育促進(jìn)法》等法律，建立了“市場引導(dǎo)培訓(xùn)、培訓(xùn)促進(jìn)就業(yè)”的職業(yè)教育與培訓(xùn)機(jī)制。依托各級(jí)各類職業(yè)院校和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)，完善多形式、多層次的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，形成不同層次教育相銜接、職業(yè)教育和普通教育相溝通的職業(yè)教育和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)制度。

國家積極規(guī)范專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的管理。1993年至今，中國頒布了《中華人民共和國教師法》、《中華人民共和國執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師法》、《中華人民共和國律師法》、《中華人民共和國注冊會(huì)計(jì)師法》、《中華人民共和國注冊建筑師條例》等法律法規(guī)，對專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的資質(zhì)條件、職業(yè)資格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、接受繼續(xù)教育權(quán)利以及職業(yè)道德規(guī)范作出明確規(guī)定，規(guī)范了專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的職業(yè)準(zhǔn)入，提高了專業(yè)服務(wù)質(zhì)量。

公共人力資源管理的法律制度

1993年，中國頒布《國家公務(wù)員暫行條例》，實(shí)行公務(wù)員制度。2006年開始施行《中華人民共和國公務(wù)員法》，并陸續(xù)出臺(tái)了公務(wù)員錄用、培訓(xùn)、考核、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、職務(wù)任免與升降、調(diào)任、處分、申訴、辭去公職、辭退、錄用考試違紀(jì)違規(guī)行為處理、新錄用公務(wù)員任職定級(jí)等一系列配套規(guī)章。在機(jī)關(guān)與事業(yè)單位工資福利、事業(yè)單位人事管理、人才流動(dòng)管理、人力資源宏觀調(diào)控等方面，國家制定規(guī)范性文件1000多件，涵蓋了公共人力資源管理的主要環(huán)節(jié)。人力資源權(quán)益保護(hù)的法律制度

20世紀(jì)80年代中期，中國開始試行勞動(dòng)合同制度。到90年代，《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)法》正式確立了勞動(dòng)合同制度。2007年頒布的《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)合同法》及此后出臺(tái)的《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)合同法實(shí)施條例》，進(jìn)一步完善了勞動(dòng)合同制度，明確用人單位和勞動(dòng)者的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，對勞動(dòng)合同的訂立、履行、變更、解除或者終止以及相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任作出了明確規(guī)定，同時(shí)針對勞動(dòng)用工形式多樣化的發(fā)展趨勢，對勞務(wù)派遣和非全日制用工等行為專門進(jìn)行了規(guī)范。中國積極發(fā)揮集體協(xié)商和集體合同制度的作用。《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)法》和《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)合同法》相繼對集體合同制度作出了規(guī)定。鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)積極開展集體協(xié)商，簽訂集體合同。逐步形成以企業(yè)集體協(xié)商為主體、以區(qū)域性和行業(yè)性集體協(xié)商為補(bǔ)充的集體合同制度框架。近年來，集體合同制度覆蓋面不斷擴(kuò)大，實(shí)效性逐步增強(qiáng)，初步建立了以工會(huì)或職工代表與企業(yè)或企業(yè)組織平等協(xié)商為特征的集體勞動(dòng)關(guān)系調(diào)整機(jī)制。

為公正、及時(shí)解決勞動(dòng)爭議，中國2007年頒布了《中華人民共和國勞動(dòng)爭議調(diào)解仲裁法》，明確勞動(dòng)爭議調(diào)解和仲裁的范圍、程序、組織機(jī)構(gòu)、人員和處理機(jī)制。建立由政府部門、工會(huì)組織、企業(yè)組織共同協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的三方機(jī)制，強(qiáng)化調(diào)解、完善仲裁、加強(qiáng)司法救濟(jì)，及時(shí)妥善處理勞動(dòng)爭議，維護(hù)當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益。頒布實(shí)施《勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察條例》，明確了勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察的職責(zé)、實(shí)施、法律責(zé)任，為維護(hù)勞動(dòng)者的合法權(quán)益提供重要法律保障

三、履行政府公共管理服務(wù)職責(zé)近年來，中國政府積極發(fā)揮人力資源公共管理與服務(wù)的職能作用，加快職能轉(zhuǎn)變，健全政府責(zé)任體系，努力為勞動(dòng)者的體面勞動(dòng)和優(yōu)秀人才的脫穎而出，創(chuàng)造良好的政策環(huán)境與社會(huì)環(huán)境。實(shí)施積極的就業(yè)政策

長期以來，中國面臨著勞動(dòng)力供大于求的總量性矛盾，穩(wěn)定和擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的任務(wù)十分繁重。中國政府始終把促進(jìn)就業(yè)作為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的優(yōu)先目標(biāo)，以充分開發(fā)和合理利用人力資源為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，實(shí)施擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，促進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者提高整體素質(zhì)，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)更加充分的社會(huì)就業(yè)。不斷強(qiáng)化各級(jí)政府在促進(jìn)就業(yè)方面的責(zé)任，持續(xù)加大公共投入，促進(jìn)平等就業(yè)。通過加強(qiáng)就業(yè)援助，開展職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，幫助就業(yè)困難人員和零就業(yè)家庭實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)。建設(shè)城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)一的人力資源市場，為城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者提供平等的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和服務(wù)。通過政策扶持和市場導(dǎo)向，解決了國有企業(yè)3000多萬下崗職工再就業(yè)問題，實(shí)現(xiàn)下崗職工基本生活保障向失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的并軌。2005年至2009年，全國城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)5000多萬人，農(nóng)業(yè)富余勞動(dòng)力向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)近4500萬人。2009年末，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)人數(shù)921萬人，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率4.3%。

2008年國際金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)后，為應(yīng)對國際金融危機(jī)的沖擊，中國政府實(shí)施更加積極的就業(yè)政策。實(shí)施困難企業(yè)緩繳社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)或降低部分社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率、相關(guān)稅收減免等政策，鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)穩(wěn)定和增加就業(yè)。實(shí)施特別職業(yè)培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃，開展就業(yè)服務(wù)系列活動(dòng)，多渠道開辟就業(yè)崗位。以高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)為重點(diǎn)，大力促進(jìn)高校畢業(yè)生到城鄉(xiāng)基層、到中小企業(yè)和非公有制企業(yè)就業(yè)。2009年全年城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)超過1100萬人，高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率達(dá)到87.4%，下崗失業(yè)人員再就業(yè)超過500萬人，困難群體再就業(yè)超過150萬人。實(shí)施人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略

人才是經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的第一資源，在國家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。中國歷來重視人才工作，進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)作出實(shí)施人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略的重大決策，努力造就數(shù)以億計(jì)的高素質(zhì)勞動(dòng)者、數(shù)以千萬計(jì)的專門人才和一大批拔尖創(chuàng)新人才，建設(shè)規(guī)模宏大、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、素質(zhì)較高的人才隊(duì)伍。2001年，中國政府將實(shí)施人才戰(zhàn)略納入國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展五年規(guī)劃。2006年以來，加強(qiáng)對人才資源開發(fā)的頂層設(shè)計(jì)和系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃，先后制定《國家中長期科學(xué)和技術(shù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2006—2020年）》、《國家中長期人才發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010—2020年）》和《國家中長期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010—2020年）》等三個(gè)國家中長期發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要，確立在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中人才優(yōu)先發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略布局，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域、產(chǎn)業(yè)、行業(yè)和不同所有制人才資源開發(fā)，促進(jìn)人人平等享受人才政策和平等參與人才開發(fā)，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)各類人才隊(duì)伍協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。

為適應(yīng)建設(shè)創(chuàng)新型國家的需要，中國政府設(shè)立“863計(jì)劃”、“973計(jì)劃”、國家科技支撐計(jì)劃、自然科學(xué)基金等國家科技計(jì)劃（基金），建設(shè)國家工程研究中心和國家工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室，實(shí)施“百千萬人才工程”、“長江學(xué)者獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)計(jì)劃”等重大人才項(xiàng)目，不斷增加科技投入，實(shí)施專業(yè)技術(shù)人才知識(shí)更新工程，培養(yǎng)造就了一支具有較大規(guī)模和較高水平的科技人才隊(duì)伍，引進(jìn)了一批海外高層次人才。2008年，全國研究與發(fā)展（R&D）折合全時(shí)人員達(dá)196.54萬人年，其中科學(xué)家和工程師159.34萬人年，分別是1991年的2.9倍和3.4倍；全國設(shè)立博士后科研流動(dòng)站2146個(gè)、博士后科研工作站1642個(gè)，博士后研究人員達(dá)7萬多人。

為適應(yīng)走新型工業(yè)化道路和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)的需要，中國政府實(shí)施國家技能人才振興計(jì)劃，建立公共實(shí)訓(xùn)基地和國家高技能人才培養(yǎng)示范基地，努力培養(yǎng)造就一支門類齊全、技藝精湛的技能人才隊(duì)伍。國家大力培養(yǎng)農(nóng)村實(shí)用人才隊(duì)伍，實(shí)施農(nóng)村實(shí)用人才素質(zhì)提升計(jì)劃和新農(nóng)村實(shí)用人才培訓(xùn)工程，全面提高農(nóng)村實(shí)用人才的科技素質(zhì)、職業(yè)技能和經(jīng)營能力，大力培養(yǎng)教師、醫(yī)生、農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)人員等農(nóng)村發(fā)展急需人才，鼓勵(lì)和引導(dǎo)各類人才向農(nóng)村流動(dòng)。促進(jìn)教育公平

全面實(shí)現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)免費(fèi)義務(wù)教育。從2006年開始，中國政府改革并逐步調(diào)整完善了農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育經(jīng)費(fèi)保障機(jī)制，并從2008年開始，免除城市義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生學(xué)雜費(fèi)，將九年義務(wù)教育全面納入國家財(cái)政保障范圍。

積極推進(jìn)義務(wù)教育均衡發(fā)展。堅(jiān)持公共教育資源向農(nóng)村地區(qū)、邊遠(yuǎn)貧困地區(qū)和民族地區(qū)傾斜，實(shí)施國家貧困地區(qū)義務(wù)教育工程、西部地區(qū)農(nóng)村寄宿制學(xué)校建設(shè)工程、農(nóng)村中小學(xué)現(xiàn)代遠(yuǎn)程教育工程、中西部農(nóng)村初中改造工程、中西部地區(qū)特殊教育建設(shè)規(guī)劃等扶持計(jì)劃，努力縮小城鄉(xiāng)和區(qū)域差距，保障困難群體接受教育。

健全國家助學(xué)體系。中國政府在普通高校、職業(yè)學(xué)校實(shí)行國家獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、助學(xué)金和國家助學(xué)貸款等制度，加大資助力度，保障家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生不因貧困而失學(xué)。2009年底，中等職業(yè)學(xué)校學(xué)生受助面達(dá)到90%，高等學(xué)校學(xué)生受助面超過20%，資助學(xué)生4306萬人次。從2009年開始，國家對中等職業(yè)學(xué)校農(nóng)村家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生和涉農(nóng)專業(yè)學(xué)生免除學(xué)費(fèi)。加強(qiáng)人力資源培訓(xùn)

國家把干部教育培訓(xùn)擺在突出位置，制定頒布了《干部教育培訓(xùn)工作條例（試行）》、《2006—2010年全國干部教育培訓(xùn)規(guī)劃》和《關(guān)于2008—2012年大規(guī)模培訓(xùn)干部工作的實(shí)施意見》。圍繞政府中心工作以及職位要求，對公務(wù)員進(jìn)行初任培訓(xùn)、任職培訓(xùn)、專門業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn)和在職培訓(xùn)，實(shí)施對口培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃，促進(jìn)學(xué)歷培訓(xùn)，實(shí)行掛職鍛煉，有效開發(fā)公務(wù)員人力資源，促進(jìn)公務(wù)員職業(yè)的發(fā)展。國家對專業(yè)技術(shù)人員實(shí)施專業(yè)技術(shù)人才知識(shí)更新工程，有計(jì)劃、有步驟地在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展和科技發(fā)展的重要領(lǐng)域，對中高層專業(yè)技術(shù)人才，開展新理論、新知識(shí)、新技術(shù)、新方法的專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)，2005年至2009年，共培訓(xùn)300萬名中高級(jí)專業(yè)人才。構(gòu)建分層分類的專業(yè)技術(shù)人才繼續(xù)教育體系，充分發(fā)揮各方面積極性，逐步形成以需求為導(dǎo)向，政府主導(dǎo)與單位自主相結(jié)合，個(gè)人履行義務(wù)與自覺自愿學(xué)習(xí)相結(jié)合的繼續(xù)教育運(yùn)行機(jī)制。2009年，全國專業(yè)技術(shù)人員參加繼續(xù)教育達(dá)3000萬人次。為加強(qiáng)西部地區(qū)人才開發(fā)，中國政府制定《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)西部地區(qū)人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)的意見》，實(shí)施新疆、西藏少數(shù)民族科技骨干和青海三江源地區(qū)專業(yè)技術(shù)人才培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃。2009年共培養(yǎng)2888名少數(shù)民族科技骨干人才和急需專業(yè)技術(shù)人才。

針對不同群體就業(yè)需要和勞動(dòng)者職業(yè)生涯發(fā)展不同階段需要，國家開展相應(yīng)的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，建立了以技工學(xué)校為骨干、職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)為補(bǔ)充的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)體系，并充分發(fā)揮工會(huì)、共青團(tuán)、婦聯(lián)等人民團(tuán)體和社會(huì)組織在職業(yè)培訓(xùn)等方面的作用。截至2009年底，全國共有技工學(xué)校和就業(yè)訓(xùn)練中心6000多所、民辦職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)2萬多所；建立巾幗科技示范基地26萬多個(gè)，為1.2億人次婦女提供各類教育培訓(xùn)，增強(qiáng)了婦女的自我發(fā)展能力。針對城鄉(xiāng)未能繼續(xù)升學(xué)的初高中畢業(yè)生，實(shí)施勞動(dòng)預(yù)備制培訓(xùn)，幫助其掌握一門職業(yè)技能或取得相應(yīng)職業(yè)資格證書后再進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場。針對失業(yè)人員開展再就業(yè)培訓(xùn)，加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)的針對性、實(shí)用性和有效性，提高失業(yè)人員的再就業(yè)能力。針對有創(chuàng)業(yè)愿望并具備一定創(chuàng)業(yè)條件的城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者開展創(chuàng)業(yè)能力培訓(xùn)，提高其創(chuàng)辦小企業(yè)的能力。針對擬向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)和城鎮(zhèn)轉(zhuǎn)移的農(nóng)村富余勞動(dòng)力開展職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，實(shí)施“陽光工程”、“農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃”、“星火科技培訓(xùn)”、“雨露計(jì)劃”等專項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)，提高其轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)能力。為全面提高勞動(dòng)者素質(zhì)，增強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)者的就業(yè)能力和工作能力，1994年以來，國家建立職業(yè)資格證書制度。截至2009年底，全國累計(jì)有1843.3萬人取得各類專業(yè)技術(shù)人員職業(yè)資格證書；累計(jì)有超過1億人次取得不同等級(jí)技能人員職業(yè)資格證書。完善人力資源公共服務(wù)

逐步增加公共投入。2008年，中國人力資本投資占GDP比例達(dá)到10.75%。2009年，中央財(cái)政用于教育支出1981.39億元人民幣，比2007年增長84.1%；用于醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生支出1273.21億元人民幣，比2007年增長91.66%；用于就業(yè)和社會(huì)保障支出3296.67億元人民幣，比2007年增長43.2%；用于科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的支出1512.02億元人民幣，比2007年增長51.2%。

完善公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)體系。建立縣區(qū)以上綜合性服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，街道（鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)）社區(qū)服務(wù)窗口以及就業(yè)訓(xùn)練、創(chuàng)業(yè)服務(wù)等服務(wù)實(shí)體，形成了覆蓋省、市、縣（區(qū)）、街道（鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)）、社區(qū)（行政村）的五級(jí)服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。截至2009年底，全國共有縣（區(qū)）以上公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)1萬多個(gè)；街道、鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)服務(wù)窗口共3.7萬個(gè)，覆蓋了97%的街道和89%的鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)。公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)職能不斷增強(qiáng)，免費(fèi)開展政策咨詢、市場供求信息發(fā)布、職業(yè)介紹、職業(yè)指導(dǎo)、就業(yè)援助、創(chuàng)業(yè)服務(wù)，承擔(dān)就業(yè)登記、失業(yè)登記管理，提供人力資源社會(huì)保障事務(wù)代理、檔案管理、考試認(rèn)證、專家服務(wù)等服務(wù)項(xiàng)目。

提高人力資源服務(wù)的信息化程度。實(shí)施“金保工程”，初步建立以中央、省、市三級(jí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)為依托，覆蓋全國的統(tǒng)一的勞動(dòng)和社會(huì)保障電子政務(wù)系統(tǒng)。通過發(fā)行社會(huì)保障卡，開通12333專用公益服務(wù)電話號(hào)碼、短信平臺(tái)和建立政府服務(wù)網(wǎng)站等形式，為政策咨詢、信息獲取、業(yè)務(wù)辦理、個(gè)人賬戶查詢等提供便捷的信息化服務(wù)。深化干部人事制度改革

改革開放以來，中國不斷深化干部人事制度改革，先后頒布《深化干部人事制度改革綱要》和《2010—2020年深化干部人事制度改革規(guī)劃綱要》，針對黨政機(jī)關(guān)、事業(yè)單位和國有企業(yè)的不同特點(diǎn)實(shí)行分類管理，逐步形成廣納群賢、人盡其才、能上能下、公平公正、充滿活力的干部人事制度。

黨政機(jī)關(guān)推行公務(wù)員制度。從進(jìn)入隊(duì)伍到職務(wù)晉升引進(jìn)競爭機(jī)制，普遍推行公開選拔、競爭上崗等競爭性選拔干部方式，促進(jìn)了優(yōu)秀人才脫穎而出。2006年至2009年，全國通過考試共錄用公務(wù)員52.8萬余人。2003年至2009年，全國共公開選拔黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部4萬人，各級(jí)黨政機(jī)關(guān)通過競爭上崗走上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位的干部共33.9萬人。在干部選拔任用、考核評價(jià)、管理監(jiān)督等環(huán)節(jié)充分發(fā)揚(yáng)民主，民主推薦成為干部選拔任用的必經(jīng)程序，民意調(diào)查、民主測評得到廣泛運(yùn)用，干部工作民主化程度進(jìn)一步提高。干部交流力度不斷加大，重點(diǎn)部門、關(guān)鍵崗位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部交流形成制度，圍繞國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和人才戰(zhàn)略、地方經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展布局和支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)及重大項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)，加強(qiáng)了市、縣和中央國家機(jī)關(guān)、省級(jí)黨政機(jī)關(guān)之間領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的相互交流，從中央國家機(jī)關(guān)和東部發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)選拔大批干部到西部地區(qū)掛職、任職。2003年至2009年，全國機(jī)關(guān)干部共交流230.2萬人。完善職務(wù)任期、退休和辭退、辭職等制度，推進(jìn)干部能上能下，形成正常的更新交替機(jī)制。實(shí)行國家統(tǒng)一的職務(wù)與級(jí)別相結(jié)合的公務(wù)員工資制度，合理體現(xiàn)了工作職責(zé)大小與工資高低的關(guān)系。事業(yè)單位推行人員聘用制度。通過簽訂聘用合同，規(guī)范單位和職工的人事關(guān)系。建立崗位設(shè)置、公開招聘、競爭上崗、考核獎(jiǎng)罰、辭職辭退等制度，逐步形成權(quán)責(zé)清晰、分類科學(xué)、機(jī)制靈活、監(jiān)管有力的事業(yè)單位人事管理制度。截至2009年底，全國事業(yè)單位簽訂聘用合同的人員達(dá)到80%。2009年，22個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）事業(yè)單位新進(jìn)人員中，采用公開招聘方式的占總數(shù)80%以上。事業(yè)單位實(shí)行崗位績效工資制度，初步建立了與工作人員崗位職責(zé)、工作業(yè)績、實(shí)際貢獻(xiàn)緊密聯(lián)系和鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造的分配激勵(lì)機(jī)制，調(diào)動(dòng)了事業(yè)單位各類人力資源的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。

國有企業(yè)人事制度不斷健全完善。按照現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度要求，國有企業(yè)推進(jìn)規(guī)范董事會(huì)的建設(shè)，為企業(yè)持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展提供了體制保障。建立健全企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人才選拔任用、業(yè)績考核、激勵(lì)監(jiān)督等管理制度。建立市場機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)、企業(yè)自主分配、職工民主參與、政府監(jiān)控指導(dǎo)的工資分配制度，促進(jìn)了企業(yè)的發(fā)展和職工工資水平的提高。注重發(fā)揮市場配置人才的基礎(chǔ)性作用，初步建立起市場化選人用人機(jī)制，2003年至2009年通過公開招聘、競爭上崗等方式選聘的經(jīng)營管理人才，從33.4萬人增加到52.1萬人。建立國家榮譽(yù)和表彰獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度

中國政府堅(jiān)持精神獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與物質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)相結(jié)合、以精神獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)為主的原則，建立健全國家榮譽(yù)和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度。

國家設(shè)立“全國勞動(dòng)模范”和“全國先進(jìn)工作者”榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)，授予在國家建設(shè)事業(yè)中作出重大貢獻(xiàn)的勞動(dòng)者。1989年以來，中國政府一般每五年召開一次全國勞動(dòng)模范和先進(jìn)工作者表彰大會(huì)，對全國各行各業(yè)涌現(xiàn)出的先進(jìn)人物予以表彰，其中授予工人、農(nóng)民、企業(yè)管理人員等“全國勞動(dòng)模范”榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)，授予機(jī)關(guān)事業(yè)單位工作人員“全國先進(jìn)工作者”榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)。截至目前共表彰“全國勞動(dòng)模范”和“全國先進(jìn)工作者”14578人。

國家設(shè)立科學(xué)技術(shù)獎(jiǎng)，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)在科學(xué)技術(shù)工作中作出突出貢獻(xiàn)的公民、組織。自2000年以來，共有27772人獲得國家科學(xué)技術(shù)獎(jiǎng)。其中有16名杰出科學(xué)家獲得國家最高科學(xué)技術(shù)獎(jiǎng)。國家設(shè)立科學(xué)院和工程院院士稱號(hào)，中國科學(xué)院院士和中國工程院院士是國家在科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域和工程科技領(lǐng)域設(shè)立的最高學(xué)術(shù)稱號(hào)，截至2009年底，共評選產(chǎn)生中國科學(xué)院院士1143人、中國工程院院士861人。自1990年起，中國政府實(shí)行政府特殊津貼制度，向作出突出貢獻(xiàn)的專家、學(xué)者、技術(shù)人員和高技能人才頒發(fā)榮譽(yù)證書，發(fā)放政府特殊津貼。到2009年，全國共有15.8萬人享受政府特殊津貼。建立全國優(yōu)秀專業(yè)技術(shù)人才表彰制度，自1999年以來共有200人獲得“全國杰出專業(yè)技術(shù)人才”稱號(hào)。建立中華技能大獎(jiǎng)和全國技術(shù)能手評選表彰制度，自1995年以來已有120人榮獲“中華技能大獎(jiǎng)”稱號(hào)，2976人榮獲“全國技術(shù)能手”稱號(hào)，樹立了一批中國高技能人才楷模人物。建立全國農(nóng)村優(yōu)秀人才表彰制度，自2000年以來已表彰了160名全國農(nóng)村優(yōu)秀人才

四、發(fā)揮市場配置的基礎(chǔ)性作用

隨著社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制在中國的逐步建立，中國政府遵循人力資源開發(fā)的客觀規(guī)律，以市場配置人力資源為改革取向，尊重勞動(dòng)者的自主擇業(yè)權(quán)，努力培育和發(fā)展人力資源市場，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)人力資源從計(jì)劃配置到市場配置的轉(zhuǎn)變。人力資源市場配置機(jī)制基本形成

20世紀(jì)80年代以來，以公有制為主體，多種所有制形式共同發(fā)展，逐步形成了多元化的市場用人主體。1998年至2009年，在城鎮(zhèn)從業(yè)人員中，國有單位就業(yè)人員從9058萬人下降到6420萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從41.9%下降到20.6%；有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司就業(yè)人員從894萬人上升到3389萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從4.1%上升到10.9%；私營單位和個(gè)體經(jīng)濟(jì)就業(yè)人員從3232萬人上升到9789萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從15.0%提高到31.5%。

20世紀(jì)80年代中期以來，中國逐步改革計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下“統(tǒng)包統(tǒng)配”的固定工制度，落實(shí)單位用工自主權(quán)和勞動(dòng)者自主擇業(yè)權(quán)，以雙向選擇、自主協(xié)商、訂立勞動(dòng)合同作為確立勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的基本方式，增強(qiáng)了人力資源市場的活力和效率。為適應(yīng)建立社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的要求，中國政府改革社會(huì)保障制度、戶籍制度、高校畢業(yè)生分配制度，不斷破除勞動(dòng)者自由流動(dòng)的體制性障礙，勞動(dòng)者跨地區(qū)、跨部門、跨行業(yè)流動(dòng)日趨活躍。2009年，在各類人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)登記求職的勞動(dòng)者達(dá)到9700萬人次，成功實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)和轉(zhuǎn)換工作的達(dá)到3600萬人次，分別比2000年增加7700萬人次和2600萬人次。同年，全國外出就業(yè)和本地非農(nóng)從業(yè)6個(gè)月以上的農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力總數(shù)達(dá)到22978萬人，其中外出農(nóng)民工達(dá)到14533萬人，就近到二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)的本地農(nóng)民工達(dá)到8445萬人。人力資源服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速

20世紀(jì)80年代以來，中國人力資源服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)模和水平不斷提升。服務(wù)領(lǐng)域和內(nèi)容日益多元化，從最初的招聘服務(wù)、人事代理發(fā)展到包括培訓(xùn)服務(wù)、勞務(wù)派遣、就業(yè)指導(dǎo)、人才測評、管理咨詢和人力資源服務(wù)外包等多種業(yè)務(wù)，形成較為完善的服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。2008年，全國各類人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)達(dá)4.9萬余家，基本形成由公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)、民營人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)、中外合資人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)共同組成的多層次、多元化的人力資源市場服務(wù)體系。

中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織以來，積極履行承諾，使進(jìn)入中國市場的外資人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)逐步增加。2009年，中國境內(nèi)的中外合資人才服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)從2003年的30家增加到160家

五、加強(qiáng)對勞動(dòng)者權(quán)益的保護(hù)

尊重人的勞動(dòng)權(quán)利，注重勞動(dòng)者的權(quán)益保護(hù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)人的體面勞動(dòng)，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展，是中國政府一貫堅(jiān)持的發(fā)展理念。中國政府采取一系列政策措施加強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)者權(quán)益保護(hù)，有效促進(jìn)人力資源的良性發(fā)展。保障平等就業(yè)

近年來，中國政府加強(qiáng)統(tǒng)一規(guī)范的人力資源市場的建設(shè)與管理，努力打破歷史原因造成的城鄉(xiāng)分割、身份分割和地區(qū)分割等問題，消除人力資源市場的體制性障礙，形成城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者平等就業(yè)的制度。國家有關(guān)部門通過完善市場監(jiān)管體系，開展人力資源市場執(zhí)法檢查活動(dòng)，清理整頓市場不法行為，有力維護(hù)了求職者等市場主體的合法權(quán)益。

國家高度重視并保障婦女享有與男子平等的勞動(dòng)權(quán)利，努力消除阻礙婦女平等就業(yè)的壁壘。動(dòng)員和組織社會(huì)力量拓寬吸納女性勞動(dòng)力就業(yè)的渠道，制定和執(zhí)行扶持婦女自主創(chuàng)業(yè)的政策。充分發(fā)揮各級(jí)婦聯(lián)組織在反映婦女訴求、促進(jìn)平等就業(yè)和同工同酬、提供維權(quán)服務(wù)等方面的積極作用。到2008年，全國就業(yè)人口中女性超過45.4%。

中國政府加強(qiáng)對殘疾人就業(yè)的統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，實(shí)行集中就業(yè)與分散就業(yè)相結(jié)合的方針，保障殘疾人的勞動(dòng)權(quán)利。制定和實(shí)施促進(jìn)殘疾人就業(yè)政策，規(guī)定用人單位安排殘疾人就業(yè)的比例不得低于1.5%，對安置殘疾人員達(dá)到職工總數(shù)25%比例的集中使用殘疾人的用人單位給予稅收優(yōu)惠，指導(dǎo)和幫助殘疾人組織興辦殘疾人福利企業(yè)，鼓勵(lì)和支持殘疾人通過多種形式靈活就業(yè)。中國各級(jí)殘疾人聯(lián)合會(huì)努力維護(hù)殘疾人合法權(quán)益，幫助殘疾人平等參與社會(huì)生活。建立省、市、縣級(jí)殘疾人就業(yè)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)3043個(gè)，專門為殘疾人提供就業(yè)援助服務(wù)。截至2009年底，全國城鎮(zhèn)實(shí)際在業(yè)殘疾人數(shù)443.4萬，農(nóng)村殘疾人有1757萬實(shí)現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。

國家高度重視保障農(nóng)民工權(quán)益。農(nóng)民工是中國改革開放和工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程中出現(xiàn)的特殊勞動(dòng)群體，為國家經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。2006年，國務(wù)院建立農(nóng)民工工作聯(lián)席會(huì)議制度，統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)和指導(dǎo)全國農(nóng)民工工作。取消各種針對農(nóng)民進(jìn)城就業(yè)的不合理限制，加強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)安全衛(wèi)生培訓(xùn)，擴(kuò)大農(nóng)民工參加社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)覆蓋面，建立養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)接續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)移制度，實(shí)施“春暖行動(dòng)”、“春風(fēng)行動(dòng)”等專項(xiàng)扶持計(jì)劃。截至2009年底，有8014.82萬農(nóng)民工成為工會(huì)會(huì)員，近80%的農(nóng)民工隨遷子女在城鎮(zhèn)公辦中小學(xué)免費(fèi)接受義務(wù)教育，全國參加工傷保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、城鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的農(nóng)民工分別達(dá)到5587萬人、4335萬人、2647萬人和1643萬人。建立勞動(dòng)關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制

全面推進(jìn)勞動(dòng)合同制度的實(shí)施。截至2009年底，全國規(guī)模以上企業(yè)勞動(dòng)合同簽訂率達(dá)到96.5%；勞動(dòng)合同內(nèi)容趨于規(guī)范，勞動(dòng)合同履行情況良好。積極推進(jìn)集體協(xié)商和集體合同制度，增進(jìn)勞動(dòng)者與用人單位之間的相互理解和信任，推動(dòng)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系雙方互利共贏。截至2009年底，全國當(dāng)期有效集體合同達(dá)到70.3萬份，覆蓋職工9400多萬人。充分發(fā)揮協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系三方機(jī)制的作用。2009年，全國地級(jí)以上城市和26個(gè)省份的縣（市）區(qū)建立了由政府、工會(huì)和企業(yè)方面代表組成的協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系三方機(jī)制，各級(jí)協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系三方機(jī)制組織共計(jì)1.4萬多家。協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系三方機(jī)制圍繞勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的重大問題，積極溝通，加強(qiáng)合作，消除分歧，在促進(jìn)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系和諧穩(wěn)定中發(fā)揮了重要作用。

大力推動(dòng)和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系創(chuàng)建活動(dòng)。2006年，中國開始開展“創(chuàng)建勞動(dòng)關(guān)系和諧企業(yè)與工業(yè)園區(qū)”活動(dòng)，通過制定、實(shí)施和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系創(chuàng)建標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、推動(dòng)建立勞動(dòng)關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制、表彰先進(jìn)典型等措施，促進(jìn)企業(yè)和工業(yè)園區(qū)內(nèi)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的和諧穩(wěn)定。截至2009年底，全國31個(gè)省（區(qū)、市）開展了和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系創(chuàng)建活動(dòng)。

積極發(fā)揮工會(huì)組織的重要作用。中國工會(huì)組織是職工利益的代表者和維護(hù)者，在創(chuàng)建和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的過程中，發(fā)揮著重要的、不可替代的作用。2009年，全國基層工會(huì)組織有184.5萬個(gè)，覆蓋企事業(yè)機(jī)關(guān)單位395.9萬家，全國工會(huì)會(huì)員總數(shù)達(dá)2.263億人。各級(jí)工會(huì)組織積極履行維權(quán)職責(zé)，幫助指導(dǎo)勞動(dòng)者與用人單位依法訂立勞動(dòng)合同，代表職工與企業(yè)開展集體協(xié)商和簽訂集體合同，組織職工參與本單位民主決策、民主管理和民主監(jiān)督，參與勞動(dòng)人事爭議調(diào)解仲裁，為職工提供法律服務(wù)，督促用人單位遵守國家法律法規(guī)。

加強(qiáng)對企業(yè)職工的人文關(guān)懷。近年來，針對個(gè)別企業(yè)用工方面存在的問題，中國各級(jí)政府采取積極措施，督促、倡導(dǎo)企業(yè)切實(shí)加強(qiáng)對職工的人文關(guān)懷，改善職工生產(chǎn)生活條件，完善職工訴求表達(dá)機(jī)制，建立職工交流互助平臺(tái)，開展職工心理健康咨詢服務(wù)。同時(shí)積極引導(dǎo)社會(huì)輿論，努力形成共建和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的良好社會(huì)氛圍。公正及時(shí)解決勞動(dòng)人事爭議

通過調(diào)解仲裁解決勞動(dòng)人事爭議，是一項(xiàng)具有中國特色的權(quán)益救濟(jì)和保障制度。仲裁委員會(huì)由政府行政主管部門代表、工會(huì)代表和用人單位代表三個(gè)方面組成，以保證爭議案件審理過程的透明度和公正性。截至2009年底，中國共有仲裁辦案機(jī)構(gòu)4800多個(gè)、仲裁員3.3萬人。

勞動(dòng)人事調(diào)解仲裁工作遵循公正原則，鼓勵(lì)協(xié)商，先行調(diào)解，及時(shí)妥善處理勞動(dòng)人事爭議，維護(hù)當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益。2009年，全國各級(jí)勞動(dòng)人事爭議仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)共處理勞動(dòng)人事爭議案件87.5萬件；立案受理勞動(dòng)爭議案件68.4萬件，比上年下降1.3%；涉及勞動(dòng)者101.7萬人，比上年下降16.3%。依據(jù)中國法律，當(dāng)事人對勞動(dòng)人事爭議仲裁裁決不服的，可以向人民法院提起訴訟。2009年，中國各級(jí)人民法院審結(jié)勞動(dòng)爭議案件31.7萬件，有效維護(hù)了當(dāng)事人雙方合法權(quán)益。加大勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察力度

勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察執(zhí)法是維護(hù)勞動(dòng)者合法權(quán)益的重要途徑。勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)的主要職責(zé)是，積極宣傳勞動(dòng)保障法律法規(guī)，接受并依法查處勞動(dòng)者投訴舉報(bào)案件，并主動(dòng)對用人單位守法情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)督檢查。截至2009年底，中國共建立勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)3291個(gè)，配備專職監(jiān)察員2.3萬名。近年來，勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)開展專項(xiàng)檢查，對違反勞動(dòng)保障法律法規(guī)的突出問題進(jìn)行集中整治；加強(qiáng)對社會(huì)反映強(qiáng)烈的重大違法案件的專項(xiàng)督辦工作，及時(shí)組織查處。通過監(jiān)察執(zhí)法，保障了勞動(dòng)者在職業(yè)介紹、勞動(dòng)合同簽訂、工作時(shí)間、工資支付、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、特殊勞動(dòng)保護(hù)等方面權(quán)益的落實(shí)。2009年，全國勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)共主動(dòng)檢查用人單位175.1萬戶，涉及勞動(dòng)者9029.8萬人，查處各類勞動(dòng)保障違法案件43.9萬件，督促用人單位為1073.7萬名勞動(dòng)者補(bǔ)簽勞動(dòng)合同。從2009年起，中國政府在全國60個(gè)城市開展了勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察網(wǎng)格化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化管理工作試點(diǎn)，對用人單位進(jìn)行全面動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)管，實(shí)現(xiàn)對勞動(dòng)糾紛的早期預(yù)防和及時(shí)介入。試點(diǎn)工作取得良好成效，即將在全國范圍逐步推行

六、積極開展國際交流與合作

中國政府高度重視人力資源領(lǐng)域的國際交流與合作，認(rèn)真履行國際義務(wù)，不斷拓寬渠道和領(lǐng)域，推動(dòng)形成全方位、多層次的交流與合作格局。

中國尊重《聯(lián)合國憲章》促進(jìn)人權(quán)和基本自由的宗旨與原則，致力于維護(hù)人的生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)，合理確定、依法頒布和逐步完善勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國政府結(jié)合本國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展實(shí)際，先后批準(zhǔn)了《男女同工同酬公約》、《準(zhǔn)予就業(yè)最低年齡公約》、《消除最惡劣形式童工公約》、《消除就業(yè)和職業(yè)歧視公約》等25個(gè)國際勞工公約，并積極實(shí)施有關(guān)公約。中國不斷完善本國人力資源開發(fā)的法律法規(guī)，推動(dòng)包括國際勞工組織核心勞工公約的批準(zhǔn)進(jìn)程。

中國政府高度重視與國際勞工組織、聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計(jì)劃署、亞太經(jīng)合組織、世界銀行、亞洲開發(fā)銀行等國際組織或機(jī)構(gòu)建立人力資源領(lǐng)域的合作關(guān)系，積極發(fā)展與其他國家或地區(qū)雙邊或多邊的人力資源交流與合作。中國政府自1983年正式恢復(fù)在國際勞工組織的活動(dòng)以來，積極參加國際勞工事務(wù)，在促進(jìn)就業(yè)、完善社會(huì)保障制度、建立和諧勞動(dòng)關(guān)系以及制定勞動(dòng)法律法規(guī)方面開展了一系列國際合作。2004年和2007年，中國與國際勞工組織共同舉辦了“中國就業(yè)論壇”和“亞洲就業(yè)論壇”。自1992年以來，中國政府積極參與亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源開發(fā)領(lǐng)域的合作并發(fā)揮出重要作用。2001年，中國成功舉辦亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源能力建設(shè)高峰會(huì)議，通過了《北京倡議》。2010年9月，第五屆亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源開發(fā)部長級(jí)會(huì)議在北京舉行，為亞太各經(jīng)濟(jì)體討論金融危機(jī)后的就業(yè)、人力資源開發(fā)等提供重要平臺(tái)。中國1994年加入國際社會(huì)保障協(xié)會(huì)成為正式會(huì)員。2004年第28屆國際社會(huì)保障協(xié)會(huì)全球大會(huì)在北京召開，通過了《北京宣言》。截至2009年底，中國政府人力資源和社會(huì)保障部門已經(jīng)與80多個(gè)國家和一些重要的國際組織建立了合作伙伴關(guān)系。為便利人員流動(dòng)，中國先后與德國、韓國簽署了社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)互免協(xié)定。

改革開放以來，中國實(shí)施更加開放的人才政策。中國政府堅(jiān)持“支持留學(xué)、鼓勵(lì)回國、來去自由”的留學(xué)方針，努力拓寬留學(xué)渠道，積極吸引人才回國，為留學(xué)人員回國工作、為國服務(wù)、回國創(chuàng)業(yè)提供支持，創(chuàng)造良好的生活和工作環(huán)境。從1978年至2009年底，中國各類出國留學(xué)人員總數(shù)達(dá)162.07萬人，留學(xué)回國人員總數(shù)達(dá)49.74萬人。實(shí)施“中國留學(xué)人員回國創(chuàng)業(yè)啟動(dòng)支持計(jì)劃”和“海外赤子為國服務(wù)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃”，鼓勵(lì)和吸引海外留學(xué)人員回國工作、創(chuàng)業(yè)。中國重視和支持外國公民來華留學(xué)，從1978年至2009年，中國接受的來華留學(xué)人員累計(jì)達(dá)到169萬人次，輻射190個(gè)國家和地區(qū)。中國積極利用國際教育培訓(xùn)資源培養(yǎng)人才，實(shí)施領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部經(jīng)濟(jì)管理培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目、高級(jí)公務(wù)員海外培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目等培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃，2009年共選派5.02萬人出國（境）培訓(xùn)。中國積極協(xié)助聯(lián)合國在華舉行“國家競爭考試”，推薦優(yōu)秀人才到國際組織任職，截至2009年底，共有1002名中國國際職員在各類國際組織中任職。中國政府積極引進(jìn)國外智力，2009年來中國大陸工作的境外專家約48萬人次。2009年末持外國人就業(yè)證在中國工作的外國人共22.3萬人。截至2009年底，中國累計(jì)授予1099名外國專家“友誼獎(jiǎng)”，授予43名外國專家“國際科學(xué)技術(shù)合作獎(jiǎng)

結(jié)束語

伴隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，中國的人力資源事業(yè)有了長足進(jìn)步。但中國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家，仍然面臨著就業(yè)壓力大、人力資源結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾突出、高層次創(chuàng)新型人才匱乏等問題。中國人力資源發(fā)展面臨的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)前所未有。

在新的歷史起點(diǎn)上，中國政府將堅(jiān)持以人為本，關(guān)心人的全面發(fā)展，鼓勵(lì)和支持人人都作貢獻(xiàn)，人人都能成才；堅(jiān)持以促進(jìn)教育公平為重點(diǎn)，以提高教育質(zhì)量為核心，構(gòu)建完備的終身教育體系，讓全體人民學(xué)有所教、學(xué)有所成、學(xué)有所用；堅(jiān)持就業(yè)是民生之本，更好地實(shí)施擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和更加積極的就業(yè)政策，促進(jìn)以創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動(dòng)就業(yè)；堅(jiān)持人才優(yōu)先，更好地實(shí)施人才強(qiáng)國戰(zhàn)略，突出培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型科技人才，大力開發(fā)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域急需緊缺專門人才，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)各類人才建設(shè)；堅(jiān)持管理創(chuàng)新，通過不斷深化改革，擴(kuò)大開放，破除不合時(shí)宜的體制機(jī)制障礙，營造充滿活力、富有效率、更加開放的社會(huì)環(huán)境。

在未來的歲月里，中國人民的智慧與力量一定會(huì)更好地迸發(fā)出來，國家的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步一定會(huì)有更加堅(jiān)實(shí)的人力與人才資源基礎(chǔ)

China's Human Resources Foreword China is a developing country with the largest population in the world.Its 1.3 billion people are a vast reservoir of human resources.Actively developing human resources, bringing into full play the po-tential ability and value of each individual and promoting the people's all-round development so as to provide powerful labor and intellectual support for China's modernization drive and to realize its transformation from a country rich in human resources to one with powerful human resources, is a significant aim the Chinese government has been cher-ishing and a major undertaking it has been unremittingly advancing.Since the founding of New China in 1949, and especially since the reform and opening-up policies were introduced in the late 1970s, the Chinese government, upholding the idea of putting people first, has ac-tively implemented the principle of respecting labor, knowledge, talent and creativity, and has adopted a series of policies and measures to boost employment and develop education, science and technology, culture, public health and social security, striving to create a favorable environment and conditions for the people's all-round development.Currently, China's employment situation is stable on the whole;the people's education and health levels have been remarkably improved;and a galaxy of talented people in various fields urgently needed by national construction has appeared.They are playing an important role in promoting the development of all economic and social undertakings.In accordance with the requirements of the socialist market econ-omy system, and to promote sustainable development and social har-mony, the Chinese government pays attention to the fundamental func-tion of the market in deploying human resources, while vigorously promoting institutional reforms in the fields of economy, science, technology and education, constantly deepening the reform of the cad-re related system, and pursuing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and that of strengthening the nation with trained personnel, and a proactive employment policy.It has also established and improved the human resources development mecha-nism to train, attract, use and support talented people, and accelerated human resources legal construction, thereby opening up a human re-sources development path conforming to China's national conditions

I.The Basic Situation of China's Human Resources A large population and rich human resources constitute the basic national situation of China.For years, the Chinese government has pursued proactive and effective policies and measures to enhance the development and utilization of human resources, bringing about re-markable changes in this field.Human resources growing in scale.By the end of 2009 China's total population had reached 1.33474 billion(excluding that of the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan Province), which contains a labor force of 1.06969 billion persons, 112.67 million more than in 2000;the number of employees had reached 779.95 million, of whom 311.2 million were urban employees, increases of 59.1 million and 79.69 million, respectively, compared with the year 2000.chart 1 Changes in Labor Force(2000-2009)(Unit: 10,000 people)Chart 2 Changes in the Number of Employees in Urban and Rural Areas(2000-2009)(Unit: 10,000 people)

Remarkable improvement of education.China gives priority to education in its development strategy, and has established a com-paratively complete national modern educational system.In 2000 Nine-Year Compulsory Education was made universal throughout the country, and illiteracy among people between the ages of 20 and 50 was basically eliminated.The number of teenagers attending senior middle school has increased greatly;vocational education has been especially enhanced;and higher education is becoming more popular.In 2009 the total number of senior middle school students in China amounted to 24.3428 million;students at various secondary vocational schools numbered 21.9516 million;undergraduates studying at all sorts of universities and colleges numbered 21.4466 million and postgradu-ate students 1.4049 million.The development of national education has remarkably raised employees' educational level.By the end of 2009, the average schooling of people above 15 years old had reached nearly 8.9 years, while that of the majority of the working population was 9.5 years, of which 9.9% had received higher education.The average edu-cation time of newly increased labor force amounted to 12.4 years.Chart 3 Changes in the Number of University and College Graduates(2001-2009)(Unit: 10,000 people)

Optimized employment structure.With China's economic de-velopment and industrial structure adjustment, the proportion of those employed in primary industry has dropped significantly while that in tertiary industry has risen greatly.In 2009 the proportion of employ-ment in primary, secondary and tertiary industries changed to 38.1%, 27.8%, and 34.1% from 50%, 22.5% and 27.5%, respectively in 2000.Chart 4 Changes in the Employment Structure of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries(2000-2009)

Good progress in talent development.People having professional knowledge or special skills who con-tribute to society through creative work are highly regarded in China.They are a high-ability and high-quality labor force among human re-sources.The Chinese government has drawn up and implemented a se-ries of major principles and policies to advance the building of contingents of people of all kinds for the Party and government, enter-prise operation and management, professional techniques, high tech-nology, rural affairs and social work in an all-round way.Through years of efforts, the number of talented people has maintained a stable increase, with improved quality, optimized structure and gradually ris-ing utilization efficiency.By the end of 2008 the total number of such people in China had reached 114 million.Gradual improvement of income, health care and social se-curity as guarantees for human resources development.With the country's sustained and rapid socioeconomic develop-ment, the income of urban and rural residents has maintained a stable growth.The average disposable income of urban residents increased from less than RMB 100 yuan in 1949 to 15,781 yuan in 2008;and the average net income of rural residents increased from RMB 44 yuan in 1949 to 4,761 yuan in 2008.Great efforts have been mobilized to build up the public health system so as to provide guarantee for improving the health of people nationwide.By the end of 2009 there were 289,000 medical institutions nationwide, 5.22 million medical workers and 3.96 million hospital beds in total.In recent years, the Chinese government has vigorously accelerated the building of the social secu-rity system to cover rural and urban residents and to provide basic life assurance for each individual.In 2009, urban basic retirement insur-ance covered 235.5 million people;the total number of urban employ-ees covered by basic medical insurance, urban residents covered by basic medical insurance and people in the countryside covered by the new rural cooperative medical insurance reached 1.2 billion;unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance covered 127.15 million, 148.96 million and 108.76 million people, respectively.China implements a subsistence allowance sys-tem.By the end of 2009, 23.477 million urban residents and 47.593 million rural residents had enjoyed subsistence allowances from the government.China has implemented planned and organized large-scale poverty relief programs throughout the country.In 2009, the rural population living in poverty was reduced to 35.97 million, with the nationwide poverty rate dropping to 3.6% II.Legal System for Human Resources Development II.Legal System for Human Resources Development

Adhering to the strategy based on the rule of law, China actively promotes democratic and scientific legislation to provide legal security for the fair and equal rights of individual development for everyone, and the scientific development of human resources.Through years of development, China has established a human resources development legal system with the Constitution as the essential basis, the Labor Law and the Civil Servant Law as the foundation, the Labor Contract Law, the Employment Promotion Law, and the Law on Mediation and Arbi-tration of Labor Disputes as the main contents, and other separate laws and administrative regulations as major components.Legal system for promoting employment

To achieve the goal of expanding and stabilizing employment, China promulgated the Labor Law of the People's Republic of China in 1994, which expressly states that the state strives to create job op-portunities and expand employment through promoting economic and social development.The Employment Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China adopted in 2007 has laid down the principle of “in-dependent job-seeking by workers, employment based on market forces and the promotion of employment by the government,” requir-ing the building of a government responsibility system for promoting employment, the implementing of industry, investment, finance and taxation policies favorable for boosting employment, making an over-all plan for balanced employment between urban and rural areas, in various regions and among different social groups.According to this Employment Promotion Law the state will establish an unemployment precaution system, improve the public employment service, vocational training and employment aid systems.The enforcement of these laws has greatly facilitated the interaction between economic development and employment promotion.The state ensures that workers in China enjoy the rights of equal employment and independent job-seeking in accordance with the law.Since 1988 China has promulgated the Law of the People's Republic of China for the Protection of Disabled Persons, Law of the People's Republic of China for the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests, Law of the People's Republic of China for the Protection of Minors, Regulations Concerning the Labor Protection of Female Staff and Workers, Provisions Concerning the Prohibition of the Use of Child Labor, Regulations on the Employment of the Disabled, and other laws and administrative regulations.The Employment Promotion Law has a special chapter on equal employment, which stipulates that no em-ployees shall be discriminated against on the grounds of ethnicity, race, gender and religion, and specially provides that rural employees work-ing in cities should enjoy the same labor rights as urban employees.The state also promotes vocational education and training through legislation.Since 1995 China has promulgated the Education Law of the People's Republic of China, Vocational Education Law of the Peo-ple's Republic of China, Law of the People's Republic of China on Promotion of Privately-run Schools and similar laws, and has estab-lished a vocational education and training mechanism on the principle of “the market guiding training, and training promoting employment.” Based on vocational education institutions and training organizations at various levels, China has improved multi-form and multi-level vo-cational education, and formed a vocational education and training system connecting education at various levels, and linking vocational education with general education.Proactive efforts have been made by the state to standardize the management of professional and technical staff.Since 1993 China has promulgated the Teachers Law of the People's Republic of China, Law of the People's Republic of China on Medical Practitioners, Law of the People's Republic of China on Lawyers, Law of the People's Republic of China on Certified Public Accountants, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Certified Public Architects, and other related laws and regulations.These laws and regulations stipulate the qualifi-cations and certificate standards of professional and technical staff, and their right to receive continuing education as well as their professional ethics, thereby standardizing the employment requirements for profes-sional and technical staff and improving the quality of professional services.Legal system for public human resources management

In 1993 China promulgated the Interim Regulations on Civil Ser-vants, which launched the civil service system.The Civil Servants Law of the People's Republic of China went into effect in 2006, since when a series of related regulations have been issued concerning the employ-ment and training, assessment and award, appointment and removal, promotion, demotion and transfer, punishment and appeal, resignation and dismissal of civil servants, penalties for violating civil service en-trance examination rules, and appointment and ranking of new recruits.Over 1,000 regulations have been issued, covering the major compo-nents of public human resources management, including the wages and welfare of employees in government departments and public institu-tions, human resources management in public institutions, personnel mobility management and macro-control of human resources.Legal system for human resources rights protection

In the mid-1980s China started the trial implementation of the la-bor contract system, which was officially established through the promulgation of the Labor Law of the People's Republic of China in the 1990s.The Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, promulgated in 2007, and the later Regulations on the Implementa-tion of the Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, have further improved the labor contract system, specified the rights and obligations of employers and employees, the rules for signing, implementing, revising, canceling or terminating labor contracts and corresponding liabilities, and, taking into account the trend toward diversified forms of employment, made provisions about how to regulate labor dispatch services and part-time employment, and other aspects.Collective consultation, together with a collective contract system, is being actively implemented in China.The Labor Law of the Peo-ple's Republic of China and the Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China both prescribe a collective contract system, encour-aging enterprises to adopt collective consultation and to sign collective contracts.The framework of the collective contract system with collec-tive enterprise consultation as the main body, and with regional and trade collective consultation as the supplement, has been gradually formed.In recent years, the coverage of the collective contract system has been continuously enlarged with increasing effectiveness.A col-lective labor relations coordination system characterized by equal consultation between trade union or employee representatives and en-terprise or enterprise organization representatives has been basically established.For the fair and timely settlement of labor disputes, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Mediation and Arbitration of Labor Disputes was adopted in 2007, stipulating the scope, procedures, or-ganizations, personnel and mechanism for labor dispute mediation and arbitration.In addition, a tripartite labor relations coordination mecha-nism has been established, comprising government departments, trade unions and enterprises, so as to better mediate and arbitrate labor disputes and give better legal redress for the timely and appropriate settlement of labor disputes and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the relevant parties.The Regulations on Labor Security Supervision have been issued and put into effect, specifying the func-tions, implementation and legal liabilities of labor security supervision, thereby providing significant legal support for safeguarding the legiti-mate rights and interests of employees III.The Government Shoulders Human Resources Public Management and Public Service Responsibility In recent years the Chinese government has played an active role in public management of and public service for human resources, accel-erated the transformation of its functions, and improved the govern-ment accountability system, to create a favorable policy and social environment for workers to work with dignity and for talented people to excel others.Implementing an active employment policy

Long facing the difficulty that supply of labor outstrips demand, China always has the arduous task to secure stable employment and create more jobs.The Chinese government always makes employment promotion the top priority for economic and social development.To fully develop and make effective use of human resources, it imple-ments a strategy that promotes job creation and a policy that actively increases employment, and strives to help urban and rural workers en-hance their overall qualities, gradually expanding employment.The government is shouldering more responsibilities in promoting em-ployment, and government investment has been increased to provide equal employment opportunities for all.By intensifying its efforts in offering employment assistance such as occupational skill training courses, the government helps zero-employment families and people who have difficulty finding employment land jobs.A unified labor market has been set up to provide equal opportunities and services for both urban and rural workers.Relying on policy support and market orientation, the government has solved the re-employment problem for over 30 million workers laid off by state-owned enterprises, and incorporated subsistence allowances of laid-off workers into their unemployment insurance.From 2005 to 2009, over 50 million new jobs were provided in urban areas, and nearly 45 million surplus rural workers were transferred to non-agricultural sectors.At the end of 2009 the number of registered unemployed persons in urban areas was 9.21 million, with an unemployment rate of 4.3%.After the 2008 financial crisis swept the world, the Chinese gov-ernment adopted a more active employment policy to meet the chal-lenge.For enterprises in difficulties, it postponed their payment of social insurance premiums or lowered the rate of some social insurance premiums;and it adopted relevant tax reduction or exemption policies, encouraging enterprises to maintain or increase their levels of em-ployment.Moreover, the government carried out a special vocational training program, and launched a series of employment service activi-ties, striving to create more jobs through multiple channels.Focusing on college graduates, it encouraged them to find jobs at the primary level, in medium-sized and small, and non-public enterprises.In 2009 a total of 11 million urban jobs were created;the employment rate of college graduates reached 87.4%;over five million laid-off workers found new jobs;and over 1.5 million people with difficulty finding jobs got re-employed.Implementing the strategy of rejuvenating China through human resources development

Human resources are the primary factor in economic and social development, and are playing an increasingly important role in China's modernization.China has always paid great attention to human re-sources development.In the new century, China has made a major de-cision to rejuvenate the nation through human resources development, aiming to train thousands of millions of high-quality workers, hun-dreds of millions of professionals and a large group of top-notch inno-vative personnel, and set up a large-scale and rationally structured contingent of high-caliber personnel.In 2001 the Chinese government incorporated this strategy into the Five-Year Plan for National Eco-nomic and Social Development.Since 2006 it has intensified efforts in the sphere of top-level design and systematic planning of human re-sources development.It formulated the Outline of the National Plan for Medium-and Long-term Scientific and Technological Develop-ment(2006-2020), Outline of the National Plan for Medium-and Long-term Human Resources Development(2010-2020)and Outline of the National Plan for Medium-and Long-term Educational Reform and Development(2010-2020), focusing on a strategy of prioritizing human resources development in the course of economic and social development.The plans formed the country's guidelines on the overall development of human resources in urban and rural areas, among dif-ferent regions, industries and trades, and among the public and non-public sectors, ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity in benefiting from related policies and participating in human resources development, and striving to realize a coordinated development of human resources of all types.To meet the need of establishing an innovative nation, the Chinese government has launched the National High-tech R&D Program(863 Program), National Key Basic Research Program(973 Program), Na-tional Key Technology R&D Program, National Natural Science Foundation and other national programs and foundations.It has also built the National Engineering Research Center and the National En-gineering Laboratory, implemented the Skills Training Plan of the “Hundred-Thousand-Ten Thousand Project,” Changjiang Scholars Program and some other major human resources-related programs.In addition, it has invested more in science and technology and imple-mented the Project on Upgrading the Knowledge of Technical Profes-sionals.As a result, it has trained a large number of scientific and technical professionals with high qualifications, and attracted high-caliber personnel from overseas.In 2008 the full-time R&D per-sonnel nationwide reached 1,965,400, some 2.9 times the 1991 figure.Among these there were 1,593,400 full-time scientists and engineers, 3.4 times the 1991 figure.A total of 2,146 centers for post-doctoral studies and 1,642 post-doctoral workstations were set up, and the number of post-doctoral researchers exceeded 70,000.To meet the needs of taking a new road to industrialization and op-timizing and upgrading the industrial structure, the Chinese govern-ment has implemented the National Plan for Developing Skilled Personnel, set up public training bases and national demonstration bases for the training of highly-skilled personnel, and striven to create a contingent of skilled personnel for different industries.The state has made great efforts to train people with practical skills for the country-side, implemented a plan to enhance these people's quality and put in place a project to train such people for the new countryside, and worked hard to improve the scientific and technical attainments, voca-tional skills and business capabilities of such people.It has also trained teachers, doctors and agricultural technicians to meet the urgent needs of rural development, and encouraged and guided personnel with dif-ferent qualifications to work in the countryside.Promoting equity in education

Free nine-year compulsory education is now available to all chil-dren, urban or rural, throughout the country.Since 2006 the Chinese government has reformed and adjusted the mechanism for ensuring funding for rural compulsory education;and since 2008 urban students undergoing compulsory education have been exempted from tuition and other fees.Nine-year compulsory education has been fully incor-porated into the national financial security system.China has been active in promoting balanced compulsory educa-tion.The government has prioritized rural areas, outlying poor areas and regions inhabited by ethnic-minority groups in allocating public educational resources, and implemented programs such as the National Compulsory Education in Poor Areas, Building Boarding Schools in Western China's Rural Areas, Modern Distance Education for Ele-mentary and Middle Schools in Rural China, Renovating Junior Mid-dle Schools in Central and Western China and the Plan for Special Education in Central and Western China, so as to narrow the gap be-tween urban and rural areas and between different regions and guaran-tee that disadvantaged groups have access to education.The financial aid system has been improved.The Chinese govern-ment adopts a national scholarship system, student subsidy system and national student loan system applicable to regular institutions of higher learning and vocational schools.It has provided more financial aid to ensure that students from families with financial difficulties can con-tinue their studies.By the end of 2009 some 90% of students from secondary vocational schools and 20% of university students had re-ceived financial aid on a total of 43.06 million occasions.Since 2009 students from poor rural families studying at secondary vocational schools and students studying agriculture-related subjects in such schools have been exempted from tuitions.Strengthening human resources training

The Chinese government has put cadre education and training in a prominent place.The state has drawn up and issued the Regulations on the Work of Cadre Education and Training(Trial), National Plan for Cadre Education and Training(2006-2010)and Opinions on the Im-plementation of Cadre Training Work on a Large Scale(2008-2012).With focus on the requirements of major government work and civil service posts, the government has conducted initial training, post-related training, professional training and in-service training, carried out train-ing plans geared to the needs of the posts, promoted formal schooling training, and sent cadres to temporary posts in other places, thus effec-tively developing the human resources of the civil service and pro-moting career development for civil servants.The Chinese government has carried out the Project on Upgrading the Knowledge of Technical Professionals.The state has, with specific and effective plans and step by step, conducted special training pro-grams on new theories, knowledge, technologies and methods for mid-dle-and high-level professionals in the fields important for economic, social, scientific and technological development.From 2005 to 2009, altogether three million middle-and high-level professionals partici-pated in such training programs.The government has worked hard to build a continuing education system for technical specialists, a system that sets clear levels and categories, and that brings into full play the initiative of all aspects, gradually forming a demand-driven, continuing education mechanism characterized by the combination of the gov-ernment guidance and employers' initiative, individuals' fulfillment of their duties and studying on their own initiative.In 2009 professionals involved in continuing education around China reached 30 million person/times.To promote human resources development in Western China, the Chinese government issued the Opinions on Strengthening Human Resources Development in Western China and carried out a training plan for the backbone personnel in the scientific and techno-logical field in the Xinjiang Uygur and Tibet autonomous regions, and for professionals in the Sanjiangyuan area of Qinghai Province.In 2009 China trained 2,888 backbone scientific and technical personnel and much-needed professionals of ethnic-minority groups.To meet the demands of different groups in finding employment, and geared to different stages of careers, the government has con-ducted vocational training programs, set up a vocational training sys-tem with technical schools as the mainstay and vocational training institutions as the supplement, and given full play to the roles of trade unions, Communist Youth League, women's federation, and other mass and social organizations.By the end of 2009 there were over 6,000 technical schools and employment training centers, over 20,000 pri-vately-run vocational training institutions, and over 260,000 demonstra-tion bases of science and technology for women, providing different education and training programs for women on 120 million occasions and enhancing women's capability of self-development.For junior and senior high school graduates who have failed to gain higher education, the government offers pre-job training courses to help them master some vocational skill or obtain a professional certificate before job hunting.For unemployed people, the government offers re-employment training courses that are relevant, practical and effective, so as to better prepare unemployed people for re-employment.For urban and rural workers who want to start businesses of their own and who have the qualifications, the government offers entrepreneurship training courses to enhance their abilities to start small businesses.For surplus rural workers who want to transfer to non-agricultural fields and urban areas, the government offers vocational training and carries out such special programs as the Sunshine Project, Training Plan for the Transfer of Rural Labor Force, Spark Technical Training and Yulu Plan to enhance their abilities to find employment in new sectors.Since 1994, in order to comprehensively improve the quality of workers and strengthen their capabilities in finding jobs and doing their work well, China has established a professional qualification cer-tificate system.By the end of 2009 a total of 18.433 million profes-sionals in various fields throughout the country had obtained the required qualifications, and over 100 million qualification certificates for workers of different skill levels were issued.Improving public service for human resources

The Chinese government has gradually increased its input in this area.In 2008 China's investment in human capital accounted for 10.75% of its GDP.In 2009 the state treasury spent 198.139 billion yuan on education, an increase of 84.1% over 2007;127.321 billion yuan on medical and health care, an increase of 91.66% over 2007;329.667 billion yuan on employment and social security, an increase of 43.2% over 2007;and 151.202 billion yuan on science and technology, an increase of 51.2% over 2007.The government has worked hard to improve the public employ-ment and human resources service system.It has set up integrated ser-vice institutions at the county or district level, and service centers and entities providing employment training and entrepreneurship service at the sub-district(township)and community levels, thereby forming a five-level network providing services at the province, city, county or district, sub-district(town and township)and community(administra-tive village)levels.By the end of 2009 there were over 10,000 public employment and human resources service institutions at or above the county or district level nationwide, and 37,000 service centers at the sub-district, town or township level, covering 97% of the country's sub-districts and 89% of its towns and townships.The government has improved its functions in public employment and human resources service, providing free services such as policy information, release of supply and demand information of the market, information about job vacancies, vocational guidance, employment assistance and entrepre-neurship training, shouldering responsibilities such as employment and unemployment registration and management, and providing such ser-vices as social security management, archive management, examination and certification, and specialized services.The government has made human resources service more IT-based.It has carried out the Golden Social Security Project, and set up an e-government system of labor and social security that covers the whole country and is based on networks at three levels: the central govern-ment level, provincial and municipal levels.It provides services such as policy consultation, access to information, handling business-related affairs and personal account checking by issuing social security cards, activating the 12333 public service line and SMS center, and building government service websites.Deepening the reform of the personnel system for cadres

Since the reform and opening-up policies were introduced in 1978, China has made constant efforts to deepen the reform of the personnel system for cadres.It has successively issued the Guideline on Deepen-ing the Reform of the Personnel System for Cadres and the Outline of the Plan on Deepening the Reform of the Personnel System for Cadres(2010-2020).It has adopted a system of classified management of cadres based on different characteristics of Party and government or-gans, public institutions and state-owned enterprises;and has gradually brought into being a personnel system for cadres that is fair and just, and full of vitality and under which people of ability have suitable posts, are able to display their abilities to the full, and can be promoted or demoted in their positions.The civil servant system has been implemented in Party and gov-ernment organs.A competitive mechanism, under which open selection, competition for positions and other competitive methods are used for cadre selection from appointment to promotion, has been introduced, and consequently competent cadres and personnel can stand out.From 2006 to 2009 over 528,000 people were recruited as civil servants through examinations.From 2003 to 2009 a total of 40,000 leading cadres of the Party and government were appointed through open selec-tion, and 339,000 Party and government cadres at different levels took leading posts through competition.The principle of democracy is fully applied in the selection and appointment, performance assessment, management and supervision of cadres;democratic recommendation has become a compulsory procedure during the selection and appoint-ment of cadres;public opinion surveys and democratic assessment are widely used;and cadre-related work has become more democratic.Cadre transfer work has been improved and has been institutionalized at key departments and critical posts.Centering on national strategies of economic and social development and strategies of human resources development, local plans for economic and social development, and the construction of pillar industries and major projects, leading Party and government cadres are transferred between cities, counties, provinces and central Party and government departments;and a large group of cadres have been selected from central organs and developed regions in Eastern China and sent to work in the western parts of the country.From 2003 to 2009 a total of 2.302 million cadres were transferred around China.The system regarding cadres' term of office, retirement, dismissal and resignation has been improved, making it possible for cadres to be promoted or demoted, and thus a mechanism for regular renewal and rotation of cadres has come into being.A wage system for civil servants that combines post and rank has been adopted, rationally showing the relationship between responsibilities and wages.A personnel employment system has been introduced in public in-stitutions.By means of employment contracts, the relationship between employing units and employees is clearly defined.By institutionalizing post setting, open recruitment, competition for positions, performance assessment and subsequent rewards and punishment, as well as resig-nation and dismissal, it has gradually brought into being a personnel management system for public institutions that has clearly defined rights and responsibilities, scientific classifications, flexible mecha-nisms and effective supervision.By the end of 2009 some 80% of the total staff in public institutions around China had signed employment contracts.In 2009 over 80% of all the new employees in public institu-tions in 22 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government were recruited through open recruitment.Public institutions have put in place a wage system based on post and performance, as well as a payment and incentive mechanism that closely links payment and bonus to responsibilities, performance and contribution, and encourages innovation and creation.These efforts have brought into full play the enthusiasm and creativity of human resources in these institutions.Personnel system of state-owned enterprises has been improved.In line with the requirements of the modern corporate system, state-owned enterprises have started to form standard boards of directors, providing an institutional guarantee for the sustained, rapid and healthy develop-ment of these enterprises.They have established and improved systems concerning the selection and appointment, performance assessment, and incentives and supervision of managerial and administrative per-sonnel.They have put in place a wage system with regulation by the market, distribution independently by enterprises, democratic partici-pation of employees, and supervision and guidance by the government, thus promoting the development of enterprises and enhancing em-ployees' wages.As a result, the basic role of the market in allocating human resources has been brought into full play, and a mechanism of personnel selection and appointment by the market has been estab-lished.From 2003 to 2009 the number of managerial and administra-tive personnel employed by way of open recruitment and competition for positions increased from 334,000 to 521,000.Establishing a national system of honors and rewards

The Chinese government adheres to the principle of combining morale boosting with material reward, with the focus on the former, and has therefore set up a national system of honors and rewards which is being constantly improved.The state awards workers who have made major contributions to national development with the honorary titles of “National Model Worker” and “National Outstanding Worker” — the former for work-ers, farmers and managerial personnel of enterprises, and the latter for personnel of government departments and public institutions.Since 1989 the Chinese government has held a national conference once every five years to award such titles to model and outstanding workers from all walks of life.So far 14,578 people have received one of the titles.The state honors citizens and organizations making brilliant con-tributions to scientific and technological development with the Science and Technology Award.Since 2000, a total of 27,772 people have won this award, and among them 16 prominent scientists won the State Preeminent Science and Technology Award of China.China has two titles for academicians: One is Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the highest title in the field of science and technology, and the other is Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the highest title in the field of engineering and technology.By the end of 2009 there were 1,143 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sci-ences and 861 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, all of whom won the title by way of assessment and selection.Since 1990, China also practices a system of special government allowances.The Chinese government has issued certificates of honor to experts, scholars, technicians and highly-skilled personnel who have made bril-liant contributions to their fields.In addition, it gives special govern-ment allowances to these people.By 2009, 158,000 people had received such allowances.In addition, the state has put in place a national sys-tem for rewarding outstanding professionals.Since 1999 a total of 200 people have won the title of “National Outstanding Professional.” Since 1995 a total of 120 people have won the state's “Grand Skill Award of China” and 2,976 have won “National Technical Expert” award.They are role models of high-skilled workers in China.The government has also established a national system to reward prominent personnel from rural areas, and 160 people have been commended under this system since 2000

IV.Bringing into Play the Fundamental Role of Market Allocation As a socialist market economy is gradually taking root in China, the Chinese government — by way of following the objective laws of human resources development — has set out to reform the cur-rent human resources system to enable the market to play its due role in the allocation of human resources and respect workers' freedom to choose jobs.The government has been making efforts to foster and develop the human resources market, gradually achiev-ing the transition from a planned to a market allocation of human resources.A market allocation mechanism for human resources has basically taken shape.Since the 1980s a multi-dimensional human resources market has gradually been formed in China as its economy, dominated by the public ownership, is growing along with diverse forms of ownership.From 1998 to 2009, the number of those working in state-owned en-tities dropped from 90.58 million to 64.20 million, a decrease from 41.9% of all urban employees to 20.6%;the number of those work-ing in limited liability companies and companies limited by shares rose from 8.94 million to 33.89 million, an increase from 4.1% of all urban employees to 10.9%;and those working in private entities or self-employed grew from 32.32 million to 97.89 million, a rise from 15% to 31.5%.Chart 5 Percentage of China's urban employees in different forms of ownership in 2009

Since the mid-1980s China has gradually been reforming its per-manent worker system established under the planned economy, known as the “unified distribution of the work force.” It gives employers the right to freely choose their workers while at the same time gives work-ers the right to freely choose their jobs, thus establishing a new mode of labor relations, formed basically through mutual choices, free con-sultation and the signing of employment contracts between employers and employees.All these factors have improved the vibrancy and effi-ciency of the human resources market.To adapt to the needs of a so-cialist market economy, the Chinese government has removed one obstacle after another in mechanisms that restrain the free flow of the work force, by reforming social security, household registration and university graduate distribution systems.These measures have con-tributed to the vibrant flow of labor force across the country's regions, industries and trades.In 2009 workers registered for employment at various human resources service agencies was 97 million, and 36 million people succeeded in landing jobs or changing their jobs, an increase of 77 million and 26 million respectively, as compared with the year 2000.In 2009 farmers who went to cities to seek employ-ment or worked in non-agricultural sectors in local areas for at least six months totaled 229.78 million, of which migrant workers working outside their localities accounted for 145.33 million and those em-ployed in secondary or tertiary industry not far from their villages reached 84.45 million.Human resources service industry has grown rapidly.Since the 1980s China has constantly expanded the scale and ele-vated the level of the human resources service industry.The service has become diversified in terms of scope and content, moving from recruitment and personnel agencies in the early period to training, la-bor dispatch, employment guidance, professional assessment, man-agement consultation and human resources service outsourcing.As a result, a relatively complete service chain in this respect has been formed.In 2008 China had more than 49,000 agencies providing human resources services, basically forming a multi-level, multi-dimensional human resources service system, which consists of govern-ment-sponsored employment and personnel service agencies, private human resources service agencies and Chinese-foreign joint ventures specializing in human resources service.Since its entry into the WTO in 2001 China has actively fulfilled its commitments, leading to a steady rise in the number of for-eign-invested human resources service agencies.In 2009 there were 160 Sino-foreign human resources service agencies in Chinese territory, compared to 30 in 2003 V.Strengthening the Protection of the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Workers

It has been the Chinese government's consistent development con-cept to respect people's right to work, stress the protection of workers' rights and interests, realize the dignity of labor and promote people's all-round development.The Chinese government has adopted a series of policies and measures to strengthen the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of workers, and is effectively promoting the sound development of human resources.Guaranteeing equal employment In recent years, the Chinese government has endeavored to strengthen the building and management of a unified and standard market of human resources, overcome the divide between urban and rural areas, between people of different identities and between differ-ent regions — which is caused by historical factors, eliminate institu-tional obstacles to the development of the human resources market, and establish an equal employment system for urban and rural workers.By improving market supervision, carrying out examination of law enforcement in the human resources market, and cleaning up and rectifying illegal acts in the market, the relevant departments of the Chinese government has effectively protected the lawful rights and interests of all market elements, including job seekers.The state makes every effort to ensure that women have equal rights to employment with men, and endeavors to remove barriers to women's equal employment.The country mobilizes various non-governmental sectors to expand the employment channels for women, and formulates and implements policies supporting women's self-employment.The positive role of women's federations at all levels is brought into full play in making known to authorities women's demands, in promoting equal employment and equal pay for equal work, and in providing rights protection services.By 2008 women workers accounted for more than 45.4% of the working population nationwide.The Chinese government is formulating an overall plan for the em-ployment of the disabled and has adopted the principle of combining centralized and decentralized employment, so as to guarantee the right to employment for the disabled.It formulates and implements policies favorable for the disabled people's employment, stipulating that every employer must hire at least one and a half persons with disabilities out of every 100 employees working in the company.Any employer with one quarter of its employees being persons of disabilities will enjoy tax preference.The government also gives advice to and helps the disabled to establish welfare enterprises of persons of disabilities, and encour-ages and supports them to explore flexible ways of employment.The China Disabled Persons' Federation at all levels protects the legitimate rights and interests of disabled persons and promotes their equal par-ticipation in social life.A total of 3,043 employment service agencies have been set up at the provincial, municipal and county levels to pro-vide special employment services for the disabled.By the end of 2009 the number of disabled employees in urban areas nationwide had reached 4.434 million, and 17.57 million disabled persons in the rural areas had found stable jobs.The state pays great attention to the protection of rural migrant workers' rights and interests.Rural migrant workers are a special group of workers that has emerged in the process of China's reform and opening-up, industrialization and urbanization.They have made great contributions to the economic and social development of the country.In 2006 the State Council established the Joint Conference System to coordinate and guide the work on rural migrant workers across the country.China has eliminated many unreasonable restric-tions on rural migrant workers' seeking jobs in cities, strengthened work safety and public health training, expanded social insurance to cover more migrant workers, established a retirement pension scheme, which ensures continuity of one's retirement insurance wherever he or she lives, and carried out such supporting programs as “Spring Warmth Action” and “Spring Breeze Action.” By the end of 2009 a total of 80.1482 million rural migrant workers had become members of trade unions, almost 80% of the migrant workers' children were receiving free compulsory education at public schools in urban areas, and the number of migrant workers covered by insurance for work-related injuries, medical insurance, basic retirement insurance for employees of enterprises in urban areas and unemployment insurance had reached 55.87 million, 43.35 million, 26.47 million and 16.43 million, respectively.Establishing a coordination mechanism for labor relations

China promotes the all-round implementation of the labor contract system.By the end of 2009, some 96.5% of China's state-owned en-terprises and enterprises of other ownership with annual sales revenue over five million yuan had signed labor contracts with their employees.The contents of labor contracts had become more standardized, and most of the labor contracts were being properly observed.China ac-tively promotes group consultations and the group contract system, so as to enhance mutual understanding and trust between employers and employees, and seek mutual benefits for both parties to the labor con-tracts.By the end of 2009, the number of effective group contracts had reached 703,000, covering more than 94 million employees.China brings into full play the function of the tripartite labor rela-tions coordination mechanism.In 2009 a total of 14,000 tripartite labor relations coordination organizations had been established in cities above the prefecture level and counties(including county-level cities and districts)of 26 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), which comprised government, trade union and enterprise representatives.Centering on major issues of labor relations, the tripartite mechanism plays an important role in promoting harmonious and stable labor relations through active com-munication, enhanced cooperation and elimination of differences.China is vigorously promoting the building of harmonious labor relations.In 2006 the government began the campaign to establish harmonious labor relations in enterprises and industrial parks.By for-mulating and implementing standards of harmonious labor relations, promoting the establishment of a coordination mechanism for labor relations and commending successful examples, China promoted har-monious and stable labor relations in enterprises and industrial parks.By the end of 2009, a total of 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government had engaged in building harmonious labor relations.China gives full play to the important role of trade unions.China's trade unions, which represent and safeguard workers' interests, play an important and irreplaceable role in promoting harmonious labor rela-tions.In 2009 there were 1.845 million trade unions at the grassroots level, covering 3.959 million enterprises and public institutions, and the number of trade union members nationwide had reached 226.3 mil-lion.Trade unions at various levels work actively to safeguard the rights of the workers, provide guidance and help for workers in signing labor contracts with employers according to law, represent workers in group consultations and signing group contracts with employers, or-ganize workers' participation in democratic decision making, man-agement and supervision, take part in labor dispute mediation and arbitration, provide legal services to workers and urge employers to abide by state laws and regulations.China is showing more care for enterprise employees.In recent years, the Chinese government has adopted active measures to deal with the misconduct of some enterprises in labor employment, urged them to give more care to the well-being of workers, improve their employees' working and living conditions, improve the mechanism for workers to voice their demands, establish platforms for workers to communicate with and help each other, and provide psychological and health consultation services for employees.Meanwhile, China properly guides public opinion with a view to creating a favorable social at-mosphere conducive to the building of harmonious labor relations.Settling labor disputes fairly and promptly

Settling labor disputes through mediation and arbitration is a reme-dial system with Chinese characteristics for safeguarding legitimate rights and interests of employees.To guarantee fairness and transpar-ency in dealing with labor dispute cases, arbitration commissions are composed of three parties, namely, the representatives of appropriate departments of the government, trade unions and employers.By the end of 2009, China had 33,000 arbitrators in some 4,800 arbitration organizations.The method of mediation and arbitration in settling labor disputes adheres to the principle of fairness, encourages parties in dispute to settle their disputes properly through consultations and mediation, and protects the legitimate rights and interests of parties concerned.In 2009 labor dispute arbitration organizations at various levels nation-wide handled 875,000 cases.Some 684,000 cases were accepted for arbitration, a decrease of 1.3% compared to the previous year.The cases involved 1.017 million workers, a decrease of 16.3% compared to the previous year.According to Chinese law, parties that disagree with labor dispute arbitration award may institute proceedings to the people's courts.In 2009 people's courts at various levels completed 317,000 labor dispute cases, and successfully protected the legitimate rights and interests of the parties in dispute.Enhancing labor security supervision

Law enforcement as regards labor security supervision is an im-portant way to protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers.Labor security supervision organizations are mainly responsible for publicizing laws and regulations concerning labor security, accepting and handling workers' complaints and reports, and supervising em-ployers' observance of the relevant laws.By the end of 2009, China had established 3,291 labor security supervision organizations staffed by a total of 23,000 supervisors.In recent years, China's labor security supervision organizations have launched campaigns to investigate breaches of laws and regula-tions related to labor security, and strengthened supervision on and timely handled major law-breach cases with serious social impacts.The supervision of law enforcement protects workers' rights in career introduction, labor contract signing, working hours, salary payment, social insurance and special labor protection.In 2009 China's labor security supervision organizations inspected 1.751 million employers, involving 90.298 million workers;they examined and dealt with 439,000 cases of violation of labor security laws, and ordered employ-ers who failed to sign labor contracts with their employees to sign la-bor contracts with 10.737 million employees.Since the beginning of 2009 the Chinese government has launched pilot projects of online labor security supervision and management in 60 cities so as to carry out comprehensive and dynamic supervision of employers for labor dispute prevention and timely intervention.Now, with the pilot projects working well, the new method will soon be ap-plied nationwide

VI.Actively Developing International Exchanges and Cooperation The Chinese government attaches great importance to international exchange and cooperation in human resources development, earnestly fulfilling its international obligations and continuously expanding the corresponding channels and scope so as to promote the establishment of the pattern for omni-directional and multi-level exchanges and co-operation in this regard.China values the purposes and principles for the promotion of hu-man rights and fundamental freedoms set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, committing itself to the protection of people's rights to subsistence and development.It establishes, promulgates and improves labor standards in a rational and gradual manner.The Chinese gov-ernment, in line with its own economic and social development, has ratified 25 international labor conventions, such as the Convention Concerning Equal Remuneration for Men and Women Workers for Work of Equal Value, Convention on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, Convention on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor, and Convention Concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation, and has implemented these conventions.China is improving the laws and regulations concerning its human re-sources development, and promoting the ratification of conventions concerning labor, including the core ones under International Labor Organization.The Chinese government sets great store by establishing coopera-tive relations with international organizations or agencies such as the International Labor Organization(ILO), United Nations Development Program(UNDP), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC), World Bank and Asian Development Bank(ADB)in the field of human re-sources development, actively developing bilateral or multilateral ex-change and cooperation with other countries and regions in this regard.Since China resumed its activities in the ILO in 1983, it has actively participated in international labor-related affairs, and engaged in inter-national cooperation to boost employment, improve the social security system, establish harmonious labor relations, and formulate labor laws and regulations.In 2004 and 2007, respectively, China and the ILO jointly held the China Employment Forum and Asia Employment Fo-rum.Since 1992 the Chinese government has actively participated and played an important role in cooperation with APEC concerning the development of human resources.In 2001 China hosted the APEC High-level Meeting on Human Capacity Building, and adopted the Beijing Initiative.In September 2010 the 5th APEC Ministerial Meet-ing on Human Resources Development will be held in Beijing, serving as an important platform for Asia-Pacific economies to discuss issues such as employment after the financial crisis and human resources de-velopment.China became a full member of the International Social Security Association(ISSA)in 1994, and held the 28th ISSA Interna-tional Conference in Beijing in 2004, at which the Beijing Declaration was adopted.By the end of 2009, human resources and social security departments of the Chinese government had established cooperative partnership relations with more than 80 countries and some important international organizations.The Chinese government has signed ac-cords for mutual exemption of social insurance premiums with Ger-many and the Republic of Korea to facilitate the flow of labor.China has implemented a more open human resources policy since its adoption of reform and opening up to the outside world some three decades ago.The Chinese government upholds a policy that encour-ages people to study abroad and return home to work, and gives them perfect freedom to make their own decisions.It strives to provide more opportunities for people to study abroad, and actively attracts the tal-ented people to come back, providing the necessary support for those who return to find work or start their own businesses, and creating good working and living conditions for them.From 1978 to the end of 2009, Chinese people who studied abroad totaled 1.6207 million, of whom 497,400 had returned to China upon completion of their studies.China implements the Support Plan for Overseas Students to Return and Start Businesses and the Project for Returned Overseas Students to Serve the Country, encouraging and attracting its overseas students to return home to work and start businesses.The Chinese government encourages foreigners to study in China and pays great attention to relative work.From 1978 to 2009, the number of foreign students from 190 countries and regions studying in China reached 1.69 mil-lion/times.China actively uses international education and training re-sources to cultivate talented people, initiating economic management training programs for leading officials, and overseas training programs for senior civil servants.It sent a total of 50,200 people overseas on training programs in 2009.It actively assists the United Nations in its organization of examinations in China, recommending qualified people to work in various international organizations.By the end of 2009, there were 1,002 Chinese working in different international organiza-tions.The Chinese government has been active in bringing in foreign talent, and the number of foreign experts who came to work in China reached 480,000 person/times in 2009.By the end of 2009, there were 223,000 foreigners working in China with employment permits.By the end of 2009, China had conferred “Friendship Awards” on 1,099 for-eign experts, and “International Scientific and Technological Coopera-tion Awards” on 43 foreign experts

Conclusion Along with its economic and social development, and improvement in people's living standards, China has made remarkable headway in its human resources development.But as a developing country, China is still faced with many problems such as great challenges in employ-ment, structural imbalance in human resources development, and lack of high-level, innovative people.China faces unprecedented opportu-nities and challenges in the sphere of human resources development.In the new phase of the new century, the Chinese government will put people's interests first, concentrate its care on all-round human de-velopment, and encourage and support everyone to make contributions and become accomplished in one or more fields.It will build a com-plete lifelong education system with the focus on making education more equitable and with improving educational quality as the core, so that all the people can enjoy their rights to education, make progress and apply what they have learned to practice.Bearing in mind that employment is the bedrock of the people's livelihood, the government will work harder to implement the strategy for increasing employment and a more active employment policy, encouraging people to start their own businesses to create more job opportunities.It will give priority to cultivating competent personnel, work harder to carry out the strategy of strengthening our nation through human resources development, focus on cultivating innovative scientists and engineers, train profes-sionals who are in short supply and are needed by key areas for na-tional economic and social development, and develop all types of human resources in a coordinated and all-round way.At the same time, it will persist in management innovation, break down outdated insti-tutional barriers by deepening the reform and opening wider to the outside world, and strive to create a social environment that is full of vitality, highly efficient and more open.In the future, wisdom and strength of the Chinese people will play a still better role, and there is bound to have a more solid foundation of human capability and human resources for the development and progress of China

第四篇：人力資源狀況調(diào)研報(bào)告

人力資源狀況調(diào)研報(bào)告

你們知道關(guān)于人力資源狀況調(diào)研報(bào)告應(yīng)該要怎么寫嗎?下面是小編為大家搜集整理出來的有關(guān)于人力資源狀況調(diào)研報(bào)告，歡迎閱讀!

為加快蘇南現(xiàn)代化示范區(qū)建設(shè)，及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確掌握區(qū)內(nèi)企業(yè)未來三年人力資源需求情況，20**年6月1日至6月15日，新區(qū)在全區(qū)范圍內(nèi)開展了規(guī)模和新建企業(yè)人力資源狀況調(diào)查，調(diào)查內(nèi)容主要是未來三年企業(yè)的人力資源需求情況。本次調(diào)查共發(fā)放調(diào)查表206份，回收162份，其中有效樣本151份。

一、企業(yè)人力資源基本情況

在本次調(diào)查中，151家調(diào)查企業(yè)現(xiàn)有員工27849人，總數(shù)偏小，主要是

一方面由于樣本覆蓋的原因，另一方面，由于51%調(diào)查企業(yè)是剛起步新興產(chǎn)業(yè)企業(yè)，多數(shù)企業(yè)尚處在籌建或新建期，員工人數(shù)還在擴(kuò)招中。

(一)行業(yè)分布

151家調(diào)查企業(yè)中，裝備制造業(yè)企業(yè)員工數(shù)9071人，占比33%;綠色化工企業(yè)員工數(shù)5004人，占比18%;新能源企業(yè)員工數(shù)3659人，占比13%;新材料企業(yè)員工數(shù)1291人，占比7%，這與新區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展格局基本吻合。

(二)年齡結(jié)構(gòu)

151家調(diào)查企業(yè)中，員工年齡30歲以下的10025人，占總?cè)藬?shù)的36%，31-40歲的11436人，占總?cè)藬?shù)的41%，41-50歲的4734人，占總?cè)藬?shù)的17%，51歲以上的1654人，占總?cè)藬?shù)的6%，現(xiàn)有人員的年輕化是新區(qū)企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)過程中發(fā)展的必然趨勢。

(三)學(xué)歷層次

151家調(diào)查企業(yè)中，具有碩士以上學(xué)歷人數(shù)只占人員總量的2%;本科學(xué)

歷有4144人，占人員總量的%;?？粕?869人，占人員總量的28%;中專生9937萬人，占36%。

(四)員工來源

151家調(diào)查企業(yè)中，鎮(zhèn)江市區(qū)人口13311人，占企業(yè)現(xiàn)有員工48%，主要集中在丁卯片區(qū)企業(yè)和退二進(jìn)三搬遷企業(yè)，如大東紙業(yè)市區(qū)人口達(dá)到90%以上。大港本地人口8384人，占企業(yè)現(xiàn)有人員30%，主要集中在原有大港的民營企業(yè)中，如東方電業(yè)科技股份有限公司大港本地人口達(dá)到86%;丹陽、揚(yáng)中人口1949人，占企業(yè)現(xiàn)有人員7%，主要集中在丹陽、揚(yáng)中的搬遷企業(yè)中，如江蘇正丹化學(xué)有限公司丹陽人口達(dá)到90%;而其它外來人口4205人，只占現(xiàn)有員工的15%，主要集中在外省市搬遷企業(yè)，如東泰精細(xì)化工有限責(zé)任公司外省市人員占比達(dá)到75%以上。

(五)企業(yè)性質(zhì)

151家調(diào)查企業(yè)中，民營企業(yè)現(xiàn)有員工12532人，占比45%;外商企業(yè)現(xiàn)

有員工8076人，占比29%;港澳臺(tái)企業(yè)現(xiàn)有員工2228人，占8%;而國有性質(zhì)企業(yè)現(xiàn)有員工5012人，只占18%，民營企業(yè)的和諧務(wù)工環(huán)境日益完善，吸引了越來越多的人員就業(yè)。

(六)員工住宿

151家調(diào)查企業(yè)中，65家企業(yè)提供員工住宿，占比43%;66家企業(yè)暫無法提供住宿需要員工自行解決，占比44%;20家企業(yè)提供班車接送員工，占比13%。

二、未來三年人力資源需求分析

調(diào)查顯示，未來三年區(qū)內(nèi)企業(yè)人力資源需求總體呈現(xiàn)出數(shù)量大、質(zhì)量高、專業(yè)化強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn)。有%的被調(diào)查企業(yè)具有明確的人力資源引進(jìn)規(guī)劃。從抽樣調(diào)查結(jié)果來看，其中9%為高層次才，15%為高校畢業(yè)生，30%為技術(shù)工人，46%為一線員工。預(yù)計(jì)需求量比較大的崗位工種有普工、焊工、電工、車工、叉車工和設(shè)備維修工等。

(一)專業(yè)技術(shù)人才需求比重加

大。未來3年企業(yè)對專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的需求為3580人，占需求總量的%，與現(xiàn)有人才情況相比，提高了將近30%。有一半以上的崗位要求本科及以上學(xué)歷，比現(xiàn)有狀況提升了21%。其中碩士以上學(xué)歷的需求達(dá)到832人，是現(xiàn)有的倍，本科生的需求達(dá)到2922人，是現(xiàn)有狀況的倍。

(二)制造業(yè)仍是一線人員需求的重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。151調(diào)查企業(yè)中，未來3年制造業(yè)人力資源需求7547人，占需求總數(shù)的 %，其中普通一線員工需求5569人，比現(xiàn)有狀況提高了45%。

(三)新興產(chǎn)業(yè)人力資源需求成為新的熱點(diǎn)。未來3年新能源、新材料等新興產(chǎn)業(yè)人員需求6655人，占需求總數(shù)的%，與現(xiàn)有人員情況相比提高了80%。有%以上崗位需求是普通人員，比現(xiàn)有狀況提升了61%。

(四)非公有制企業(yè)人力資源需求旺盛。未來3年非公有制企業(yè)對人才的需求最為迫切，人員需求數(shù)9636人，占

到了需求總數(shù)的%，45%是對技能型人才的需求。

(五)人員需求年齡趨于年輕化。151家調(diào)查企業(yè)中，20-30歲人員需求6006人，占需求總數(shù)的%，其中有4130人需求分布在新能源、新材料、航空制造等新興產(chǎn)業(yè)中，占60%以上。30-45歲以上需求5028人，其中有3156人需求分布在化工、造紙等傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)中，占%。

三、調(diào)查分析結(jié)論

根據(jù)企業(yè)人力資源現(xiàn)狀和未來三年人才需求的調(diào)查，得出如下結(jié)論：

(一)企業(yè)對人力資源需求穩(wěn)步增長。隨著新區(qū)投資環(huán)境的改善，招商引資力度的加大，企業(yè)數(shù)量越來越多，對人力資源的需求日益增長。調(diào)查顯示未來三年區(qū)內(nèi)企業(yè)需求人員12593人，總體增長%。其中：需求專業(yè)技術(shù)人員3580人，增長30%。專業(yè)技術(shù)人員中的制造業(yè)企業(yè)需求1053人，增長35%;新能源企業(yè)需求1001人，增長33%;新材料企業(yè)需求862人，增長31%;其他行業(yè)企業(yè)

需求664人，增長28%。

(二)人才隊(duì)伍的素質(zhì)和結(jié)構(gòu)不合理。企業(yè)人力資源素質(zhì)方面不合理主要表現(xiàn)在高，精、尖技術(shù)人才和復(fù)合型人才緊缺，如戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃、技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人、高級(jí)企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人員、高技能人才等;結(jié)構(gòu)方面不合理主要表現(xiàn)在缺少經(jīng)營、金融、法律、外貿(mào)、營銷等方面的人才。主要原因是企業(yè)經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略不明晰;薪酬不具競爭優(yōu)勢、工作氛圍欠佳，不能為相關(guān)人才提供施展才華的平臺(tái)，難以留住人才。

(三)人力資源需求方式發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。企業(yè)對人力資源的需求逐步由管理型向技術(shù)型轉(zhuǎn)變。企業(yè)對管理人員與專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的需求正在逐步發(fā)生著變化，由管理型占主導(dǎo)，向管理與技術(shù)并重，并快速向技術(shù)型為主過渡。調(diào)查顯示：企業(yè)目前現(xiàn)有專業(yè)技術(shù)人員占比低于管理人員6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，但未來幾年企業(yè)對專業(yè)技術(shù)人員需求比管理人員高個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，提高了個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。同時(shí)，企業(yè)

對管理人員的需求，也體現(xiàn)出了以技術(shù)型為主，要求%的管理人員具備高級(jí)、中級(jí)職稱，說明企業(yè)對管理、技術(shù)復(fù)合型人才和專業(yè)技術(shù)人才的需求具有大幅度增長的趨勢。

(四)企業(yè)對人才的需求向高層次發(fā)展。企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)變化，帶來人才結(jié)構(gòu)變化。調(diào)查顯示，企業(yè)在人才需求數(shù)量增長的同時(shí)，又明顯地體現(xiàn)出由數(shù)量增長型向質(zhì)量提高型轉(zhuǎn)變的特點(diǎn)，對職稱和學(xué)歷的層次要求越來越高。同時(shí)也反映出，當(dāng)前企業(yè)存在著產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與人才結(jié)構(gòu)的錯(cuò)位問題，人才結(jié)構(gòu)還不能很好地適應(yīng)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的要求。對高層次人才需求增長迅速，說明企業(yè)越來越注重人才的專業(yè)素質(zhì)、技術(shù)素質(zhì)和文化素質(zhì)，這既是企業(yè)增強(qiáng)核心競爭力的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要，也是促進(jìn)人才結(jié)構(gòu)不斷調(diào)整和優(yōu)化提升的需要。

(五)企業(yè)人力資源開發(fā)引進(jìn)難流失快。雖然近年來我區(qū)企業(yè)數(shù)量倍增，但是受地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的限制，目前

我區(qū)內(nèi)大部分企業(yè)仍為中小型企業(yè)。知名度和實(shí)力都不占優(yōu)勢，在企業(yè)人力資源開發(fā)過程中，面臨著引進(jìn)難與流失快的困境。不少企業(yè)反映，許多關(guān)鍵技術(shù)崗位、管理崗位人才、特殊工種的高級(jí)技工以及一些先進(jìn)設(shè)備的維護(hù)人員，大都要從外地引進(jìn)，難度非常大，而花費(fèi)心血培養(yǎng)出來的人才，也時(shí)常面臨被挖走的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

四、滯約企業(yè)人力資源開發(fā)的因素

(一)企業(yè)對人力資源開發(fā)重視不高。區(qū)內(nèi)大部分企業(yè)對人力資源的開發(fā)均未列入工作考核范圍，缺乏對人力資源開發(fā)的整體規(guī)劃，在人力資源的引進(jìn)和教育培訓(xùn)、人才的管理和成長平臺(tái)搭建、人才的人文關(guān)懷和薪酬體系的構(gòu)建以及企業(yè)文化建設(shè)等方面，處于空白狀態(tài)，如在培訓(xùn)方面，未將之作為提升業(yè)績的基礎(chǔ)，培訓(xùn)機(jī)制空白。部分企業(yè)缺乏人才儲(chǔ)備與培養(yǎng)意識(shí)，沒有把目光放遠(yuǎn)，引進(jìn)高層次、高技術(shù)管理方面人才，也沒有對現(xiàn)有人才進(jìn)行挖掘和培養(yǎng)。

(二)企業(yè)對職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)認(rèn)識(shí)不足。由于企業(yè)規(guī)模小，培訓(xùn)場所、培訓(xùn)時(shí)間和培訓(xùn)經(jīng)費(fèi)難以保證，培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容多以企業(yè)的應(yīng)急需求為主。為了避免培訓(xùn)后員工流失而造成的培訓(xùn)投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，多數(shù)中小企業(yè)寧肯從市場上現(xiàn)招相關(guān)專業(yè)人才也不愿花錢自行培養(yǎng)。部分用人單位為減少人員成本，仍繼續(xù)招聘無職業(yè)資格證書人員就業(yè)上崗。這種重一般使用，輕挖掘、培養(yǎng)人才，專業(yè)人才依靠外部引進(jìn)的人力計(jì)劃，不僅增加了企業(yè)的成本，又打擊了原有人才的積極性，也是造成中小企業(yè)人才流動(dòng)頻繁的重要原因之一。

(三)人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展滯后。人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)在才資源合理配置中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。新區(qū)人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展滯后，具體表現(xiàn)在：一是公共人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)人員配置不足，人員業(yè)務(wù)技能水平不高。二是民營人力資源中介機(jī)構(gòu)層次不高。目前新區(qū)

民營人力資源中介機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)量相對太少，服務(wù)形式不能充分滿足需求，現(xiàn)有的公開登記的機(jī)構(gòu)中既缺少私營的獵頭公司，也缺少中外合資性質(zhì)的人力資源中介組織。就服務(wù)形式而言，最多的是提供人才信息，提供檔案保管等服務(wù)。高端的人力資源服務(wù)外包、獵頭、管理、咨詢等業(yè)務(wù)開展較少。

(四)政策的制定和落實(shí)缺乏銜接。政策制定和落實(shí)的銜接問題體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：一是有的政策與職能部門的工作之間缺乏銜接。有的政策在制定過程中沒有充分聽取政策執(zhí)行部門的意見，在具體政策執(zhí)行時(shí)遇到了障礙或困難。二是有的政策與現(xiàn)有人才的培養(yǎng)使用之間缺乏銜接。部分制定的優(yōu)惠政策重在引進(jìn)人才，忽視了現(xiàn)有人才的培養(yǎng)使用，挫傷了現(xiàn)有人才的工作積極性，造成人才的非正常流失。比如引進(jìn)的碩士以上人才享受薪酬和購房補(bǔ)貼，現(xiàn)有人才沒有相應(yīng)補(bǔ)貼，產(chǎn)生待遇上的不平衡。三是現(xiàn)有人才政策申報(bào)流程繁瑣，資金落實(shí)周期太長。

五、相關(guān)建議

面對企業(yè)旺盛的人力資源需求，建議可從以下幾個(gè)方面入手，加快新區(qū)企業(yè)人才引進(jìn)與培養(yǎng)步伐。

(一)加強(qiáng)企業(yè)人才供需情況的研究。企業(yè)競爭，人才是關(guān)鍵。因此，要加強(qiáng)對企業(yè)人力資源現(xiàn)狀和需求情況的研究，及時(shí)掌握企業(yè)人才總量、結(jié)構(gòu)和分布現(xiàn)狀，把握企業(yè)人才需求的發(fā)展趨勢，并對人才需求提供準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測，為企業(yè)人力資源建設(shè)提出科學(xué)性指導(dǎo)意見。建立企業(yè)人力資源供需預(yù)測預(yù)警系統(tǒng)，監(jiān)測就業(yè)環(huán)境變化和人力資源需求狀況，及時(shí)收集企業(yè)人力資源需求信息，編制緊缺人才目錄，建立區(qū)內(nèi)企業(yè)人力資源需求預(yù)測信息交流機(jī)制和定期發(fā)布制度。

(二)建立健全企業(yè)人力資源需求網(wǎng)絡(luò)。通過企業(yè)人力資源需求網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建設(shè)，全面了解掌握我區(qū)企業(yè)的人力資源基本情況，建立企業(yè)人才資源信息庫，及時(shí)跟蹤企業(yè)人力資源供需和流動(dòng)情況，逐步建立完善的動(dòng)態(tài)管理機(jī)制;通過企業(yè)人力資源需求網(wǎng)絡(luò)，加強(qiáng)與企業(yè)的溝通，指導(dǎo)企業(yè)人力資源的日常管理，并及時(shí)將國家、省、市的有關(guān)法律、法規(guī)及相關(guān)政策傳遞給企業(yè);通過企業(yè)人力資源需求網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建設(shè)，了解掌握我區(qū)招商引資動(dòng)態(tài)以及企業(yè)發(fā)展變化狀況，積極主動(dòng)為企業(yè)做好人力資源引進(jìn)、管理、服務(wù)等保障工作。

(三)加大高層次人才引進(jìn)力度。根據(jù)新區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和技術(shù)升級(jí)的需要，制訂和實(shí)施緊缺人才引進(jìn)計(jì)劃，做好人才引進(jìn)工作，重點(diǎn)引進(jìn)支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)、基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)、新興產(chǎn)業(yè)和重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目所急需的各類緊缺的專業(yè)人才和高層次人才。通過實(shí)行人才柔性流動(dòng)政策、人才引進(jìn)零門檻準(zhǔn)入制度等措施，完善有利于吸引人才的優(yōu)惠配套政策。在落戶安家、工資福利、生活補(bǔ)貼、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、子女入學(xué)、家屬就業(yè)等方面提供優(yōu)惠，暢通人才引進(jìn)綠色通道。

(四)加快構(gòu)筑新區(qū)高技能人才高地。高技能人才在加快新區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)化升級(jí)、提升企業(yè)競爭力、推動(dòng)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化等方面具有不可替代的重要作用。目前新區(qū)高技能人才隊(duì)伍依然是一個(gè)薄弱的群體，在抓好一般勞動(dòng)力培訓(xùn)的同時(shí)，更要著力加強(qiáng)高層次技能人才的培養(yǎng)工作力度，進(jìn)一步加快實(shí)訓(xùn)基地建設(shè)，為高技能人才的培養(yǎng)建好載體。要充分利用現(xiàn)有培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)，進(jìn)一步深化校企合作，推進(jìn)新區(qū)企業(yè)與本地職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的對接，有針對性開展培訓(xùn)，為技能人才訂單式培養(yǎng)暢通渠道。

(五)積極營造吸引人才的軟硬環(huán)境。人才總是在流動(dòng)中不斷地尋找適合自己發(fā)展的空間。要圍繞工作環(huán)境、生活環(huán)境改善，進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化新區(qū)的居住、購物、休閑、娛樂、電信、交通以及入學(xué)就醫(yī)等條件，進(jìn)一步營造人文氛圍，真正把新區(qū)建成適合各類人才聚居的新型城區(qū)。要積極籌建人才公寓、藍(lán)領(lǐng)公寓，通過政府補(bǔ)貼、優(yōu)惠價(jià)供應(yīng)等形式，提供給企業(yè)引進(jìn)的優(yōu)秀人才購買。

第五篇：保安行業(yè)人力資源狀況

保安行業(yè)人力資源狀況

保安服務(wù)業(yè)是社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)和改革開放的產(chǎn)物。自1984年12月全國第一家保安服務(wù)公司在廣東省深圳市成立以來，在黨中央、國務(wù)院和地方各級(jí)黨委、政府的關(guān)心、支持下，保安服務(wù)業(yè)得到了快速發(fā)展。截至2006年10月底，全國保安從業(yè)人員發(fā)展到170多萬人。全國保安從業(yè)人員在服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展，增加就業(yè)，為客戶提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的安全服務(wù)、協(xié)助公安機(jī)關(guān)維護(hù)社會(huì)治安秩序以及預(yù)防、發(fā)現(xiàn)和減少違法犯罪方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，僅2005年各地保安從業(yè)人員就為公安機(jī)關(guān)提供破案線索9.6萬余條，直接抓獲違法犯罪嫌疑人11.7萬余人，為國家、集體和個(gè)人挽回經(jīng)濟(jì)損失18.7億元。

隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化和我國入世后國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的戰(zhàn)略性調(diào)整，以及2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)和2010年世博會(huì)的臨近，我國保安服務(wù)業(yè)市場潛力巨大，發(fā)展前景廣闊，對保安隊(duì)伍素質(zhì)提出了新的泰格泰格道更高的要求。大力加強(qiáng)保安職業(yè)教育工作，對于規(guī)范和發(fā)展保安服務(wù)業(yè)，滿足全社會(huì)日益增長的安全服務(wù)需求，增加新的就業(yè)崗位，維護(hù)社會(huì)治安，構(gòu)建社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)，具有重大意義。

（一）保安服務(wù)業(yè)對從業(yè)人員需求的分析

1.構(gòu)建社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)需要大力發(fā)展保安服務(wù)業(yè)

當(dāng)前我國正處于全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)的重要發(fā)展時(shí)期。作為一支重要社會(huì)安全防泰格泰格道范力量，保安服務(wù)業(yè)在服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展、維護(hù)社會(huì)治安和構(gòu)建社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)工作中將發(fā)揮日益重要的作用。特別是公安工作實(shí)施警務(wù)前移、警力下沉，大力加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村和社區(qū)警務(wù)戰(zhàn)略后，警力嚴(yán)重不足的問題日趨突出。同時(shí)，在社會(huì)治安防范工作中，保安組織具有輻射面廣、全天候防范等得天獨(dú)厚優(yōu)勢。因此，加強(qiáng)保安隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，大力發(fā)展保安服務(wù)業(yè)，不僅可以有效彌補(bǔ)警力不足的矛盾，而且將有利于健全完善社會(huì)安全防范體系，保障社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定與和泰格泰格道諧。

2.保安服務(wù)業(yè)的發(fā)展為社會(huì)提供了大量的就業(yè)崗位

保安服務(wù)工作涉及守衛(wèi)、巡邏、押運(yùn)、技術(shù)防范、消防、安全咨詢等諸多方面，需要各種專門人才。2000年以來，全國保安隊(duì)伍發(fā)展迅速，每年均以兩位數(shù)的速度增長。尤其是現(xiàn)行保安管理政策調(diào)整后，將有一、二百萬自建保安組織從業(yè)人員納入監(jiān)管，接受職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。預(yù)計(jì)到2010年，全國保安隊(duì)伍將發(fā)展到500萬人。保安服務(wù)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展將為社會(huì)提供數(shù)百萬就業(yè)崗位。

3.我國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的高速發(fā)展迫切需要各類保安人才泰格 泰格道

隨著我國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速增長，國民財(cái)富的積聚，對人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全的要求越來越高。從國外來看，1995年美國人口不到2億、國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值為72650億美元時(shí)，各類保安從業(yè)人員為210萬人。從國內(nèi)來看，2005年，我國人口為13億人，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值為182321億元人民幣，約合22790億美元，保安人員約100萬人，且多為傳統(tǒng)的“看家護(hù)院”型，難以滿足奔向小康的人民群眾的日趨多樣化、個(gè)性化的安全需求。特別是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化步伐的加快，舉辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)、世博會(huì)等大型活動(dòng)所需的較高素質(zhì)的專業(yè)保安人員十分緊缺，僅北京2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)就缺少3萬名專業(yè)保安人員，其中需要取得安檢資格的保安員近5000名。因此，我國的保安服務(wù)業(yè)不但需要擴(kuò)大規(guī)模，更需要增加服務(wù)種類，提高技術(shù)含量，培養(yǎng)各類保安人才。

4.保安服務(wù)業(yè)的持續(xù)健康發(fā)展迫切需要培養(yǎng)大量保安人才

近年來，在保安服務(wù)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展過程中，由于保安隊(duì)伍青年人居多、農(nóng)村進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員和復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)軍人居多，加之保安培訓(xùn)工作相對滯后等原因，保安服務(wù)從業(yè)人員素質(zhì)偏低、專門人才緊缺的問題日趨突出，滿足不了社會(huì)各界日益增長的安全服務(wù)需求，影響了保安服務(wù)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。因此，培養(yǎng)培訓(xùn)保安專業(yè)緊缺人才的任務(wù)十分緊迫。

（二）保安從業(yè)人員的現(xiàn)狀

就我國勞動(dòng)者的整體狀況而言，城鎮(zhèn)勞動(dòng)者2.6億人，其中技能型勞動(dòng)者占32.9%，初級(jí)工占43%，中級(jí)工占36%，高級(jí)工占17%，技師、高級(jí)技師占4%；農(nóng)民工1.2億，其中受過初中以下教育的占87.3%，受過培訓(xùn)并獲得證書的占18.5%，獲得專業(yè)職稱的占2.4%。由于我國保安服務(wù)業(yè)起步只有短短的二十多年，職業(yè)化程度不高、薪酬偏低，所要求的受教育程度也不高，保安學(xué)歷教育和保安培訓(xùn)嚴(yán)重不足，導(dǎo)致保安從業(yè)人員的平均受教育水平偏低。據(jù)近年的相關(guān)資料，目前可達(dá)到對保安業(yè)務(wù)要求較高的崗位技能的中專畢業(yè)生僅占從業(yè)人員的1.5%，中高級(jí)保安人才更是嚴(yán)重缺乏。在目前的保安從業(yè)人員中，具有大專以上文化程度的僅占0.8%，具有高中以上文化程度的占9%，具有初中文化程度的占89%。

保安服務(wù)業(yè)普遍缺乏受過較系統(tǒng)、嚴(yán)格教育培訓(xùn)的初中高級(jí)保安人員，嚴(yán)重影響了保安企業(yè)提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量，拓展服務(wù)領(lǐng)域，阻礙了保安隊(duì)伍的職業(yè)化進(jìn)程。

（三）加強(qiáng)保安服務(wù)業(yè)緊缺人才培養(yǎng)培訓(xùn)工作的建議

為盡快解決上述問題，貫徹落實(shí)全國職業(yè)教育工作會(huì)議精神，確保我國保安服務(wù)業(yè)的持續(xù)、健康發(fā)展，針對我國保安服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展和人才需求的實(shí)際，現(xiàn)提出以下建議：

1.將保安行業(yè)緊缺人才培養(yǎng)工作納入學(xué)歷教育教學(xué)管理體系中，形成保安服務(wù)業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)與輸送機(jī)制，逐步提供素質(zhì)有保證、數(shù)量充足、適合市場需求的保安專門人才。

2.將保安教育納入國家職業(yè)教育振興計(jì)劃，并從國家設(shè)立的專項(xiàng)資金中予以支持，擴(kuò)大保安職業(yè)教育規(guī)模，扶持保安服務(wù)行業(yè)緊缺人才的培養(yǎng)，鼓勵(lì)有志青年從事保安職業(yè)。

3.制定保安行業(yè)緊缺人才培養(yǎng)培訓(xùn)指導(dǎo)方案，確立若干所保安職業(yè)教育培養(yǎng)培訓(xùn)示范學(xué)校，建立保安職業(yè)教育實(shí)訓(xùn)基地，確保保安行業(yè)緊缺人才培養(yǎng)培訓(xùn)工程的實(shí)施。

4.加強(qiáng)保安專業(yè)的師資培訓(xùn)，大力提倡校企合作、工學(xué)交替的辦學(xué)模式，逐步實(shí)行半工半讀。